flexibility, speed, connection of widely
Mail – is resorted to if there is enough time
separated facilities, alternate routes, initial
communications, affectivity during river
crossing
only. Recent facsimile product
is very fast and have encryption
. It includes the use of field wire, wire laying and
recovery of equipment (cable and telephones).
C. Sounds – this means utilized sound waves as
the transmitting agent/medium. The chief value
of sound signals is to attract attention, transmit
pre-arranged messages and to spread alarm
signals. Devices used to transmit sound signals
include: whistles, sirens/horns, bells, voice,
amplifiers, explosive devices, drums and gongs,
weapon, fire, etc.
D. Visual – these visual means of
communications where the receiver optically
detects intelligence or message transmitted
include the use of: flags, smoke and pyrotechnic
panels, arm and hand signals, semaphore code
and other pre-arranged visual means as in
clandestine communications used for
intelligence operations.
E. Messenger – is one of the means of
communication that provide physical
transmission of messages. Messenger may be
classified as scheduled or special and takes
three possible modes of movement: by motor,
by air or by foot. It provides a method of
sending and receiving documents by physical
means.
F. Trained Animals – used in sending messages
even during ancient times. Dogs, parrots,
homing pigeons and other animals could be
trained to carry messages over some
considerable distances.
G.
and the message contained therein is not
classified. Classified messages could be sent
thru mail in cryptographic from or by use of
other methods of hiding the secret contents of
messages such as the Cardano’s Grill. This
method is subject to enemy censorship and
interruption.
H. Smoke and Pyrotechnic Signaling – smoke
has been one of the symbols and signs in
warfare from earliest times, it was usually fire -
rather than its by-product, smoke - that was
dreaded by ancient armies in the field. Among
primitive warriors, the American Indians had
learned to employ smoke as an adjunct to
military activity. They develop a visual signaling
system ascending smoke puffs that could be
seen and interpreted by friendly tribesmen at
considerable distances.
- In tactical situations, smoke
has many purposes that result in reducing
casualties, saving materiel and speeding up
operations in favor of the using forces. Its most
important functions are:
1. Blinding hostile observation
2. Reducing effectiveness of enemy fire
power
3. Hampering and confusing enemy
operations
4. Deceiving the foe regarding the
user’s tactical preparations
A. TYPES OF AFP RADIO SET:
Portable – those that can be carried by an
individual and can be operated while moving.
Transportable – those than can be moved from B. TRANSMISSION RANGE – 10 KMS (LOS)
one place to another normally by a team of men
but cannot be operated while moving. C. WHIP ANTENNA

D. MAN PACK
Vehicular – those that are normally installed in
vehicles and obtain power from the vehicle’s E. POWER SOURCE – 12 VDC, 24 PCS BA – 30,
battery. 12V WET CELL BTRY
General – can be operated both on ground and F. PRESS TO TALK (HAND SET)
vehicle.
2. PRC – 77
b. Types of Modulation:
CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Modulation (FM) – limited range
due to line of sight operations (no obstacles A. FREQUENCY MODULATED (FM)
exist between two stations). Distance is
B. TRANSMISSION RANGE – 8 KMS (LOS)
extended using a retransmission circuit.
C. WHIP ANTENNA
Amplitude Modulation (AM) – sky wave
propagation extends the range of D. MAN PACK
communications between two or more stations.
E. POWER SOURCE – 12 VDC, 20 PCS BA – 30,
COMMON EXAMPLES OF RADIO: 12V WET CELL BTRY

 MP 5800 (HF type) HARRIS F. PRESS TO TALK (HAND SET)

 URC 187 (HF type)
 RF 2301 (HF type) HARRIS 3. URC - 601
 AN/PRC 77 (VHF type)
CHARACTERISTICS
 PRC 126 (VHF type)
 URC 601F (VHF type) A. HANDHELD
 PRM 4720B (VHF type)
B. PRESS TO TALK
 PRC 773 (VHF type
C. WHIP ANTENNA

