Presentation on theme: "Module 1: Work Zone Traffic Control"—

Presentation transcript:

1  Presentation on theme: "Module 1: Work Zone Traffic Control"—

Presentation transcript:
1  Module 1: Work Zone Traffic Control

2  Overview of Module 1Underlying principles of work zone traffic controlManual of Uniform

Traffic Control Device (MUTCD)Features of work zone traffic controlHazards associated with
work zone traffic controlInjury prevention techniquesSummaryThis module presents various
safety implications of highway workers as it relates to work zone traffic control. The module
begins with background information on work zone traffic control (WZTC) and presents national
guidelines contained in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) that currently
regulate work zone traffic control. The module also discusses the potential hazards of various
WZTC layouts. Casual factors of WZTC hazards are discussed as well as injury prevention
techniques to abate such hazards. The module also includes recent techniques and technologies
that can be applied in WZTC layouts to reduce the risk of worker injury. Finally, a summary of the
module is presented to emphasize the key concepts.

3  Work Zone Traffic Control

Influences drivers’ perception of riskProvides information on potential hazardsMinimizes
aggressive behaviorAssists in navigationEngineering concerns for work zonesPrimary focus:
Safe and efficient movement of vehicles through work zoneRelatively less emphasis on safety of
construction workersA work zone traffic control system influences drivers’ perception of risk, and
affects their performance through the work zone. A properly designed work zone provides drivers
with information regarding the potential hazards in the work zone which allow them to respond
safely to a given situation. If drivers do not perceive risk associated with a work zone/work area,
they are less likely to respond as intended to the traffic control measures. This may pose severe
danger, since hazards and other risks may be present, even if and when a driver does not
perceive them. One example includes drivers that disregard reduced speed limits through work
zones. In such cases any error on the part of the driver may have a catastrophic results. Thus, it
is critical that WZTC be set up to convey the proper cues and information for drivers to travel
safely through the work zone. This happens when driver expectations are met. Meeting drivers
expectation also helps to reduce driver frustration and aggressive driving behavior.In the past,
engineering concerns for work zones were mainly focused on the movement of vehicles
efficiently and safely through the work zone, with relatively little emphasis placed on the safety of
the construction workers. This can be observed in the past versions of the MUTCD. This is
evidenced by the common practice of providing standard lane widths (12 ft.) for motorists even in
a work zone environment. In such a condition, drivers usually perceive less risk, as evidenced by
their high operating speeds. This type of driver behavior places construction workers at higher
levels of risk. By providing reduced lane widths, slower speeds are typically maintained and
would still be adequate to accommodate flow of traffic. Consideration of worker safety has been
introduced only in recent versions of the MUTCD, beginning with the Millennium Edition of the
MUTCD in 2000.

4  Type of Barrier Rigid Barriers Provide separation between

Opposing traffic lanesTraffic lanes and work areaCause damage to motorists if struckConcrete
barrier separating traffic lanes and work areaConcrete barrier separating opposing trafficSeveral
devices are used to control the work zone traffic and separate the work area from the traffic
lanes, including rigid and flexible barriers.Rigid barriers, such as temporary concrete barriers, are
commonly used to separate opposing directions of travel through a work zone. They may also be
used to separate the work area from the traffic lanes. This type of barrier provides workers with
additional protection as compared to flexible barriers, since vehicles are not able to easily
penetrate through it.

5  Type of Barrier Flexible barriers (channelizing devices)

Provide nominal protection for workersFlexible and deformable, do not cause damage if
struckConcrete barriers to separate work areaFlexible barriers typically include channelizing
devices such as drums and cones and are deformable in nature. They are commonly used to
guide traffic through a work zone and to separate the travel lanes from the work area. Since
flexible barriers are not rigid like concrete barriers, they do not provide as much protection to the
workers, due to their flexible and deformable nature when struck. These types of channelizing
devices are however, very effective in delineating travel lanes and guiding motorists through the
work zone.Flexible barrier separating traffic lanes and work areaChannelizing devices for
delineation

6  Sample Road Projects and Potential Hazards

Vehicles parked within work areaPassing traffic in close proximity to the on-foot worker with
minimal protection from flexible barrierFlashing arrow board is not operating

7  Components of Temporary Traffic Control Zones

(Source: MUTCD 2003)Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaActivity AreaWork spaceTraffic
spaceBuffer spaceTermination AreaChapter 6C of MUTCD (2003) provides the details of a
typical temporary traffic control zone, which includes four basic areas: 1) advance warning area,
2) transition area, 3) activity area, and 4) termination area.In the advance warning area, the road
users are informed about the upcoming work zone. In the transition area, the road users are
redirected out of their normal path using strategically placed tapers. In the activity area, the work
activity occurs and is comprised of the work space, the traffic space and the buffer space. In the
termination area, the traffic is redirected to its normal path and extends from the downstream end
of the road work area to the last temporary traffic control device.

8  Worker Safety Considerations in Work Zone Traffic Control

Modifying traffic control strategies to influence drivers’ perception of riskLeads to more careful
and slower drivingImproves safety for the workersExamples:Providing active warning
devicesIlluminated arrow boardsReliable advisory speed limitActive message with
flashersNarrower lane widthsLonger and/or wider buffer zonesRigid barriers to separate workers
from travel lanesWhen worker safety is considered in the highway construction/work zone traffic
control design, several modifications to the existing traffic control strategies can be made to
affect drivers’ perception of a heightened risk. Such risk perception by the drivers leads to more
careful and slower driving, and often improves the overall safety of the workers. These design
elements compromise, to some degree, the efficiency of traffic flow by forcing drivers to reduce
their speed and drive cautiously through the work zone due to the increase in perceived risk.
Such elements include the use of narrow lane widths, longer and/or wider buffer zones, and
traffic barriers to separate the work area from the travel lanes. The use of these traffic control
techniques may reduce the potential of severe traffic crashes and injury to motorists and
workers.It should be noted that when drivers perceive minimal risk, they often do not modify their
driving behavior, despite the use of warning or regulatory traffic control devices in the work zone.

9  ‘Positive Guidance’ Approach

May be used to improve safety in work zonesCombines highway/traffic engineering features with
what rational drivers expectConsiders:Various age groups of driversComplexity of work zone
information handlingLimited capability of humans for detecting, processing, and remembering
informationWork zones are complex locations for drivers. They require a sound approach to
address the complexity of the problem and suggest viable solutions. One of the approaches to
addressing the problem is through ‘positive guidance’.The basic concept of positive guidance is
to guide traffic by reasonably providing information that they expect while driving. The
concept.combines highway/traffic engineering features (like roadway geometry, signs, signals,
etc.) with what rational drivers expect for various situational demands. The concept considers
various age groups of drivers and their associated complexities in work zone information
handling while driving. Motorists often have limited capability for detecting, processing, and
remembering information when needed. If too much information is provided over a short period of
time while driving, motorists may not be able to take appropriate action for each piece of
information, because too much is provided. Additionally, the information processing and handling
ability varies with the age of the drivers. These skills tend to become more difficult as people age.

10  MUTCD – Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

Recognized as the national standardEnforcement agencies often adopt it by referenceProvides
guidance, options and supporting materialsTo assist professionals in making decisions regarding
the use of traffic control on streets and highways“The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control devices
(MUTCD) is incorporated by reference in 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655,
Subpart F and shall be recognized as the national standard for traffic control devices installed on
any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 109(d) and
402(a). The policies and procedures of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to obtain
basic uniformity of traffic control devices shall be as described in 23 CFR 655, Subpart F.”
MUTCD Edition.Standards, guidance, and options for traffic control, as well as supporting
documentation are contained in the MUTCD to provide professionals with information needed to
make appropriate decisions regarding the use of traffic control on streets and highways. The
following are the definitions of the standards, guidance, options and support as stated in the
MUTCD:Standard — a statement of required, mandatory, or specifically prohibitive practice
regarding a traffic control device. Standards are sometimes modified by OptionsGuidance — a
statement of recommended, but not mandatory, practice in typical situations, with deviations
allowed if engineering judgment or engineering study indicates the deviation to be appropriate.
Guidance statements are sometimes modified by OptionsOption — a statement of practice that is
a permissive condition and carries no requirement or recommendation. Options may contain
allowable modifications to a Standard or Guidance.Support — an informational statement that
does not convey any degree of mandate, recommendation, authorization, prohibition, or
enforceable conditionThe MUTCD contains 10 main parts. Part 6 of MUTCD includes Temporary
Traffic Control. The MUTCD can be found on-line at

11  MUTCD- Part 6: Temporary Traffic Control

Primary function oftemporary traffic control:“To provide for reasonably safe and efficient
movement of road users through or around temporary traffic control zones while reasonably
protecting workers, responders to traffic incidents, and equipment”Part 6 of the MUTCD contains
the following nine chapters related to temporary traffic control:Chapter 6A. – GeneralChapter 6B.
– Fundamental PrinciplesChapter 6C. – Temporary Traffic Control ElementsChapter 6D. –
Pedestrian and Worker SafetyChapter 6E. – Flagger ControlChapter 6F. – Temporary Traffic
Control Zone DevicesChapter 6G. – Type of Temporary Traffic Control Zone ActivitiesChapter
6H. – Typical ApplicationsChapter 6I. – Control of Traffic Through Traffic Incident Management
Areas

12  Temporary Traffic Control

Work zones present constantly changing conditionsUnexpected by the road userCreates higher
degree of vulnerability for workersThe MUTCD (2003 version) states “of equal importance to the
public traveling through the temporary traffic control (TTC) zone is the safety of workers
performing the many varied tasks within the work space. TTC zones present constantly changing
conditions that are unexpected by the road user. This creates an even higher degree of
vulnerability for the workers and incident management responders on or near the roadway. At the
same time, the TTC zone provides for the efficient completion of whatever activity interrupted the
normal use of the roadway”. (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, page 6A-1)

13  Temporary Traffic Control Devices

Temporary traffic control (TTC) devices includeSignsSignalsMarkingsOther devicesUsed to
regulate, warn, or guide road usersTemporary traffic control devices are used to regulate, warn,
or guide road users, placed on, over or adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or
bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.These devices include signs,
signals, markings, and other devices. All traffic control devices used on street and highway
construction or maintenance management operations shall conform to the applicable provisions
of MUTCD.

