GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 1

Am, is, and are And and but

Grammar notes Grammar notes
We use am with the first person I (I am). This is often And and but are conjunctions. We use and to join two
abbreviated to I’m in spoken English and informal written sentences. We use but to join two sentences when there is
English. We add not to make the negative (I’m not) and a contrast between the sentences.
invert with the subject to make the question (Am I …?). In
Note that we often use a comma before but when joining
short answers, we use Yes, I am (not Yes, I’m) and No, I’m
sentences.
not. Note that I amn’t or I’mn’t are not possible.
We use is with the third person (He is, She is, It is). This is
often abbreviated to He’s, She’s, or It’s in spoken English and
informal written English. We add n’t to make the negative
(He isn’t, etc.) and invert with the subject to make the
question (Is she …? etc.). In short answers, we use Yes, he is or
Yes, it is, etc. (not Yes, he’s or Yes, it’s) and No, he isn’t. Note
that He’s not or She’s not are possible but less common uses.
We use are with the second and third person plural forms
(You are, We are, They are). This is often contracted to You’re,
We’re, or They’re in spoken English and informal written
English. We add n’t to make the negative (We aren’t, etc.) and
invert with the subject to make the question (Are you …?,
etc.). In short answers, we use Yes, we are or Yes, they are, etc.
(not Yes, we’re or Yes, they’re) and No, they aren’t. Note that
They’re not or We’re not are possible but less common uses.

Possessive ’s and possessive adjectives

Grammar notes
We use possessive ’s to show possession in English. We add
’s to the end of the noun that has possession.
Note that the position of ’s changes between singular and
plural nouns: My sister’s hat (one sister) but My sisters’ hats
(two sisters).
’s is pronounced /s/ after unvoiced sounds and /z/ after
voiced sounds.
My and your are first person singular possessive adjectives
(your can also be used as the plural form). His and her are
second person singular possessive adjectives. His (like he)
refers to a male possessor. Her (like she) refers to a female
possessor.
Note that its is used to show possession with animals,
objects, countries, etc.
Their is the third person plural possessive adjective. Our
is the first person plural possessive adjective. Unlike some
languages, their and our are used regardless of the gender
of the possessor.
In English, possessive adjectives do not change their
form depending on whether the noun they are showing
possession of is singular or plural, i.e., their mother and
their parents, NOT theirs parents.

158
Exercises 6 My parents ’ house is in the
^
center of town.
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
affirmative (+) or negative (–) form of be. ’s
7 Simon cars are blue and green.
^
1 I 'm a doctor. (+) 5 Complete the sentences with a possessive
2 She isn’t a student. (–) adjective.
3 He is from Sweden. (+)
4 I ’m not married. (–) 1 Marco and Samanta are married. Their
5 They 're on vacation. (+) hobbies are swimming and running.
6 We aren’t from France. (–) 2 He’s from Germany, but his father is
from Brazil.
2 Match the questions (1–6) with the short answers 3 We live in the US, but our
(a–f). grandparents live in Japan.
4 This is a language school. Its name is
1 Are you a teacher? d
“Study Center.”
2 Is he 20 years old? f
5 I’m 40 years old and my wife is 34
3 Are they from New Zealand? e
years old.
4 Is she single? a
6 A: What’s your job?
5 Are you both at the train station? c
B: I’m a filmmaker.
6 Am I late? b
a Yes, she is. 6 Complete the conversation with the words in the
b No, you aren’t. box. Use each word once.
c Yes, we are.
d Yes, I am. her his his my sister’s your
e No, they aren’t.
A: Hello, I’m Maia. What’s 1 your name?
f No, he isn’t.
B: I’m Martina. Where are you from?
3 Complete the conversations. Use contractions A: I’m from Portugal. And you?
when possible. B: I’m from Mexico, but 2 my husband is
from England. 3 His family are all in
1 A: How old are you? England.
B: I ’m 28 years old. his
A: What’s 4 job?
2 A: Where ’s she from? B: He’s a photographer.
B: She ’s from the UK. A: Oh, my sister’s a photographer. 5 Her
3 A: Are they at home now? name is Silvia. Do you have brothers and sisters?
B: Yes, they are . B: Yes, I do. My 6 sister’s name is Eva.
4 A: Is he at school?
B: No, he isn’t .
5 A: Are you a nurse?
B: No, I ’m not .
6 A: What ’s your name?
B: My name ’s Katie.

4 Add an apostrophe or ’s in the correct place in the

sentences.
’s
1 Lisa brother is here.
^
’s
2 This is Hugo house.
^
’s
3 Abby grandmother is Mary Peters.
^
4 Anna ’s husband is a journalist.
^
5 Sara and Pablo ’s father is in Brazil.
^

Grammar Summary 159

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2
There is/are
Grammar notes
Note also that after there is and there isn’t, we use the
indefinite article a/an with singular nouns. After there
are, we use some or a number with plural nouns, but after
there aren’t or in a question, we use any with plural nouns.
Note the question forms:
Are there any …? requires a yes/no answer, e.g., Yes, there
are. / No, there aren’t.
How many … are there? is asking for the number of
objects, and requires a number in the answer, e.g., There
are three.
Prepositions of place
Grammar notes
Some students get confused between opposite and in
front of. In Latin languages, in front of is a false friend as
it looks similar to the word for opposite.
Opposite (or across from) has the idea of facing something
across a room, a street, etc. In front of has the idea of being
positioned with your back to something. To explain the
difference between opposite and in front of, draw two
heads on the board, next to each other and facing each
other, and another two heads, next to each other but facing
in the same direction.
160
Plural nouns
Grammar notes
Note that if -y follows a vowel, it does not change, e.g.,
boys, monkeys, and toys.
There are some exceptions when a noun ends with -f:
knives, wives, halves, but roofs.
In addition to -ch, -s, and -ss, words ending with -sh, -z, and
-x also add -es.
Irregular nouns often involve people or animals: women,
children, sheep, deer, mice.
Some words with “oo” have irregular plurals with “ee”:
tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese.
Demonstrative pronouns
Grammar notes
We use the demonstrative pronouns this and these to refer
to things that are close to the speaker. This is for singular
things and these is for plural things.
We use the demonstrative pronouns that and those to
refer to things that are further away from the speaker.
That is for singular things and those is for plural things.
Exercises 4 Correct the mistakes in the plural forms in these
sentences.
1 Complete the sentences with the affirmative, people
negative, or question form of there is/are. Add any 1 There aren’t any persons in the café.
when necessary. boxes
2 Are there any boxs in his car?
1 There are two bedrooms in my new
babies
apartment. (+) 3 There are two babyes in the park.
2 There isn’t a table in the living room. (–)
sandwiches
3 Are there any good restaurants in this town? 4 Are there any sandwichs for the picnic?
Yes, there are .
women
4 Is there a garden? 5 The womans are from Russia.
No, there isn’t .
scarves
5 There aren’t any chairs in the living room. (–) 6 There are nice scarfs in the shop.
6 There's a swimming pool near my
train
house. (+) 7 There are two trains stations in my town.
2 Choose the correct options to complete the
conversation.
5 Choose the correct word to complete the
sentences. Use the information in parentheses.
A: How is your new house? (N) = the things/people are near. (F) = the things/
B: It’s nice. There 1 are / is four rooms—a living people are far.
room, a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bedroom.
A: Is there a yard? 1 A: What’s that / this on your arm? (F)
B: No, there 2 isn’t / aren’t. But there a park 3 next to / B: It’s my new watch.
in the house. 2 Is this / that your key? (N)
A: And how is your bedroom? 3 I like these / those boots. (N)
B: It’s OK. There’s a big bed. There aren’t 4 any / 4 Is this / that Max’s car there in the parking lot? (F)
no pictures on the wall. 5 Who are those / that people in front of the
A: 5 There is / Is there a TV in your bedroom? station? (F)
B: Yes, there is. There is a cabinet 6 opposite / under 6 A: Is this / that your jacket? (N)
the bed, and the TV is 7 on / between the cabinet. B: No. It’s Eduardo’s jacket.
A: Are there any windows? 7 Are these / this Teresa’s glasses? (N)
B: Yes, there’s a window 8 above / in the cabinet. 8 What are those / these buildings over there? (F)

