EXPERIMENT 10

So again in the exam on Friday I will be asking you to give a simple chemical test to differentiate
your phenols from all other organic compounds. Then the answer that I will be expecting from
you would be lower reaction with ferric chloride because this one would be considered as the
simple chemical theft for your phenols.
we need to remember that your aldehydes and Ketones are quite different from other organic
compounds because of course of the presence of the carbonyl carbon. And what makes your
aldehyde different from your ketone is that in your aldehyde the carbonyl group is attached to
one or two hydrogen atoms. While in the case of your ketones the carbonyl carbon is attached
to an alkyl group.
all the things that is attached to carbonyl carbon if it is a ketone would be an R group or an
aromatic group, while in aldehydes it should have one hydrogen attached to your carbonyl
carbon.
And then just like the ones that we did for alcohols, we also have representatives for your
aldehyde and ketones. So in the case of your aldehyde, we have two samples or two
representative compounds that we consider. And the reason why we have two samples for
each of these substances. We have two samples for your aldehydes and then two samples for
your ketones is that we want to represent the different types of aldehydes and ketones that we
have.
So if we try to look at your aldehydes and ketones, we can classify aldehydes ketones into two
groups. We have the so called alipathic aldehydes and then aromatic aldehydes. And also the
same thing with your ketones. For the case of your ketones, we do have aliphatic ketones and
also aromatic ketones. When we say that Aliphatic aldehydes and aliphatic ketones it means
that the group attached to your carbonyl carbon are just your R groups, it could be an Alkane, it
could be an Alkane, or it could be an alkyne.
If we say that you have an aromatic aldehyde or an aromatic ketone, then that is the time that
you will see the presence of benzene ring.
Then in the case of your Aliphatic aldehyde, the sample that we used to represent them would
be the aldehyde which we call acetaldehyde, which is of course the common name of the
compound. And if we try to look at its iupac name which would now be your ethanol. So that is
the one that represents your aliphatic aldehyde. And of course the condensed formula for
acetaldehyde
O
CH3 C - H
for the aromatic aldehyde the aromatic aldehyde that we use as sample would be
benzaldehyde and the condensed formula
O
C-H

BENZALDEHYDE represents your aromatic aldehyde,

for the case of your ketones, the one that is used to represent aliphatic ketones would be the
compound which we call acetone or 2-propanone and the condensed formula of acetone will
be
O
CH3 C CH3
For aromatic ketone it used to represent the compound of acetopenone
O
C CH3

we can come up with a different name with your Acetopenone, which would now be your
methyl phenyl ketone
we have specific samples for aliphatc aldehyde, Ketones, and then aromatic aldehyde and
ketones. The first option that you observe for aldehydes and ketones was the oxidation
reaction.