14  Types of TTC Applications

Each TTC zone is differentMany variables affect the needs of each zone:Location of
workDuration of workHighway typeGeometricsVertical and horizontal alignment, intersections,
interchanges, etc.Road user volumesRoad vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars) and road user
speeds“Each TTC zone is different. Many variables, such as location of work, highway type,
geometrics, vertical and horizontal alignment, intersections, interchanges, road user volumes,
road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars), and road user speeds affect the needs of each zone.
The goal of TTC in work zones is safety with minimum disruption to road users. The key factor in
promoting TTC zone safety is proper judgment.Typical applications (TAs) of TTC zones are
organized according to duration, location, type of work, and highway type. These typical
applications include the use of various TTC methods, but do not include a layout for every
conceivable work situation. Typical applications should be altered, when necessary, to fit the
conditions of a particular TTC zone.Other devices may be added to supplement the devices
shown in the typical applications, while others may be deleted. The sign spacings and taper
lengths may be increased to provide additional time or space for driver response.Decisions
regarding the selection of the most appropriate typical application to use as a guide for a specific
TTC zone require an understanding of each situation. Although there are many ways of
categorizing TTC zone applications, the four factors mentioned earlier (work duration, work
location, work type, and highway type) are used to characterize typical applications”. (MUTCD,
2003 Edition, Section 6G.01)

15  Work DurationMajor factor in determining the number and types of devices used in TTC
zonesAs per the MUTCD, five categories of work duration are defined:Long-term stationary is
work that occupies a location more than 3 daysIntermediate-term stationary is work that occupies
a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1
hourShort-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a
single daylight periodShort duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hourMobile is work
that moves intermittently or continuously.“Work duration is a major factor in determining the
number and types of devices used in TTC zones. The duration of a TTC zone is defined relative
to the length of time a work operation occupies a spot location. The five categories of work
duration and their time at a location shall be (1) Long-term stationary is work that occupies a
location more than 3 days, (2) Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location more
than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour, (3) Short-term
stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight
period, (4) Short duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour and (5) Mobile is work that
moves intermittently or continuously” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

16  Long Term Stationary Work (more than 3 days)

Typically utilize a full range of TTC procedures and devicesProject duration far exceeds
installation time of TTCTTC elements may include:Larger channelizing devices, temporary
roadways, and temporary traffic barriersRetroreflective and/or illuminated devices“At long-term
stationary TTC zones, there is ample time to install and realize benefits from the full range of
TTC procedures and devices that are available for use. Generally, larger channelizing devices,
temporary roadways, and temporary traffic barriers are used. Since long-term operations extend
into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices shall be used in long-term stationary TTC
zones. Inappropriate markings in long-term stationary TTC zones should be removed and
replaced with temporary markings” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)
17  Intermediate-Term Stationary Work (up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than
1 hour)
May not be practical to use the same procedures or devices for long-term stationary TTC
zonesSuch as altered pavement markings, temporary traffic barriers, and temporary
roadwaysIncreased time to place and remove these devices could significantly lengthen the
project, thus increasing exposure time“In intermediate-term stationary TTC zones, it might not be
feasible or practical to use procedures or devices that would be desirable for long-term stationary
temporary traffic control zones, such as altered pavement markings, temporary traffic barriers,
and temporary roadways. The increased time to place and remove these devices in some cases
could significantly lengthen the project, thus increasing exposure time. In other instances, there
might be insufficient pay-back time to economically justify more elaborate TTC measures. Since
intermediate-term operations extend into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices
shall be used in intermediate-term stationary TTC zones.” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section
6G.02)

18  Short-Term Stationary Work (more than 1 hour within a single daylight period)
Most maintenance and utility operations are short-term stationary workInclude activities that
might involve different treatmentsDevices having greater mobility might be necessarySigns
mounted on trucksAppropriately colored or marked vehicles with rotating/strobe lights may be
used in place of signs and channelizing devicesMay be augmented with signs or arrow
panelsMost maintenance and utility operations are short-term stationary work. As compared to
stationary operations, short-term stationary operations are activities that might involve different
treatments. Devices that are more portable might be necessary, such as signs mounted on
trucks. Devices that are larger, more imposing, or more visible can be used effectively and
economically. Maintaining reasonably safe work and road user conditions is a paramount goal in
carrying out short-term stationary operations. Appropriately colored or marked vehicles with
rotating/strobe lights may be used in place of signs and channelizing devices. These vehicles
may be augmented with signs or arrow panels. (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

19  Short Duration Work (up to 1 hour)

Often takes longer to set up and remove the TTC zone than to perform the workWorkers face
hazards in setting up and taking down the TTC zoneDelays affecting road users are significantly
increased when additional devices are installed and removedSimplified control procedures may
be warranted for short-duration workReduction in the number of devicesUse of high-intensity
rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles“During short-duration work, it often
takes longer to set up and remove the TTC zone than to perform the work. Workers face hazards
in setting up and taking down the TTC zone. Also, since the work time is short, delays affecting
road users are significantly increased when additional devices are installed and removed.
Considering these factors, simplified control procedures may be warranted for short-duration
work. A reduction in the number of devices may be offset by the use of other more dominant
devices such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles”
(MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

20  Mobile Work Often involve frequent short stops for activities

Such as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration
operationsTTC zones may includes:Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or
strobe lights on a vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devicesFlaggersA shadow vehicle equipped
with an arrow panel or a sign following the work vehicleAppropriately colored and marked
vehicles with signs, flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-
mounted attenuators, and arrow panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train
of moving work vehicles“Mobile operations often involve frequent short stops for activities such
as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration
operations. Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a
vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devices should be used and moved periodically to keep them
near the mobile work area. Flaggers may be used for mobile operations that often involve
frequent short stops. Mobile operations also include work activities where workers and
equipment move along the road without stopping, usually at slow speeds. The advance warning
area moves with the work area. When mobile operations are being performed, a shadow vehicle
equipped with an arrow panel or a sign should follow the work vehicle, especially when vehicular
traffic speeds or volumes are high. Where feasible, warning signs should be placed along the
roadway and moved periodically as work progresses. Under high-volume conditions,
consideration should be given to scheduling mobile operations work during off-peak hours. If
there are mobile operations on a high-speed travel lane of a multi-lane divided highway, arrow
panels should be used. For mobile operations that move at speeds less than 5 km/h (3 mph),
mobile signs or stationary signing that is periodically retrieved and repositioned in the advance
warning area may be used. At higher speeds, vehicles may be used as components of the TTC
zones for mobile operations. Appropriately colored and marked vehicles with signs, flags, high-
intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-mounted attenuators, and arrow
panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train of moving work vehicles. For
some continuously moving operations, such as street sweeping and snow removal, a single work
vehicle with appropriate warning devices on the vehicle may be used to provide warning to
approaching road users. ” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

21  Worker Safety Considerations

Key elements that SHOULD be considered to improve worker safety:TrainingWorker safety
apparelTemporary traffic barriersSpeed reduction measuresPlanning of activity areaPlanning for
worker safetyThe separation of the moving vehicles, equipment and construction vehicles from
workers on-foot wherever possible provides a safer working place for workers.According to the
2003 Version of the MUTCD (Chapter 6D. Pedestrian and Worker Safety), key elements of
worker safety and work zone traffic control management are listed as a ‘guidance’ and should be
considered to improve worker safety. They include Training, Worker Safety Apparel, Temporary
Traffic Barriers, Speed Reduction measures and Planning. Each of these are discussed on
subsequent slides and supplemental explanations.Worker safety apparel

22  Worker Safety Consideration - TRAINING

All workers should be trained on:Working safely adjacent to vehicular trafficWork zone traffic
control techniquesDevice UsageSafety devicesTraffic control devicesPlacement of traffic control
devicesRelevant OSHA Regulation29 CFR , Safety Training and EducationMUTCD (2003
version) states that “all workers should be trained on how to work next to motor vehicle traffic in a
way that minimizes their vulnerability”.Training workers for safe working methods teaches the
types of hazards associated with different types of work and how those hazards can be
mitigated. One of the most promising aspect of training is that it raises the awareness about
potential hazards and injury prevention techniques.The intensity and duration of training depends
upon the type of work, the location of the work and the associated safety hazards.The workers
assuming specific temporary traffic control responsibilities shall be trained on appropriate
temporary traffic control techniques, using the safety devices and the placement of traffic control
devices appropriately to meet the expectations of drivers while entering to and traveling through
the work zone.

23  Worker Safety Consideration-

WORKER SAFETY APPARELWorkers near motor vehicle traffic should wear bright, visible
clothingRelevant OSHA Regulation29 CFR , Criteria for Personal Protective EquipmentMUTCD
(2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “all workers exposed to the risks of moving roadway
traffic or construction equipment should wear high-visibility safety apparel meeting the
requirements of ISEA, American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel or
equivalent revisions, and labeled as ANSI , standard performance for Class 1, 2 or 3 risk
exposure”.The appropriate class of safety apparel should be selected by a competent person
designated by the employer.

24  Worker Safety Consideration - TEMPORARY TRAFFIC BARRIERS

Barriers shall be placed along the work zone depending on:Lateral clearance of workers from
adjacent trafficSpeed of trafficDuration and type of operationsTime of dayVolume of
trafficRelevant OSHA Regulations29 CFR (g), Traffic Signs29 CFR , Signaling29 CFR ,
BarricadesMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “temporary traffic barriers shall be
placed along the work space depending on factors such as the lateral clearance of workers from
adjacent traffic, speed of traffic, duration and type of operations, time of day, and volume of
traffic”.The lateral clearance of workers from adjacent traffic is important to provide physical
separation of the work area and the path of motorist traffic. When the speed of traffic is high, the
barriers can be spaced relatively far apart, as compared to low speed applications. For mobile
work, it is desirable to provide light weight temporary traffic barriers than concrete barriers, due to
the moving nature and short duration of the work activities. If work is carried out at night, it is
always desirable to have barriers with retro-reflective paint. When the traffic volumes are high,
there is a higher probability that traffic may encroach into the work space if the barriers are not
rigid and relatively heavy.Barriers used in temporary traffic control must conform to the MUTCD
standards.Concrete Barriers

25  Worker Safety Consideration – SPEED REDUCTION MEASURES

Speed of passing motorists may be influenced by:Regulatory speed zoningFunnelingUse of law
enforcementLane reductionPresence of flaggersMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states
that “reducing the speed of vehicular traffic, mainly through regulatory speed zoning, funneling,
lane reduction, or the uniform law enforcement officers or flaggers, should be
considered”.Research has shown that regulatory speed zoning has not significantly reduced the
speed in the work zones. Several other innovative methods may need to be used to significantly
reduce the speed of the vehicular traffic and reduce the risk of injuries to the workers on-foot.
Such methods will be discussed in later in this module.

26  Worker Safety Consideration – PLANNING THE ACTIVITY AREA

Plan internal work space and activitiesMinimize the use of backing maneuvers of construction
vehiclesMinimize interactions between on-foot workers, equipment and trucksMinimize worker
exposure to riskDevelop internal traffic control plan and operationsRefer to “Module 2: Safe
Operations and Internal Traffic Control in the Work Space”MUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03
states that “planning the internal work activity area to minimize backing-up maneuvers of
construction vehicles should be considered to minimize the exposure to risk”.Planning and
operation of the internal work activity area is a crucial part of injury prevention. On-foot workers
who work around equipment with increased blind spots and frequently changing path of travel
have increased exposure to risk.There are various ways of minimizing the risk of exposures of
on-foot workers within a highway work area, many of which can be addressed through the
preparation of an internal traffic control plan and operations. For details of planning and
operating the internal work activity area for injury prevention, please refer to “Module 2: Safe
Operations and Internal Traffic Control in the Work Space”, contained in this training program.

27  Worker Safety Consideration – PLANNING FOR WORKER SAFETY

Hazard assessment should be conducted based on:Characteristics of work siteJob
classifications required in the work areaMust comply with all relevant OSHA regulationsAssess
worker risk exposures for each job site and job classification29 CFR , General Safety and Health
Provisions29 CFR (b) (2)MUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “a competent person
designated by the employer should conduct a basic hazard assessment for the work and job
classifications required in the activity area. This safety professional should determine whether
engineering, administrative, or personal protection measures should be implemented”.A job
safety analysis (JSA) should be performed, listing all the hazards associated with a particular
type of work and the methods to reduce the hazards associated with it.Frequent and regular
inspections of the construction site should be conducted by a competent and designated person,
as specified by OSHA [29 CFR (b) (2)].