3 Look at the picture. Complete the sentences with

these words and phrases.

between in front of on
on the left on the right under

1 There is a car in front of the house.

2 There is a tree on the right .
3 There is a bird on the car.
4 There is a garden on the left .
5 There is a cat between the car and the
motorcycle.
6 There is a ball under the car.

Grammar Summary 161

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 3
I, you, we, and they Third-person questions

Grammar notes Grammar notes

With I, you, we, and they, the main verb in the simple In the third person forms (he, she, it), we make questions
present form is identical to the base form. with does and the base form of the main verb. Note the
sentence order:
Don’t is the negative form of the auxiliary verb do. An
auxiliary verb is a verb that carries no meaning but helps Question word auxiliary verb subject main verb
the main verb to form negatives, questions, or tenses. What does she do?
In short answers, we use the auxiliary verb, so it becomes
Yes, she does.
do + base form of verb

Grammar and pronunciation notes Imperatives and prepositions

We use do + the base form of the main verb in questions.
Note the form: Grammar notes
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb Note that we use the imperative (Go, Take, etc.) to give
Do you like shopping? directions, along with prepositions of movement (up,
Many languages form questions without using auxiliary down, along, across, through, etc.).
forms. They rely on inversion or intonation to make the
question. Watch out for errors such as Like you shopping?
Capital letters
or You like shopping? Students often need lots of practice
to get this form right.
Grammar notes
Notice how the main verb is stressed in simple present
questions, while the auxiliary and pronoun are usually In English, we always use a capital letter at the start of a
unstressed. Point out that do you is generally reduced to sentence. The first letter of many proper nouns, notably
/dəjə/, /djə/, or even /dʒə/. names of people, cities, countries, states, and continents,
are capitalized.
The first letter of words for days and months is capitalized,
Third-person forms but this is not the case for words describing seasons
and parts of the day, e.g., in March, in the spring, in the
Grammar notes afternoon.
In the third person forms (he, she, it), we usually add -s to The first letter of names of buildings and streets is always
the main verb. capitalized, e.g., the Empire State Building, One World
Trade Center, Wall Street.
After -s, -z, -ch, -sh, or -x, we add -es (e.g., washes,
watches). Capital letters are also used in titles (e.g., Sir, Mr., Mrs.,
Ms.) and the names of companies (e.g., Ford, Chrysler).
We also add -es to go and do.
If a verb ends with -y, it changes to -i before adding -es
(e.g., studies).
Note that the auxiliary verb doesn’t takes the third person
ending (-es), so the main verb does not take an ending.
Watch out for errors such as He don’t works and He
doesn’t works.

162
Exercises 4 Write the third person singular (he/she/it) form of
the verbs.
1 Put the words in order to make affirmative and 1 do does
negative simple present sentences. watches
2 watch
1 apartment / live / I / an / in 3 be is
I live in an apartment. 4 go goes
2 have / don’t / a pet / they 5 come comes
They don’t have a pet. 6 finish finishes
3 to work / go / by train / we 7 have has
We go to work by train. 8 speak speaks
4 don’t / swimming / like / I 9 want wants
I don’t like swimming. 10 fly flies
5 eat / in that restaurant / lunch / Julia and Carlo 11 study studies
Julia and Carlo eat lunch in that restaurant.
6 our friends / meet / we / on the weekend / don’t 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of do
We don’t meet our friends on the weekend. to make negative sentences or questions.
1 John and Fay don’t like living in a big
2 Read the sentences and write questions with you city.
or your. does
2 What time the class start?
1 I like going into the city. 3 Jack doesn’t speak Spanish.
Do you like going into the city ? 4 What do they study in college?
2 I’m 32 years old. 5 She doesn’t know a lot of people.
How old are you ? 6 We don’t watch many movies.
3 I watch TV after work. 7 Does he have a sister?
When do you watch TV? / What do you do after work ?
4 My city is polluted. 6 Use the words in parentheses to write sentences in
Is your city polluted ? the simple present.
5 I like that café. 1 I like watching basketball.
Do you like that café ? (I / like)
6 I live in a small town.
Where do you live? / Do you live in a small town ? 2 Do you want pasta for dinner?
(you / want)
3 Complete the conversation with the simple present 3 We don’t work on the weekend.
form of the verb. (we / not work)
A: 1 Do you go (go) to work by 4 Does she read in the evenings?
car? (she / read)
B: No, I 2 don’t have (not have) a car. I go to
5 He finishes work at 7:00 p.m.
work by bus. And you?
A: Well, I come by car because I (he / finish)
3
don’t live (not live) near my office. 6 My town doesn’t have a lot of parks.
B: What time 4 do you (my town / not have)
finish (finish) work?
7 Some people speak a lot of different
A: At 6 p.m. What 5 do you
languages. (some people / speak)
do (do) after work?
B: I6 like (like) meeting friends.
Sometimes, we 7 go (go) to a
restaurant for dinner. And you?
A: I drive home because I 8 ’m (be)
always tired!

