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PHYSICS PRACTICAL INTERNAL/EXTERNAL MARKS

2
SKILL
INTERNAL MARKS
(5 MARKS) 3
RECORD
MARKS

EQUATION
1
ONLY
2
FORMULA WITH
EXPLANATIO 1 MARKS
N
𝟏
PROCEDURE 𝟏
𝟐 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 𝟏
𝟏 MARKS NAME :
𝟐
EXTERNAL TABULAR COLUMN AND 5
(15 MARKS) EXAM NUMBER :
OBSERVATION MARKS
ARITHMATIC CALCULATION 4 SCHOOL :
AND GRAPHICAL METHOD MARKS
𝟏
ANSWER 𝟐 2
RESULT Victory R. SARAVANAN
𝟏 MARKS
S I UNIT 𝟐 M. Sc., M. Phil., B. Ed
PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GOVT BOYS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
NOTE : The model readings and calculations given in this guide is only for practice
PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDDALORE DIST

PHYSICS PRACTICALS REDUCED FOR 2020 - 21

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 1 TANGENT GALVANOMETER TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
QUESTION : Determine the value of the horizontal component of magnetic induction of the ▪ Number of turns ; 𝑛=2
earth’s magnetic field using the tangent galvanometer. ▪ Circumference of the coil ; 2 𝜋 𝑟 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 50 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
AIM : 50 𝑋 10−2
▪ Radius of the coil ;𝑟= = 7.961 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
2𝜋
❖ To determine the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field using tangent
Current Deflection in TG Mean 𝐼
galvanometer. 𝑘=
FORMULA: S.No I 𝜃1 𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃4 𝜃 tan 𝜃
❖ The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is, (A) degee degee degee degee degee (A)
𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐤 1 1.6 35 35 35 35 35 2.285
𝐁𝐇 =
𝟐𝐫 2 2.1 40 40 40 40 40 2.503
𝐈
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝒌=( )
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 3 2.4 45 45 45 45 45 2.400
Where, 0 ----------------- permeability of free space
n ----------------- number of turns, 4 2.9 50 50 50 50 50 2.433
I ----------------- current, 5 3.2 55 55 55 55 55 2.240
 ----------------- mean deflection produced in TG
r ----------------- radius of the coil Mean ; 𝑘 = 2.3722
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: CALCULATION :
35 + 35 + 35 + 35 140 𝐼 1.6 1.6
1 𝜃= = = 35° 𝑘 = = = = 2.285
4 4 tan 𝜃 tan 35° 0.7002
40 + 40 + 40 + 40 160 𝐼 2.1 2.1
2 𝜃= = = 40° 𝑘 = = = = 2.503
4 4 tan 𝜃 tan 40° 0.8390
45 + 45 + 45 + 45 180 𝐼 2.4 2.4
3 𝜃= = = 45° 𝑘 = = = = 2.400
4 4 tan 𝜃 tan 45° 1
50 + 50 + 50 + 50 200 𝐼 2.9 2.9
4 𝜃= = = 50° 𝑘 = = = = 2.433
4 4 tan 𝜃 tan 50° 1.1917
PROCEDURE: 55 + 55 + 55 + 55 220 𝐼 3.2 3.2
5 𝜃= = = 55° 𝑘 = = = = 2.240
❖ The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 4 4 tan 𝜃 tan 55° 1.4281
❖ The preliminary adjustments of the tangent galvanometer are done. 𝐼 2.285+2.503+2.400+2.433+2.240 11.861
❖ The plane of TG coil is placed parallel to the earth’s magnetic field. Mean ; 𝑘 = ( )= = 5 = 2.3722 𝐴
tan 𝜃 5
❖ For a current of 0.6A, the readings 1, 2 are noted in tangent galvanometer. ▪ Hence horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field,
❖ The commutator is reversed, and the readings 3, 4 are noted in tangent
𝜇𝑂 𝑛 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 2 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3722 𝑋10−5
galvanometer. 𝐵𝐻 = 𝑘= 𝑋 2.3722 =
❖ The readings are tabulated. Now the mean deflection () is calculated. 2𝑟 2 𝑋 7.961 𝑋 10−2 7.961
−5
❖ By changing the values of current ‘I’ in T.G the 1, 2, 3, 4 are measured and 29.794832 𝑋 10
𝐵𝐻 = = 3.7426 𝑋 10−5 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎
tabulated. 7.961
❖ The circumference of the circular coil (2πa) is measured and from which ‘2a’ is
calculated.
❖ From this, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is found out.
RESULT :
❖ The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
𝐁𝐇 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment - 2 POTENTIOMETER TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
QUESTION : Compare the e.m.f’s of the given two primary cells using potentiometer. Balancing length
𝛆𝟏 𝒍𝟏
S.NO For Leclanche cell For Daniel cell =
AIM : 𝛆𝟐 𝒍𝟐
❖ To compare the emf of the given two cells using a potentiometer 𝒍𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝒍𝟐 𝒄𝒎
FORMULA :
❖ The ratio of emf’s of Lechlanche cell and Daniel cell is, 1 625.5 458.8 1.3633
𝛆𝟏 𝒍𝟏
=
𝛆𝟐 𝒍𝟐 2 636.3 459.2 1.3857
Where, 𝛆𝟏 − − − − − − − emf of primary cell 1 (Lechlanche cell),
𝛆𝟐 − − − − − − − emf of primary cell 2 (Daniel cell), 3 647.9 473.3 1.3689
𝒍𝟏 − − − − − − − balancing length for cell 1
𝒍𝟐 − − − − − − − balancing length for cell 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : 4 658.3 478.7 1.3752