D. TRANSMISSION RANGE – 3 TO 4 KMS (LOS)

E. POWER SOURCE – 8 PCS BA – 30

FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFERENT RADIO
EQUIPMENT 4. URC – 187
1. URC – 773M CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS A. AMPLITUDE MODULATED (AM)
A. FREQUENCY MODULATED (FM) B. TRANSMISSION RANGE – 40 KMS (SKY WAVE
PROPAGATION)
C. DIPOLE ANTENNA  Speak in natural phrases, not word by
word.
D. PRESS TO TALK (HAND SET)
 Speak slowly, clearly and distinctly.
E. POWER SOURCE – 36 PCS BA-30, 12-24V
WET CELL BTR PROWORDS & PROSIGNS

ADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS: PRECEDENCE PROWORDS:

1. SPEED OF INSTALLATION – IT IS EASY TO Flash = Zulu (Z) - messages must be sent

ESTABLISH THAN WIRE OR OTHER MEANS OF in less than 10 minutes.
COMMUNICATION.
Immediate = Oscar (O) - sent w/in 30
2. FLEXIBLE – IT IS NO FIXED CIRCUIT ARE min to 1 hour.
REQUIRED TO BE CONSTRUCTED.
Priority = Papa (P) - sent fm 1 to 6 hours.
3. IT PROVIDE COMMUNICATION ACROSS
TERRAIN OVER WHICH IT MAY BE IMPRACTICAL Routine = Romeo (R) - sent after all higher
TO INSTALL WIRE. precedence.

DISADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS: PROWORDS USED TO IDENTIFY A PORTION

OF TRANSMISSION:
1. LACK OF SECURITY – RADIO IS THE LEAST
SECURED MEANS. IT IS ALWAYS ASSUMED  ALL AFTER = AA - portion of the
THAT INTERCEPTION EVERY TIME THE message to w/c I have reference is all
TRANSMITTER IS PLACE ON OPERATION. that w/c follows

2. SUBJECT FOR INTERCEPTION RADIO IS LESS  ALL BEFORE = AB - portion

VULNERABLE TO ENEMY TERRORIST ACTIVITY ………...precedes
THAN WIRE, HOWEVER, IT IS SUBJECT FOR
 WORD AFTER = WA - word ………...
INTERFERENCE FROM PRECIPITATION &
Follows
JAMMING TO OTHER MISSION.
 WORD BEFORE =WB - word……….
RADIO TELEPHONE PROCEDURES
Precedes.
Radio Telephony is a system of
telecommunications that is normally used for
short distance tactical communications and
between mobile and air units.
ENDING PROWORDS & PROSIGNS:
VOICE PROCEDURES
 OVER = K -this is the end of my
 Listen before transmitting to avoid transmission to you & a response is
interference with other traffic. necessary.
  OUT = AR - this …….& no answer is this proword. The address component is
required. mandatory when this proword is used.

 ROGER - I have rcvd your last  READ BACK = G - rpt this entire
transmission satisfactorily. transmission back to me exactly as
received.
 WILCO - I have received your signal,
understood it & will comply.  DO NOT ANSWER = F - stns called are
not to answer this call. When this
PAUSE PROWORDS & PROSIGNS: proword is employed the ret’mission
 WAIT = - I must pause for a few shall be ended w/ the proword OUT.
seconds. RADIO NET- 2 or more radio stations optng on
the same freq for the specific purpose of
 WAIT- OUT = - I must pause longer
interchanging information.
than a few seconds.
 Free Net - the NCS authorizes member
SEPARATION PROWORDS & PROSIGNS:
stns to transmit traffic to other stns in
 BREAK = BT - I hereby indicate the the net w/o obtaining prior permission
separation of the text fm the other fm the NCS.
portion of the message.
 Directed Net - stations obtain
PROWORDS & PROSIGNS FOLLOWED BY ONE permission fm NCS prior to
OR MORE CALL SIGNS OR ADDRESS GROUPS: communicating w/ other stations in the
net.
 THIS IS = DE - this transmission is from
the station whose designator PHONETIC ALPHABET
immediately followed.
A - ALFA - AL FAH
 FROM = FM - the originator of this
B - BRAVO - BRA VOH
message is indicated by the address
designator immediately following. C - CHARLIE - CHAR LEE