Grammar Summary 163

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 4
Forming -ing words
Grammar notes
Note that, in English, it is possible to say I like dancing
and I like to dance with little difference in meaning. We
use -ing to emphasize the activity and the infinitive to
emphasize a specific action. At this level, it’s best to just
teach the more common use with -ing.
You could point out rules for forming -ing words. When a
single syllable verb ends consonant-vowel-consonant (e.g.,
swim, run), the consonant doubles (swimming, running).
Adverbs of frequency
Grammar notes
Frequency adverbs go before full verbs but they go after
the verb be and after auxiliary verbs. Examples:
I often go …
I am often …
I don’t often go …
I have often seen …
Expressions of frequency
Grammar notes
Expressions of frequency usually go at the end of the
sentence. However, it’s possible to put the expressions at
the beginning of the sentence, especially when you want
to give them emphasis, e.g., Every Christmas, Jack and
Louise come from Australia to visit us.
Note that in expressions such as once a week, a has the
same meaning as per or every.
164
Can and can’t
Grammar notes
Can is a modal auxiliary verb used here to talk about
general abilities. The negative (an abbreviation of cannot)
is formed by adding ’t, and the question is formed by
moving Can before the subject.
Adverbs of manner such as well (the irregular adverb
of good), and adverbs of degree such as a little and
a lot, generally go after the main verb at the end of
the sentence.
Talking about abilities
Grammar notes
Note that we use I’m good at + -ing as well as I can to talk
about abilities.
Reference words
Grammar notes
English uses reference words to replace and refer back to
nouns and phrases that have already been mentioned.
This avoids repetition. Reference words can be subject
or object pronouns (e.g., it, him, they, them), possessive
adjectives and pronouns (e.g., her, its, their, theirs) and
other pronouns such as one, here, and there.
Exercises 5 Write questions for the sentences in Exercise 4.
Use how often.
1 Write the -ing form of the verbs. 1 How often do you go for walks?
1 make making 2 How often do they go on vacation?
2 watch watching 3 How often do you use social media?
3 go going 4 How often does she meet her friends?
4 come coming 5 How often do you visit your parents?
5 swim swimming 6 How often do you go to the gym?
6 shop shopping
7 play playing 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
8 write writing phrases. Use the -ing form of the verbs.

2 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of browse every go often swim
these verbs. once or twice a month three or four times a week

come do listen play A: What’s in your bag?

swim watch write B: My clothes for the gym. I love
1
going to the gym after work.
1 I don’t like writing long emails. A: How often do you go?
2 She loves watching TV in the evenings. B: I go 2three or four times a week .
3 He likes swimming in the ocean. A: That’s a lot! I like 3 swimming .
4 We love listening to music in the car. But I don’t 4 often go to the
5 Sandy and Nick always like coming to pool—only 5 once or twice a month .
our house. B: What else do you do in your free time?
6 Marianne likes doing taekwondo. A: Well, I love 6 browsing the
7 I love playing the piano. internet. I do it 7 every
evening!
3 Put the adverb of frequency in the correct place in
the sentence. 7 Circle the correct option to complete the sentences.
1 I shop online. (sometimes) 1 She can / can’t understand German a little.
I sometimes shop online. 2 He’s a chef at a restaurant, so he can / can’t cook
2 She has coffee after lunch. (always) very well.
She always has coffee after lunch. 3 We can / can’t see well because the room is dark.
3 Michael is in the gym after work. (usually) 4 A: Can / Can’t you speak a foreign language?
Michael is usually in the gym after work. B: No, I can / can’t.
4 I play online games. (never) 5 A: What musical instrument can you play?
I never play online games. B: I can / can’t play the trumpet.
5 The students are late for class. (often) A: Do you / How well can you play?
The students are often late for class. B: I can play it very well.
6 He is hungry in the morning. (rarely)
He is rarely hungry in the morning.

4 Put the words in order to make sentences.

1 go / once / a walk / we / a day / for
We go for a walk once a day.
2 on vacation / twice / go / a year / they
They go on vacation twice a year.
3 every / use / social media / day / I
I use social media every day.
4 her friends / she / every / weekend / meets
She meets her friends every weekend.
5 once / visit / or / I / a month / my parents /
twice
I visit my parents once or twice a month.
6 to the gym / I / times / or / go / three / a /
week / four
I go to the gym three or four times a week.

Grammar Summary 165

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5
Countable and uncountable nouns Imperative forms

Grammar notes Grammar notes

Countable nouns are so-called because you can count We use the imperative form when writing (or saying)
them. In general, these words add -s or -es to form the instructions. Examples:
plural. Heat the oven.
Uncountable nouns can’t be counted—these include Do not use the barbecue …
liquids (e.g., milk, water) and solids that have mass (e.g.,
Never leave children …
meat, bread).
Of course, this can be much trickier than it looks. Many
languages have no concept of countability, and other
languages use countable nouns when English uses
uncountable ones. Be careful with words like rice and
fruit that may be countable in some languages, but are
uncountable in English.
If you have a monolingual class, it’s a good idea to get
students to say which English words differ from those in
their L1.

A lot of and much/many

Grammar notes
We use a lot of (or, more colloquially, lots of) in affirmative
sentences with both countable and uncountable nouns.
We can use much (with uncountable nouns) and many
(with countable nouns) in negative sentences or with
questions.
Note that native speakers do use a lot of in negative
sentences (I don’t have a lot of time) and many in
affirmative sentences (There are many ways to do this)
but, at this level, it’s best to stick to the basic rules given.

166
Exercises 5 Complete the questions with how much or
how many.
1 Complete the sentences with a/an or some. 1 How many texts do you send in a day?
1 We have a pet cat. 2 How much juice do the school children drink?
2 She wants some pasta for dinner. 3 How much meat do they eat every day?
3 There’s a car outside my house. 4 How many movies does he watch in a week?
4 He always likes some salt on his food. 5 How many bags of rice does she have?
5 I normally meet some friends for lunch. 6 How many kilos of flour do we need?
6 I have an apple in my bag. 7 How much water do they drink?
7 You need some rice to make this dish. 8 How much sauce do you want with your food?