28  Optional Worker Safety Elements

Shadow Vehicle with Impact AttenuatorRoad ClosurePolice enforcementAdditional
LightingSpecial DevicesRumble stripsChangeable message signsHazard identification
beaconsFlagsWarning lightsIntrusion warning devicesMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03
states various options for the temporary traffic control management that may be considered to
improve worker safety. These options include use of a shadow vehicle, entirely closing the road
to motor vehicle traffic, use of law enforcement strategies, increased lighting and/or use of
special devices such as rumble strips, changeable message signs, hazard identification beacons,
flags, warning lights, intrusion warning devices, etc.The MUTCD (2003 version) states that a
judicial use of special warning and control devices may be helpful for complex work zones,
however misuse or overuse of special devices may lessen their effectiveness. Such special
devices may help reduce the speed in the work zone, which is the main cause of work zone
accidents and injuries.Several special devices that can be used in work zones include:Rumble
strips – to warn the motorists to reduce the speed in the work zoneChangeable message signs –
to inform motorist about the work zoneHazard identification beacons – to inform motorist about
work zone hazardsFlags – to warn motorists about the work zoneWarning lights – to warn
motorists about the potential hazards of work zone, etc.Rumble strips

29  Optional Worker Safety Elements -

SHADOW VEHICLECommon for mobile and constantly moving operationsShould be equipped
with:Appropriate lightsWarning signsRear-mounted impact attenuatorA shadow vehicle is a
vehicle, usually a truck, placed up stream of work area to protect on-foot workers when an errant
vehicle intrudes in to the work zone.Shadow vehicles are commonly used for mobile and
constantly moving operations like pothole patching, striping operations, installing temporary
traffic control devices, etc.The truck follows the operation a short distance behind, giving physical
protection from traffic. Its purpose is to provide protection for the crew and their vehicles involved
in the maintenance activity.The minimum size for a shadow vehicle is a two-ton truck equipped
with appropriate lights, warning signs and a rear-mounted crash cushion. If a collision occurs, the
crash cushion softens the impact to the driver of the shadow vehicle as well as the driver of the
colliding vehicle. This is because a significant amount of energy is absorbed by the rear mounted
crash attenuator of the shadow vehicle when traffic hits it.Shadow vehicle with rear mounted
crash attenuator

30  Truck Mounted Attenuator

Crash with a truck with a truck mounted impact attenuatorThe picture in the top shows a crash
when a vehicle hits a shadow vehicle with a truck-mounted attenuator and the picture in the
bottom shows a condition when a vehicle hits a shadow vehicle without a truck mounted
attenuator.From the top picture, it can be inferred that a significant amount of energy has been
absorbed by the break of the attenuator that will reduce the severity of injury to the shadow
vehicle (truck) driver as well as the car driver after the crash.Crash with a truck without an impact
attenuator

31  Optional Worker Safety Elements - ROAD CLOSURE

Reduce worker vulnerability to risk of injuryProvide more spacious areas to conduct work
activitiesEliminate threat of intruding vehicles from passing trafficAid in faster projectcompletionA
roadway can be completely closed if alternate routes are available to handle the road traffic. One
of the most important benefits of full closure of roadways is the reduced worker vulnerability.
When the road is completely closed, the risk to the flaggers as well as the workers working close
by the moving traffic is eliminated.Fully closing the roadways for construction may also maximize
the work space available for construction and can increase productivity. The duration of the
project will be reduced since the contractor will have more space to expedite his work.Freeway
closure for one direction of traffic

32  Optional Worker Safety Elements -

USE OF POLICE ENFORCEMENTPolice units may be stationed in a work zone to:Heighten
awareness of passing motoristsImprove safety through work zone by enforcing speed limitsFor
construction projects that have relatively short durations and for work zones that are highly
vulnerable, law enforcement officers may be stationed in appropriate locations to heighten the
awareness of passing vehicular traffic.Studies have shown that this is especially helpful in
reducing the vehicular speed through the work zone since the presence of police officers will
cause the careless drivers to reduce their speed due to the fear of receiving a citation. This will
significantly reduce the encroachment of the speeding errant vehicles into the work zone.

33  Optional Worker Safety Elements - LIGHTING

Additional lighting should be provided at work zones that operate during the nightNighttime work
requires extra caution due to:Poor night time visibilityImpairment of workers related to
fatigueImpairment of driversThe MUTCD (2003 version) states that “for night time work, the
temporary traffic control zone and approaches may be lighted”.Lighting may be extremely
important depending on the location and geometric condition of the roadways near a work zone.
Work zones with limited sight distance and unusual geometry should be sufficiently illuminated to
minimize the hazards of errant vehicles intruding into the work space, thus reducing the risk for
workers at night.Lighting is also important in the work zone since some workers may not be
equally alert at night due to disruptions in their sleeping habits.Nighttime work is common in
highway/street construction projects

34  Sample Work Zone Traffic Control Layout

For a Single Lane Closure as per MUTCDPre-construction speed limit is 70
mphW21- 4W205 R2 5b W4 2R 1G202REDUCEDSPEEDXXAHEADLIMIT1400’700’600’Flashin
gArrow PanelMedianThe figure shows a standard work zone traffic control layout, as per the
MUTCD. The signs and pavement markings portrayed in the figure show typical standards
suggested for work zone traffic control.Several state-of-the-art practices have been developed to
reduce work zone injuries by modifying the work traffic control layout. Such plans include the
elements as shown on the previous slide and additional elements, as discussed later in this
module.KEYNote: Distance in feet, drawing not to scaleChannelizing DevicesSign Location

35  Work Zone Traffic Control

MUTCD provides minimum requirementsVarious demanding situations may warrant enhanced
safety precautions, such as:Nighttime workInclement weather conditionsUnusual roadway
geometry and environmentCombinations of the aboveGoing beyond existing
standards/guidelines may be necessary to ensure highest levels of traffic and worker safetyThe
standards contained in the MUTCD are minimal requirements. They may work satisfactorily for
normal conditions, but may need to be expanded for more demanding situations.In work zone
traffic control, several demanding situations exist, where merely satisfying the minimum
standards may be insufficient depending upon the situation; such as:Nighttime work is more
demanding due to reduced visibilityInclement weather conditions causing low visibilities and/or
slippery road surfacesUnusual geometrical conditions and environments that violate drivers
expectationsCombinations of the above situationsIn these situations, going beyond standards
may be extremely necessary to ensure highest level of traffic and worker safety in the work zone.

36  Work Zone Traffic Control Hazards and Injury Prevention Techniques

37  Hazards of Work Zone Traffic Control

Common HazardsPassing motorist intruding into the work spaceHazards related to
flaggingNighttime hazardsHazards related to work zone traffic control can be broadly categorized
into three basic types of hazards including passing motorists intruding into the work space,
flagging hazards, and nighttime traffic control hazardsPassing motorists intruding into the work
space may occur for various reasons, some of which include high speed of motoring traffic,
improper geometry of lane shift, improper traffic control and others.Flagging is an inherently
hazardous job since the flaggers stand close to the moving traffic and a lack of continuous
alertness can jeopardize their safety any time.Quite a bit of construction work is done at night in
an effort to avoid the higher volume daytime hours and associated traffic delays, which may be
the only positive benefit of night work. If traffic can be maintained at a reasonable level, it is
generally preferred to conduct work during the day for the following reasons:Night work is
inherently more hazardous due to the reduced visibility and the much higher percentage of
impaired driversProduction and quality can suffer to some extent because of the difficulty of
working under low light and portable light conditions

38  Hazards of Work Zone Traffic Control

Causal FactorsConditions unexpected by the moving trafficViolation of driver
expectancyConditions unexpected by the workersAggressive driversUnplanned work
zone/activityInjuries can occur due toMotorists’ mistakesWorkers’ mistakesDeficiencies in the
work zone environmentMost of the hazards associated with work zone traffic control are caused
either by conditions unexpected by the moving traffic and conditions unexpected by the
workers.When the expectations of drivers are violated in a work zone, either due to improper
planning or inappropriate operation, serious traffic conflict can occur creating a potential hazard
and consequent injuries.Similarly, workers on-foot may experience unexpected conditions in the
work zone due to speeding vehicles (aggressive drivers) in spite of the warning and regulatory
devices installed in the work zone. This is more pronounced when the work zone and activities
are not adequately planned.Injuries associated with work zone traffic control may be caused due
to mistakes/errors on the part of motorists or workers, as well as deficiencies in the work zone
environment. To reduce the injuries associated with traffic control in the work zone, proper
planning and operation is essential.

39  General Preventive Measures

On-foot workersUse portable radio communication equipmentTraffic ControlUse additional
warning devicesMaintain signs properlyUse Proper lane markingsFlaggersUse a flashing
slow/stop paddleLaw enforcementUse officers and radar surveillance for traffic speed
controlSeveral preventive measures can be used in addition to the requirements of the MUTCD.
Some examples are:Using additional warning signs and traffic control devices in addition to the
minimum standards stated in the MUTCD. Signs and traffic control devices are selected based
on the requirements of the specific site and potential hazards in the work zone, depending upon
the speed of the motoring traffic and type of the roadways.Flaggers may use a flashing slow/stop
paddle that enhances safety, making the motoring traffic more alert.On-foot workers and
equipment operators may use portable radios to increase communications and coordinate work
activitiesUsing law enforcement officers and radar surveillance for traffic speed control in the
work zone can help minimize speeding violations in the work zone, and discourage aggressive
drivers.

40  Hazard: Passing Motorists Intruding Into Work Space

Causes of HazardsHigh approach speedImproper geometry of the lane shiftImproper traffic
controlInadequate information systemNo physical separation between work space and traffic
laneThe basic causes of the intrusion of the motoring traffic into the work zone include high
speed of passing vehicles, improper geometry of lane shift, and/or improper traffic control for a
given condition. Measures for abating such hazards may include the use of proper speed
reduction techniques, proper design of lanes/tapers within the work zone, provision of effective
traffic control measures in the work zone.Several methodologies can be used to reduce the
speed and warn the drivers, such as orange rumble strips, white lane drop arrow, radar triggered
speed display and others. The work zone lanes should be designed properly to facilitate smooth
transition for all types of drivers. Efficient use of various traffic control devices is critical in
preventing moving traffic from intruding into the work zone.Hazard mitigation measuresUse of
proper speed reduction methodsProper design of the wok zoneProvide effective traffic control
measures

41  Hazard: Passing Motorists Intruding Into Work Space

Preventive Measures:Exceed minimum standards/guidelines for traffic controlRumble stripsLane
drop arrowsLighted raised pavement markersRadar triggered speed displaySafety warning
systemCombinations of the aboveAdditional traffic control devices can be used to reduce the
speed of the motoring traffic as well as the risk of injuries to on-foot workers. These additional
traffic control devices include: rumble strips, lane drop arrows, lighted raised pavement markers,
radar triggered speed display, truck mounted attenuator, safety warning system, etc.The
photograph on the previous slide shows a truck that is dangerously close to intruding into the
work zone. The shift of the lanes into the work zone is abrupt, and hence, when the higher-speed
traffic approaches the lane shift, there is a higher chance of intrusion into the work zone. This is
especially true for large vehicles with a larger turning radius. The photograph also shows that
drums are being used as channelizing devices. They are very light and offer no resistance to the
intruding traffic.Additional traffic control devices can be used after analyzing the necessity of the
devices by a competent work zone traffic control specialist. A diagram showing some of these
additional traffic control devices is shown in the following slide.Truck may intrude into the work
zone

42  Sample Work Zone Traffic Control Layout With Additional Safety Features
For a Single Lane ClosureRetroreflective RaisedPavement MarkersTemporary RumbleWhite
PavementYourYourRadar TriggeredIncrease BufferSpeed isSpeed isStripsMarkings
SymbolAreaXX XXSpeed
DisplayREDUCEDSPEEDXXAHEADREDUCEDREDUCEDSPEEDLIMITXXAHEADSPEEDSPE
EDSPEEDSPEEDXX XXLIMITLIMITAHEADAHEADXX XXThe figure on the previous slide
shows an example for the installation of additional safety features to encourage reduced speeds
of the motoring traffic and reduce the risk of potential worker injury.The additional safety
improvements installed include the following:Temporary rumble strips (orange color) upstream of
work zone are intended to discourage motorists from speeding when approaching the work
zoneWhite lane shift arrows to inform the motoring traffic that the lane is about to end and they
are required to change lanesRetro-reflective raised pavement markers to guide the motoring
traffic to stay in the designated lane during the work zoneIncreased buffer zone between the
through lane and the work area to reduce the threat to the on-foot workers working nearbyRadar-
triggered speed display indicates the speed of the motoring traffic and encourages them to
reduce their speedTruck mounted attenuator provided at the beginning of the work area to
dissipate the kinetic energy of a colliding vehicle if a collision occurs, thus reducing the risk of
severe injuriesFlashingW21- 4W20- 5 R2 - 5b W4 - 2R R2 - 1G20G20- - 2 2Arrow
PanelD D D D D L D DTruck MountedAttenuator

43  Innovative Technologies for Hazard Control

Vertical safetycadeCB wizard alert systemRadar triggered speed displayWhite lane drop
arrowsLightguard lighted raised pavement markersRemovable orange stripsFlashing slow/stop
paddleRecently, several new methods and technologies are being used in construction work
zones, as listed on the previous slide. Details of each of these innovations are described on the
following set of slides.

