E-book: Parts of speech

e-Bookul a fost gândit sub forma unei prezentări

animate pentru o experiență cât mai interactivă
și captivantă pentru copii precum și pentru o
mai bună înțelegere a informației.

Pentru a încuraja copiii să gândească direct în

limba engleză atunci când se exprimă,
conținutul prezentat este exclusiv în limba
engleză.
 M&DORADO este o școala modernă de limbi străine din
București cu o experiență de peste 14 ani în învățământul
privat.

În toți acești ani, am înregistrat consecutiv o rată de

promovabilitate de 100% la examenele CAMBRIDGE.
Începând cu anul școlar 2022 - 2023 garantăm cursanților
ce urmează cursurile noastre de lb. engleză obținerea unui
certificat CAMBRIDGE, prin restituirea integrală a banilor
(conform regulamentului intern).
Verbs ............................................................. 3
Adverbs ....................................................... 15
Nouns ............................................................ 25
Adjectives ..................................................... 40
Pronouns .................................................... 51
Prepositions ............................................. 68
Interjections ............................................ 83
Conjunctions ............................................ 94
M&DORADO English Class
A Motivational Activity
Verbs
Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Be Verbs and Sense Verbs
 Provide various
Build sentences
Define the examples of
with correct verb
meaning of a verb. action and linking
usage.
verbs.
 Meet Aaron. Aaron loves to
move. Can you say what Aaron
is doing?
A verb is a word that expresses an action or a
state of being.

Together with nouns, verbs are the primary

elements of a sentence or phrase.

Aaron danced to his favourite music.

The verb "danced" in the sentence above
expresses an action of the subject "Aaron."

Aaron is a member of the school's dance club.

The verb "is" in the sentence above expresses

the state of being of the subject "Aaron."
 Using verbs, one can identify whether an action occurred in the
past, is occurring in the present, or will occur in the future. Verbs
express time through these tense forms.

Aaron played Aaron plays Aaron will play

basketball. basketball. basketball.
An action verb describes what someone or something does.
Remember that action verbs are not always physical actions;
they can also be mental actions.

Physical Action: Aaron read a book.

The verb "read" expresses a physical action
done by the subject "Aaron."

Mental Action: Aaron thought of an idea.

The verb "thought" expresses a mental action
done by the subject "Aaron."
 run know
skip realize
play hope
sing decide
draw believe
walk imagine
eat guess
sleep feel
watch understand
wave recognize
 A linking verb expresses a state of being and relates the
subject to other parts of a sentence. "Be" verbs and sense
verbs are considered to be linking verbs.

"Be" verbs are the most commonly used

linking verbs.

Aaron was a basketball team captain in high school.

The "be" verb "was" expresses a state of being

of the subject "Aaron."

Other "be" verbs are am, is, are, was, were, be,been, and being.


M&DORADO English Class

Questions with WHEN / WHERE / HOW
Adverbs
Adverbs Modifying Verbs
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives
Adverbs Modifying Adverbs
Define the meaning of an Provide various examples Show understanding of
adverb. of sentences using how an adverb modifies
adverbs properly. verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs.
do you usually do you usually often do you
travel for travel for usually travel for
vacation? vacation? vacation?
An adverb modifies or qualifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb about how,
where, when, or how much something is.

Samira often travels abroad.

The adverb "often" qualifies the frequency of
the verb "travels." In this case, the adverb
modifies the verb.

The vacation trip was very memorable.

The adverb "very" qualifies the adjective
"memorable." In this case, the adverb modifies
the adjective.

The trip yesterday ended up quite badly.

The adverb "quite" qualifies the adverb "badly."
In this case, the adverb modifies another
adverb.
Adverbs answer questions regarding where, when, how,
and to what extent an action occurred when they
modify verbs.

Samira booked a ticket here.

The adverb "here" answers the question, "Where
did Samira book a ticket?"

She barely managed to budget her pocket money.

The adverb "barely" answers the question, "To
what extent did she manage to budget her
pocket money?"
When it describes an adjective, an adverb can answer
questions about how much the adjective describes the
noun.