2 Choose the best word to complete the sentences. 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
phrases.
1 Can I have some / any coffee, please?
2 I don’t have some / any vegetables in the fridge. how many a an any
3 Are there any / some people on the bus? how much some much some
4 He has some / any new boots.
5 Do you want some / any tea? A: What do we need to buy?
6 She doesn’t want some / any food because she B: Well, we need 1 a bottle of olive oil
isn’t hungry. and 2 some pasta.
3 Complete the conversation with a/an, some, or any. A: 3 How much pasta do you want?
B: Let’s get two packages.
A: Are you hungry? Do you want 1 some A: OK, here they are. Do we need 4 any
food? tomatoes?
B: Yes, good idea. Can I have 2 some B: Yes, get two. Also, we don’t have 5 much
sandwiches? coffee left—there’s only half a bag. So let’s buy
A: No, sorry. I don’t have 3 any bread. I 6
some .
can make you 4 a salad. A: Here’s the coffee.
B: Thanks, that’s perfect. I can help you. B: OK, and we also need 7 an onion.
A: OK, we need 5 some lettuce, A: Only one?
6 some tomatoes, and 7 an B: Yes, we already have two at home. Right, let’s
onion. go to check out.
B: Oh, no. There aren’t 8 any tomatoes A: OK, 8 how many bags do we have?
or onions in the fridge. I have a good idea. B: One. That’s enough.
Let’s go out for lunch! Are there 9 any
restaurants near here?
A: Yes, there are. Come on, let’s go!

4 Choose the correct option to complete the

sentences. Sometimes both options are possible.
1 There are lots of / a lot of students in the
classroom.
2 Do you write much / many emails at work?
3 Does the town have lots of / many interesting
places to visit?
4 We don’t have much / many milk left.
5 Is there a lot of / many sugar in this cake?
6 This dish doesn’t have much / a lot of cheese.
7 I don’t know many / much people at this party.
8 They eat much / a lot of fresh fruit every day.

Grammar Summary 167

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 6
Was and were Simple past questions

Grammar notes Grammar notes

We use was in first person and third person singular The simple past question is formed with did, which goes
forms, and were in second person and third person plural before the noun or pronoun and the base form of the
forms. The abbreviated form of not (n’t) is added to was main verb.
and were to make the negative. Questions are formed by Q-word auxiliary verb noun/pronoun base verb
inverting was and were with the subject.
Where did you go?
Many other languages do not use an auxiliary verb in past
Simple past regular verbs tense questions, so watch out for students avoiding the
auxiliary and using inversion. Typical form errors include:
Grammar notes Where you went? Did you went there? Yes, I went.
We form the simple past by adding -ed to the base form of
regular verbs.
For verbs ending with a consonant followed by -y (e.g.,
studied, carried), we change y to i and add -ed. Note,
however, that when the -y comes after a vowel, it doesn’t
usually change (e.g., stayed, played). Note that there are
some exceptions, e.g., say ➞ said, pay ➞ paid
Sometimes the final consonant letter of a verb is doubled
when forming the simple past. The final consonant is
doubled when the final syllable is stressed (e.g., begged,
occurred, permitted). If the final syllable of a word is
unstressed, we don’t double the consonant (e.g., visited,
entered, traveled, canceled).
There are many irregular forms in English. The most
common verbs tend to be irregular.

Simple past irregular verbs and negatives

Grammar notes
The simple past negative is formed with didn’t + base verb.
As many languages form the past with a word equivalent
to not in front of the past form, watch out for errors
from students which may include: I no(t) traveled, I don’t
traveled, I didn’t traveled, etc.
Irregular verbs in English tend to be the most common
verbs. There are no rules as to why one verb changes to
another (e.g., make/made, take/took, sit/sat, hit/hit). They
simply have to be learned and memorized.

168
Exercises 5 Write simple past sentences using these ideas.
1 we / not go / on vacation / last year
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of We didn't go on vacation last year.
was/were. Use the negative when you see (–) in
2 Magda / not like / the movie
parentheses. Magda didn't like the movie.
1 Was he a famous actor? 3 they / live / in the US / for ten years
2 I was a good student at school. They lived in the US for ten years.
3 A: Was the bus late yesterday? 4 Mike / make / a big mistake
B: No, it wasn’t . (–) Mike made a big mistake.
4 There weren’t many people at 5 she / not buy / a ticket
the concert. (–) She didn't buy a ticket.
5 Were the tickets expensive? 6 I / speak / to Bogdan / this morning
6 Clive and Sarah were born in I spoke to Bogdan this morning.
the sixties.
7 We weren’t at the gym this morning. (–) 6 Write simple past questions using these ideas.
8 Were you at home yesterday evening? 1 you / live / in a house or an apartment?
Did you live in a house or an apartment?
2 Write the simple past form of the verbs. 2 What / they / do last night?
1 live lived 6 play played What did they do last night?
2 work worked 7 want wanted 3 Where / Anton / study?
3 travel traveled 8 like liked Where did Anton study?
4 finish finished 9 stop stopped 4 you / watch / the soccer game last night?
5 start started 10 watch watched Did you watch the soccer game last night?
5 the food / taste good?
3 Complete the text with the simple past form of the Did the food taste good?
verbs in parentheses. 6 How / they / build their houses?
Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil How did they build their houses?
1
was (be) a famous scientist. She
2 was (be) born in Paris, France, in 1706.
7 Complete the conversation with the simple past
form of the verbs in parentheses.
She 3 got (get) married when she was 19
and 4 had (have) three children. But at A: What 1 did you do (you / do) over the
the age of 27, she 5 started (start) to study weekend?
mathematics and physics. She was famous in the B: I 2 visited (visit) my parents on their
world of science and she sometimes farm.
6
worked (work) with the famous French A: I 3 didn’t know (not know) your parents
philosopher Voltaire. She 7 wrote (write) have a farm!
a translation of a famous book by the British B: Really? I 4 grew (grow) up on that
scientist Isaac Newton, and people still use it farm!
today. She 8 died (die) at the age of 42. A: Wow! 5 Did you like (you / like) living
there?
4 Write the simple past form of the verbs. Write R B: Yes, it 6 was (be) great! We
after the verb if it is regular, and I if it is irregular. 7 played (play) outside all day with the
1 go went I animals.
2 grow grew I A: 8 Did you have (you / have) many animals?
3 make made I B: Yes, we 9 did (do). But we
4 do did I
10 didn’t have (not have) many friends
5 find found I because our farm 11 wasn’t (not be)
6 talk talked R near any other houses.
7 buy bought I
8 see saw I
9 paint painted R
10 write wrote I
11 read read I
12 move moved R
13 have had I
14 meet met I
15 listen listened R

Grammar Summary 169

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 7
Comparative adjectives So and because

Grammar notes Grammar notes

All adjectives with three or more syllables use more to
form the comparative (e.g., more interesting).
For two-syllable adjectives where the second syllable is -y,
drop -y and add -ier to form the comparative (e.g., busy—
busier, easy—easier, friendly—friendlier). Other two-
syllable adjectives tend to use more (e.g., more modern,
more helpful), but there are exceptions (e.g., narrower).
Some irregular adjectives are: far—farther/further, little—
less, much—more.
So and because are conjunctions or connectors. They join
two clauses and go in the middle of the sentence.
We use so to give a result or consequence and because to
give a reason (i.e., to say why).
Note that we often use a comma before so, but not before
because.