 TO = TO - the addresses immediately D - DELTA - DELL TAH

following.
E - ECHO - ECK OH
 EXEMPT = XMT - the addresses
immediately following are exempted fm F - FOXTROT - FOKS TROT
the collective call.
G - GOLF - GOLF
TRANSMISSION INSTRUCTIONS
H - HOTEL - HOH TELL
PROWORDS & CALLSIGNS:
I - INDIA - IN DEE AH
 RELAY (TO) = T - transmit this msg to all
addresses or addressee immediately fol J - JULIET - JEW LEE ETT
K - KILO - KEY LOH  RADIO CHECK - what is my signal
strength & readability
L - LIMA LEE MAH
 ROGER - I have received your last
M - MIKE - MIKE
transmission satisfactorily
N - NOVEMBER - NO VEM BER
EXAMPLE:
O - OSCAR - OSS CAH
“Gallant” this is “Cobra”, RADIO CHECK, OVER.
P - PAPA - PAH PAH
“Cobra” this is “ Gallant” OVER.
Q - QUEBEC - KEH BECK
REPORT OF SIGNAL STRENGTH
R - ROMEO - ROW ME OH
(5) - LOUD - Your signal is very strong.
S - SIERRA - SEE AIR RHA
(4) - GOOD - Your signal strength is good.
T - TANGO - TANG GO
(3) - WEAK - Your signal strength is weak.
U - UNIFORM - YOU NEE FORM
(2) - VERY WEAK- Your signal strength is very
V - VICTOR - VIK TAH weak.

W - WHISKEY - WISS KEY (1) - FADING - At times your signal strength

fades to such extent that continuous reception
X - X-RAY - ECKS RAY cannot be relied upon.

Y - YANKEE - YANK KEY REPORT OF READABILITY

Z - ZULU - ZOO LOO (5) - CLEAR - Excellent quality.

CALL SIGNS are used in radio communications
to identify a communications facility, a
command, an authority or a unit.
TYPES:
(4) - READABLE - Quality is satisfactory.
(3) - UNREADABLE - The quality of your
transmissions is so bad that I cannot
read you.

 Individual - represents a single station. (2) - DISTORTED - Having trouble reading

you because your signals is distorted.
 Collective - predetermined group of
stations w/n the net. (1) - WITH INTERFERENCE - Having trouble
due to interference.
 Net - all stations in the net.
EXAMPLES OF REPORT OF SIGNAL STRENGTH &
OPERATING PROCEDURES READABILITY:
GENERAL:  “COBRA” THIS IS “CHARGER”, WEAK
BUT READABLE, OVER. ( signal is 3 by 4 )
  “COBRA” THIS IS “THUNDER” LOUD BUT  CAVALRY - THE FORCE
DISTORTED, OVER. ( signal is 5 by 2 ) MULTIPLIER

No transmission shall be made w/c has not  QM & ORDNANCE- DELIVERS SUPPLIES
been authorized by proper authority.
 INFANTRY - SIEZE THE
Practices specifically forbidden: OBJECTIVE AND WIN THE BATTLE

 Violation of radio silence,

 Unofficial conversation between BASIC WEAPON TRAINING

operators,
US 5.56mm M16 RIFLE (ARMALITE)
 Transmitting on a directed net w/o
permission,

 Excessive tuning & testing.

 Transmitting the operator’s personal

sign or name.
RIFLE
 Unauthorized use of plain language.
 Is a fire arm that imparts a spinning
 Use of other than authorized prowords. motion caused by spiral grooves (rifling)
out into the inner surface of the barrel
 Unauthorized use of plain language in
which engage with the projectile on its
place of applicable prowords or
way to the muzzle
operating signals.
US 5.56MM M16 RIFLE
 Profane, indecent, or obscene language.
 the basic rifle of the Philippine Army
PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED:
 widely used in the Infantry Battalions
 Use of excessive transmitting power
 introduced during the Vietnam War in
 Excessive time consumed in tuning,
the late 1960’s
changing frequency, or adjusting
equipment. FEATURES

