MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

SPIROMETER

SUBMITTED BY :
1. AACHAL BORKAR (1)

2. AHARNISH UIKEY (9)

3. AKSHATA LANDGE (11)

4. AMEY MEGHARE (15)

5. ANSHIT NIKHADE (20)

6. ANUSHKA NARDE (24)

BTECH FIRST SEMESTER

SECTION: C

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF.PRIYANKA CHOPKAR

DEPARTMENT NAME : DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING ,

AI(ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE)
 ‘SPIROMETER’

 AIM : Study And The Working Of Spirometer .

 APPARATUS : Mouth Piece , Goal Marker , Piston , Flexible Tubing , etc.

 THEORY : A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired

and expired by the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into
and out of the lungs. The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal
ventilation patterns, obstructive and restrictive. There are various types of spirometers
that use a number of different methods for measurement (pressure transducers, ultrasonic,
water gauge).

 PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST :

a spirometer is the main piece of equipment used for basic pulmonary function tests (pfts). lung
diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema may be ruled out from the tests. in addition,
a spirometer often is used for finding the cause of shortness of breath, assessing the effect of
contaminants on lung function, the effect of medication, and evaluating progress for disease
treatment.[1]

 REASONS FOR TESTING :

 Diagnose certain types of lung disease (such as COVID-19, bronchitis, and emphysema)

 Find the cause of shortness of breath
 Measure whether exposure to chemicals at work affects lung function
 Check lung function before someone has surgery
 Assess the effect of medication
 Measure progress in disease treatment

 TYPES OF SPIROMETER

 Whole body plethysmograph

This type of spirometer gives a more accurate measurement for the components of lung volumes
as compared to other conventional spirometers. A person is enclosed in a small space when the
measurement is taken.

 Pneumotachometer
This spirometer measures the flow rate of gases by detecting pressure differences across fine
mesh. One advantage of this spirometer is that the subject can breathe fresh air during the
experiment.
 Fully electronic spirometer
Electronic spirometers have been developed that compute airflow rates in a channel without the
need for fine meshes or moving parts. They operate by measuring the speed of the airflow with
techniques such as ultrasonic transducers, or by measuring pressure difference in the channel.
These spirometers have greater accuracy by eliminating the momentum and resistance errors
associated with moving parts such as windmills or flow valves for flow measurement. They also
allow improved hygiene by allowing fully disposable air flow channels.
 Incentive spirometer
This spirometer is specially designed to encourage improvement of one's lung function.
 Peak flow meter
This device is useful for measuring how well a person's lungs expel air.
 Windmill-type spirometer
This type of spirometer is used especially for measuring forced vital capacity without using
water; it has broad measurements ranging from 1000 ml to 7000 ml. It is more portable and
lighter than traditional water-tank type spirometers. This spirometer should be held horizontally
while taking measurements because of the presence of a rotating disc.
  SPIROMETRY PROCEDURE HOW TO PREPARE, SIDE EFFECTS,

AND RISKS :

Spirometry is a standard test doctors use to measure how well your lungs are functioning. The
test works by measuring airflow into and out of your lungs.

To take a spirometry test, you sit and breathe into a small machine called a spirometer. This
medical device records the amount of air you breathe in and out as well as the speed of your
breath.

Doctors use spirometry tests to diagnoseTrusted Source these conditions:

 COPD
 asthma
 restrictive lung disease, such as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
 other disorders affecting lung function

They also allow your doctor to monitor chronic lung conditions to check whether your current
treatment is improving your breathing.

Spirometry is often done as part of a group of tests known as pulmonary function tests.

 HOW TO PREPARE FOR A SPIROMETRY TEST :

You can do a number of things to make sure you’ll be able to breathe comfortably and receive an
accurate result during your spirometry test.

Keep these tips in mind:

 Wear loose clothing.

 If you smoke, avoid smoking for at least 1 hour before the test.
  If you drink alcohol, avoid consuming it for at least 4 hours before the test.
 Avoid eating or drinking for at least 2 hours before the test.
 Avoid heavy physical effort or exercise for at least 30 minutes before the
test.
 Check with a healthcare professional about whether you should avoid are any
medications, such as inhalers, before the test, since they may interfere with the accuracy
of the results.

 SPIROMETRY PROCEDURE : A spirometry test usually takes about 15 minutes

and generally happens in your doctor’s office. In some cases when more in-depth tests
are necessary, it may take place at a respiratory laboratory.

Here’s what happens during a spirometry procedure:

1. You’ll sit in a chair in an exam room at your doctor’s office. The doctor or a nurse will
place a clip on your nose to keep both nostrils closed. They’ll also place a cup-like
breathing mask around your mouth.
2. Your doctor or nurse will next instruct you to take a deep breath in, hold your breath for a
few seconds, and then exhale as hard as you can into the breathing mask.
3. You’ll repeat this test at least three times to make sure that your results are consistent,
especially if there is a lot of variation between your test results. They’ll take the highest
value from three close test readings and use it as your final result. Your entire
appointment should last about 30 to 90 minutes.

If you have evidence of a breathing disorder, your doctor might then give you an inhaled
medication known as a bronchodilator to open up your lungs after the first round of tests.

They’ll then ask you to wait 15 minutes before doing another set of measurements. Afterward,
your doctor will compare the results of the two measurements to see whether the bronchodilator
helped increase your airflow.