Superlative adjectives

Grammar notes
We add -est to adjectives with one syllable and use the in
front of the superlative form (e.g., the greatest movie).
With longer adjectives, we use most.
Examples of two-syllable adjectives: busy—busiest,
modern—most modern, narrow—narrowest.
Examples of irregular superlatives: good—best, bad—
worst, far—farthest/furthest, little—least, much—most.
The fact that English (betraying both its North Germanic
and its Norman French roots) has two types of comparative
and superlative forms often confuses students. Speakers
of romance languages often say, more/most big, more/
most young, etc., while speakers of German often say,
*intelligenter or *moderner (* indicates an ungrammatical
construction). It’s worth getting students to compare how
their language forms comparatives and superlatives.

170
Exercises 4 Complete the sentences with the superlative form
of the adjective.
1 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 The blue whale is the biggest (big)
than
1 My car ride was longer as your bus ride. animal on Earth.
taller 2 The giraffe has the longest (long)
2 My sister is more tall than me. neck of all animals.
happier 3 This is the worst (bad) program
3 She feels happyier in the summer. on TV.
hotter 4 The cheetah is the fastest (fast)
4 Today is hoter than yesterday. animal in the world.
more dangerous 5 Mount Elbrus is the highest (high)
5 Cars are dangerouser than planes. mountain in Russia and Europe.
better 6 Australian football is one of the
6 He’s a gooder cook than me. most dangerous (dangerous) sports in
Australia.
2 Write comparative sentences using these ideas. 7 He is the happiest (happy) person
1 The new restaurant in town / good / I know.
the old restaurant.
The new restaurant in town is better than the old restaurant. 5 Look at the information and complete the
sentences using comparative and superlative
2 German / difficult to learn / English.
German is more difficult to learn than English. forms of the adjectives.
3 The book / interesting / the movie.
The book is more interesting than the movie. Fun animal facts heavy light
African elephant 5,000 kg
4 The weather today / bad / the weather yesterday.
The weather today is worse than the weather yesterday. hippopotamus 2,000 kg
crocodile 1,100 kg
5 She / busy / than her husband.
She is busier than her husband.
1 The African elephant is heavier than
6 Traveling by train / nice / traveling by bus.
Traveling by train is nicer than traveling by bus. the hippopotamus.
2 The hippopotamus is lighter than
7 Josh’s house / big / my house.
Josh’s house is bigger than my house. the African elephant.
3 The crocodile is the lightest .
3 Complete the conversations with the comparative
Airplane tickets to Peru cheap expensive
form of these adjectives.
AirPeru $ 550
boring easy expensive fast hot short Flink Air $ 690
Am Travel $ 725
1 A: Are lions faster than horses?
B: No, they aren’t. Lions are slower. 4 Am Travel is the most expensive .
2 A: I paid $100 for my shoes. 5 Flink Air is cheaper than Am Travel.
B: They are more expensive than my shoes. My 6 AirPeru is the cheapest .
shoes only cost $60.
3 A: Your hair is shorter than it was
Lakes short long
Caspian Sea 1,199 km
yesterday.
Lake Superior 616 km
B: Yes, I went to the hairdresser’s!
Lake Victoria 322 km
4 A: Was your meeting interesting this week?
B: No! It was more boring than the meeting
7 Lake Superior is shorter than the
last week. I wanted to go to sleep!
Caspian Sea.
5 A: Was the weather nice on your vacation?
8 Lake Superior is longer than
B: Yes, it was hotter than it is here. I
Lake Victoria.
went to the beach every day.
9 The Caspian Sea is the longest .
6 A: Do you want to walk or go in the car?
B: It’s easier to walk because there’s a
lot of traffic on the roads.

Grammar Summary 171

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8
Present continuous
Grammar notes
In English, we use the present continuous when we talk
about things that are happening now or around now.
The form of the present continuous affirmative is: subject +
be (am/is/are) + verb (-ing)
The negative form is: subject + be (am/is/are) + not +
verb (-ing). The question form is be (am/is/are) + subject +
verb (-ing).
In short answers, we use the present form of be and omit
the main verb, e.g., Yes, he is. No, I’m not. Watch out for
errors such as You studying English? Yes, I studying.
Language learners often don’t have many problems using
the present continuous form because they already know
the forms of the be verb, but they tend to have problems
using it correctly, especially if there isn’t an equivalent
form in their L1. Students often use the simple present
instead of present continuous when talking about things
that are happening now or at the moment around now
(e.g., She talks to me now instead of She’s talking to me
now).
172
Time markers
Grammar notes
At this level, time markers are the clearest way of showing
students when to use the simple present or present
continuous. Emphasize that we use the simple present for
routines with expressions such as every day, usually, often,
always, and the present continuous with now, at the
moment, today, this week, this year, etc.
Be vs. have
Grammar notes
We use be + adjective to describe appearance (inherent
qualities), e.g., She is pretty. / They are tall. / We are
Japanese.
We use have + adjective + noun to describe specific
attributes, e.g., He has blue eyes. / I have long hair. / She
has a wonderful personality.
In sentences that describe inherent qualities and specific
attributes, we can also use be + adjective + with + noun.
Example: He is tall and he has dark hair. ➞ He is tall with
dark hair.
With the be + adjective structure, we form the question by
inverting the auxiliary verb with the subject (Are you …?).
With have + adjective, the question is formed using the
auxiliary verb do (Do you have ..?).
When replying to the questions, we use short answers
containing the auxiliary verb, e.g., Is she tall? Yes,
she is. / Do they have long hair? No, they don’t.
Exercises 3 Complete the conversation with the simple present
or present continuous form of the verb.
1 Write present continuous sentences using these A: Hi! What 1 are you doing (do) here?
ideas. ’m shopping
B: Hi! I 2 (shop).
1 I / wear / my favorite shirt today. A: That’s nice. I 3 ’m going (go) to work!
I’m wearing my favorite shirt today. B: On a Saturday! Why?
2 you / stay / at a hotel downtown? A: Oh, I always 4 work (work) on
Are you staying at a hotel downtown? Saturday! I usually start at 11 a.m. and I
3 She / not work / this morning. 5 finish (finish) at 3 p.m.
She isn’t working this morning. B: Oh. That’s terrible!
4 We / wait / for our train now. A: I know! So, did you buy some new clothes?
We’re waiting for our train now. B: Not clothes—I bought a new bag! Here, look …
5 Claudia and Martin / watch / TV? 6 Do you like (you / like) it?
Are Claudia and Martin watching TV? A: Oh, I love it! 7 Are you going (you / go)
6 I / not go / to class at the moment. home now?
I’m not going to class at the moment. B: No, I 8 want (want) to buy more
7 They / not stay / here for long. things!
They aren’t staying here for long.
8 he / learn / a new language? 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of be
Is he learning a new language? or have.
1 The boys in my class are tall.
2 Complete the sentences with the present 2 She has long legs.
continuous form of these phrases. have
3 The performers make-up on their
wait for her rain outside
faces.
4 His skin is tanned.
computer not work talk to someone else
5 I have blue eyes.
wear a T-shirt stay at home today
live with my parents browse the internet 6 He ’s well-built.