 Speaking at speed beyond the  Can be fired either automatic or semi-

capabilities of receiving operators. automatic

 ARTILLERY - KING OF BATTLES  The barrel assembly has an adjustable

sight and flash suppressor
 ENGINEER - THE FIRST TO
ARRIVE AND LAST TO WITHDRAW IN  The barrel is surrounded by heat
ANY BATTLE resistant materials made of fiberglass
  The butt of the stock has a rubber recoil
pad
 For M16A1 butt of the stock has storage
for cleaning gear/materials
 It has a forward assist assembly located
on the rear of the upper receiver
 A bipod can be attached to the rifle
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (M16 Series)
 Lightweight
 Air Cooled
 Magazine Fed
 Shoulder or Hip Weapon
 Automatic and Semi-automatic
PARTS OF THE M16A1 OR M16A2
 Upper Receiver Group
 Lower Receiver Group
 Bolt Carrier Assembly
PARTS OF THE M16A1 OR M16A2
1. Bolt Carrier
2. Firing Pin Retaining Pin
3. Bolt
4. Bolt Cam Pin
5. Firing Pin Extractor
EIGHT (8) CYCLE OF OPERATION
 Feeding
 Chambering
 Locking
 Firing
 Unlocking
 Extracting
 Ejecting
 Cocking
TYPES OF AMMUNITION
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855 (Used in
the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series)
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196.
(Used in the M16A1 rifle)
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199.
(Used in all rifles)
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Plastic Practice
Ammunition, M862
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856.
(Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series
weapons)
 Cartridge, 5.56-mm Short-Range
Training Ammunition (SRTA), M862
MALFUNCTION
 a failure of a weapon to function
normally and one common form of
malfunction is stoppage
 Stoppage is a failure of automatic or
semi-automatic firearms to complete
the cycle of operation
Immediate Action for Stoppage
  S - Slap bottom of magazine to make
sure it is properly seated.

 P - Pull charging handle all the way to

the rear.

 O- Observe ejection of case or cartridge.

Eyeball chamber and check for
obstruction.

 R - Release the charging handle to feed

new round. (Don’t ride the charging
handle).

 T - Tap the forward assist.

 S - Shoots, if it won’t fire, look for

trouble and apply remedial action.

Remedial Action

 a continuing effort to determine the

cause of stoppages or malfunctions and
to try to clear the stoppage once it had
been identified

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

DISASSEMBLY
ASSEMBLY
MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY

MAGAZINE ASSEMBLY
MAINTENANCE
 Cleaning and Lubricating the Barrel:
 Attach a wire brush to the
cleaning rod, dip it in a cleaning
solvent compound or bore
cleaner and brush the bore
thoroughly
 Replace the brush with a
cleaning patch and continue the
cleaning process until the patch
comes out clean and dry
 Maintenance Before, During and After
 Clean the locking lugs in the
barrel extension using a small
bristle brush.
 After cleaning, lubricate the
bore and locking lugs in the
barrel extension by applying a
light coat of oil to prevent
pitting and corrosion
 Cleaning and Lubricating the Bolt
Carrier Group
 Remove the bolt carrier group
from the upper receiver group
and disassemble. Clean all parts
with a patch dipped in a solvent
– cleaning compound.
 Clean the locking lugs of the
bolt using a small brush and
cleaning solvent. Dry with a
patch and oil lightly.
 Put one drop of oil in each hole
on the right side of the bolt
carrier and the open of
the bolt carrier key
 Cleaning and Lubricating the Lower
receiver Group
 With a clean dry patch or bristle
brush remove dirt or sand from
the receiver. Place a drop of oil
on each pin for lubrication.
 After extensive use or field
exercise, the lower receiver
must be disassembled and
cleaned thoroughly. Apply a
light coat of oil on all parts.
Firing
 Operation/Firing
 The barrel must be
wiped dry and free of
oil
 Clean the bore with a
dry patch to ensure that
it is dry and free of dirt
 During Firing
 Follow the
recommended rates of
fire.
 Discontinue the use of
any rifle that shows
signs of wear or tear
 After Operation/ Firing
 Follow the normal
maintenance operation
outlined in the
foregoing paragraphs