5 668.4 481 1.3896

Bt ------- Battery 6 680 497 1.3682

K -------- Key
Rh ------- Rheostat ε1
Mean ∶ 1.3752
ε1 -------- Lechlanche cell ε2
ε2 -------- Daniel cell
G --------- Galvanometer CALCULATION :
HR ------- High resistance 𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 625.5
𝟏) = = = 1.3633
C D ------- Six way key (DPDT) 𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 458.8
𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 636.3
𝟐) = = = 1.3857
𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 459.2
𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 647.9
𝟑) = = = 1.3689
𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 473.3
PROCEDURE : 𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 658.3
𝟒) = = = 1.3752
❖ The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 478.7
❖ The circuit is checked for opposite side deflections. 𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 668.4
𝟓) = = = 1.3896
❖ Using DPDT switch the Leclanche cell is included in the secondary circuit. 𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 481
❖ The jockey is pressed on the potentiometer wire. 𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 680
𝟔) = = = 1.3682
❖ The point (J) where the galvanometer wire shows full scale deflection is noted. 𝜺𝟐 𝒍𝟐 497
❖ The balancing length AJ = 𝒍𝟏 is measured.  𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 ∶
❖ Using DPDT switch the Daniel cell is included in the secondary circuit. 𝜺𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟕 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟗 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟐 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟗
❖ The above steps are repeated and the balancing length AJ = 𝒍𝟐 is measured. = = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟐
𝜺𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
❖ By varying the rheostat, 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 values are measured and the readings are
tabulated.
RESULT:
𝜺𝟏
❖ The mean ratio of emf of the two cells = 1.3752 (no unit)
𝜺𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 3 SPECTROMETER WITH DIFFRACTION GRATTING ❖ The base of the spectrometer is adjusted to be horizontal using leveling screws.
❖ The telescope is turned towards a distant object and is adjusted till the clear image
QUESTION : Adjust the grating for normal incidence method using the spectrometer.
of the distant object is seen. Now the telescope is adjusted to receive parallel rays.
Assuming the number of lines per unit metre of the grating, determine the
❖ The telescope is brought in line with the collimator. Collimator is adjusted until a
wavelength of blue, green yellow and red line of mercury spectrum.
clear image of the slit is seen in the telescope. Now the collimator gives parallel
AIM :
rays.
❖ To find the wavelength of the constituent colours of a composite light using
❖ Using a spirit level, the grating table is adjusted to be horizontal with the three
diffraction grating and spectrometer.
leveling screws provided in the grating table.
FORMULA :
(2) Adjustment of the grating for normal incidence :
❖ The wavelength () of a spectral line using normal incidence arrangement of the ❖ The slit is illuminated with a composite light (white light) from mercury vapour
grating is lamp.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 
 = ❖ The telescope is brought in line with the collimator. The vertical cross-wire is made
𝐧𝐍 to coincidewith the image of the slit (Figure (a)1).
Where,  ---------- angle of diffraction, ❖ The vernier disc alone is rotated till the vernier scale reads 00 - 1800 and is fixed.
n ---------- order of diffraction (n =1) This is the reading for the direct ray.
N ---------- Number of lines per unit length drawn on the grating ❖ The telescope is then rotated (anti-clockwise) through an angle of 900 and fixed
DIAGRAM : (Figure (a)2).
1. Adjusting for normal incidence : ❖ Now the plane transmission grating is mounted on the grating table.
❖ The grating table alone is rotated so that the light reflected from the grating
coincides with vertical cross-wire of the telescope. The reflected image is white in
colour (Figure (a)3).
❖ Now the vernier disc is released. The vernier disc along with grating table is rotated
through an angle of 450 in the appropriate direction such that the light from the
collimator is incident normally on the grating (Figure (a)4).
(3) Determination of wave length of the constituent colours of the mercury spectrum
2. Finding angle of diffraction : ❖ The telescope is released and is brought in line with the collimator to receive
central direct image. This undispersed image is white in colour.
❖ The diffracted images of the slit are observed on either side of the direct image.
❖ The diffracted image consists of the prominent colours of mercury spectrum in
increasing order of wavelength.
❖ The telescope is turned to any one side (say left) of direct image to observe first
order diffracted image.
❖ The vertical cross-wire is made to coincide with the prominent spectral lines
(violet, blue, yellow and red) and the readings of both vernier scales for each case
are noted.
❖ Now the telescope is rotated to the right side of the direct image and the first order
image is observed.
❖ The vertical cross-wire is made to coincide with the same prominent spectral lines
and the readings of both vernier scales for each case are again noted.
❖ The readings are tabulated. The difference between these two readings gives the
value of 2θ for the particular spectral line.
PROCEDURE: ❖ The number of lines per metre length of the given grating N is noted from the
(1) Initial adjustments of the spectrometer : grating.
❖ The eye-piece of the telescope is adjusted so that the cross-wires are seen clearly. ❖ From the values of N, n and θ, the wave length of the prominent colours of the
❖ The slit of the collimator is adjusted such that it is very thin and vertical. mercury light is determined using the given formula.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS : (2) For green colour :
❖ Vernier - I ; 2𝜃 = 151 − 11939 = 3121
Diffracted ray reading (degree) Difference Vernier -II ; 2𝜃 = 33049 − 29930 = 3119
Left Right 𝟐𝜽 3121+3119 6240
(degree) Mean : 2𝜃 = = = 3120
Vernier I Vernier II Vernier I Vernier II 𝜽 2 2
Colour