44  Vertical Safetycade Designed to replace standard channelizing devices

Benefits:Better visibilityMore positive guidanceGreater portabilityImproved
recoverabilityCollapsible frameVertical safetycades may be used in place of standard
channelizing devices.They are more visible than standard channelizing devices. Higher visibility
may translate into improve driver actions, as a result of increased reaction time. This helps in
reducing driving errors related expectancy violations.They also provide additional guidance, as
the arrows on the vertical safetycades indicate the direction of traffic to merge at a lane
shift.They are light and portable, so it is easy for the workers to place and remove them. In lieu of
the following:This may reduce worker reluctance to ensure they are set up and maintained
properlySince they have collapsible frames, they are easily recoverable for repeated useVertical
Safetycades

45  CB Wizard Advanced Warning Unit

CB Wizard Alert SystemTrailer-mounted systemBroadcasts a recorded message to all CB-
equipped motoristsNotify drivers of downstream work zonesAllows truck drivers to lower their
speeds in advance of work zoneCB Wizard Advanced Warning UnitCB Wizard UnitIn the citizens
band (CB) wizard alert system, a trailer-mounted system broadcasts a recorded message to all
CB equipped motorists. The system is commonly used to notify the drivers of upcoming work
zone activities. The system broadcasts a pre-recorded message, approximately seven to ten
seconds long, to warn drivers of the roadway conditions over a CB channel, usually channel 19.
The message contains information about downstream construction activities or other conditions
associated with reduced traffic speeds.This can help truck drivers in lowering their speeds
upstream of the work zone. This in turn reduces the potential of trucks intruding into the work
zone as a result of driving at excessive speeds for the given conditions.

46  Radar-Triggered Speed Display

Back-lit dynamic speed displayStandard speed limit signStrobe flash (optional)Strobe will flash
when a vehicle exceeds a certain speedTrailer mountedRadar-triggered speed displays are used
to induce reaction to spontaneous speed of the moving traffic in the work zone. Since the
motorists know what their speed is in the work zone, they will be encouraged to adjust their
speed according to the speed as observed by an individual driver. The display is positioned such
that it can show the speed of each vehicle, one at a time.

47  Lane Drop Arrows Alert driver in advance of lane closure

Encourage drivers to reduce speed and move to the open laneWhite lane drop arrows are used
to alert drivers just upstream of the work zone (where the taper starts). The arrows inform
motorists that the lane is closing and directs drivers in the closing lane to safely merge to the
continuous lane.Since the drivers are able to see the bright white arrows for lane drops, they will
reduce their speed and merge to the open designated lane(s) as indicated by the direction of the
arrow.Please note that the white lane drop arrows may be installed with other traffic control and
channelizing devices, such as vertical safetycades or standard channelizing devices, flashing
arrows, flaggers, etc.

48  Lightguard Lighted Raised Pavement Markers

Provide greater visibility in work zonesCan be:Flashing lightsRacing lightsSteady-burn
lightsLightguard lighted raised pavement markers provide better delineation for the night time
traffic. They also provide more visibility in the work zones at night.The lighted raised pavement
markers can be provided with flashing lights, running lights or steady-burn lights.The
photographs in the previous slide show a comparison of the delineation of a cross-over with and
without the Lightguard lighted raised pavement markers.Without Lightguard Lighted Raised
Pavement MarkersWith Lightguard Lighted Raised Pavement Markers

49  Removable Orange Rumble Strips

Alert motorists of a work zoneBenefits:Highly visibleRepeating rumble soundVibration of the
steering wheelEasy to install and removeReduce approach speedRemovable orange strips work
similarly to typical shoulder rumble strips. They are provided up stream of the work zone to alert
motorists of the changing roadway conditions. The benefits of the orange rumble strips
include:They are highly visible from a far, so motorists are aware of the changing roadway
conditionsAlerts drivers through a repeating rumble sound and vibrationThey are are easy to
install and remove

50  Flashing Slow/Stop Paddle

Consists of a standard paddle with a strobe light mounted on its faceIncreases flagger visibility to
passing motorists                The flashing SLOW/STOP paddle consists of a standard
SLOW/STOP paddle with a strobe light mounted on its face. This increases the flagger visibility
to the passing motorists and hence encourage the drivers to reduce the speed.Typically, flaggers
have used signs with the word "stop" on one side and "slow" on the other to control traffic in
temporary work zones. Drivers, distracted by sights along the road, don't always heed the signs,
with potentially dangerous consequences for maintenance workers. To better grab motorists'
attention, the flashing stop/slow paddle features high-intensity lights that are visible both night
and day. If a motorist does not appear to be following the flagger's instructions, the flagger can
switch on the flashing lights, thus alerting the diver to the message on the paddle and possibly
preventing an accident. Several different models of the flashing stop/slow paddle are now
commercially available.
51  Hazard: Flagging Operation
20 flaggers die each year from being struck by a motoristNonstandard paddle heightFlagging can
be hazardous as a result of:High speed of passing trafficAggressive drivers in traffic
streamInsufficient stopping sight distance for motoristsImproper procedures used by flaggersNot
wearing personal protective equipmentInattentionUse of nonstandard equipmentImproper
flagging techniquesHazardous environmental conditionsFog, obstructions, wet
pavementsFlagging can be hazardous due to the high speed of motoring traffic, aggressive
drivers or angry drivers do not follow the rules, the stopping sight distance for motorists is not
sufficient due to lack of proper work zone design or excessive speed of the aggressive drivers,
flaggers are not following the standard procedures and methods for flagging, the work
environment is such that it becomes an obvious threat to flaggers, like reduced visibility due to
fog, rain, or insufficient lighting, flaggers staying closer to other objects like electric poles, shade
of a tree, etc.Paddle inclined

52  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers

Wear high visibility clothingAppropriate for expected weather (rain gear, warm coat, etc.)High
visibility hard hatUse a standard SLOW/STOP paddle or flagFlags are for emergency purposes
onlyFlaggers should wear high visibility clothing that is appropriate for expected weather
conditions (rain gear, warm coat, etc.). A hard hat must be worn all the time by the flaggers. High
visibility hard hats enhance the safety of the flaggers.Flaggers must use standard SLOW/STOP
paddles or flags and must conform to the MUTCD. For details of standards, please refer to
MUTCD, 2003.

53  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers

STAY ALERT, keep focused on your workStand alone on shoulder in clear view, not in the open
traffic lanePlan an escape route for emergenciesStay in communication with the other
flaggersTreat motorists with respectObtain proper training for flaggers, including safety
trainingFlaggers should stay alert all the time, and keep focused on their flagging job. Flaggers
should not do any extra work other than flagging.The flaggers should stand alone on the
shoulder of the road in a clear view of the motorists. They should not stand on the open traffic
lane and try to stop the traffic.The flaggers should plan an escape route for emergencies so that
they can leave in emergency situations.The flaggers should remain in communication with other
flaggers and be properly informed of any possible hazards or impending emergencies.The
flaggers should treat motorists with respect and courtesy. Do not respond to motorists in anger. If
any motorists do not obey flaggers, inform law enforcement officers immediately. Do not try to
enforce the law yourself. Remember, the duty of the flaggers is to flag and guide the traffic, not to
enforce the law.Only certified and trained flaggers shall be used for flagging. Untrained flaggers
present hazards to themselves, as well as to others.

54  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers

Flaggers must avoidStanding where the flagger can be hit by a vehicleStanding in the shade,
around a sharp curveStanding in a groupStanding near equipmentMaking unnecessary
conversationReading or day dreamingListening to music or using ear phonesTurning their back
to approaching trafficFlaggers must avoid dangerous behaviors that impact their safety, as well
as the safety of others. The flaggers should avoid the following actions:Standing where the
flagger can be crushed. This may be on the path of internal traffic or external traffic in the work
zoneStanding in the shade, around a sharp curve where the motorists can not see the
flaggerStanding in a group, thus causing confusion to motoristsStanding near equipment where
the motorists may not notice the flaggerMaking unnecessary conversation, not focusing on
workReading or day dreaming that impairs the flaggers’ alertnessListening to music or using ear
phones distracting flagger from the jobTurning back to moving traffic that can cause reluctance to
react quickly in case of emergencies

55  Hazard: Nighttime Traffic Control

Nighttime traffic control is more challengingPoor visibility for driversPoor visibility for
workersImpaired or drowsy driversSleep deprived workersNighttime traffic control in work zone is
more challenging due to the poor visibility for drivers and workers, higher chance of drivers being
impaired or drowsy, fatigues workers.Reduced visibility during the night not only impacts the
safety of workers but also the safety of drivers. Visibility reduces the reaction distance required
for safe action, like slowing or stopping. Accomplishing nighttime traffic control is especially
challenging because of the impaired or drowsy drivers in the traffic stream. This also affects
other drivers. Besides, the sleep disruption of workers can also affect the alertness and focusing
in the work.

56  Nighttime Traffic Control Injury Prevention

Use special precautions for nighttime traffic controlRetro-reflective clothingFlashing lights on
body/clothingRetro-reflective tape on equipmentGood work area lightingSpecial precautions shall
be implemented to prevent injuries during nighttime traffic control. These may include use of
retro-reflective clothing for workers including flashing lights on body/clothing, retro-reflective tape
on equipment, and increased lighting in the work area.

57  Summary of the ModuleWork zone traffic creates serious hazards for motorists and
workersProvisions of MUTCD may not be sufficient for preventing injuries/fatalities of on-foot
workersAdditional injury prevention techniques should be implemented to prevent injuries to on-
foot workersPositively guiding traffic through the complex work zone is the key to safetyThis
module discussed the several hazards associated with the work zone traffic control. The
provisions stated in the MUTCD (2003 version) was explained in the module. It is understood
that the standards mentioned in the MUTCD (2003 version) are not sufficient for complex work
zone situations. In several instances, recent technologies and the newly adopted provisions of
work zone traffic control techniques like temporary orange color rumble strips, white lane drop
arrows, radar triggered speed display, flashing STOP/SLOW paddle, etc. are very useful in
positively guiding the work zone traffic.This module discussed the hazards like passing motorists
intruding into the work zone, flagging hazards and night time traffic control hazards in detail and
injury prevention techniques for such hazards.This module can not be an exhaustive detail of the
hazards and injury prevention techniques since each work zone is unique in itself. Hence, the
material explained in this module should be adopted with the specific work zone where ever it is
necessary to apply the techniques stated in this module. A concept of positively guiding the work
zone traffic to prevent on-foot workers from injuries and fatalities is the key element of this
module.