Samira is quite happy with her vacation.

The adverb "quite" answers the question, "To
what extent is Samira happy?"

The flights going to Japan are fully booked.

The adverb "fully" answers the question, "To
what extent are flights to Japan booked?"
When an adverb modifies another adverb, an adverb
can answer questions regarding the extent to which
that adverb modifies the other adverb.

Samira travels quite frequently.

The adverb "quite" answers the question, "To
what extent does Samira travel frequently?"

The flights going to Japan are almost fully booked.

The adverb "fully" answers the question, "To
what extent are flights to Japan fully booked?"


M&DORADO English Class

A Motivational Activity
Nouns
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Practice Activity
Define the meaning of a Provide various examples Follow the rules to create
noun. of nouns according to the the plural forms of nouns.
different categories.
Can you say what these are?
a noun is a word that names a person, a place,
an animal, an object, or an idea.

PERSON sister, lawyer, classmate, Victoria

PLACE The Philippines, city, bathroom, school

ANIMAL dog, Hawksbill turtle, cat, bird

OBJECT pencil, pie, cellphone, plane, cloud

IDEA justice, freedom, love, century

 Nouns can be either singular or plural, depending on whether
they refer to a single or more than one person, place, object, or
concept.
 To pluralize regular nouns, add "s" to the end.

one camera two cameras one cup three cups

Add -es to the end of a singular noun that ends in "s", "-ss", "-sh", "-ch", "-x",
or "-z" to make it plural.

one box two boxes one bus two buses

If a singular noun ends in "‑y" and the letter before "-y" is a consonant,
change the ending to "‑ies" to make the noun plural.

one puppy two puppies one bunny two bunnies

 Add "-es" to the singular noun if it ends in "-o" to make it plural.

one tomato three tomatoes one volcano two volcanoes

 Some nouns undergo no modification when they are pluralized.

one sheep two sheep one deer two deer

 Irregular nouns follow no specific rules.

one mouse two mice one child two children

Write the correct plural form of each
noun.

1. girl 7. potato

2. book 8. hero

3. lunch 9. sheep

4. kiss 10. moose

5. city 11. tooth

6. activity 12. woman



M&DORADO English Class

A Motivational Activity
Adjectives
Forms of Adjectives
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives
Define the meaning of an Provide various examples Compare two or more
adjective. of sentences using subjects with an
adjectives appropriately. appropriate degree of
comparison.
Describe the things you see in
the box. Use only one word for
each of them.
An adjective is a word that describes a noun in
greater detail. It modifies or describes a noun.

An adjective describes the kind, quantity, or

amount of something.

The flowers are beautiful.

The adjective "beautiful" describes the subject
"flowers" in the sentence above.

Rosa Maria has two gardens.

The adjective "two" quantifies the noun

"gardens" in the sentence above.
Adjectives have forms to indicate the degree of comparison. The
comparative form compares two nouns or pronouns, while the
superlative form compares three or more nouns or pronouns.

Positive Comparative Superlative

sweet sweeter sweetest

clever more clever most clever
little less least
polite more polite most polite
good better best
 Positive Comparative Superlative
Complete the table with the
comparative and superlative adorable more adorable
forms of the positive sweet sweetest
adjectives.
high
low lower
important
much
happy happiest
deep
delicious
good better
 Descriptive adjectives are the most common type of adjectives.
This kind of adjective tells something about a noun by describing
a quality or trait.

Appearance Colour Shape

plain red broad

clear blue narrow
clean yellow round
tall white square
rough brown wide
 Think of 10 adjectives to
describe this picnic basket.


M&DORADO English Class

Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Define the meaning of a Provide various examples Differentiate the types of
pronoun. of sentences using pronouns and how to use
pronouns appropriately. them properly in daily
interactions.
Pronouns are words that replace nouns,
groups of words functioning as nouns, or other
pronouns.

The word that a pronoun replaces or refers to

is called its antecedent. Every pronoun has an
antecedent, even if it's not in the same
sentence.