(degree)
(or) 𝜽𝑮 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎

Vernier I

Vernier

Mean
❖ Hence wavelength of green colour ;
MSR

MSR

MSR

MSR
VSC

VSC

VSC

VSE
TR

TR

TR

TR

II
sin 𝜃𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1540 0.2672 𝑋 10−5
𝜆𝐺 = = = = 0.05344 𝑋 10−5
𝑛𝑁 1 𝑋 5 𝑋 105 5
𝝀𝑮 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑨°
(3) For yellow colour :
❖ Vernier - I ; 2𝜃 = 15151 − 11843 = 338
122 45

302 40

147 45

327 30

24 50

24 55
302 .5
122.5

147.5

327.5
Blue

1228
10
15

15

25
Vernier -II ; 2𝜃 = 33142 − 29830 = 3312

0
338+3312 6620
Mean : 2𝜃 = = = 3310
2 2
(or) 𝜽𝒀 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟓
❖ Hence wavelength of yellow colour ;
119 39

299 30

330 49
Green

31 21

31 19

31 20
sin 𝜃𝑌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1635 0.2840 𝑋 10−5
119.5

299.5

330.5
151
151

1540 = 0.05680 𝑋 10−5

19
𝜆𝑌 = = =
9

𝑛𝑁 1 𝑋 5 𝑋 105 5
𝝀𝒀 = 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑨°
(4) For red colour :
❖ Vernier - I ; 2𝜃 = 1539 − 11729 = 3540
Vernier -II ; 2𝜃 = 333 − 29720 = 3540
118 43