CYCLE OF OPERATION
 FEEDING takes place when a round is
forced into the path of the bolt.
 CHAMBERING occurs when a round is
moved into the chamber.
 LOCKING begins as the bolt roller
IMMEDIATE ACTION:
engages the ramming surface in the
hump of the operating rod.
 FIRING occurs when the firing pin
strikes the primer.
Immediate action is taught in two phases:
 UNLOCKING happens after the firing of
the round.
 EXTRACTING is pulling of the empty
cartridge from the receiver.
 EJECTING is removing the empty
cartridge from the receiver.
 COCKING is positioning the hammer so
that it is ready to fire again.
TYPES OF AMMUNITION
 Armor Piercing (M61)
 Ball (M59)
 Tracer (M62)
 Dummy (M63)
 Blank (M62)
 Grenade Cartridge (M64)
MALFUNCTION, IMMEDIATE ACTIONS AND
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
STOPPAGE:
 Unintentional interruption in the cycle
of operation
 Types of Stoppages
 Misfire
 Hang Fire
 Cock Off
 the unhesitating application of a
probable remedy to reduce stoppage
without investigating the cause
 Phase I
 The first phase is taught as a
drill
 with the right hand, palm up,
pull the operating rod handle all
the way to the rear, release it,
aim and attempt to fire.
 The palm is up to avoid injury to
the hand in the event of cook-
off or hang fire.
 Phase II
 TAKE – the rifle from the
shoulder
 PULL – the operating rod
handle slowly to the rear
 LOOK – in the receiver
 LOCATE – the stoppage by
observing; as the operating rod
handle is pulled to the rear,
 what is in the chamber and
what has been ejected.
 REDUCE – the stoppage and
continue to fire
 Unload the rifle, remove the magazine,
and place the safety in the safe
position.
 Clear the weapon
 Work charging handle and reapply
safety.
 Remove sling assembly.
 Turn the M14 on its back and pull up on
the trigger guard
 Gently slide the trigger guard and
attached firing mechanism out of the
stock
 Locate the assembly rod, press inward
on the back, and turn the rod. Carefully
lift the rod out of its place.
 Press the spring-guide and slide the
guide-pin out of the way
 Slide the operating rod back, turning it
slightly so it falls out.
 Grab the bolt, slide it forward, and
angle it down so it comes out.
 Repeat these steps in reverse order to
reassemble it. Note: When sliding the
assembly rod back on, put it back in
place, press in on the back, and turn it
to its original position.
 Once done, pull the bolt to the rear, aim
into the air, and fire.
 Put the safety back on your weapon.
MAINTENANCE
 GENERAL MAINTENANCE - includes all
measures taken to keep the weapon in
operating condition
 NORMAL MAINTENANCE - The rifle
should be inspected daily, when in use,
for evidence of rust, and general
appearance
M60 GPMG
DESCRIPTION
A – SIGHT: Front sight permanently affixed to
the barrel, Rear sight leaf is mounted on a
spring type dovetail base.
Range plate marked 100 meters from
300 to maximum range of 1,100 meters
B – SAFETY: Safety lever is on left side of the
trigger housing safe position; the belt can not
be pulled to the rear or release to go forward.
Cocking handle is used to pull the bolt
of the rear, it must be returned manually to
forward position each time it is pulled to the
rear.
C – FLUSHED SUPRESSOR: Affixed to the muzzle
of the barrel, the ribs of the suppressor vibrate
during firing and dissipate flash and smoke.
D – BIPOD MOUNT: M60 can be effectively
fired the integral bipod mount hinge shoulder
reach provide support for the rear of the gun.
Carrying handle provides a method for
carrying the gun short distance.
E – TRIPOD MOUNT: M122 for high degree of
accuracy and control.
II – CHARACTERISTICS: The buffer consist of the buffer yoke and the
buffer.
a. Air cooled
1. Hold the palm of the hand
b. Belt fed (open link) against the exposed buffer an
c. Gas operated pressed slightly. Remove the
buffer yoke.
d. Automatic (only)
2. Withdraw the buffer slowly and
e. Fixed headspace allow the drive spring to expand until the end of
the drive spring is exposed at the rear of the
f. Quick change barrel (two barrel are
receiver.
issued with each weapon
D – REMOVING THE OPERATING GROUP
MAJOR GROUPS:
The operating group consists of the
1. Stock Group
operating rod, bolt, drive spring and the drive
2. Buffer Group spring guide.

3. Opening Group 1. Pull the drive spring guide and then

the receiver and separate them.
4. Trigger Housing
2. With the left hand, grasp the pistol
5. Barrel Group grip and pull the cocking handle to the rear until
the bolt is separated from the barrel socket.
6. Receiver Group
Continue to pull the operating rod and the bolt
GENERAL DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY to the rear by pulling on the cam roller.