Samira loves watching movies, but she is not fond of

horror films.

The pronoun "she" takes the place of the noun

antecedent "Samira."
 Personal pronouns refer to specific people, places,
things, or ideas by indicating whether the noun is in the
first person, second person, or third person. Personal
pronouns, like nouns, can be singular or plural.

Singular Plural

First Person I, me we, us

Second Person you you

Third Person he, him, she, her, they, them

it
 Third-person singular pronouns such as "he" and "him,"
"she" and "her," and "it" express gender.

The pronouns "he" and The pronouns "she" and The pronoun "it" is
"him" are masculine. "her" are feminine. neuter.
 First Person Second Person Third Person

The apple was Samira will buy I gave him the

picked by me. coffee for you. laptop.

The personal pronoun The personal pronoun The personal pronoun

"me" refers to the speaker "you" refers to the person "him" refers to the person
of the sentence. being spoken to. being talked about.
Possessive pronouns are pronouns that express possession or
ownership. Possessive pronouns do not require an apostrophe.

Singular Plural

First Person my, mine our, ours

Second Person your, yours your, yours

Third Person his, her, hers, its their, theirs

 First Person Second Person Third Person

The pencil is mine. This calculator is Her book is missing.

yours.

The possessive pronoun The possessive pronoun The possessive pronoun

"mine" refers to the "yours" refers to the "her" refers to the
ownership of the speaker. ownership of the person ownership of the person
being spoken to. being talked about.
Indefinite pronouns refer to no particular
person, thing, or quantity. Hence the name,
indefinite. Below are some examples of
indefinite pronouns.

all few one

any many other
both most several
each much another
either neither someone
every none some
 Everyone in the class Can someone How much will it cost
needs to come up with an message her? to build a house?
idea.

The indefinite pronoun The indefinite pronoun The indefinite pronoun

"everyone" refers to an "someone" refers to an "much" refers to an
unspecific person in class. unspecific person. unspecific amount.
A reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that refers back to a noun or pronoun
within a sentence. This pronoun can act as an object in a sentence.
(Ex: I fell over and hurt myself)

Singular Plural

First Person myself ourselves

Second Person yourself yourselves

Third Person himself, herself, themselves

itself
 First Person Second Person Third Person

I bought myself You help yourself with She ordered herself

flowers. the dinner. a cake.

The reflexive pronoun The reflexive pronoun The reflexive pronoun

"myself" refers back to the "yourself" refers back to "herself" refers back to the
subject of the sentence. the subject of the subject of the sentence.
sentence.
 An intensive pronoun is a type of pronoun that also refers
back to a noun or pronoun within a sentence. Unlike
reflexive pronouns, this pronoun only emphasizes the noun
or pronoun in the same sentence.

Singular Plural

First Person myself ourselves

Second Person yourself yourselves

Third Person himself, herself, themselves

itself
 First Person Second Person Third Person

I myself baked the You must record your She herself took the
cupcakes. progress yourself. photos.

The intensive pronoun The intensive pronoun The intensive pronoun

"myself" emphasizes the "yourself" emphasizes the "herself" emphasizes the
subject of the sentence. subject of the sentence. subject of the sentence.


M&DORADO English Class

A Motivational Activity
Prepositions
Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Direction
Define the meaning of a Provide various examples Differentiate the use of
preposition. of sentences using prepositions of time, place,
prepositions properly. and direction.
Describe the position of the
following on the road map:

Bench
Supermarket
Restaurant
Hospital
Street light
Street sign

Ex: The bench is next to the street light.

A preposition is a word that shows the
connection between a noun or pronoun and
another word in a sentence.
They describe the relationship in terms of
sequence, space, and logic.
The apple is on the table.
The preposition "on" indicates the connection
between "apple" and "table."

She took notes during the meeting.

The preposition "during" indicates the

connection between "notes" and "meeting."
aside before on
as despite opposite
away from out
above for of
about hence per
across here toward
ago in through
beyond inside with
Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between
the nouns and the other parts of a sentence.

School starts on Monday.