When used to monitor breathing disorders, a spirometry test is typically done once every 1 or 2
years to monitor changes in breathing in people with well-controlled COPD or asthma.

Those with more severe breathing concerns or breathing complications that aren’t well managed
are advised to have more frequent spirometry tests.
  SPIROMETRY SIDE EFFECTS :

Few complications typically occur during or after a spirometry test. However, you may want to
be aware of the following.

You may feel a bit dizzy or have some shortness of breath immediately after performing the test,
according to the American Thoracic Society. In this case, stop immediately and tell your doctor.
In very rare cases, the test may trigger severe breathing problems.

When you do this test, it will increase the pressure in your head, chest, stomach, and eyes as you
breath out. So, it is unsafe if you have heart problems or hypertension, or if you’ve had surgery
to your chest, abdomen, head, or eyes.

 RISKS AFTER A SPIROMETRY TEST :

There are few risks related to the spirometry test itself. However, there is a minor risk that you
may get an indirect infection.

This could happen in several ways:

 Although there is no data widely available on spirometer disinfection, there is potentially

a concern that if the spirometer tubing is not disinfected correctly after each test, people
may be at risk of infections by a variety of fungi microorganisms. These include
respiratory illnesses such as influenza, measles, chicken pox, pneumonia, and
tuberculosis. According to a 2015 research reviewTrusted Source, researchers in at least
one study found bacterial growth on spirometer tubing.
 Other equipment pieces, such as the breathing valve and mouthpiece, may also transmit
infection. It should be disinfected and replaced between patients. In addition, you may
want to be careful about the laboratory infrastructure — the chair you’re sitting on,
nearby tables and surface areas, and anything else you may come into contact with. Use
hand sanitizer liberally and wash your hands after the test. This may also help protect you
against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 and other viruses.
 Since spirometry involves breathing aerosolized particles, there’s a risk of spreading
airborne viral illnesses. This risk applies both to the medical staff and to patients who
may be breathing in air where a previous patient was present. While a variety of illnesses
 can spread through the air, the gravest concern at present is the coronavirus that causes
COVID-19. Speak with your doctor before your test if you think you may
have symptoms of COVID-19Trusted Source.
 People with cystic fibrosis require more frequent lung function tests. However, they are
also at a higher risk of infections in the upper respiratory tract from contact with
equipment related to the test and the personnel performing the test.

This risk may be higher in different countries, where there are other standards and protocols for
preventing the spread of infection.

The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society have official technical
standards for conducting spirometry. These include disinfection guidelines and recommend
disposable mouthpieces with filters to avoid infections.

 SPIROMETRY “NORMAL” VALUES AND HOW TO READ YOUR

TEST RESULTS :

“Normal” results for a spirometry test vary from person to person. They’re based on your:

 age
 height
 race
 sex

Your doctor calculates the predicted “normal” value for you before you do the test. Once you’ve
done the test, they look at your test score and compare that value to the predicted score. Your
result is considered “normal” if your score is 80 percent or more of the predicted value.

Spirometry measures two key factors: expiratory forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced
expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Your doctor also looks at these as a combined number
known as the FEV1/FVC ratio.

If you have obstructed airways, the amount of air you’re able to quickly blow out of your lungs
will be reduced. This translates to a lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio.
  FVC MEASUREMENT :

One of the primary spirometry measurements is FVC, which is the greatest total amount of air
you can forcefully breathe out after breathing in as deeply as possible. If your FVC is lower than
expected, something is restricting your breathing.

“Normal” or “abnormal” results are evaluated differently between adults and children.

For children ages 5 to 18:

Percentage of predicted FVC value Result

80% or greater normal

less than 80% abnormal

For adults:

FVC Result

is greater than or equal to the lower limit of normal normal

is less than the lower limit of normal abnormal

An “abnormal” FVC could be due to restrictive or obstructive lung disease, and other types of
spirometry measurements are required to determine which type of lung disease is present.

An obstructive or restrictive lung disease could be present by itself, but it’s also possible to have
a mixture of these two types at the same time.

 FEV1 MEASUREMENT :

The second key spirometry measurement is FEV1. This is the amount of air you can force out of
your lungs in 1 second.

It can help your doctor evaluate the severity of your breathing issues. An FEV1 reading that’s
lower than expected shows you might have a significant breathing obstruction.
Your doctor will use your FEV1 measurement to grade how severe any breathing concerns are.
The following chart outlines what’s considered “normal” and “abnormal” when it comes to your
FEV1 spirometry test results, according to guidelines from the American Thoracic Society:

Percentage of predicted FEV1

Result
value

80% or greater normal

70%–79% mildly abnormal

60%–69% moderately abnormal

50%–59% moderate to severely abnormal

35%–49% severely abnormal

less than 35% very severely abnormal

 FEV1/FVC RATIO :

Doctors often analyze the FVC and FEV1 separately, then calculate your FEV1/FVC ratio. The
FEV1/FVC ratio is a number that represents the percentage of your lung capacity you’re able to
exhale in 1 second.

In the absence of restrictive lung disease that causes a normal or elevated FEV1/FVC ratio, the
higher the percentage gotten from your FEV1/FVC ratio means the healthier your lungs are.

A low ratio suggests that something is blocking your airways. Here’s what’s considered a low
ratio:

Age Low FEV1/FVC ratio

5 to 18 years old less than 85%

adults less than 70%

  DIAGRAM :

RESULT : Hence , we have studied the working of spirometer.