58  End of Module 1

2  Overview of Module 1Underlying principles of work zone traffic controlManual of Uniform

Traffic Control Device (MUTCD)Features of work zone traffic controlHazards associated with
work zone traffic controlInjury prevention techniquesSummaryThis module presents various
safety implications of highway workers as it relates to work zone traffic control. The module
begins with background information on work zone traffic control (WZTC) and presents national
guidelines contained in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) that currently
regulate work zone traffic control. The module also discusses the potential hazards of various
WZTC layouts. Casual factors of WZTC hazards are discussed as well as injury prevention
techniques to abate such hazards. The module also includes recent techniques and technologies
that can be applied in WZTC layouts to reduce the risk of worker injury. Finally, a summary of the
module is presented to emphasize the key concepts.

3  Work Zone Traffic Control

Influences drivers’ perception of riskProvides information on potential hazardsMinimizes
aggressive behaviorAssists in navigationEngineering concerns for work zonesPrimary focus:
Safe and efficient movement of vehicles through work zoneRelatively less emphasis on safety of
construction workersA work zone traffic control system influences drivers’ perception of risk, and
affects their performance through the work zone. A properly designed work zone provides drivers
with information regarding the potential hazards in the work zone which allow them to respond
safely to a given situation. If drivers do not perceive risk associated with a work zone/work area,
they are less likely to respond as intended to the traffic control measures. This may pose severe
danger, since hazards and other risks may be present, even if and when a driver does not
perceive them. One example includes drivers that disregard reduced speed limits through work
zones. In such cases any error on the part of the driver may have a catastrophic results. Thus, it
is critical that WZTC be set up to convey the proper cues and information for drivers to travel
safely through the work zone. This happens when driver expectations are met. Meeting drivers
expectation also helps to reduce driver frustration and aggressive driving behavior.In the past,
engineering concerns for work zones were mainly focused on the movement of vehicles
efficiently and safely through the work zone, with relatively little emphasis placed on the safety of
the construction workers. This can be observed in the past versions of the MUTCD. This is
evidenced by the common practice of providing standard lane widths (12 ft.) for motorists even in
a work zone environment. In such a condition, drivers usually perceive less risk, as evidenced by
their high operating speeds. This type of driver behavior places construction workers at higher
levels of risk. By providing reduced lane widths, slower speeds are typically maintained and
would still be adequate to accommodate flow of traffic. Consideration of worker safety has been
introduced only in recent versions of the MUTCD, beginning with the Millennium Edition of the
MUTCD in 2000.

4  Type of Barrier Rigid Barriers Provide separation between

Opposing traffic lanesTraffic lanes and work areaCause damage to motorists if struckConcrete
barrier separating traffic lanes and work areaConcrete barrier separating opposing trafficSeveral
devices are used to control the work zone traffic and separate the work area from the traffic
lanes, including rigid and flexible barriers.Rigid barriers, such as temporary concrete barriers, are
commonly used to separate opposing directions of travel through a work zone. They may also be
used to separate the work area from the traffic lanes. This type of barrier provides workers with
additional protection as compared to flexible barriers, since vehicles are not able to easily
penetrate through it.

5  Type of Barrier Flexible barriers (channelizing devices)

Provide nominal protection for workersFlexible and deformable, do not cause damage if
struckConcrete barriers to separate work areaFlexible barriers typically include channelizing
devices such as drums and cones and are deformable in nature. They are commonly used to
guide traffic through a work zone and to separate the travel lanes from the work area. Since
flexible barriers are not rigid like concrete barriers, they do not provide as much protection to the
workers, due to their flexible and deformable nature when struck. These types of channelizing
devices are however, very effective in delineating travel lanes and guiding motorists through the
work zone.Flexible barrier separating traffic lanes and work areaChannelizing devices for
delineation

6  Sample Road Projects and Potential Hazards

Vehicles parked within work areaPassing traffic in close proximity to the on-foot worker with
minimal protection from flexible barrierFlashing arrow board is not operating

7  Components of Temporary Traffic Control Zones

(Source: MUTCD 2003)Advanced Warning AreaTransition AreaActivity AreaWork spaceTraffic
spaceBuffer spaceTermination AreaChapter 6C of MUTCD (2003) provides the details of a
typical temporary traffic control zone, which includes four basic areas: 1) advance warning area,
2) transition area, 3) activity area, and 4) termination area.In the advance warning area, the road
users are informed about the upcoming work zone. In the transition area, the road users are
redirected out of their normal path using strategically placed tapers. In the activity area, the work
activity occurs and is comprised of the work space, the traffic space and the buffer space. In the
termination area, the traffic is redirected to its normal path and extends from the downstream end
of the road work area to the last temporary traffic control device.
8  Worker Safety Considerations in Work Zone Traffic Control
Modifying traffic control strategies to influence drivers’ perception of riskLeads to more careful
and slower drivingImproves safety for the workersExamples:Providing active warning
devicesIlluminated arrow boardsReliable advisory speed limitActive message with
flashersNarrower lane widthsLonger and/or wider buffer zonesRigid barriers to separate workers
from travel lanesWhen worker safety is considered in the highway construction/work zone traffic
control design, several modifications to the existing traffic control strategies can be made to
affect drivers’ perception of a heightened risk. Such risk perception by the drivers leads to more
careful and slower driving, and often improves the overall safety of the workers. These design
elements compromise, to some degree, the efficiency of traffic flow by forcing drivers to reduce
their speed and drive cautiously through the work zone due to the increase in perceived risk.
Such elements include the use of narrow lane widths, longer and/or wider buffer zones, and
traffic barriers to separate the work area from the travel lanes. The use of these traffic control
techniques may reduce the potential of severe traffic crashes and injury to motorists and
workers.It should be noted that when drivers perceive minimal risk, they often do not modify their
driving behavior, despite the use of warning or regulatory traffic control devices in the work zone.

9  ‘Positive Guidance’ Approach

May be used to improve safety in work zonesCombines highway/traffic engineering features with
what rational drivers expectConsiders:Various age groups of driversComplexity of work zone
information handlingLimited capability of humans for detecting, processing, and remembering
informationWork zones are complex locations for drivers. They require a sound approach to
address the complexity of the problem and suggest viable solutions. One of the approaches to
addressing the problem is through ‘positive guidance’.The basic concept of positive guidance is
to guide traffic by reasonably providing information that they expect while driving. The
concept.combines highway/traffic engineering features (like roadway geometry, signs, signals,
etc.) with what rational drivers expect for various situational demands. The concept considers
various age groups of drivers and their associated complexities in work zone information
handling while driving. Motorists often have limited capability for detecting, processing, and
remembering information when needed. If too much information is provided over a short period of
time while driving, motorists may not be able to take appropriate action for each piece of
information, because too much is provided. Additionally, the information processing and handling
ability varies with the age of the drivers. These skills tend to become more difficult as people age.

10  MUTCD – Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

Recognized as the national standardEnforcement agencies often adopt it by referenceProvides
guidance, options and supporting materialsTo assist professionals in making decisions regarding
the use of traffic control on streets and highways“The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control devices
(MUTCD) is incorporated by reference in 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655,
Subpart F and shall be recognized as the national standard for traffic control devices installed on
any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 109(d) and
402(a). The policies and procedures of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to obtain
basic uniformity of traffic control devices shall be as described in 23 CFR 655, Subpart F.”
MUTCD Edition.Standards, guidance, and options for traffic control, as well as supporting
documentation are contained in the MUTCD to provide professionals with information needed to
make appropriate decisions regarding the use of traffic control on streets and highways. The
following are the definitions of the standards, guidance, options and support as stated in the
MUTCD:Standard — a statement of required, mandatory, or specifically prohibitive practice
regarding a traffic control device. Standards are sometimes modified by OptionsGuidance — a
statement of recommended, but not mandatory, practice in typical situations, with deviations
allowed if engineering judgment or engineering study indicates the deviation to be appropriate.
Guidance statements are sometimes modified by OptionsOption — a statement of practice that is
a permissive condition and carries no requirement or recommendation. Options may contain
allowable modifications to a Standard or Guidance.Support — an informational statement that
does not convey any degree of mandate, recommendation, authorization, prohibition, or
enforceable conditionThe MUTCD contains 10 main parts. Part 6 of MUTCD includes Temporary
Traffic Control. The MUTCD can be found on-line at

11  MUTCD- Part 6: Temporary Traffic Control

Primary function oftemporary traffic control:“To provide for reasonably safe and efficient
movement of road users through or around temporary traffic control zones while reasonably
protecting workers, responders to traffic incidents, and equipment”Part 6 of the MUTCD contains
the following nine chapters related to temporary traffic control:Chapter 6A. – GeneralChapter 6B.
– Fundamental PrinciplesChapter 6C. – Temporary Traffic Control ElementsChapter 6D. –
Pedestrian and Worker SafetyChapter 6E. – Flagger ControlChapter 6F. – Temporary Traffic
Control Zone DevicesChapter 6G. – Type of Temporary Traffic Control Zone ActivitiesChapter
6H. – Typical ApplicationsChapter 6I. – Control of Traffic Through Traffic Incident Management
Areas

12  Temporary Traffic Control

Work zones present constantly changing conditionsUnexpected by the road userCreates higher
degree of vulnerability for workersThe MUTCD (2003 version) states “of equal importance to the
public traveling through the temporary traffic control (TTC) zone is the safety of workers
performing the many varied tasks within the work space. TTC zones present constantly changing
conditions that are unexpected by the road user. This creates an even higher degree of
vulnerability for the workers and incident management responders on or near the roadway. At the
same time, the TTC zone provides for the efficient completion of whatever activity interrupted the
normal use of the roadway”. (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, page 6A-1)

13  Temporary Traffic Control Devices

Temporary traffic control (TTC) devices includeSignsSignalsMarkingsOther devicesUsed to
regulate, warn, or guide road usersTemporary traffic control devices are used to regulate, warn,
or guide road users, placed on, over or adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or
bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.These devices include signs,
signals, markings, and other devices. All traffic control devices used on street and highway
construction or maintenance management operations shall conform to the applicable provisions
of MUTCD.