We will arrive at noon.
Her birthday is in May.
She'll be here by 7 pm.
A preposition of place is a preposition that is used to
describe the location of something or someone.

I am at home.
The preposition "at" indicates the location of
the subject.

She is in the garden.

She knocked at the door.
The bill is in my wallet.
He left his phone on the table.
 Prepositions of direction describe how a person or thing
moves or is directed with respect to other people and things.

Samira went to the mall.

The preposition "to" shows the movement of
the subject from one place to another.

The cat is running up the tree.

She came home from school.
She left for the Philippines.
The rabbit is jumping over the log.
Create meaningful sentences by using
the picture in the box and the right
prepositions of direction you learned in
this lesson.
 Create a meaningful sentence by using the
images in the box and the right prepositions
of place you learned in this lesson.
 Create a meaningful sentence by using the
images in the box and the right prepositions
of place you learned in this lesson.
 Create a meaningful sentence by using the
images in the box and the right prepositions
of place you learned in this lesson.


M&DORADO English Class

A Motivational Activity
Interjections
Standalone Interjections
Sound Interjections
Commonly Used Interjections
 Define the Provide various Construct
meaning of an examples of sentences with the
interjection. interjections correct
depending on the interjections.
emotion.
What emotions do the emojis in
the box express? Can you
make a sentence out of these
emotions?
Interjections are words or phrases that
communicate emotion or exclamation.
An interjection has no grammatical
relationship with any other word in the
sentence.

Yay! We won the game.

The interjection used in the sentence above is
"Yay!", which expresses excitement.

Cheers! You did very well.

The interjection used in the sentence above is
"Cheers!", which expresses joy.
 Some interjections can be used to introduce a
sentence, but the sentence can still make sense
without them.

Hello! How are you?

The interjection "Hello!" introduces the
sentence, "How are you?"

Hey! You look good today.

The interjection "Hey!" introduces the sentence,
"You look good today."
Bravo! Yikes! U-huh
Aha! look Erm
Eureka! Boo Mm-mm
Hurray! Yay! Hey!
Gee Yipee! Hi!
Phew! Goodness! Shoo!
Oh! Oh my! Eek!
Ah! huh? Oh no


M&DORADO English Class

Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
 Define the Differentiate between Construct
meaning of a coordinating, sentences with the
conjunction. subordinating, and correct
correlative conjunction
conjunctions. usage.
 1
Use the images in the box and the words
in the middle to construct sensible
sentences.

Ex: 1 - Hot dogs and burgers are junk food.

A conjunction is a word that links other words,
phrases, or clauses together.
Conjunctions can be classified as
coordinating, subordinating, or correlative.

Samira and Aaron are classmates.

The conjunction "and" here functions as a
coordinating conjunction.

Both Samira and Aaron were there.

The conjunctions "both" and "and" here
function as correlative conjunctions.

Let's stay until the show is over.

The conjunction "until" here functions as a
subordinating conjunction.
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and
sentences that are equivalent or coordinate.

Samira and Aaron are classmates.

The coordinating conjunction "and" above
connects two nouns: "Samira" and "Aaron."

The food was delicious, but expensive.

The coordinating conjunction "but" above connects
two adjectives: "delicious" and "expensive."

There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for,

and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Subordinating conjunctions connect independent clauses to
dependent clauses.

She started reading when she was five.

The subordinating conjunction "when" above connects
two clauses: the independent clause and the
dependent clause.

Because of the weather, she decided to stay home.

The subordinating conjunction "because" above
connects two clauses: the independent clause and the
dependent clause.
Here are some of the commonly used subordinating
conjunctions:

after in order that when

although since whenever
as than where
as if though whereas
as soon as till wherever
because unless while
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to connect words,
phrases, and clauses.

Either Samira or Aaron will continue the report.

The conjunctions "either" and "or" are used in pairs and
function as correlative conjunctions.

Not only the staff but also the president joined the
meeting.
The conjunctions "not only" and "but also" are used in
pairs and function as correlative conjunctions.


Maria Toma | January 2023