5 Write questions or answers to complete the

1 We can’t go out because it ’s raining outside . conversations.
2 It’s hot today, so I ’m wearing a T-shirt .
3 He can’t speak to you now because 1 A: Does he have a round face?
he ’s talking to someone else . B: No, he doesn’t .
4 I’m bored, so I ’m browsing the internet . 2 A: Do you have long hair?
5 She needs to leave now because her B: Yes, I do.
friend ’s waiting for her . 3 A: Are they short?
6 I don’t have a place to live at the moment, so B: No, they aren’t.
I ’m living with my parents . 4 A: Is she thin?
7 Merrick doesn’t feel well, so B: Yes, she is .
he ’s staying at home today .
8 Sammir can’t work at home today because
his computer isn’t working .

Grammar Summary 173

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9
Be going to (for plans) Making invitations

Grammar notes Grammar notes

We use going to + base verb to talk about plans or Note the use of would like when inviting. Using this
intentions that have been made before the moment of conditional form is more polite and tentative than using
speaking. It’s possible to use the forms going to go and want. So, in polite or neutral situations, it’s better for
going to come, but native speakers tend to abbreviate students to say Would you like to …? Yes, I’d love to.
them. Note that the short answer (Yes, I’d like to / Yes, I’d love
The contrast in the use of the present continuous to) ends with to. Students may find this odd. Point out
for fixed arrangements and going to + base verb for that Yes, I’d like is inaccurate and Yes, I’d like to come is
planned intentions is actually quite subtle. They’re often overlong and rarely used.
interchangeable, for example, you might say: We’re Note also Let’s + base form of verb is used to make a
having dinner later (emphasizes the arrangement) suggestion, e.g., Let’s meet.
or We’re going to have dinner later (emphasizes the
intention).
Note that the auxiliary verb to be is used when forming
negatives and questions with the going to form:
I’m
going to see a movie.
They’re
I’m not
going to see a movie.
We aren’t
Are you
going to see a movie?
Is he

Infinitive of purpose

Grammar notes
In English we use the infinitive to express purpose. It
answers the question Why? or What for? Errors students
make include trying to use for or for to instead of simply
to. In formal English, in order to or so as to are also used
to express purpose.

174
Exercises
1 Correct the mistakes in four sentences. Two
sentences are correct.
I'm
1 I going to meet my friend later.
to finish
2 We’re going finish work early today.
3 He’s going to call you after his appointment.
aren't
4 They don’t going to watch the soccer game
tonight.
5 Tommy’s going to take his exams next week.
Are
6 Do you going to travel by car tomorrow?
2 Match the questions (1–8) with the answers (a–h).
1 Is Sara going to come to our house? e
2 When are we going to watch the movie? f
3 Who are you going to meet this evening? a
4 Is he going to get a new car? c
5 How long are they going to be away? d
6 Where are you going to have lunch? g
7 Are you going to work today? h
8 What are we going to do tonight? b
a My friend Poppy.
b We’re going to watch a movie.
c Yes, he is.
d For a few hours.
e No, she isn’t. She doesn’t have time.
f Tonight. At about 8:00 p.m.
g In a café near my house.
h No, I’m not. I’m going to stay at home.
3 Complete the conversation with going to and a
verb from the box.
4 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–6) with
the endings (a–f).
1 I’m going to call the waiter f
2 He’s going to the store d
3 She’s writing her best friend a text
message c
4 Let’s go to a café e
5 I’m calling my doctor a
6 The student waited until after the lesson b
a to make an appointment.
b to speak to his teacher.
c to say “happy birthday.”
d to buy a present for his wife.
e to get coffee.
f to ask for a menu.
5 Rewrite the two sentences as one sentence. Use the
infinitive of purpose.
1 I went to the store. I bought some new shoes.
I went to the store to buy some new shoes.
2 He called the restaurant. He reserved a table.
He called the restaurant to reserve a table.
3 Helen is going to the pool. She’s going to take a
swim.
Helen is going to the pool to take a swim.
4 They went online. They reserved tickets for the
movie.
They went online to reserve tickets for the movie.
5 She went to the supermarket. She got some
food for dinner.
She went to the supermarket to get some food for dinner.

do not watch relax not eat watch sit

6 I’m going to the library. I’m going to study for
my exams.
A: 1 Are you going to watch the soccer game
I’m going to the library to study for my exams.
tonight?
B: No, 2 I’m not going to watch it because I
don’t like soccer! What about you?
A: I’m going to a restaurant, but
we 3 ’re not going to eat there.
The restaurant has a TV outside, so
we 4 ’re going to sit at a
table and watch the game there. What
5 are you going to do after work, then?
B: I 6 ’m going to relax at home and read
a book. For me, that’s more interesting than
soccer!