14  Types of TTC Applications

Each TTC zone is differentMany variables affect the needs of each zone:Location of
workDuration of workHighway typeGeometricsVertical and horizontal alignment, intersections,
interchanges, etc.Road user volumesRoad vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars) and road user
speeds“Each TTC zone is different. Many variables, such as location of work, highway type,
geometrics, vertical and horizontal alignment, intersections, interchanges, road user volumes,
road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars), and road user speeds affect the needs of each zone.
The goal of TTC in work zones is safety with minimum disruption to road users. The key factor in
promoting TTC zone safety is proper judgment.Typical applications (TAs) of TTC zones are
organized according to duration, location, type of work, and highway type. These typical
applications include the use of various TTC methods, but do not include a layout for every
conceivable work situation. Typical applications should be altered, when necessary, to fit the
conditions of a particular TTC zone.Other devices may be added to supplement the devices
shown in the typical applications, while others may be deleted. The sign spacings and taper
lengths may be increased to provide additional time or space for driver response.Decisions
regarding the selection of the most appropriate typical application to use as a guide for a specific
TTC zone require an understanding of each situation. Although there are many ways of
categorizing TTC zone applications, the four factors mentioned earlier (work duration, work
location, work type, and highway type) are used to characterize typical applications”. (MUTCD,
2003 Edition, Section 6G.01)
15  Work DurationMajor factor in determining the number and types of devices used in TTC
zonesAs per the MUTCD, five categories of work duration are defined:Long-term stationary is
work that occupies a location more than 3 daysIntermediate-term stationary is work that occupies
a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1
hourShort-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a
single daylight periodShort duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hourMobile is work
that moves intermittently or continuously.“Work duration is a major factor in determining the
number and types of devices used in TTC zones. The duration of a TTC zone is defined relative
to the length of time a work operation occupies a spot location. The five categories of work
duration and their time at a location shall be (1) Long-term stationary is work that occupies a
location more than 3 days, (2) Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location more
than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour, (3) Short-term
stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight
period, (4) Short duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour and (5) Mobile is work that
moves intermittently or continuously” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

16  Long Term Stationary Work (more than 3 days)

Typically utilize a full range of TTC procedures and devicesProject duration far exceeds
installation time of TTCTTC elements may include:Larger channelizing devices, temporary
roadways, and temporary traffic barriersRetroreflective and/or illuminated devices“At long-term
stationary TTC zones, there is ample time to install and realize benefits from the full range of
TTC procedures and devices that are available for use. Generally, larger channelizing devices,
temporary roadways, and temporary traffic barriers are used. Since long-term operations extend
into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices shall be used in long-term stationary TTC
zones. Inappropriate markings in long-term stationary TTC zones should be removed and
replaced with temporary markings” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

17  Intermediate-Term Stationary Work (up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than
1 hour)
May not be practical to use the same procedures or devices for long-term stationary TTC
zonesSuch as altered pavement markings, temporary traffic barriers, and temporary
roadwaysIncreased time to place and remove these devices could significantly lengthen the
project, thus increasing exposure time“In intermediate-term stationary TTC zones, it might not be
feasible or practical to use procedures or devices that would be desirable for long-term stationary
temporary traffic control zones, such as altered pavement markings, temporary traffic barriers,
and temporary roadways. The increased time to place and remove these devices in some cases
could significantly lengthen the project, thus increasing exposure time. In other instances, there
might be insufficient pay-back time to economically justify more elaborate TTC measures. Since
intermediate-term operations extend into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices
shall be used in intermediate-term stationary TTC zones.” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section
6G.02)

18  Short-Term Stationary Work (more than 1 hour within a single daylight period)
Most maintenance and utility operations are short-term stationary workInclude activities that
might involve different treatmentsDevices having greater mobility might be necessarySigns
mounted on trucksAppropriately colored or marked vehicles with rotating/strobe lights may be
used in place of signs and channelizing devicesMay be augmented with signs or arrow
panelsMost maintenance and utility operations are short-term stationary work. As compared to
stationary operations, short-term stationary operations are activities that might involve different
treatments. Devices that are more portable might be necessary, such as signs mounted on
trucks. Devices that are larger, more imposing, or more visible can be used effectively and
economically. Maintaining reasonably safe work and road user conditions is a paramount goal in
carrying out short-term stationary operations. Appropriately colored or marked vehicles with
rotating/strobe lights may be used in place of signs and channelizing devices. These vehicles
may be augmented with signs or arrow panels. (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)
19  Short Duration Work (up to 1 hour)
Often takes longer to set up and remove the TTC zone than to perform the workWorkers face
hazards in setting up and taking down the TTC zoneDelays affecting road users are significantly
increased when additional devices are installed and removedSimplified control procedures may
be warranted for short-duration workReduction in the number of devicesUse of high-intensity
rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles“During short-duration work, it often
takes longer to set up and remove the TTC zone than to perform the work. Workers face hazards
in setting up and taking down the TTC zone. Also, since the work time is short, delays affecting
road users are significantly increased when additional devices are installed and removed.
Considering these factors, simplified control procedures may be warranted for short-duration
work. A reduction in the number of devices may be offset by the use of other more dominant
devices such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles”
(MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

20  Mobile Work Often involve frequent short stops for activities

Such as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration
operationsTTC zones may includes:Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or
strobe lights on a vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devicesFlaggersA shadow vehicle equipped
with an arrow panel or a sign following the work vehicleAppropriately colored and marked
vehicles with signs, flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-
mounted attenuators, and arrow panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train
of moving work vehicles“Mobile operations often involve frequent short stops for activities such
as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration
operations. Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a
vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devices should be used and moved periodically to keep them
near the mobile work area. Flaggers may be used for mobile operations that often involve
frequent short stops. Mobile operations also include work activities where workers and
equipment move along the road without stopping, usually at slow speeds. The advance warning
area moves with the work area. When mobile operations are being performed, a shadow vehicle
equipped with an arrow panel or a sign should follow the work vehicle, especially when vehicular
traffic speeds or volumes are high. Where feasible, warning signs should be placed along the
roadway and moved periodically as work progresses. Under high-volume conditions,
consideration should be given to scheduling mobile operations work during off-peak hours. If
there are mobile operations on a high-speed travel lane of a multi-lane divided highway, arrow
panels should be used. For mobile operations that move at speeds less than 5 km/h (3 mph),
mobile signs or stationary signing that is periodically retrieved and repositioned in the advance
warning area may be used. At higher speeds, vehicles may be used as components of the TTC
zones for mobile operations. Appropriately colored and marked vehicles with signs, flags, high-
intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-mounted attenuators, and arrow
panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train of moving work vehicles. For
some continuously moving operations, such as street sweeping and snow removal, a single work
vehicle with appropriate warning devices on the vehicle may be used to provide warning to
approaching road users. ” (MUTCD, 2003 Edition, Section 6G.02)

21  Worker Safety Considerations

Key elements that SHOULD be considered to improve worker safety:TrainingWorker safety
apparelTemporary traffic barriersSpeed reduction measuresPlanning of activity areaPlanning for
worker safetyThe separation of the moving vehicles, equipment and construction vehicles from
workers on-foot wherever possible provides a safer working place for workers.According to the
2003 Version of the MUTCD (Chapter 6D. Pedestrian and Worker Safety), key elements of
worker safety and work zone traffic control management are listed as a ‘guidance’ and should be
considered to improve worker safety. They include Training, Worker Safety Apparel, Temporary
Traffic Barriers, Speed Reduction measures and Planning. Each of these are discussed on
subsequent slides and supplemental explanations.Worker safety apparel
22  Worker Safety Consideration - TRAINING
All workers should be trained on:Working safely adjacent to vehicular trafficWork zone traffic
control techniquesDevice UsageSafety devicesTraffic control devicesPlacement of traffic control
devicesRelevant OSHA Regulation29 CFR , Safety Training and EducationMUTCD (2003
version) states that “all workers should be trained on how to work next to motor vehicle traffic in a
way that minimizes their vulnerability”.Training workers for safe working methods teaches the
types of hazards associated with different types of work and how those hazards can be
mitigated. One of the most promising aspect of training is that it raises the awareness about
potential hazards and injury prevention techniques.The intensity and duration of training depends
upon the type of work, the location of the work and the associated safety hazards.The workers
assuming specific temporary traffic control responsibilities shall be trained on appropriate
temporary traffic control techniques, using the safety devices and the placement of traffic control
devices appropriately to meet the expectations of drivers while entering to and traveling through
the work zone.

23  Worker Safety Consideration-

WORKER SAFETY APPARELWorkers near motor vehicle traffic should wear bright, visible
clothingRelevant OSHA Regulation29 CFR , Criteria for Personal Protective EquipmentMUTCD
(2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “all workers exposed to the risks of moving roadway
traffic or construction equipment should wear high-visibility safety apparel meeting the
requirements of ISEA, American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel or
equivalent revisions, and labeled as ANSI , standard performance for Class 1, 2 or 3 risk
exposure”.The appropriate class of safety apparel should be selected by a competent person
designated by the employer.

24  Worker Safety Consideration - TEMPORARY TRAFFIC BARRIERS

Barriers shall be placed along the work zone depending on:Lateral clearance of workers from
adjacent trafficSpeed of trafficDuration and type of operationsTime of dayVolume of
trafficRelevant OSHA Regulations29 CFR (g), Traffic Signs29 CFR , Signaling29 CFR ,
BarricadesMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “temporary traffic barriers shall be
placed along the work space depending on factors such as the lateral clearance of workers from
adjacent traffic, speed of traffic, duration and type of operations, time of day, and volume of
traffic”.The lateral clearance of workers from adjacent traffic is important to provide physical
separation of the work area and the path of motorist traffic. When the speed of traffic is high, the
barriers can be spaced relatively far apart, as compared to low speed applications. For mobile
work, it is desirable to provide light weight temporary traffic barriers than concrete barriers, due to
the moving nature and short duration of the work activities. If work is carried out at night, it is
always desirable to have barriers with retro-reflective paint. When the traffic volumes are high,
there is a higher probability that traffic may encroach into the work space if the barriers are not
rigid and relatively heavy.Barriers used in temporary traffic control must conform to the MUTCD
standards.Concrete Barriers

25  Worker Safety Consideration – SPEED REDUCTION MEASURES

Speed of passing motorists may be influenced by:Regulatory speed zoningFunnelingUse of law
enforcementLane reductionPresence of flaggersMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states
that “reducing the speed of vehicular traffic, mainly through regulatory speed zoning, funneling,
lane reduction, or the uniform law enforcement officers or flaggers, should be
considered”.Research has shown that regulatory speed zoning has not significantly reduced the
speed in the work zones. Several other innovative methods may need to be used to significantly
reduce the speed of the vehicular traffic and reduce the risk of injuries to the workers on-foot.
Such methods will be discussed in later in this module.

26  Worker Safety Consideration – PLANNING THE ACTIVITY AREA

Plan internal work space and activitiesMinimize the use of backing maneuvers of construction
vehiclesMinimize interactions between on-foot workers, equipment and trucksMinimize worker
exposure to riskDevelop internal traffic control plan and operationsRefer to “Module 2: Safe
Operations and Internal Traffic Control in the Work Space”MUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03
states that “planning the internal work activity area to minimize backing-up maneuvers of
construction vehicles should be considered to minimize the exposure to risk”.Planning and
operation of the internal work activity area is a crucial part of injury prevention. On-foot workers
who work around equipment with increased blind spots and frequently changing path of travel
have increased exposure to risk.There are various ways of minimizing the risk of exposures of
on-foot workers within a highway work area, many of which can be addressed through the
preparation of an internal traffic control plan and operations. For details of planning and
operating the internal work activity area for injury prevention, please refer to “Module 2: Safe
Operations and Internal Traffic Control in the Work Space”, contained in this training program.

27  Worker Safety Consideration – PLANNING FOR WORKER SAFETY

Hazard assessment should be conducted based on:Characteristics of work siteJob
classifications required in the work areaMust comply with all relevant OSHA regulationsAssess
worker risk exposures for each job site and job classification29 CFR , General Safety and Health
Provisions29 CFR (b) (2)MUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03 states that “a competent person
designated by the employer should conduct a basic hazard assessment for the work and job
classifications required in the activity area. This safety professional should determine whether
engineering, administrative, or personal protection measures should be implemented”.A job
safety analysis (JSA) should be performed, listing all the hazards associated with a particular
type of work and the methods to reduce the hazards associated with it.Frequent and regular
inspections of the construction site should be conducted by a competent and designated person,
as specified by OSHA [29 CFR (b) (2)].