all of them are oxidation reaction and the difference between the oxidation reactions are just
the reactants or the oxidizing agents that are used to make the compound undergo oxidation.
but one thing that we need to remember about your oxidation reaction is that your oxidation
reaction is solely for aldehyde only. your ketones do not undergo oxidation.
When aldehydes undergo oxidation your aldehyde will be converted to carboxylic acid.
to be able for us to know that your aldehyde is converted to a carboxylic acid, we need to have
an evidence that we can use to prove that your aldehyde really undergoes oxidation. And that's
the reason why we are using different oxidizing agent. So here in the example or in the reaction
that I am sharing to you, we can see here two oxidizing agent that can be used to prove that
your aldehyde undergoes oxidation, one oxidizing agent that we can use will be chromic acid
when chromic acid which is an orange solution reacts with aldehydes so that it will become a
carboxylic acid the chromic acid will be converted into a green solution. The formation of green
solution is an indicator that aldehyde has converted to carboxylic acid. In the process aldehydes
is oxidized with carboxylic acid while chromic acid undergo reactions.
And then aside from Chromic acid another possible oxidizing re agent we can use to see
whether aldehydes undergo oxidation or not is the so called Tollen’s reaction. Your tollen’s
reagent is also known as ammoniacal silver nitrate. What will happen again is that your
aldehyde will be converted into a carboxylic acid and in the case of your silver nitrate it will be
converted to silver metal. In tollen’s test what is use to prove if aldehyde undergoes oxidation is
the formation of silver mirror. The metallic silver sticks to the side of the test tube.
Aside from your Chromic acid, ammoniacal silver nitrate we can also use copper ions to oxidize
our aldehyde. if we are using your copper ions as a reactant for the oxidation of aldehydes we
are doing the so called tehling’s test then aside from tehling’s test another oxidation reaction
that utilizes copper ions as the oxidizing reagent is the test which we call your Benedict test.
both tehling test and benedict tests are what facilitates the oxidation of your aldehyde to be
your copper ion. We will note that your copper ion solution that is used to react with your
aldehyde is a blue solution. And then when your aldehydes are oxidized you will now observe
the formation of red precipitate. So the formation of your red precipitate is now the indicator
that aldehyde was oxidized. the red precipitate that you are observing there is formation of
your cuprous oxide.
So we start with the blue solution and then when we do the oxidation reaction the blue
solution will produce now a solution that contains a red precipitate in some cases. By the way
this red precipitate may be somewhat red Orange in color or in some reactions you will observe
the formation of a yellow green precipitate so it is cuprous oxide that is produced there. But the
color of the precipitate is due to the concentration of your aldehyde. So the more concentrated
the aldehyde is the darker the color of your precipiate. So that means if you are really observing
the formation of a red precipitate or an Orange precipitate, it indicates that the aldehyde
present in your solution is quite high in terms of concentration. But if you are seeing a lighter
colored precipitate, the greenish blue precipitate or somewhat yellowish precipitate then that
would indicate that the amount of aldehyde for example is quite small. That would be the thing
that we need to remember about the reaction or the oxidation using copper ions aside by the
way from copper ions, chronic acid and the silver ions, another possible oxidizing reagent that
we can use to oxidize your aldehyde will be potassium permanganate. in the case of your
potassium permanganate it is now a purple solution at the part. But when your aldehyde will
now be oxidized, what you will be observing would be the formation of a Brown precipitate.
And that Brown precipitate is due to the formation of your manganese oxide. So this Brown
precipitate is now an indicator that your aldehydes has bee converted into carboxylic
acid.vdepending on what you want to see in the reaction you could have a different reagent
when your aldehydes reacts with the reagent they are all converted to carboxylic acid.
So in the case of your ketones, if you react ketones with this reagent there will be no reaction
because again your ketones are not oxidizable.
Iodoform test. it is also an oxidation reaction but it is a special type. It is a special type of
oxidation reaction because not all aldehydes or not all ketones will react with your iodoform
test the reason for this is that to be able for compound to react with your iodoform test it
should comply with the so called structural requirements. Iodoform test would require a
compound to have a specific structure so that it can react with your Iodoform. If the compound
does not have that structure that your Iodoform form is looking for then the compound will not
react with iodoform.
one structural requirement is that your compound should resemble this general formula here
before it can react with iodoform. aside from this if you have a compound that would look like
this it would also react with your iodoform test.
for the case of your aldehyde there is only one aldehydes that can react with your iodoform
test and that would be your acetaldehyde because it is only acetaldehyde that conforms with
the structural requirements of your iodoform test. Aside from your acetaldehyde there are no
other aldehyde that will satisfy the structural requirements for iodoform. In the case of your
ketones that are called methyl ketones are the ones that can react with your iodform test. you
will note that your acetone as well as your acetopenone gives you the positive reaction for your
iodoform test because both your acetone and acetopenone are considered to be methyl ketone
and therefore it can undergo oxidation through the use of your iodoform test.
Therefore, in the case of aldehyde there is only one aldehyde that will undergo your iodoform
test reaction and that will be acetaldehyde. In the case of ketone it must
it must resemble this formula here or general formula to be able for you to react with or to be
able for the compound.

Okay, so what is happening here is that your compound that complies with the structural
requirements Will react with sodium hydroxide. And if you try to look at the reaction, you will
know that the aldehyde or the ketone will be converted into the salt of the acid. And then aside
from that, you will note here that you are producing a compound which we call an iodoform. So
this is the reason why the reaction is called iodoform test. Because in the reaction the
compound iodoform is produced and this iodoform is expected to be a yellow precipitate and
that is now the indication of a positive reaction. So the formation of your yellow precipitate
indicates that your compound either it is a metal ketone or aldehyde
the next reaction that you observe in the video was the reaction of your aldehyde with 2-4
dnph, is also known as your 2-4 dinitrophenylhydrazene.
Aside from your compounds 2-4 dinitrophenylhydrazene relative compounds of this will also
react with your aldehyde and your ketone. So it can be
All of this reaction will always give you the Orange precipitate. So that is the indication of the
positive reaction of your aldehydes and ketone towards your 2,4 DNPH. And then one thing
that we need to remember about your 2,4 dnph Is that it is only your aldehyde.

All other organic compounds will not react with 2,4 DNPH Therefore, the option with your 2,4
dnph is considered to be the general test for aldehyde and ketones

So again if you have two test tube, let's say one test should contain a ketone and then the other
test should contain an alcohol. And you want to determine which one is which. What you can
do best is to do the reaction rate to call the DNPH. So the one that will give you the Orange
PRECIPITATE is the test tube that contains the aldehyde or the ketones. Because again only
aldehyde and ketones will react with 2-4 dnph

Schiff’s test. you can see here it is only applicable for aldehyde. Okay, so again you will note
here that your ketones could not undergo schiff’s test and this is the reason why your ketones
will not undergo the skip steps. So Ketone is too hindered and it does not undergo the reaction.