CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

JUN/DEC: 2019

ASSIGNMENT NO QUIZ/TEST NO LABORATORY REPORT NO

CODE & MODULE DCG5112 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

TITLE ESSAY QUESTION

CLASS SECTION DGU 4D

LECTURER EN. FAIZAL BIN ABU SAMAH

DATE 25/3/2020
Question 1 (Tide)
Measuring tide is one of survey work should be done with the sounding survey
operation.

a. Why tide measurement is important

 The main objective for the tides and water level support is to provide a
continuous time series of water level reducers that can be applied to hydrographic
soundings so that they can be corrected to chart datum. A second objective is to
establish and/or recover tidal datums relative to local bench marks at each station
that
can be used for continuing and future hydrographic surveys in the area. The third
objective is to provide new information or updated information that can be used to
update NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) tide prediction
products and tidal zoning for promote safe navigation applications.

b. Give three (3) type equipment of measuring the tide.

For manual measurements:
• simple measuring poles
• tide staffs
• measuring tape
For modern or automatic measurements:
• pressure gauges
• acoustic or ultrasonic gauges
• and radar gauges

c. What is the criteria should be consider to locate the tide gauge or tide observation
platform.
When selecting a site for a tide gauge and tide pole the following must be
considered:
i. Ease of Erection Consider which is the easiest place to erect a tide pole and
gauge, some places are easier than others, and some places are impossible.
ii. The Station Must Not Dry Out.
 The zero of the Tide Pole and Tide Gauge pressure sensor should not dry
out. If this is unavoidable a secondary pole and gauge should be
established below the level of the first gauge or pole.
iii. Ease of Reading.
 The pole or gauge must be sited such that it can be read at all times;
iv. Security.
 Avoid situations where the tide pole and particularly the tide gauge will be
likely to be interfered with by the public for example, fishing boats berthing
v. Shelter.
 The pole or gauge sensor should be sited away from the more severe effects
of weather sea and swell.
vi. Protection.
 Ideally the tide gauge recorder should be placed in a lockable building.
vii. Impounded Water.
  Water that is restricted in movement by a sandbar or basin will not be at the
same level as the open sea. Therefore a station should be selected that
reflects the true level of the sea at the survey area.
viii. Proximity of Bench Marks.
 Select a station near to two benchmarks if possible, to avoid time spent on
long levelling runs.
ix. Accessibility.
 If a tide watcher is employed, accommodation should be close at hand. If a
detached Boat Party is in operation the tide station should be close to where
the boat is moored, or close to the tide party base.
Question 2 (Positioning)
You are to conduct a hydrographic surveying operation with a single-beam echo-
sounder where the positioning using the DGPS method.
d. Give three (3) type receiver can be use in this method.
• Main receiver (Penerima Induk)
• Acceptable receiver (Penerima Penurut)
• Digital distance measurement (Pengukuran Jarak Digital)

e. How the positioning error with GPS can be corrected.

f. Explain the principle of measuring the positioning using DGPS method.

Principle of DGPS:
• In navigation applications – these error corrections are needed in real-time –
communication (radio) link is needed! Radio format such as RTCM, NMEA.
• In practice, some delay will occur in the rovers for the corrections – latency.
• The closer the rovers to the reference station and the shorter the latency time – the
more accurate the correction.
• The reference ground station(s) at known locations receive GPS signals.
• Knowing position of the station, the pseudo range to each SV is calculated based
on the almanac.
• The measured pseudo range PRM (t) is determined.
• The pseudo range correction is calculated as the difference.
• The pseudo range correction PRC (t), and the Range Rate Correction RRC (t) are
sent from the reference ground station.
• DGPS is a technique which allows the removal of correlated systematic errors that
are computed by the comparison of known and measured ranges at a reference
location. These may then be applied in the form of corrections to other receivers in
the area.
• The basic premise of conventional DGPS is therefore based on a common error
assumption i.e. that the errors quantified at the reference station are identical to
those experienced by the mobile user.
• However, the validity of this assumption reduces as the distance between the 2
stations increases.
• In addition, if some of the satellites visible at one station are not visible at the other,
their corrections will be unable to be computed and applied.
• Ionospheric errors will also alter as the distance between the stations increases.
Question 3 (Sounding)
You are to conduct a hydrographic surveying operation with a single-beam echo-
sounder in an area where suspended sediment layer exist.

a. What frequency range would you choose for your project? Why?
I choose frequencies from 12 to 50 kHz because it suitable to measure water depth
for waters deeper than 1500 meters. Besides that, this is typically frequencies of
bathymetric echo sounders in hydrographic survey.

b. Explain one method to calibrating your echo-sounder.

Bar Check for Calibration and Sound Velocity
• A large source of error in single beam echo sounder hydrographic surveys is
an incorrect speed of sound used in the depth calculations. To ensure the
correct sound velocity (SV) is used, a bar check should be conducted before
the survey commences. The bar check involves lowering a flat plate below the
echo sounder transducer to several known depths below the surface and
comparing the actual versus measured depth. As the bar is moved down, the
sound velocity in the echo sounder is adjusted until the measured depth
matches the actual depth. At the end of the test, the echo sounder has been
fixed with the average sound velocity over the water column. As the sound
velocity error magnitude increases proportionally with depth, surveys in
shallow water suffer from a smaller potential absolute error. Temperature is
the main influence on SV, with salinity a second order effect.
Question 4 (Hydrographic Plan Production Process)
Processing in hydrographic surveying should be done after all measuring of
hydrographic survey work are finish.
a. Give a brief explanation about data processing in hydrographic survey.

Data Production:
Final data production can be both digital and analog. Digital data must be in a format
that is directly defined and imported into the primary database. Because each survey
typically includes many supporting documents and digital data files, the files should
be clearly labeled in a good way for the user. Ideally, standard operating procedures
are agreed by the IHO and the unit field includes the document and the data file.
Manual data should be clear, concise, and well-read.
Once the data has been collected, processed and digitized in the form of digital files
to be processed into the final process, the inventory should generally include:
- Fine sheets.
- Digital sheet files smooth with attributes.
- Raw and processed battery data.
- Tide, speed of sound and configuration of file ships.
- Side file scan data.
- Descriptive reports and additional reports.
- field logs and processing documentation.
- Calibration Documentation.

b. List FIVE (5) processes involved to acquire the charted depth.

i. Process the position data

ii. Process the depth data
iii. Interpolate the tide data
iv. Plotting datum line at echogram
v. Measure the chart depth to get the charted depth.