298 30

151 51

331 42
Yellow

33 12

33 10
118.5

298.5

151.5

331.5

33 8
1635
13

21

12

3540+3540 7080
0

Mean : 2𝜃 = = = 3540
2 2
(or) 𝜽𝑹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎
❖ Hence wavelength of yellow colour ;
sin 𝜃𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1750 0.3090 𝑋 10−5
𝜆𝑅 = = = = 0.06180 𝑋 10−5
117 29

297 20
117

153 9

35 40

35 40

35 40

𝑛𝑁 1 𝑋 5 𝑋 105 5
Red

333
297

153

333

1750
29

20

𝝀𝑹 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑨°

9

CALCULATIONS :
(1) For blue colour :
❖ Vernier - I ; 2𝜃 = 14745 − 12245 = 25
Vernier -II ; 2𝜃 = 32730 − 30240 = 2450 RESULT :
25+2450 4950 ❖ Wavelength of composite colours of mercury vapour lamp ;
Mean : 2𝜃 = = = 2455 (1) Wavelength of blue line : 𝝀𝑩 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝑨°
2 2
(or) 𝜽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟖 (2) Wavelength of green line : 𝝀𝑮 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎
𝒎 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑨°
❖ Hence wWavelength of blue colour ; −𝟏𝟎
sin 𝜃𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1228 0.2164 𝑋 10−5 (3) Wavelength of yellow line : 𝝀𝒀 = 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑨°
𝜆𝐵 = = = = 0.04328 𝑋 10−5 (4) Wavelength of red line : 𝝀𝑹 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑨°
𝑛𝑁 1 𝑋 5 𝑋 105 5
𝝀𝑩 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝑨°
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 4 V-I CHARECTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE (2) Reverse bias characteristics :
❖ In the reverse bias, the polarity of the DC power supply is reversed so that the
QUESTION : Draw the V-I characteristics of PN junction diode and determine its forward
P- region of the diode is connected to the negative terminal and N-region to the
resistance and knee voltage from forward characteristics.
positive terminal of the DC power supply
AIM :
❖ The connections are made as given in the circuit diagram.
❖ To draw the voltage-current (V- I) characteristics of the PN junction diode and to ❖ The voltage across the diode can be varied with the help of the variable DC power
determine its knee voltage and forward resistance. supply.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : ❖ The reverse voltage (VR) across the diode is increased from 1 V in steps of 1 V up
❖ PN junction diode (IN4007), variable DC power supply, milli-ammeter, micro- to 5 V and the reverse current (IR) through the diode is noted from the micro-
ammeter, voltmeter, resistance and connecting wires. ammeter. The readings are tabulated.
FORMULA : ❖ The reverse voltage VR and reverse current IR are taken as negative.
❖ Forward resistance of the PN junction diode ❖ A graph is drawn taking the reverse bias voltage (VR) along negative x-axis and the
∆𝐕𝒇 reverse bias current (IR) along negative y-axis.
𝑹𝒇 =
∆𝑰𝒇 TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
Where, ∆𝐕𝒇 − − − − − − − − change in forward voltage, (1) Forward bias characteristics (2) Reverse bias characteristics
∆𝑰𝒇 − − − − − − − − change in forward current Forward bias Forward bias Reverse bias Reverse bias
t
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : S.No voltage current voltage 𝑉𝑅 current
v©
𝑉𝐹 (V) 𝐼𝐹 (𝑚𝐴) (V) 𝐼𝑅 (𝜇𝐴)
1 0.1 0 1 1 50
2 0.2 0 2 2 70
3 0.3 0 3 3 90
4 0.4 0 4 4 100
5 0.5 0.5 5 5 110
6 0.6 3.5 6 6 120
7 0.7 17.5 7 7 130
8 8 140
9 9 150
PROCEDURE : 10 10 160
(1) Forward bias characteristics : MODEL GRAPH :
❖ In the forward bias, the P- region of the diode is connected to the positive terminal
and N-region to the negative terminal of the DC power supply.
❖ The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
❖ The voltage across the diode can be varied with the help of the variable DC power
supply.
❖ The forward voltage (VF) across the diode is increased from 0.1 V in steps of 0.1 V
up to 0.8 V and the forward current (IF) through the diode is noted from the milli-
ammeter. The readings are tabulated.
❖ The forward voltage VF and the forward current IF are taken as positive.
❖ A graph is drawn taking the forward voltage (VF) along the x-axis and the forward
current (IF) along the y-axis.
❖ The voltage corresponding to the dotted line in the forward characteristics gives
the knee voltage or threshold voltage or turn-on voltage of the diode.
❖ The slope in the linear portion of the forward characteristics is calculated. The
reciprocal of the slope gives the forward resistance of the diode.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
GRAPH : CALCULATION :
❖ From the graph, the knee voltage is = 0.55 𝑉
❖ Also from the graph,
∆𝑉𝐹 = 0.1 𝑉
∆𝐼𝐹 = 14 𝑚𝐴 = 14 𝑋 10−3 𝐴
∆𝐼
Hence, Slope = 𝐹
∆𝑉𝐹
❖ Forward resistance,
1 ∆𝑉𝐹
𝑅𝐹 = =
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ∆𝐼𝐹
0.1
𝑅𝐹 = = 0.007142 𝑋 103
14 𝑋 10−3
𝑅𝐹 = 7.142 Ω

