Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vocabulary
Information and research 1
Complete the gaps in each sentence with an appropriate word. The beginning of each word has been
given to help you.
1 The report’s fi_____ suggest that there might be a link between video games and children’s behaviour.
2 Researchers have put forward a hy_____ as to why some people prefer to work from home.
3 There has been a lot of mi_____ on social media recently about causes of the virus, which ought to be
corrected.
4 The celebrity couple have complained that photos taken of them while on holiday was an invasion of their
pr_____.
5 We have co_____ a list of people who might be able to help us with our research.
6 More research needs to be done to de_____ the causes of the problem.
7 It has been pr_____ without doubt that air pollution has a negative effect on children’s development.
8 It is important to name all your so____ when writing any kind of essay or report.
9 The investigation has un____ evidence that several well-known public figures have been involved in
criminal activity.
10 I’ve listened carefully to all of your suggestions, and now I’d like to put fo____ a few ideas of my own.
Language focus
Present and future conditionals
Complete each sentence with the correct answers (A, B or C).
1 If you take a seat,
A you see the doctor soon.
B the doctor will see you soon.
C the doctor would see you.
Word formation
Adjectives
Complete each gap with the correct form of the word in brackets.
1 Social media companies are hugely _________ (influence) in terms of the way people consume news and
information.
2 Some celebrities prefer to remain _________ (mystery) rather than share details of their private life with
the public.
3 I’m not a naturally _________ (chat) person in real life, but I do enjoy having discussions with people
online.
4 One of the big _________ (contradict) of modern life is that we have a huge amount of information at our
fingerprints, but it’s difficult for many of us to decide what is really true.
5 Some TV shows prefer politicians to be _________ (argument) with each other rather than discuss things
calmly.
6 There are some famous people who seem friendly on the screen but are probably quite _________
(approach) in real life.
7 I try not to discuss politics with my family. If I do, we just have _________ (end) disagreements.
8 Yesterday, a politician put an interesting comment online, but then she quickly deleted it.
Its _________ (appear) is causing a lot of debate.
9 There has been a _________ (drama) increase in the number of smartphone users over the last 10 years.
10 Sorry, my shoes are so _________ (mud) – I’ve just been walking near the river.
Certainly, over (1) ……… past few years, most children and teens have spent a larger proportion of their free
time on social media, binging TV shows and gaming. So much so that (2) ……… have become an integral
Parents probably need to step (3) ……… and monitor the screen time of their children. Furthermore,
educators should insist on giving hands-on creative assignments and emphasis must be laid (4) ……… using
hybrid models to impart the lessons. To instil the habit (5) ……… using pen and paper, educators can ask
learners to maintain handwritten notes and submit scanned documents. Educators, parents and learners
should collaborate to (6) ……… an eye on when it is time to switch off and take a break.
It’s not just young people though. We all need to find and maintain a balance between on-screen and off-
screen time. We must expect that some part of the day will involve (7) ……… in front of a screen, but it is
essential for physical and mental health that it is not the majority of our waking hours! To help the brain
unwind, it’s recommended to stay in touch with the creative pursuits, (8) ……… as sketching, painting, playing
In fact, we have happily allowed technology to become an extension of our own brains. There is a
huge amount of information that we don’t need to store in our own minds because our smartphones
will do it for us. But is this good for us?
The results were interesting. When quizzed later as to what the people had seen, those who hadn’t
taken any photos were able to remember up to 20% more in the way of details about the paintings.
Researchers have suggested that what is happening here is a form of cognitive offloading of
information. We are externalising our memories and giving the task of storing them to the
technology we use.
What we now do with smartphones, hard drives or online cloud networks isn’t exactly new. Humans
have always externalised information. That’s why we have long had libraries full of books, or people
like professors and teachers in our societies, whose function is partly to act as repositories of
knowledge.
In short, we are entrusting technology to remember far more than ever before. And the more this
happens, the more we start to believe that there is little point in committing ‘minor’ facts (such as
your own bank account number or where certain roads are in your own town) to memory when you
know that it’s easily accessible online somewhere.
And what happens if that technology suddenly stops working, or if for some reason, the internet
became unavailable to us? What would happen to all our memories then?
A In similar experiments, it was found that any form of recording an object or an event was likely to reduce a
person’s ability to remember details about it. This happened whether the person was taking a photo of
something or writing down notes about it.
B The term ‘digital amnesia’ is sometimes used to describe this phenomenon. There is no doubt that
technology is an incredibly useful aid. But while we needn’t needlessly fill our heads with often trivial-
seeming information, is it a good idea to essentially give computers the job of remembering everything
about our lives?
C Not only this, but when we spend time photographing something, we are, of course likely to be
concentrating just as much or more on the act of recording as on the object of the recording. Someone
recording a band at a concert may remember more about how difficult it was to take a recording with so
many people in front of them, or how hard it was to keep their hand in the air, than the actual concert itself.
D Of course, these might seem like easy questions. And information like this is accessible merely through a
flurry of brief activity on a touchscreen or by going online for a few seconds. But what we have done is to
entrust huge amounts of information about not only our world, but about our personal lives as well to
technology.
E There has – for a very long time now – been simply too much information in the world to store inside one
human brain. And as the extent of human knowledge expands and accelerates, we will rely more and
more on technology to store information for us.
F There’s been some research to suggest that this might not be the case. Let’s take photos as an example.
It has been discovered that when we take a photo of an event, the event itself becomes less memorable.
In one experiment, a group of people were put in front of some paintings. One half of the group were
asked to simply gaze upon the works of art. The other half could take photos of them – just as people often
do in art galleries.
G This has been termed the ‘Google Effect’. Basically, it’s a tendency to forget things – or not bother to
remember things – which are easily found in a quick internet search. There is no doubt that being able to
use search engines is incredibly useful. But there is another problem that we need to consider.
Listening
Part 3 Multiple choice
You will hear an interview in which a professional fact-checker called Hannah Newton is talking about
her work. For questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
1 Hannah spends the majority of her working day
A managing other people.
B training her employees.
C building her business.
D checking facts in articles and documents.
4 Which type of client pays the highest rates for Hannah’s services?
A newspapers and broadcasters
B international corporations
C government agencies
D fact-checking websites
Writing
Part 2 Report
You are a student representative. The chancellor of your university has asked you to write a report
describing the causes of stress amongst undergraduates and also offering suggestions for possible
solutions to this problem.
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Speaking
Part 3 Collaborative task
Talk about something together for about two minutes.
Here are some different ways in which you can find information for your research.
Talk with your partner about the advantages of using information from these sources.
Now you have about a minute to decide which two sources of information are most reliable.