28  Optional Worker Safety Elements

Shadow Vehicle with Impact AttenuatorRoad ClosurePolice enforcementAdditional
LightingSpecial DevicesRumble stripsChangeable message signsHazard identification
beaconsFlagsWarning lightsIntrusion warning devicesMUTCD (2003 version) Section 6D.03
states various options for the temporary traffic control management that may be considered to
improve worker safety. These options include use of a shadow vehicle, entirely closing the road
to motor vehicle traffic, use of law enforcement strategies, increased lighting and/or use of
special devices such as rumble strips, changeable message signs, hazard identification beacons,
flags, warning lights, intrusion warning devices, etc.The MUTCD (2003 version) states that a
judicial use of special warning and control devices may be helpful for complex work zones,
however misuse or overuse of special devices may lessen their effectiveness. Such special
devices may help reduce the speed in the work zone, which is the main cause of work zone
accidents and injuries.Several special devices that can be used in work zones include:Rumble
strips – to warn the motorists to reduce the speed in the work zoneChangeable message signs –
to inform motorist about the work zoneHazard identification beacons – to inform motorist about
work zone hazardsFlags – to warn motorists about the work zoneWarning lights – to warn
motorists about the potential hazards of work zone, etc.Rumble strips

29  Optional Worker Safety Elements -

SHADOW VEHICLECommon for mobile and constantly moving operationsShould be equipped
with:Appropriate lightsWarning signsRear-mounted impact attenuatorA shadow vehicle is a
vehicle, usually a truck, placed up stream of work area to protect on-foot workers when an errant
vehicle intrudes in to the work zone.Shadow vehicles are commonly used for mobile and
constantly moving operations like pothole patching, striping operations, installing temporary
traffic control devices, etc.The truck follows the operation a short distance behind, giving physical
protection from traffic. Its purpose is to provide protection for the crew and their vehicles involved
in the maintenance activity.The minimum size for a shadow vehicle is a two-ton truck equipped
with appropriate lights, warning signs and a rear-mounted crash cushion. If a collision occurs, the
crash cushion softens the impact to the driver of the shadow vehicle as well as the driver of the
colliding vehicle. This is because a significant amount of energy is absorbed by the rear mounted
crash attenuator of the shadow vehicle when traffic hits it.Shadow vehicle with rear mounted
crash attenuator

30  Truck Mounted Attenuator

Crash with a truck with a truck mounted impact attenuatorThe picture in the top shows a crash
when a vehicle hits a shadow vehicle with a truck-mounted attenuator and the picture in the
bottom shows a condition when a vehicle hits a shadow vehicle without a truck mounted
attenuator.From the top picture, it can be inferred that a significant amount of energy has been
absorbed by the break of the attenuator that will reduce the severity of injury to the shadow
vehicle (truck) driver as well as the car driver after the crash.Crash with a truck without an impact
attenuator

31  Optional Worker Safety Elements - ROAD CLOSURE

Reduce worker vulnerability to risk of injuryProvide more spacious areas to conduct work
activitiesEliminate threat of intruding vehicles from passing trafficAid in faster projectcompletionA
roadway can be completely closed if alternate routes are available to handle the road traffic. One
of the most important benefits of full closure of roadways is the reduced worker vulnerability.
When the road is completely closed, the risk to the flaggers as well as the workers working close
by the moving traffic is eliminated.Fully closing the roadways for construction may also maximize
the work space available for construction and can increase productivity. The duration of the
project will be reduced since the contractor will have more space to expedite his work.Freeway
closure for one direction of traffic

32  Optional Worker Safety Elements -

USE OF POLICE ENFORCEMENTPolice units may be stationed in a work zone to:Heighten
awareness of passing motoristsImprove safety through work zone by enforcing speed limitsFor
construction projects that have relatively short durations and for work zones that are highly
vulnerable, law enforcement officers may be stationed in appropriate locations to heighten the
awareness of passing vehicular traffic.Studies have shown that this is especially helpful in
reducing the vehicular speed through the work zone since the presence of police officers will
cause the careless drivers to reduce their speed due to the fear of receiving a citation. This will
significantly reduce the encroachment of the speeding errant vehicles into the work zone.

33  Optional Worker Safety Elements - LIGHTING

Additional lighting should be provided at work zones that operate during the nightNighttime work
requires extra caution due to:Poor night time visibilityImpairment of workers related to
fatigueImpairment of driversThe MUTCD (2003 version) states that “for night time work, the
temporary traffic control zone and approaches may be lighted”.Lighting may be extremely
important depending on the location and geometric condition of the roadways near a work zone.
Work zones with limited sight distance and unusual geometry should be sufficiently illuminated to
minimize the hazards of errant vehicles intruding into the work space, thus reducing the risk for
workers at night.Lighting is also important in the work zone since some workers may not be
equally alert at night due to disruptions in their sleeping habits.Nighttime work is common in
highway/street construction projects

34  Sample Work Zone Traffic Control Layout

For a Single Lane Closure as per MUTCDPre-construction speed limit is 70
mphW21- 4W205 R2 5b W4 2R 1G202REDUCEDSPEEDXXAHEADLIMIT1400’700’600’Flashin
gArrow PanelMedianThe figure shows a standard work zone traffic control layout, as per the
MUTCD. The signs and pavement markings portrayed in the figure show typical standards
suggested for work zone traffic control.Several state-of-the-art practices have been developed to
reduce work zone injuries by modifying the work traffic control layout. Such plans include the
elements as shown on the previous slide and additional elements, as discussed later in this
module.KEYNote: Distance in feet, drawing not to scaleChannelizing DevicesSign Location
35  Work Zone Traffic Control
MUTCD provides minimum requirementsVarious demanding situations may warrant enhanced
safety precautions, such as:Nighttime workInclement weather conditionsUnusual roadway
geometry and environmentCombinations of the aboveGoing beyond existing
standards/guidelines may be necessary to ensure highest levels of traffic and worker safetyThe
standards contained in the MUTCD are minimal requirements. They may work satisfactorily for
normal conditions, but may need to be expanded for more demanding situations.In work zone
traffic control, several demanding situations exist, where merely satisfying the minimum
standards may be insufficient depending upon the situation; such as:Nighttime work is more
demanding due to reduced visibilityInclement weather conditions causing low visibilities and/or
slippery road surfacesUnusual geometrical conditions and environments that violate drivers
expectationsCombinations of the above situationsIn these situations, going beyond standards
may be extremely necessary to ensure highest level of traffic and worker safety in the work zone.

36  Work Zone Traffic Control Hazards and Injury Prevention Techniques

37  Hazards of Work Zone Traffic Control

Common HazardsPassing motorist intruding into the work spaceHazards related to
flaggingNighttime hazardsHazards related to work zone traffic control can be broadly categorized
into three basic types of hazards including passing motorists intruding into the work space,
flagging hazards, and nighttime traffic control hazardsPassing motorists intruding into the work
space may occur for various reasons, some of which include high speed of motoring traffic,
improper geometry of lane shift, improper traffic control and others.Flagging is an inherently
hazardous job since the flaggers stand close to the moving traffic and a lack of continuous
alertness can jeopardize their safety any time.Quite a bit of construction work is done at night in
an effort to avoid the higher volume daytime hours and associated traffic delays, which may be
the only positive benefit of night work. If traffic can be maintained at a reasonable level, it is
generally preferred to conduct work during the day for the following reasons:Night work is
inherently more hazardous due to the reduced visibility and the much higher percentage of
impaired driversProduction and quality can suffer to some extent because of the difficulty of
working under low light and portable light conditions

38  Hazards of Work Zone Traffic Control

Causal FactorsConditions unexpected by the moving trafficViolation of driver
expectancyConditions unexpected by the workersAggressive driversUnplanned work
zone/activityInjuries can occur due toMotorists’ mistakesWorkers’ mistakesDeficiencies in the
work zone environmentMost of the hazards associated with work zone traffic control are caused
either by conditions unexpected by the moving traffic and conditions unexpected by the
workers.When the expectations of drivers are violated in a work zone, either due to improper
planning or inappropriate operation, serious traffic conflict can occur creating a potential hazard
and consequent injuries.Similarly, workers on-foot may experience unexpected conditions in the
work zone due to speeding vehicles (aggressive drivers) in spite of the warning and regulatory
devices installed in the work zone. This is more pronounced when the work zone and activities
are not adequately planned.Injuries associated with work zone traffic control may be caused due
to mistakes/errors on the part of motorists or workers, as well as deficiencies in the work zone
environment. To reduce the injuries associated with traffic control in the work zone, proper
planning and operation is essential.

39  General Preventive Measures

On-foot workersUse portable radio communication equipmentTraffic ControlUse additional
warning devicesMaintain signs properlyUse Proper lane markingsFlaggersUse a flashing
slow/stop paddleLaw enforcementUse officers and radar surveillance for traffic speed
controlSeveral preventive measures can be used in addition to the requirements of the MUTCD.
Some examples are:Using additional warning signs and traffic control devices in addition to the
minimum standards stated in the MUTCD. Signs and traffic control devices are selected based
on the requirements of the specific site and potential hazards in the work zone, depending upon
the speed of the motoring traffic and type of the roadways.Flaggers may use a flashing slow/stop
paddle that enhances safety, making the motoring traffic more alert.On-foot workers and
equipment operators may use portable radios to increase communications and coordinate work
activitiesUsing law enforcement officers and radar surveillance for traffic speed control in the
work zone can help minimize speeding violations in the work zone, and discourage aggressive
drivers.

40  Hazard: Passing Motorists Intruding Into Work Space

Causes of HazardsHigh approach speedImproper geometry of the lane shiftImproper traffic
controlInadequate information systemNo physical separation between work space and traffic
laneThe basic causes of the intrusion of the motoring traffic into the work zone include high
speed of passing vehicles, improper geometry of lane shift, and/or improper traffic control for a
given condition. Measures for abating such hazards may include the use of proper speed
reduction techniques, proper design of lanes/tapers within the work zone, provision of effective
traffic control measures in the work zone.Several methodologies can be used to reduce the
speed and warn the drivers, such as orange rumble strips, white lane drop arrow, radar triggered
speed display and others. The work zone lanes should be designed properly to facilitate smooth
transition for all types of drivers. Efficient use of various traffic control devices is critical in
preventing moving traffic from intruding into the work zone.Hazard mitigation measuresUse of
proper speed reduction methodsProper design of the wok zoneProvide effective traffic control
measures

41  Hazard: Passing Motorists Intruding Into Work Space

Preventive Measures:Exceed minimum standards/guidelines for traffic controlRumble stripsLane
drop arrowsLighted raised pavement markersRadar triggered speed displaySafety warning
systemCombinations of the aboveAdditional traffic control devices can be used to reduce the
speed of the motoring traffic as well as the risk of injuries to on-foot workers. These additional
traffic control devices include: rumble strips, lane drop arrows, lighted raised pavement markers,
radar triggered speed display, truck mounted attenuator, safety warning system, etc.The
photograph on the previous slide shows a truck that is dangerously close to intruding into the
work zone. The shift of the lanes into the work zone is abrupt, and hence, when the higher-speed
traffic approaches the lane shift, there is a higher chance of intrusion into the work zone. This is
especially true for large vehicles with a larger turning radius. The photograph also shows that
drums are being used as channelizing devices. They are very light and offer no resistance to the
intruding traffic.Additional traffic control devices can be used after analyzing the necessity of the
devices by a competent work zone traffic control specialist. A diagram showing some of these
additional traffic control devices is shown in the following slide.Truck may intrude into the work
zone

42  Sample Work Zone Traffic Control Layout With Additional Safety Features
For a Single Lane ClosureRetroreflective RaisedPavement MarkersTemporary RumbleWhite
PavementYourYourRadar TriggeredIncrease BufferSpeed isSpeed isStripsMarkings
SymbolAreaXX XXSpeed
DisplayREDUCEDSPEEDXXAHEADREDUCEDREDUCEDSPEEDLIMITXXAHEADSPEEDSPE
EDSPEEDSPEEDXX XXLIMITLIMITAHEADAHEADXX XXThe figure on the previous slide
shows an example for the installation of additional safety features to encourage reduced speeds
of the motoring traffic and reduce the risk of potential worker injury.The additional safety
improvements installed include the following:Temporary rumble strips (orange color) upstream of
work zone are intended to discourage motorists from speeding when approaching the work
zoneWhite lane shift arrows to inform the motoring traffic that the lane is about to end and they
are required to change lanesRetro-reflective raised pavement markers to guide the motoring
traffic to stay in the designated lane during the work zoneIncreased buffer zone between the
through lane and the work area to reduce the threat to the on-foot workers working nearbyRadar-
triggered speed display indicates the speed of the motoring traffic and encourages them to
reduce their speedTruck mounted attenuator provided at the beginning of the work area to
dissipate the kinetic energy of a colliding vehicle if a collision occurs, thus reducing the risk of
severe injuriesFlashingW21- 4W20- 5 R2 - 5b W4 - 2R R2 - 1G20G20- - 2 2Arrow
PanelD D D D D L D DTruck MountedAttenuator

43  Innovative Technologies for Hazard Control

Vertical safetycadeCB wizard alert systemRadar triggered speed displayWhite lane drop
arrowsLightguard lighted raised pavement markersRemovable orange stripsFlashing slow/stop
paddleRecently, several new methods and technologies are being used in construction work
zones, as listed on the previous slide. Details of each of these innovations are described on the
following set of slides.