RESULT
❖ The V-I characteristics of the PN junction diode are studied.
(1) Knee voltage of the PN junction diode = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝑽
(2) Forward resistance of the diode ; 𝑹𝑭 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝛀

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 5 VERIFICATION OF TRUTH TABLES OF LOGIC GATES A B Y observation

QUESTION : Verify the truth table of logic gates AND, NOT, EX-OR and NAND gates using OR gate
integrated circuits. 0 0 0 0
AIM :
𝒀= 𝐀+𝑩 0 1 1 5V
❖ To verify the truth tables of AND, OR, NOT, NAND,NOR and EX-OR gates using
integrated circuits
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
1 0 1 5V
❖ AND gate (IC 7408), OR gate (IC7432), NOT gate (IC 7404), NAND gate (IC 7400), 1 1 1 5V
NOR gate (IC7402), EX-OR gate (IC 7486), Power supply, Digital IC trainer kit,
NOT gate A Y observation
connecting wires.
BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS : 𝒀= ̅
𝑨 0 1 5V
(1) AND gate : 𝒀 = 𝑨 .𝑩
(2) OR gate : 𝒀=𝐀+𝑩 1 0 0
(3) NOT gate : 𝒀= ̅ 𝑨
(4) NAND gate : 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨 .𝑩 A B Y observation

(5) NOR thæš : 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑨 +𝑩 NAND gate
(6) EX-OR gate : 𝒀 = 𝐀⨁𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 ̅+𝐀 ̅𝐁 0 0 1 5V
Where, 𝑨 and 𝑩 → logic inputs 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨.𝑩
𝒀 → logicoutput 0 1 1 5V
PROCEDURE :
❖ To verify the truth table of a logic gate, the suitable IC is taken and the connections 1 0 1 5V
are given using the circuit diagram.
❖ For all the ICs, 5V is applied to the pin 14 while the pin 7 is connected to the ground.
1 1 0 0
❖ The logical inputs of the truth table are applied and the corresponding output is A B Y observation
noted.
❖ Similarly the output is noted for all other combinations of inputs. NOR gate 0 0 1 5V
❖ In this way, the truth table of a logic gate is verified.
𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨 +𝑩 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM, LOGICAL SYMBOL,TRUTH TABLE AND OBSERVATIONS :
1 1 0 0
A B Y observation
A B Y observation

EX-OR gate
AND gate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝒀 = 𝐀⨁𝐁
𝒀 = 𝑨 .𝑩 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5V
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 5V

1 1 1 5V 1 1 0 0

CALCULATIONS :
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 𝑌 = 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 0 . 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)

AND gate 𝑌 = 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 0 . 1 = 0 (0 𝑉)
1
𝑌 = 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 1 . 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = 𝐴 . 𝐵 = 1 . 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)

𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 + 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 + 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)
2 OR gate
𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1 + 0 = 1 (5 𝑉)

𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1 + 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)

𝑌 = 𝐴̅ = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉)
3 NOT gate
𝑌 = 𝐴̅ = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
0 . 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
0 . 1 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉)
4 NAND gate
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
1 . 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
1 . 1 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 + 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 + 1 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
5 NOR gate
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 0 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 1 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = 𝐴 ⨁ 𝐵 = 0 ⨁ 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)
𝑌 = 𝐴 ⨁ 𝐵 = 0 ⨁ 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)
6 EX-OR gate
𝑌 = 𝐴 ⨁ 𝐵 = 1 ⨁ 0 = 1 (5 𝑉)
𝑌 = 𝐴 ⨁ 𝐵 = 1 ⨁ 1 = 0 (0 𝑉)

