NAMA: NOOR SYAZANA BINTI MOHD RIZHUAN

NO.MATRIK: 02DGU18F1016
CODE&MODULE: DCG5122 GEODESY 1
TUGASAN: END OF CHAPTER
1. Describe the relationship between its reference surfaces in geodesy.
(10 Marks)

Figure 1.1

The conversion of ellipsoidal heights into orthometric heights is perhaps the major
application of the geoid as far as surveyors and engineers are concerned. As shown in Figure
1.1, the ellipsoidal heights can be transformed into orthometric heights using the simple
geometrical relationship: H=h-N where H, h and N are orthometric, ellipsoidal and geoid
heights, respectively.
In principle, example 1.1 can be used to compute the orthometric heights provided ellipsoidal
and geoid heights can be precisely determined from GNSS observations and a gravimetric
geoid model, respectively. This GNSS technique of height determination commonly referred
to as GNSS/levelling has over the last several decades provided a viable alternative to the
conventional height determination technique of spirit levelling because of the ease with
which the ellipsoidal heights can be precisely determined using GNSS observations.
However, the inherently simple geometrical relationship given by example 1.1 is never
fulfilled due to numerous errors, systematic distortions and datum inconsistencies inherent
among the triplet of height data. In practice, the determination of orthometric heights based
on example 1.1 requires the incorporation of a parametric corrector surface model, whose
role is to absorb the datum inconsistencies and any systematic distortions that exist in the
height data sets.
2. Explain the data reduction of distance observation. (10 Marks)

Typically, the measured distances will be adjusted to Mean Sea Level (MSL) or geoid. While
in all calculations all references to the reference ellipsoid H are measured above and not
above the MSL or geoid as shown in the figure above.
From the diagram above, the following relationships can be published into:

where S 'is the ellipsoid distance and S is the geoid distance.

3. Explain the data reduction of azimuth/directions observation. (10 Marks)
The angles measured in the plane are actually the right angles to the plane, but actually
require the correct angle in the plane. Therefore, corrections should be made along each line
that takes into account the deflection component at the correct angle to the line of sight or its
azimuth line.
Azimuth Correction (Direction) = i tan h
Where;
i = angular deflection component = (ε sin α - n cos α), h = angular angle
The azimuth correction = (ε sin α-n cos α) tan h
It is a necessary correction for azimuth or direction.