The University Collage For Science & Technology

Department of electronic Engineering

Project proposal
on
""SMART PULMONARY FUNCTION ANALYSER

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS

AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
:Submitted by
:Name: No
Yehia Nabil El Bashity 120167087
Yehia Hesham abo amer 120167089
: Supervisor

Eng. Ahmed el Farra

2021/2020
SMART PULMONARY FUNCTION ANALYSER
Introduction:
This chapter will provide a brief introduction about the project
that is Smart Pulmonary Function Analyser, also deals with the
motivation behind the project, which is to give the fast detection
of possibility of pulmonary restrictions and obstruction, for the
routine respiratory health checks at home. Asthma and Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) are both respiratory
conditions that are chronic and affect a person's breathing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) is the third
leading cause of death globally and presents a significant burden
to patients, carers and health services worldwide. Improving the
care and outcomes for people with COPD is a priority for the
National Health Services, which aims to reduce premature
mortality from respiratory disease, avoid unnecessary hospital
admissions and improve the quality of life and support for
patients with long-term conditions and their carers.

Pulmonary function test (PFT): This is a complete evaluation of

the respiratory system that includes the patient's history, clinical
examination and a set of pulmonary function tests. The primary
goal of a lung function test is to determine the severity of lung
damage. The pulmonary function test has a diagnostic role as it
helps doctors answer some general questions regarding patients
with lung disease. Lung function tests are usually done by a
respiratory specialist.

Problem statement:
  Newer Computerised Spirometry equipment used in the
hospitals to diagnose asthma include training requirements
and quality assurance. Steps for interpreting spirometry
results include identification of common errors during the
test by applying acceptability and repeatability criteria and
then comparing test parameters with reference standards.
Spirometry services can be provided by trained primary
care staff, peripatetic specialist services, or through
referral to hospital-based or laboratory spirometry and is
quite expensive and time consuming. Mainly people in the
rural areas will be affected. So The Smart Pulmonary
Function Analyser can be used to monitor the disease
progression in patient's own home which enables the
routine respiratory health checks and alert a doctor when a
record is obtained. It has the potential to revolutionize
respiratory disease detection and treatment on global scale.
It is of low-cost and platform adaptable.

 Finding a quick and safe examination for the patient and

providing him with adequate health care.

Objective:
The prevalence of respiratory diseases such as asthma and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasing rapidly
around the world, with more than 900 million currently infected.

 The main goal is to highlight the best model for assessing

lung function.
 The device can be used at the patient's home for routine
respiratory checks. Provides real-time analysis and
medicine opportunities in remote areas.

:Literature Review

This chapter introduces knowledge of the current system with a

survey of the technology and components used. Provides
information regarding recent research opinions and the pros and
cons of previously completed work. When surveying recent and
past work, it gives familiarity with the work and gets an
opportunity to identify gaps. For the benefit of patients, many
applications have been developed in the healthcare field but here
they are only focused on spirometry monitoring. This section
describes an outline of previous work done and the research that
is included in spirometry monitoring. In the case of using a
precise control system and technology, it is better to connect as
per requirement.

Background:
In digital spirometers, flow rate and volume of the exhaled and
inhaled air can be measured using a pressure-based flowmeter.
The flowmeter has a mounted resistance element inside that is
built to create a pressure drop. If the flow is laminar, then the
flow rate is proportional to the square root of pressure
difference. The average air pressure that human can achieve is
about 2 PSI. Many parameters can be measured from the
spirometry test, some of them are: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
which is defined as the largest amount of air that patients can
blow out after they take biggest breath in. Forced Expiratory
Volume (FEV1) which is defined as the amount of air that
patients can blow out of their lungs in the first second.
Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) The volume of gas that
can be breathed in 15 seconds when a person breathes as deeply
and quickly as possible.
The procedure of doing the FVC and FEV1 is as following:
1- Users place the mouthpiece of the spirometer in their mouth.
2- They start by taking normal breathing.
3- After that, they take a deep breath to fill their lungs with air.
4- Finally, they blow into the mouthpiece as hard and as fast as
they can until their lungs became empty.

System components/elements:
1- Micro-controller 2- 20x4 LCD
3- 4x5 keypad 4- Buzzer
5- flowmeter desgined based on pressure difference
6- LEDs 7- ON/OFF switch

METHODOLOGY:
There are three phases to spirometry testing: 1) full (maximal)
inspiration; 2) ‘blast’ out with maximal effort; and 3)
continuation of this expiratory effort until no air remains in the
lungs (exhalation should be for a minimum of 6 s in adults but
may take longer in patients with obstructive lung disease). The
operator will need to encourage the patient to perform with
maximal effort from the start of inspiration, until end expiration.
The patient will need to rest between successive attempts. A
minimum of three efforts is required, but up to eight may be
carried out until reproducible results are achieved (forced
expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity
(FVC) with two best efforts not differing by ≥150 mL). It is
recommended that patients are tested in a seated position to rule
out falling down due to syncope as a result of the fast and
maximal effort required during the test. Patients with COPD
may also become hypoxic due to the prolonged effort required
to get to true FVC, but with a rest of ~1 min between efforts (or
longer if required) should suffer no ill effects carrying out the
test. If you allow a patient to stop their expiratory effort before
they reach the end-point you will underestimate FVC, possibly
diagnosing them as ‘restricted’, or underestimate their real
FEV1/FVC value. The value of forced expiratory volume in 6 s
is still controversial, but with adequate rest most patients can
achieve a true FVC. A patient’s facial expression will often tell
you how distressed they are towards end expiration, but if they
become really distressed you should stop the test. A properly
trained operator will notice the difference between a really
distressed patient and one who has just ‘given up’ because they
feel we are pushing them a little too much!

Summary:
Spirometry testing plays an important role in the diagnosis and
management of COPD, asthma, restrictive lung disease, and
neuromuscular disease in the primary care setting [3]. Verifying
the accuracy of the spirometer, the use of accurate patient
demographics and appropriate reference equations, and ensuring
testing personnel competency are key components of spirometry
test interpretation. Spirometry interpretation should include an
assessment of test quality and be based on sound statistical
principals 

REFERENCES
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 Majchrzak, T. and Chakravorty, A. Improving the
Compliance ofTransplantation Medicine Patients with an
Integrated Mobile System.International Conference on
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 Neuman, M.R. Vital Signs: Heart Rate. Pulse, IEEE 1, 3