RESULT
❖ The truth table of logic gates AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, NAND and NOR using
integrated circuits is verified.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Experiment : 6 VERIFICATIONOF DE MORGAN’S THEOREM TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :
(1) De Morgan’s first theorem :
QUESTION : Verify De Morgan’s first and second theorems.
AIM : Observation
A B 𝑨̅ ̅
𝑩 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨 +𝑩 ̅ .𝐁
𝐀 ̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ .𝐁
̅
❖ To verify De Morgan’s first and second theorems. 𝑨 +𝑩 𝐀
COMPONENTS REQUIRED : 0 0 1 1 1 1 5V 5V
❖ Power Supply (0 – 5V), IC 7400, 7408, 7432, 7404, and 7402, Digital IC trainer kit, 0 1 1 0 0 0 0V 0V
connecting wires. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0V 0V
FORMULA : 1 1 0 0 0 0 0V 0V
❖ De Morgan’s first theorem ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
; 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝐀 .𝐁̅ ̅
❖ De Morgan’s second theorem ; ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝐀 ̅ +𝐁̅ (2) De Morgan’s second theorem :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : Observation
A B 𝑨̅ ̅
𝑩 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨.𝑩 ̅ +𝐁
𝐀 ̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ +𝐁 ̅
❖ De Morgan’s first theorem 𝑨.𝑩 𝐀
0 0 1 1 1 1 5V 5V
0 1 1 0 1 1 5V 5V
1 0 0 1 1 1 5V 5V
1 1 0 0 0 0 0V 0V

CALCULATIONS :
(1) De Morgan’s first theorem :
❖ De Morgan’s first theorem Input Left Hand Side (LHS) Right Hand Side (RHS)
Case - 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 + 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉) ̅ .B
A ̅ = 0̅ . 0̅ = 1 . 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)
Case - 2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 + 1 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉) ̅ ̅
A .B = 0̅ . 1̅ = 1 . 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)
Case - 3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 0 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉) ̅ .B
A ̅ = 1̅ . 0̅ = 0 . 1 = 0 (0 𝑉)
Case - 4 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1 + 1 = 1̅ = 0 (0 𝑉)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
A .B = 1̅ . 1̅ = 0 . 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)

(2) De Morgan’s second theorem :

Input Left Hand Side (LHS) Right Hand Side (RHS)
PROCEDURE : Case - 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
0 . 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉) A
̅ +B̅ = 0̅ + 0̅ = 1 + 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)
(1) Verification of De Morgan’s first theorem : Case - 2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
0 . 1 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉) A
̅ +B̅ = 0̅ + 1̅ = 1 + 0 = 1 (5 𝑉)
❖ The connections are made for LHS (𝑨 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ 𝑩) of the theorem as shown in the circuit
Case - 3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅̅
1 . 0 = 0̅ = 1 (5 𝑉) A
̅ +B̅ = 1̅ + 0̅ = 0 + 1 = 1 (5 𝑉)
diagram using appropriate ICs.
Case - 4 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
𝐴 . 𝐵 = 1 . 1 = 1 = 0 (0 𝑉) A + B ̅ = 1̅ + 1̅ = 0 + 0 = 0 (0 𝑉)
❖ The output is noted and tabulated for all combinations of logical inputs of the truth
table.
❖ The same procedure is repeated for RHS (𝐀 ̅ .𝐁 ̅ ) of the theorem.
❖ From the truth table, it can be shown that 𝑨 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+𝑩 =𝐀 ̅ .𝐁
̅.
(2) Verification of De Morgan’s second theorem :
❖ The connections are made for LHS (𝑨 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
. 𝑩) of the theorem as shown in the circuit
diagram using appropriate ICs.
❖ The output is noted and tabulated for all combinations of logical inputs of the truth
table.
̅ +𝐁 ̅ of the theorem. RESULT
❖ The same procedure is repeated for RHS (𝐀
❖ De Morgan’s first and second theorems are verified.
❖ From the truth table, it can be shown that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩 =𝐀 ̅ +𝐁 ̅.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502