Grammar Summary 175

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 10
Present perfect
Grammar notes
The present perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb have/
has and the past participle form of the verb.
We use the present perfect when the past experience is
important and the past time is unknown, unimportant, or
not mentioned.
Difficulties students at this level may have include:
• learning the irregular past participles
• forming and pronouncing the hasn’t and haven’t forms
• confusion with the simple past—in some languages,
e.g., French, have + past participle can be used with
past time markers, so students may say I haven’t done
my homework yesterday. Make sure you get across and
practice the idea that time expressions are usually not
used with the present perfect.
Present perfect (questions and short answers)
Grammar and pronunciation notes
Note that the auxiliary verb have/has inverts with the
subject to form a question: I’ve done my homework ➞
Have you done your homework?
The auxiliary have/has is pronounced weakly in affirmative
statements and questions, but stressed and pronounced
fully in negative statements and short answers:
Where have (/əv/) you been?
I haven’t (/hævnt/) done my homework.
In affirmative statements, have and has are typically
reduced to ‘ve and ‘s when speaking. Make sure students
recognize that here ’s is short for has not is.
176
Present perfect and simple past
Grammar notes
Note the difference in form between the present perfect
and the simple past:
• The present perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb
have/has + past participle.
• The simple past is formed with the simple past form
of the verb and only uses the auxiliary verb did when
forming negatives, questions, and short answers.
The simple past form of regular verbs is the same as their
past participle form, but this can be either the same or
different for irregular verbs (e.g., won/won, read/read,
forgot/forgotten, wrote/written).
Note the difference in use. The thing to emphasize is
that we say when with the simple past. If there’s a past
time marker (e.g. yesterday, in 2012, ten years ago), you
must use the simple past. Timelines and concept checking
questions are a good visual way of showing this difference.
Time markers
Grammar notes
Point out how the time markers reveal when to use each
tense. For example, last year, when she was a child, in
2016, at eight this morning, on the weekend all refer to
completed events that happened at a specific time in the
past. In contrast, no time markers that refer to a specific
time are used with the present perfect.
Imperatives
Grammar notes
The imperative form of a verb in English is the same as
its base form. The imperative form is simple and direct,
and is used when informing or passing a message when
politeness is less important.
Exercises 4 Choose the correct option to complete the
sentences.
1 Write the past participle form of the verbs. 1 Have you spoken to Anna yesterday / today?
Check (✓) the forms that are the same as the
2 Terry has been / went to the US in 2003.
simple past form.
3 We haven’t seen / didn’t see our friend Mary at
1 do done the party last night.
2 begin begun 4 My vacation started / have started two days ago.
3 be been 5 I’ve called her a few times this week / last week.
4 see seen 6 Our class ended / has ended at 11 o’clock this
5 watch watched (✓) morning.
6 hear heard (✓)
7 speak spoken 5 Number the sentences in order to make two
8 eat eaten conversations.
9 make made (✓) Conversation 1
10 get gotten a Yes, I have. I forgot my wife’s birthday! She
11 buy bought (✓) was very angry with me! 2
12 wake woken b Oh, no! Did you buy her something nice
13 understand understood (✓) afterwards? 3
14 know known c Yes, I did. I booked a trip to Paris! 4
15 learn learned (✓) d Have you ever forgotten something
16 work worked (✓) important? 1
2 Make affirmative and negative present perfect Conversation 2
sentences using these ideas. e Yes, maybe. I need to go back and look. 5
f Oh, no! When did you last use it? 2
1 I / not travel / on an airplane.
g I’ve lost my phone! 1
I have not traveled on an airplane.
h OK. Did you leave it in your classroom? 4
2 They / not see / the new movie.
i I think I sent a message to a friend during my
They have not seen the new movie.
last class. 3
3 He / forget / his friend’s telephone number.
He has forgotten his friend’s telephone number. 6 Complete the conversation with the present
4 Isabel / start / a language class. perfect or simple past form of the verbs.
Isabel has started a language class. or: Did, see
5 Leo / become / a member of a gym. A: 1 Have you seen (see) the news
Leo has become a member of a gym. story about this man? It says he
2 's lost / lost
6 She / not eat / her dinner. (lose) his memory—he can’t
She has not eaten her dinner. remember his name or where he’s from!
7 We / not play / any games. B: That sounds terrible.
We have not played any games. A: I know. It says he 3 went (go) into a
8 Our train / leave / the station. police station yesterday and 4 asked (ask)
Our train has left the station. for help.
B: And 5 did the police
3 Complete the questions with the present perfect form help (help) him?
of these verbs. Then complete the short answers. A: No, they couldn’t. He 6 didn't have (not have)
any ID, so they couldn’t do anything.
buy find finish meet write visit B: I’m sure someone is looking for him. A friend
or relative.
1 Have the students finished their A: Yes. The police 7 have spoken (speak) about him
exams? Yes, they have . on all the local radio stations today. And they
2 Has Marcos found a new job? 8
have also put (put) his photo
No, he hasn’t . on Facebook and Twitter. Here’s the photo on
3 Has she ever visited China? Yes, Facebook.
she has . B: Ah, yes. That’s good. I’m sure someone is going
4 Have they bought their plane to recognize him soon.
tickets? Yes, they have .
5 Have you ever met my friend
Carla? Yes, I have .
6 Have you written a text message
to Sarah? No, I haven’t .

Grammar Summary 177

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 11
Semi-modals and modal verbs Making suggestions

Grammar notes Grammar notes

English uses the semi-modal have to to express an
obligation, and don’t have to to express a lack of
obligation. It behaves like a modal in terms of meaning,
but uses the auxiliary do to form questions and negatives
(e.g., Do you have to …?).
The modal verb can is used here to express permission,
and can’t (or the more formal full form cannot) is used
to express prohibition. Note that modal verbs have a
variety of functions (students will have learned can for
ability before). Make sure students are clear that this is a
different use.
Modal verbs can be tricky if they’re used differently in
students’ L1. Many languages don’t use them, so students
are more likely to say Is it possible/permitted that I …?
rather than Can I …? Other languages may use them
differently (e.g., in German, a structure that looks like
must not is used to express don’t have to). Don’t assume
that these uses neatly translate. Students will need
extensive practice in context to get used to when and how
to use the various modal verbs.
The expression You should … makes a strong suggestion or
recommendation, whereas You could …, How about …?,
and Why don’t you …? make suggestions that the speaker
expects the listener to take or leave.
You should …, You could …, and Why don’t you …? are
followed by the base form of the verb. How about …? is
followed by a verb in the -ing form.
Alternative phrases include You ought to …, You might …,
Have you thought of … (verb + -ing)? and What about …
(verb + -ing)?
Open and closed questions
Grammar notes
Open Wh- questions start with question words: What?
When? How? Why? Who? Where?
Closed yes/no questions start with an auxiliary verb, e.g.,
Do you …? Have you …?

Should and shouldn’t

Grammar notes
Should is a modal auxiliary verb. It forms negatives by
adding n’t or not, and it forms questions by inverting with
the subject. It’s used to express a mild obligation or strong
advice or a strong recommendation.
Notice its pronunciation: should /ˈʃʊd/, shouldn’t /ˈʃʊdənt/

Indefinite pronouns

Grammar notes
These words are used as pronouns.
somebody = one person (but we don’t know who), nobody
and not anybody = no people. We can also use one in
place of body (someone, no one, anyone).
Similarly, somewhere = one place (but we don’t know
where), nowhere and not anywhere = no place. Something
= one thing (but we don’t know which), nothing and not
anything = no thing.
Note that the expressions There’s nothing in the fridge
and There isn’t anything in the fridge have the same
meaning. We don’t use not with nothing (English avoids
double negatives). We can use no- words at the start of a
sentence: Nothing will be the same again. However, you
can’t start a sentence with Not anything.
We can use any- when we mean to say that it doesn’t
matter who or where (e.g., Anywhere near here is great
for a picnic).
We use singular verbs after indefinite pronouns, e.g.,
Everywhere was silent. / Nobody is perfect.