1. DISASSEMBLY 3. When operating rod and bolt are

A. General – begins with the bolt
forward the cover closed and
safety is in position. Before the
weapon is disassembled, it
must be cleared.
expose approximately four inches to the rear of
the receiver, grasp them securely to prevent the
bolt from rotating and remove them from the
receiver. Relax the grip and allow the bolt to
rotate slowly. Don’t separate the bolt from the
operating rod.

B. Removing the stock group – E – REMOVE THE TRIGGER HOUSING GROUP –

1. Raise the hinged shoulder rest and
insert the nose of the cartridge into the latch
hole.
2. With the latch depressed, remove the
stock by pulling it directly to the rear.
C- REMOVING THE BUFFER GROUP –
The trigger housing group consist of the trigger
housing assembly, (trigger housing, sear
plunger, spring trigger pin and trigger) the
trigger housing pin (interchange with the sear
spring) and leaf spring.
1. Press on the front of the spring
leaf and rotate the front end
 own to clear it from the trigger-
housing pin. Pull forwards and
disengage the rear from the
rear pin.
2. Remove the trigger-housing pin by
pushing it to the left.
3. Slide the trigger housing slightly
forward, rotate the front of the housing down
and remove it.
F. REMOVE THE BARREL GROUP – The barrel
group consists of the flash suppressor, front
sight and bipod assembly and gas cylinder. Raise
the barrel lock lever to the vertical position and
remove the barrel group by pulling it to the
front.
G. THE RECEIVER GROUP – The group consists
of the receiver, Forearm assembly; rear sight,
feed tray and carrying handle. General
disassembly of the gun is completed after the
removal of the other five (5) group from the
receiver group.
2. ASSEMBLY
A. REPLACING THE BARREL GROUP –
Insure the barrel lock lever is in the vertical
position. Insert the rear of the barrel cover and
align the cylinder nut with its recess in the
forearm assembly, Lower the barrel lock lever.
B. REPLACING THE TRIGGER HOUSING
1. Engage the holding notch of
the trigger housing in the bottoms of the
receiver, rotate the front of the trigger housing
up and align the holes of the trigger housing
with the mounting bracket of the receiver.
2. Engage the rear of the left
spring with the rear pin; insure that the leaf
spring is positioned so that the bent portion is
pressed against the slide of the trigger housing.
Rotate the front of the leaf spring up and
engage it with the trigger housing pin.
REPLACING THE BUFFER GROUP
1. Insert the buffer plunger into the
drive spring guide. Push forward on the buffer
until the operating rod and bolt fully forward.
2. Push in the buffer until recesses of
the buffer are aligned with the recess of the
receiver.
REPLACING THE STOCK GROUP
Align the guide rails on the stock with
guide rails on the receiver. Push forward until
the stock is fully seated. Distinct click will heard
when latch engages.
CORRECT ASSEMBLY
To check on the correct assembly, pull
the cocking handle to the rear and return it
forward position. Closed the cover and pull the
trigger. The bolt should go forward
3. OPERATION AND FUNCTION:
a. Place the safety on fire position.
b. Pull the bolt to the rear, using the
cocking handle.
c. When the bolt is held to the rear by
the sear, return the cocking handle to
forward position and place to the safety
position.
d. Raise the cover and ensure that the
feed tray, receiver and chamber are clear.
e. Place the first round of the bolt in the
feed tray groove close the cover. Insure that the
round remains in the feed tray groove.
 4. EIGHT CYCLE OF FUNCTIONS:
1. FEEDING – a round is position in the
feed tray groove
2. CHAMBERING – a round is stripped
from the bolt and placed in the chamber
3. LOCKING – the bolt is locked inside
the barrel socket
4. FIRING – the firing pins strike and
detonate the primer of the cartridge.
5. UNLOCKING – the bolt is unlocked
from the barrel socket.
6. EXTRACTING – the empty cartridge is
pulled from the chamber
7. EJECTING – the empty cartridge case
is thrown from the receiver
