KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATIC ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL TASK

GROUP 4

MEMBERS
1 .ARTHUR EVANS (5861511)

2. ASANTE KWAME NKANSAH (5861711)

3. AMPONSAH KARIKARI SETH (5860611)

4 .ADDO NUAMAH NATHANIEL (5866011)

5. GYASI JEPHTER JUNIOUR (5864711)

6. TETTEH GAIUS (5868511)

7. GYASI DERRICK YEBOAH (5864611)

8. ABEL OWUSU SEKYERE (5867611)

9. TETTEH JOSHUA KWABLA (5868611)

10. ADOFO CHARLES AMOAKO (5859111)

11. DANSO KWAKU YEBOAH (5863411)

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Aim Of The Project

3.0 Purpose Of The Project

4.0 Procedures Which Went Into The Project

5.0 Instruments Used To Carry On The Project

6.0 Errors Encountered During The Practical

7.0 Ways Of Correcting For The Errors

8.0 Computations Of Results

9.0 Transformation of GPS coordinates into national grid coordinates

10.0 Graphs representing the various processes

11.0 Conclusions
  INTRODUCTION

Earlier this semester, members of Group 4 were given a task on how to use the geodetic
GPS, the handheld GPS and the total station to determine the coordinates of selected
points on campus. We were able to locate an area around the Great Hall. After thorough
reconnaissance we established a four corner perimeter where we undertook the
project.

 AIM

This project aims at providing an in depth understanding to students on the new and
improved methods of survey. This new and improved method seeks to make surveying
more easy and attracting.

 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this project is that, at the end of the course, Satellite Geodesy, every
student should be able to know how to use the geodetic GPS, handheld GPS and the
total station and the reasons they operate on. This will intend to improve their
understanding about the course.

 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS USED USED

 Geodetic GPS
 Total station
 Tripod
 Reflectors
 Plumb bob

 PROCEDURES
 Reconnaissance survey.
 Use of the geodetic GPS to pick the coordinates of the established points.
 Use of the total station to traverse on the points.
 The handheld was malfunctioning so we could not use that.
 METHODOLOGY

 Reconnaissance Survey

This stage of the procedure was the first time we went on project site. The main
aim of this stage is to; locate suitable site for the project, look for control points
around the area and to suggest and plan on how the projects should be
undertaken.

At the end of the day, the above aims were successfully achieved, where we
located two controls around the Administration roundabout and the other close
to the school library,( SGA 2 and SGA 1 respectively).

 Geodetic GPS
The geodetic GPS works under the same principle as any GPS. Its comprises of
one base station and two or three and sometimes more moving rovers for picking
the points. We started from SGA 1 and closed on SGA 2, using the clockwise
movement approach.

ERRORS SOURCES OF USING GEODETIC GPS

 Signal multipath; which arise from reflections from vehicles passing and road
signs.

 Atmospheric refraction; this is also caused by the cloudiness of the atmosphere

which intend bend the signals reaching the base.

 Satellite geometry; this is also caused from the orientation and size and shape of
the satellite position

 Electromagnetic waves

 Ionosphere
 ERRORS ENCOUNTERED IN THE TOTAL STATION DURING TRAVERING

 Miscentering error
 Improper leveling of the instrument
 Poor targeting of the prism
 Wrong booking and reading
 Total station failing to function under the specification of the manufacturer and
many more.

COMPUTATIONS
FOUR PARAMETERS (2D) TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE GEODETIC GPS

Where standfor the National Grid Co-ordinates of the eight control points

x and y are the UTM coordinates

are the four parameters of transformation.

Where is the scale factor, is the orientation angle, is the translation in, is the translation in y

The matrix equation for the computation is shown below

Where A is the matrix equation, X is the unknown and B is the matrix of absolute terms

692372.690 657822 738066 1 0 a

727618.200 738066 -657822 0 1 b
692852.894 = 657968 738065 1 0 c
727614.822 738065 -657968 0 1

B A X

X = (ATA)-1*(ATB)
X=

a 3.289069
b = 0.000199
c -1471396
d -1699801

Where A is the observation matrix, X is the unknown and B is the matrix of absolute terms

From the above, the parameters are

a 3.289069
b = 0.000199
c -1471396
d -1699801

Determining the residuals (GEODETIC GPS)

0.2066586
-0.1718062
0.2065335
-0.1719438

V=

Determining the scale factor (Geodetic GPS)

s = 3.289069006

Determining orientation angle (Geodetic GPS)

HANDHELD GPS

The parameters are X=

 a 3.280948
b = 0.0186246
c -1479654
d -1681686

Determining the residuals (Handheld GPS)

V=

-0.0407204
0.4949468
-0.040937
0.4948072

Determining the scale factor (Handheld GPS)

s = 3.281000862
Determining the orientation angle (handheld GPS)

TRAVERSE COORDINATES TRANSFORMATION

The parameters are X=

a 3.299474
b
d = 0.0035662
c -1480727
d -1705267

Determining the residuals (traverse)