44  Vertical Safetycade Designed to replace standard channelizing devices

Benefits:Better visibilityMore positive guidanceGreater portabilityImproved
recoverabilityCollapsible frameVertical safetycades may be used in place of standard
channelizing devices.They are more visible than standard channelizing devices. Higher visibility
may translate into improve driver actions, as a result of increased reaction time. This helps in
reducing driving errors related expectancy violations.They also provide additional guidance, as
the arrows on the vertical safetycades indicate the direction of traffic to merge at a lane
shift.They are light and portable, so it is easy for the workers to place and remove them. In lieu of
the following:This may reduce worker reluctance to ensure they are set up and maintained
properlySince they have collapsible frames, they are easily recoverable for repeated useVertical
Safetycades

45  CB Wizard Advanced Warning Unit

CB Wizard Alert SystemTrailer-mounted systemBroadcasts a recorded message to all CB-
equipped motoristsNotify drivers of downstream work zonesAllows truck drivers to lower their
speeds in advance of work zoneCB Wizard Advanced Warning UnitCB Wizard UnitIn the citizens
band (CB) wizard alert system, a trailer-mounted system broadcasts a recorded message to all
CB equipped motorists. The system is commonly used to notify the drivers of upcoming work
zone activities. The system broadcasts a pre-recorded message, approximately seven to ten
seconds long, to warn drivers of the roadway conditions over a CB channel, usually channel 19.
The message contains information about downstream construction activities or other conditions
associated with reduced traffic speeds.This can help truck drivers in lowering their speeds
upstream of the work zone. This in turn reduces the potential of trucks intruding into the work
zone as a result of driving at excessive speeds for the given conditions.

46  Radar-Triggered Speed Display

Back-lit dynamic speed displayStandard speed limit signStrobe flash (optional)Strobe will flash
when a vehicle exceeds a certain speedTrailer mountedRadar-triggered speed displays are used
to induce reaction to spontaneous speed of the moving traffic in the work zone. Since the
motorists know what their speed is in the work zone, they will be encouraged to adjust their
speed according to the speed as observed by an individual driver. The display is positioned such
that it can show the speed of each vehicle, one at a time.

47  Lane Drop Arrows Alert driver in advance of lane closure

Encourage drivers to reduce speed and move to the open laneWhite lane drop arrows are used
to alert drivers just upstream of the work zone (where the taper starts). The arrows inform
motorists that the lane is closing and directs drivers in the closing lane to safely merge to the
continuous lane.Since the drivers are able to see the bright white arrows for lane drops, they will
reduce their speed and merge to the open designated lane(s) as indicated by the direction of the
arrow.Please note that the white lane drop arrows may be installed with other traffic control and
channelizing devices, such as vertical safetycades or standard channelizing devices, flashing
arrows, flaggers, etc.
48  Lightguard Lighted Raised Pavement Markers
Provide greater visibility in work zonesCan be:Flashing lightsRacing lightsSteady-burn
lightsLightguard lighted raised pavement markers provide better delineation for the night time
traffic. They also provide more visibility in the work zones at night.The lighted raised pavement
markers can be provided with flashing lights, running lights or steady-burn lights.The
photographs in the previous slide show a comparison of the delineation of a cross-over with and
without the Lightguard lighted raised pavement markers.Without Lightguard Lighted Raised
Pavement MarkersWith Lightguard Lighted Raised Pavement Markers

49  Removable Orange Rumble Strips

Alert motorists of a work zoneBenefits:Highly visibleRepeating rumble soundVibration of the
steering wheelEasy to install and removeReduce approach speedRemovable orange strips work
similarly to typical shoulder rumble strips. They are provided up stream of the work zone to alert
motorists of the changing roadway conditions. The benefits of the orange rumble strips
include:They are highly visible from a far, so motorists are aware of the changing roadway
conditionsAlerts drivers through a repeating rumble sound and vibrationThey are are easy to
install and remove

50  Flashing Slow/Stop Paddle

Consists of a standard paddle with a strobe light mounted on its faceIncreases flagger visibility to
passing motorists                The flashing SLOW/STOP paddle consists of a standard
SLOW/STOP paddle with a strobe light mounted on its face. This increases the flagger visibility
to the passing motorists and hence encourage the drivers to reduce the speed.Typically, flaggers
have used signs with the word "stop" on one side and "slow" on the other to control traffic in
temporary work zones. Drivers, distracted by sights along the road, don't always heed the signs,
with potentially dangerous consequences for maintenance workers. To better grab motorists'
attention, the flashing stop/slow paddle features high-intensity lights that are visible both night
and day. If a motorist does not appear to be following the flagger's instructions, the flagger can
switch on the flashing lights, thus alerting the diver to the message on the paddle and possibly
preventing an accident. Several different models of the flashing stop/slow paddle are now
commercially available.

51  Hazard: Flagging Operation

20 flaggers die each year from being struck by a motoristNonstandard paddle heightFlagging can
be hazardous as a result of:High speed of passing trafficAggressive drivers in traffic
streamInsufficient stopping sight distance for motoristsImproper procedures used by flaggersNot
wearing personal protective equipmentInattentionUse of nonstandard equipmentImproper
flagging techniquesHazardous environmental conditionsFog, obstructions, wet
pavementsFlagging can be hazardous due to the high speed of motoring traffic, aggressive
drivers or angry drivers do not follow the rules, the stopping sight distance for motorists is not
sufficient due to lack of proper work zone design or excessive speed of the aggressive drivers,
flaggers are not following the standard procedures and methods for flagging, the work
environment is such that it becomes an obvious threat to flaggers, like reduced visibility due to
fog, rain, or insufficient lighting, flaggers staying closer to other objects like electric poles, shade
of a tree, etc.Paddle inclined

52  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers

Wear high visibility clothingAppropriate for expected weather (rain gear, warm coat, etc.)High
visibility hard hatUse a standard SLOW/STOP paddle or flagFlags are for emergency purposes
onlyFlaggers should wear high visibility clothing that is appropriate for expected weather
conditions (rain gear, warm coat, etc.). A hard hat must be worn all the time by the flaggers. High
visibility hard hats enhance the safety of the flaggers.Flaggers must use standard SLOW/STOP
paddles or flags and must conform to the MUTCD. For details of standards, please refer to
MUTCD, 2003.
53  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers
STAY ALERT, keep focused on your workStand alone on shoulder in clear view, not in the open
traffic lanePlan an escape route for emergenciesStay in communication with the other
flaggersTreat motorists with respectObtain proper training for flaggers, including safety
trainingFlaggers should stay alert all the time, and keep focused on their flagging job. Flaggers
should not do any extra work other than flagging.The flaggers should stand alone on the
shoulder of the road in a clear view of the motorists. They should not stand on the open traffic
lane and try to stop the traffic.The flaggers should plan an escape route for emergencies so that
they can leave in emergency situations.The flaggers should remain in communication with other
flaggers and be properly informed of any possible hazards or impending emergencies.The
flaggers should treat motorists with respect and courtesy. Do not respond to motorists in anger. If
any motorists do not obey flaggers, inform law enforcement officers immediately. Do not try to
enforce the law yourself. Remember, the duty of the flaggers is to flag and guide the traffic, not to
enforce the law.Only certified and trained flaggers shall be used for flagging. Untrained flaggers
present hazards to themselves, as well as to others.

54  Injury Prevention Techniques for Flaggers

Flaggers must avoidStanding where the flagger can be hit by a vehicleStanding in the shade,
around a sharp curveStanding in a groupStanding near equipmentMaking unnecessary
conversationReading or day dreamingListening to music or using ear phonesTurning their back
to approaching trafficFlaggers must avoid dangerous behaviors that impact their safety, as well
as the safety of others. The flaggers should avoid the following actions:Standing where the
flagger can be crushed. This may be on the path of internal traffic or external traffic in the work
zoneStanding in the shade, around a sharp curve where the motorists can not see the
flaggerStanding in a group, thus causing confusion to motoristsStanding near equipment where
the motorists may not notice the flaggerMaking unnecessary conversation, not focusing on
workReading or day dreaming that impairs the flaggers’ alertnessListening to music or using ear
phones distracting flagger from the jobTurning back to moving traffic that can cause reluctance to
react quickly in case of emergencies

55  Hazard: Nighttime Traffic Control

Nighttime traffic control is more challengingPoor visibility for driversPoor visibility for
workersImpaired or drowsy driversSleep deprived workersNighttime traffic control in work zone is
more challenging due to the poor visibility for drivers and workers, higher chance of drivers being
impaired or drowsy, fatigues workers.Reduced visibility during the night not only impacts the
safety of workers but also the safety of drivers. Visibility reduces the reaction distance required
for safe action, like slowing or stopping. Accomplishing nighttime traffic control is especially
challenging because of the impaired or drowsy drivers in the traffic stream. This also affects
other drivers. Besides, the sleep disruption of workers can also affect the alertness and focusing
in the work.

56  Nighttime Traffic Control Injury Prevention

Use special precautions for nighttime traffic controlRetro-reflective clothingFlashing lights on
body/clothingRetro-reflective tape on equipmentGood work area lightingSpecial precautions shall
be implemented to prevent injuries during nighttime traffic control. These may include use of
retro-reflective clothing for workers including flashing lights on body/clothing, retro-reflective tape
on equipment, and increased lighting in the work area.

57  Summary of the ModuleWork zone traffic creates serious hazards for motorists and
workersProvisions of MUTCD may not be sufficient for preventing injuries/fatalities of on-foot
workersAdditional injury prevention techniques should be implemented to prevent injuries to on-
foot workersPositively guiding traffic through the complex work zone is the key to safetyThis
module discussed the several hazards associated with the work zone traffic control. The
provisions stated in the MUTCD (2003 version) was explained in the module. It is understood
that the standards mentioned in the MUTCD (2003 version) are not sufficient for complex work
zone situations. In several instances, recent technologies and the newly adopted provisions of
work zone traffic control techniques like temporary orange color rumble strips, white lane drop
arrows, radar triggered speed display, flashing STOP/SLOW paddle, etc. are very useful in
positively guiding the work zone traffic.This module discussed the hazards like passing motorists
intruding into the work zone, flagging hazards and night time traffic control hazards in detail and
injury prevention techniques for such hazards.This module can not be an exhaustive detail of the
hazards and injury prevention techniques since each work zone is unique in itself. Hence, the
material explained in this module should be adopted with the specific work zone where ever it is
necessary to apply the techniques stated in this module. A concept of positively guiding the work
zone traffic to prevent on-foot workers from injuries and fatalities is the key element of this
module.

58  End of Module 1