8. COCKING – the sear engages the sear
notch.
MALFUNCTIONS , STOPPAGE AN IMMEDIATE
ACTION:
1. MALFUNCTION – is the failure
of the gun function
satisfactorily.
TWO (2) common malfunctions
a. Sluggish operation – usually due to
excessive friction cause by dirt or carbon, lack of
proper lubrication, barrel parts or excessive loss
of gas. Excessive loses of gas due to loose
missing port plug.
b. Runaway Gun – continues to fire
after trigger is released. Worn sear, notch or
short recoil may cause it.
2. STOPPAGE – is any interruption in the
cycle of functioning caused by faulty
ammo. Stoppages are classified by their
relations to the cycle of functioning.
Example: Failure to feed: probable
cause, gas pressure, insufficient corrective
action, clean gas port.
3. IMMEDIATE ACTION – is the action taken to
reduce the stoppage without investigating the
cause. When the barrel is not enough to cause a
cock off 150 rds fired in 2 minutes period may
heat the barrel sufficiently to cause a cock-off.
RUNAWAY GUN CAN STOP BY:
a. Raising the cover, thus stopping
the feeding.
b. Twisting or breaking the belt to
stop feeding
c. Grasping the cocking handle
firmly and pulling it to the rear
to stop the bolt from going
forward.
IF STOPPAGE OCCURS, WAIT FOR FIVE (5)
SECOND,
a. Raise cover ad remove the ammo belt
and links from the feed tray.
b. Pull the cocking handle to the rear,
making sure that the rear engaged the sear
notch in the operating rod, close the cover
immediately then return the cocking handle to
its forward position.
LIST OF MALFUNCTION AND CORRECTIVE
MEASURES
MALFUNCTION TEST OR INSPECTION
CORRECTIVE ACTION
• COCK OFF Hot barrel, If you have
cool wpn for 15 fired 200 rds or
 more minutes rds w/in 2 min (rapid
rate) barrel will hot enough to cause
cockoff.
FAILURE TO FIRE
• Check ammo
• Replace faulty ammo
• Check for broken
• Notify orgn maint or damaged firing pin
FAILURE TO EXTRACT
• Broken extractor
• Notify orgnl maint or spring, short
clean gas port, recoil, Gas
piston, gas cylinder installed backward
operating rod and chamber
SLUGGISH OPN
• Friction dirt, carbon
• Clean and lub notify burst or lack of lub
notify orgnl maint of any burst
WADDING AND POWDER
• Manually charge weapon
• Clean and lubricate (IF firing blanks) or
notify orgnl maintenance.
VII. TYPES OF AMMUNITION
1. BALL – used against light material target
and personnel. No markings.
2. ARMOR PIERCING – tip painted black –
penetrates ¼ steeel, 4 inches concrete,
11 inches effect of wood, 14 inches of
dirt.
3. ARMOR PIERCING INCENDIARY – tip
painted aluminum – use when armor
piercing effect with fire producing effect
is desired.
4. TRACER – tip painted orange – at 700
meters erratic and at 900 meters burns
out.
5. DUMMY – corrugated case or with
three (3) holes in the body of the case
BLANK – long narrow neck.
GRENADES
 HAND GRENADE - Is a small high
explosive (HE) or chemical fills and
designed to be hand thrown by
individual soldier
 PYROTECHNIC - A chemical device that
produces a smoke or brilliant light as it
burns
HISTORY
 The earliest use of grenades is
attributed to the Ancient Chinese
 The word GRENADES is derived from
the Latin word GRANATUS
 The Spanish called their grenades
GRANADA meaning pomegranate
 Use of grenades were first written in
Western Europe during the crusades
 RUSSO-JAPANESE War of 1904 and
1905, grenades were used for the first
time on a massive scale in both
offensive and defensive operations
  The grenades employed by the  THE TIME DELAY EFFECT -
Japanese were the first featuring a (Fragmentation and white
delay time fuze phosphorous) have a 4 to 5 seconds
delay

 Exception to this rule is if the

TYPES OF GRENADE
 FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE -
Used to produce casualties by high
velocity projection of fragments of the
grenade case. It has an effective (1CM)
up to 15 meters
grenade is armed with an M127
impact fuse will function upon
impact - The fuse has an
overriding time delay of 3 to 7
seconds
 Other hand grenade have 2
seconds time delay fuse