V=
 -1.0134028
-1.5475324
-1.013765
-1.5476716

Determining the scale factor (traverse)

s = 3.299475927
Determining the orientation angle (traverse
 GEODETIC GPS

POINTS UTM COORDINATES NATIONAL COORDINATES

EASTINGS NORTHINGS EASTINGS NORTHINGS

SGA1 657822.000 738066.000 692372.700 727618.200

S1 657173.000 737780.000 691689.8 727336.8

S2 657042.000 737778.000 691551.9 727335.2

S3 656889.000 737777.000 691391.7 727333.3

S4 656870.000 737613.000 691370.9 727171.6

Table 2: UTM AND NATIONAL COORDINATE FOR GEODETIC GPS
S5 656878.000 737449.000
Table 1: GEODETIC GPS PROCESSED DATA
691380 727010

S6 657006.000 737448.000 691514.6 727009.3

S7 657135.000 737449.000 691650 727010

S8 657138.000 737569.000 691653.1 727129

SGA2 658279.000 738062.000 692854.400 727614.400

A GRAPH OF GEODETIC GPS EASTINGS AGAINST NORTHINGS

727400

727300

727200

727100

727000

726900

726800
691200 691300 691400 691500 691600 691700 691800

Table 2: UTM AND NATIONAL COORDINATE FOR HANDHELD GPS

HANDHELD GPS
POINTS UTM COORDINATES NATIONAL COORDINATES

EASTINGS NORTHINGS EASTINGS NORTHINGS

SGA1 657822.000 738066.000 692372.7 727618.2

S1 657171.000 737789.000 691687.8 727345.8

S2 657042.000 737792.000 691551.9 727348.2

S3 656910.000 737775.000 691413.7 727332.3

S4 656881.000 737614.000 691382.9 727173.3

S5 656879.000 737427.000 691381.1 726989

S6 656999.000 737466.000 691506.7 727027.3

S7 657135.000 737448.000 691649.7 727009.4

S8 657139.000 737614.000 691654.1 727173

SGA2 657968.000 738065.000 692854.4 727614.4

Table 2: HANDHELD PROCESSED DATA

A GRAPH OF HANDHELD EASTING AGAINST NORTHING

 727400

727300

727200

727100

727000

726900

726800
691200691250691300691350691400691450691500691550691600691650691700691750

UTM AND NATIONAL GRID COORDINATE FOR TRAVERSE METHOD

TRAVERSE

POINTS UTM COORDINATES NATIONAL COORDINATES

EASTINGS NORTHINGS EASTINGS NORTHINGS

SGA1 657822 738066 692372.7 727618.2

S1 657173 737780 691689.6 727336.6

S2 657042 737778 691551.7 727335

S3 656889 737777 691391.6 727333.1

S4 656870 737613 691370.7 727171.4

S5 656878 737449 691379.9 727010

S6 657006 737448 691514.4 727005.3

S7 657135 737449 691649.6 727009.4

S8 657138 737569 691653 727128.5

SGA2 658279 738062 692854.4 727614.4

A GRAPH OF TRAVERSE EASTING AGAINST NORTHINGS

727400

727300

727200

727100

727000

726900

726800
691200 691300 691400 691500 691600 691700 691800

DIGRAM OF SURVEY
 727700

727600

727500

727400

727300

727200

727100

727000

726900

726800

726700
690500 691000 691500 692000 692500 693000

OVERLAY OF THE GEODETIC, HANDHELD AND TRAVERSE COORDINATES

EASTINGS NORTHINGS
691689.8 727336.8
691551.9 727335.2
691391.7 727333.3
691370.9 727171.6
691380 727010
691514.6 727009.3
691650 727010
691653.1 727129
691689.8 727336.8
691687.8 727345.8
691551.9 727348.2
691413.7 727332.3
691382.9 727173.3
691381.1 726989
691506.7 727027.3
691649.7 727009.4
691654.1 727173
691687.8 727345.8
691689.6 727336.6
691551.7 727335
691391.6 727333.1
691370.7 727171.4
691379.9 727010
691514.4 727005.3
691649.6 727009.4
691653 727128.5
691689.6 727336.6

A GRAPH OF OVERLAY
 727400

727300

727200

727100

727000

726900

726800
691200 691300 691400 691500 691600 691700 691800

CONCLUSION
Comparing the above graphs, we concluded that the National Grid co-ordinates of Geodetic GPS and
traverse co-ordinates are more accurate than that of the Handheld GPS co-ordinates, this is because
residuals gives us an idea of how close our measurements are to their most probable value and it can be seen
that the residuals from the Handheld GPS are bigger than those of the Geodetic GPS and the traverse values
therefore even though the field data taken with the handheld GPS receiver requires lesser time to receive and
process data, it provides results that are of lower accuracies as compared to the geodetic (static) GPS and
total station.
Finally, after getting the graphs for the three separate processes, we overlaid the three graphs and
came to a realization that, the graphs of the geodetic GPS and that of the total station were almost
coinciding whilst that of the handheld GPS was slightly shifted. This shows that, the total station and
the geodetic GPS are more accurate as compared to the handheld GPS.