178
Exercises 3 Complete the conversation with can, can’t, or the
correct form of have to.
1 Complete the sentences with a form of have to, and A: What time 1 do you have to be at
complete the short answers.
the airport?
1 A: Do you have to go (you / go) to B: Two hours before my flight. But we still have lots
work by car? of time, so we 2 don't have to leave immediately.
B: No, I don’t . A: OK. How many bags do you have?
2 My son doesn't have to go (my son / not go) B: Two—a big suitcase and a small bag. But I
to school today because the school’s closed. 3
can only take one small bag with me
3 A: What time does Irene have to be on the plane.
(Irene / be) at the train station? A: 4 Can you take food and drink on the
B: At 4 p.m. plane?
4 A: Do people have to get (people / get) a B: No, you 5 can’t . You 6 have to buy
visa to work in this country? food on the plane. It’s a new rule!
B: Yes, they do . A: That’s terrible! Where can I park the car?
5 I don’t have to cook (I / not cook) B: You 7 can’t park. Just leave me near the
tonight because we’re going to eat in a restaurant. entrance. I can go in by myself.
6 A: Does he have to turn off (he / turn off) A: OK, fine.
his cell phone during the exam?
B: Yes, he does . 4 Match the sentences with the advice. Then
7 Julie doesn’t have to wake up (Julie / not wake complete the advice with should or shouldn’t.
up) early tomorrow because it’s the weekend. 1 He feels very tired all the time. c
2 She has a bad cold. e
2 Complete the sentences with can/can’t and a 3 There’s a lot of traffic on the roads. b
correct verb from the box.
4 Hanna’s face is very red. d
eat or drink leave park speak take use
5 They want to get fit. a
a They should play sports together.
1 2 b You should take the train.
c He shouldn’t go to bed so late.
d She shouldn’t sit out in the sun all day.
e She should go to the doctor’s.

5 Complete the conversation with these words.

You can’t leave You can’t speak
your bike here. loudly here. can can’t should
don’t have to shouldn’t should

3 4 A: We’d like to go on a walking tour of Peru.

1
Should we book the hotels now?
B: Yes. A lot of tourists go there, so you
2 can’t always find a room if you don’t
book one in advance. Do you speak Spanish?
A: No, we don’t.
You can park You can’t eat or drink B: Well, not everyone speaks English, so you
your car here. in this store.
3 should learn a few phrases before
you go. But you 4 don’t have to speak
perfectly. People are very helpful.
A: We’d like to go in February. Is that a good time?
5 6
B: No, the best time is from May to September. It’s
not too hot, so you 5 can do lots of
walking.
A: OK.
B: But you 6 shouldn’t go walking alone. It’s
You can take You can’t use easy to get lost! Your hotels will help you find
photos here. your cell phone here. good local guides.

Grammar Summary 179

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 12
Will and won’t Using how with adjectives

Grammar notes Grammar notes

We use will to make predictions about the future based We can use How with an adjective to ask questions. Other
on our knowledge or personal opinions. Note that we use possibilities include: How often, How small, How wide,
going to when the prediction is based on evidence. How interesting.
In spoken English (and written English except when it’s
very formal), we abbreviate will to ’ll and will not to
won’t. We only use will not for emphasis or in formal
correspondence.
Will is a modal auxiliary verb. As such, it’s used to “help”
the main verb form questions by inverting with the subject
(It’ll increase ➞ Will it increase?).

Names

Grammar notes
The way English names places may be counterintuitive to
many students—why say Lake Vostok but the Black Sea,
for example? Why not Vostok Lake or Sea Black? In some
languages, the word for lake, sea, or ocean may be the
same. It’s a good idea to get students to think about the
differences and similarities between their language
and English.

180
Exercises 4 Write the places in the correct column in the table.

1 Choose the correct option to complete the Beijing Czech Republic Green Road
sentences. Himalayas Indian Ocean Kalahari Desert
Lake Garda Lake Victoria Ganges River
1 We think we will / won’t visit Mount Etna next San Francisco South Korea
year. It is easy to go there.
2 I will / won’t be busy tomorrow, so you should
the no article
come and see me now.
3 There will / won’t be many children in the park Czech Republic Beijing
today because it’s raining.
4 She doesn’t think she will / won’t have time to Himalayas Green Road
study over the weekend.
Indian Ocean Lake Garda
5 I think the number of college students will /
won’t decrease because college is so expensive. Kalahari Desert Lake Victoria
6 He will / won’t come to our dinner party. He
has too much work to do. Ganges River San Francisco
7 They will / won’t go camping with us because
they prefer to stay in hotels. South Korea

2 Find the mistakes in six sentences. Two sentences

are correct. 5 Complete the sentences with the or no article (–).
will
1 My parents will to arrive soon. 1 I’d love to go up – Mount Olympus one
day.
2 There will be more things to see in Lisbon.
2 She’s never been to the United Kingdom.
will
3 He wills be tired tomorrow morning because 3 They went on a cruise on the Nile River.
he went to bed late. 4 There are many wild animals that live in the
Arabian desert.
4 There will be a lot more floods and droughts in
5 We’ve moved to – Budapest.
the future. The Mediterranean Sea is the best place to go
will 6
don’t think
5 We think our customers won’t buy the new swimming.
product. 7 I live on – Portland Street.
Will factories
6 Do factories will produce less pollution in the 6 Find four places where the is incorrect and three
future? places where the needs to be added.
won’t
7 I don’t will have time to see you after class.
will Millions of tourists visit the Argentina every year
8 He doesn’t think it won’t snow this winter.
because there is a lot to see and do there. Most
3 Complete the sentences with will and a word from
the box. tourists go to the Buenos Aires to enjoy the great
the
beaches and swim in Pacific Ocean. Tourists who
not remember pass have ^
not use become find want to go somewhere quieter can visit the Lake
the
1 I’m sure I will pass my driving test. I Buenos Aires, or Patagonian Desert in Patagonia.
^
practiced a lot! the
It is found in south of Argentina, but a small part
2 Will Earth become hotter ^
in the future? is also in the Chile. There, you won’t find many
3 I’m sure he won’t remember my name. We’ve tourists, so it’s a good place to go if you want to
only met once.
4 Maria has left her job. But I think she think and be with nature!
will find another job soon.
5 Will you have time to
see me next week?
6 In the future, we won’t use our cars so
often because buses and trains will be better.

Grammar Summary 181