 OFFENSIVE HAND GRENADE - A  The exception to rules are

cylindrical type of container filled with
approximately 8 ounces of TNT, shipped
without a fuse installed, used principally
class effect
 CHEMICAL HAND GRENADE - Used for
incendiary, screening, signaling,
training, riot control purposes
 PRACTICE AND TRAINING GRENADE -
Used for training personnel in care,
handling and used service grenades
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRENADE
 THE RANGE - The average person can
throw the average grenade from 35
meters to 40 meters
M25A2 riot control hand
grenade which has 1.4 to 3
seconds time delay and the
illumination had grenade has a
7 seconds delay
PARTS OF GRENADE
 GRENADE - a combat type grenade is
filed with explosive or a chemical
 They are generally composed of three
(3) main parts namely:
 The Body
 The Filler
 The Fuse Assembly

 THE EFFECTIVE CASUALTY RADIUS - ECR  The Fuse Assembly

is defined as the radius of an area
around the point of detonation  Safety Lever

 Pull Ring
 THE TIME DELAY EFFECT -
(Fragmentation and white  Safety Pin
phosphorous) have a 4 to 5 seconds
delay  Striker

 Striker Spring
  Primer  A left-handed thrower should
grasp the grenade in the same
 Delay Element manner, but with the top of the
 Detonator fuse pointed down

 Safety Clip  Hook the fingers of the other

hand through the safety pin pull
rings pile pares to pull

 THROWING TECHNIQUE

 The best way of throwing the

grenade is like throwing a
baseball

 The grenades should be given

spin in flight by allowing it roll
off the tips of the fingers and
releasing it with a snap of a
wrist

 Follow through is also necessary

after the grenade has been
released from the hand

THROWING POSITIONS

 STANDING

 Face the target sideways with

your body balance evenly on
both feet

 Hold the grenade in front of

your body chest remove the
GRENADE THROWING safety pin with the pulling,
twisting motion
 HOLDING GRENADE
 After throwing the grenade,
 Hold the grenade with the
take an additional step forward
fingers of the throwing hand
and follow through, falling face
with the safety lever firmly
down on the ground
holds under the thumb
between the first and second
joints
  As much as possible, keep your
eyes on the target to observe
the strike
 KNEELING
 Face target sideways and knee
nearest to the target
 After throwing the grenade,
continue the throwing motion
so that will fall forward
 Break your fall with your arm
 Observe the strike so that you
can make correction when
necessary, in your next throw
 THE UNDERHAND
 Used in built-up areas, woods,
or jungle
 When releasing the grenade, let
it roll off your finger in the same
manner as when pitching
softball
 Maybe employed both while
standing and kneeling
 THE PRONE –
 To throw the grenade from
prone position, lie on your back,
hold the grenade across your
chest and pull the pin
 Before throwing, hold on to any
substantial object, with your
hand in order to improve both
your hand and accuracy
 As soon as your release the
grenade rolls onto your
stomach to complete the follow
through
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
WARNING - Unauthorized modification to
service grenade are prohibited a safety hazard
maybe created. This include modification of
safety pin, such as placing tape or wire around
fuse lever, etc
a. Fuses, which are installed in the
grenade as shipped, are prone
to damage by mishandling and
may become hazardous
b. Store Grenade and Fuses
c. Keep all grenades and
containers, dry and protected
from possible damage
d. Disassembly of explosive
components
e. Do not open fuse containers or
remove protective safety
devices
f. Return all grenades prepared
for firing but not fired to their
original packing and mark them
appropriately
 PRECAUTION IN HANDLING
 Grenade must not be lifted or
handled by the pull ring that is
attached to the safety pin of the
fuse
 The safety pin will remove just
before launching and no other
time
 PRECAUTION IN FIRING
  The safety pin will not be pulled

 During safety pin removal, the

safety lever must be held firmly
in place

 Silent type fuses maybe used in

some grenades

 Occasionally burning type

grenade will flash; they will be
thrown as to function not less
than 10 meters from personnel

 WP grenades used in training

will be projected so that they
will burst at a distance of over
35 meters

 Personnel should take cover

after throwing or projecting a
WP grenades

CAUTION: Particles of WP may not burn

when released into a moist area, but will ignite
when drier conditions occur

 If the safety lever on a WP is

released accidentally, throw the
grenade and take cover