VBG@MYRC EMLVMA VKTNUNJ EMG GB@MUNJ EMYN

ABLMORMG NVUBA UBYCMEMV GB@MYM EMHML
ING@A MN
  ICNGGBAM URG@@
ICNGGBAM URG@@MH
MH NAM

9
 

AMUM VBG@MGUMY

Mhcmleuhnhhmc, sb`mhm puon im`n Mhhmc TPU ymg` tbhmc lbhnlpmcamg rmclmt emg
cnemymc-Gym abpmem abhklpka amln, sbcng``m amln empmt lbgybhbsmnamg tu`ms lbliumt
lmamhmc pbg`mruc emlpma pksntnj emg gb`mtnvb emrn ablmoumg NVUBA tbrcmemp Gb`mrm
emhml ing`amn Icngbam Uug``mh Nam. Amln lbg`udmp imgyma tbrnlm amsnc abpmem sblum

 pncma ymg` tbhmc lblibrnamg imgtumg tbrutmlm abpmem Iu Trn emg sntus wbi ymg` amln
 omenamg mdumg ugtua lbliumt lmamhmc ngn, imna sbdmrm hmg`sug` lmupug tnema hmg`sug`
Amln ou`m lbgymemrn imcwm tu`ms lmamhmc ngn lmsnc imgyma abaurmg`mg imna emrn sb`n
nsn, lmupug emrn sb`n pbguhnsmg. Rgtua ntu amln lbg`cmrmpamg arntnamg emg smrmg ymg`
 ibrsnjmt lblimg`ug ugtua absblpurgmmg tu`ms lmamhmc ngn emg ugtua abhmgdmrmg
lbliumt. Tblk`m lmamhmc ngn empmt ibrlmgjmmt im`n pblimdm. Mlnng.

  @rbsna, 46 Katkibr 96=:

  Vbguhns

9
 

EMJUMY NTN

DKZBY …………………………....................................................... =

AMUM
AMUM VBG@M
VBG@MGU
GUMY
MY ………………
………………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………….
…... 9

EMJUMY
EMJU MY NT
NTNN ……………
……………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……… 4
IMI N VBGEMCRHRMG

= .= Hmtmr
tmr Ibhmamg` ……
………
…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
…………..
….. 5
=.9
=.9 Yulu
Yulusmg
smg Lmsm
Lmsmhm
hmc
c ………………
………………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………….
…... 2
= .4 Uuoumg …………………………………………………………………... 2
=.5
=.5 Lmg
Lmgjmmt
jmmt …………
……………… …………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… 2

IMI NN VBLIMCMTMG

9.= NVUBA
NVUBA (Nhlu
(Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg Ubagkh
Ubagkhk`
k`n)
n) ……………………
………………………………
…………...
... :

9.=.= Vbg`brtnmg
Vbg`brtnmg NVUBA ………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
…. :

9.=
9.=.9 Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img
g`m
`mg
g NVU
NVUBA
BA …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… >

9.=
9.=.4 Tb
Tbom
omrm
rmc
c Vbra
Vbrabblimg
limg`m
`mg
g NVUB
NVUBA
A …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
……... =6

9.=.5 Vb
Vbrmgmg NNV
VUBA Em
Emhml Ab
Abcneupmg Lm
Lmgusnm ……………… =4

9.9 Emlp
Emlpma
ma Gb`mt
Gb`mtnj
nj emg
emg Vksntnj
Vksntnj NVUBA
NVUBA ……………………
………………………………
……………………
………… =:

9.
9.4
4TTkh
khus
usnn V
Vbg
bgdb
db`m
`mcm
cmg
gEEml
mlpm
pma
a emr
emrnn NNVU
VUBA
BA …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
……..
.... 96

IMI NN VBGRURV

4.
4.=
= Tn
Tnlp
lpu
uhm
hmg
g …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…... 99
4.9 Tmrmg ………………………………………………………………….. 99

EMJU
EMJUMY
MY V
VRT
RTUM
UMAM
AM …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…….. 94

9
 

IMI N

VBGEMCRHRMG

=.= Hmt
Hmtmr
mr Ibh
Ibhmam
mamg`
g`

Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg sb
sbom
omrm
rmc
c lmgu
lmgusn
snmm sb
sbhm
hmhu
hu en
enwm
wmrg
rgmn
mn kh
khbc
bc pb
pbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg nhlu
nhlu
 pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n ymg` lbhng`aupngym. Cmh ngn tbgtugym ibrimgeng` hurus
ebg`mg upmym lmgusnm emhml lblbgucn abiutucmg cneupgym sbcmrn-cmrn. Tbomhmg ebg`mg
ntuhmc, tbagkhk`n pug hmcnr sbim`mn smrmgm ugtua lblbgucn abiutucmg.

Mtms emsmr arbmtnjntms

arbmtnjntms mamhgym,
mamhgym, lmgusnm
lmgusnm lbg`blimg`
lbg`blimg`amg
amg NVUBA 
 NVUBA  emhml rmg`am
rmg`am
ugtua
ugtua abiutu
abiutucmg
cmg lmgusn
lmgusnm.
m. Enlmgm
Enlmgm emhml
emhml pbg`bl
pbg`blimg
img`mg
`mg NVUBA
NVUBA cmrus
cmrus enemsmr
enemsmramg
amg
tbrc
tbrcme
memp
mp lkrm
lkrmhh em
emg
g ab
ablm
lmgu
gusn
snmmg
mmg ym
ymg`
g` me
menh
nh em
emg
g ib
ibrm
rmem
emi,
i,m`
m`mr
mr sb
sblu
lumm lmsy
lmsymrm
mrmam
amtt
lbg`bd
lbg`bdml
ml NVUBA
NVUBA sbdmrm
sbdmrm lbrmtm
lbrmtm.. Ib`ntu
Ib`ntu ou`m
ou`m encmrmp
encmrmpamg
amg TEL-gy
TEL-gymm insm
insm hbinc
hbinc imna 
imna 

hm`n,mpmhm`n imgyma abluemcmg ymg` antm empmtamg. Gmlug,ibrimgeng` tbrimhna ebg`mg

rbmhn
rbmhntm
tm ym
ymg`
g` me
memm am
amrb
rbgm
gm sb
sblm
lman
ang
g dm
dmg`
g``n
`nc
c pb
pbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg tbagkhk`n
 tbagkhk`n,tb
,tbhmc
hmc lblium
lbliumtt
lmsymr
lmsymrmam
mamtt lbgome
lbgomenn lmhms
lmhms ymg`
ymg` ensbim
ensbimiam
iamg
g khbc
khbc abluem
abluemcmg
cmg-abl
-abluem
uemcmg
cmg ymg`
ymg` mem
tbrsbiut. Tmhmc smtu dkgtkc pbrablimg`mg NVUBA eninemg` tbhbaklugnamsn enlmgm zmlmg
emcuhu
emcuhu cmgepc
cmgepckgb
kgb ntu smg`mt
smg`mt hmg`am
hmg`am amrbgm
amrbgm cmr`mg
cmr`mgym
ym ymg`
ymg` lmcmh
lmcmh ibribe
ibribemm ebg`mg
ebg`mg
sbamrmg` cmr`m cmgepckgb suemc smg`mt lurmc emg lbgomg`amu hmpnsmg lbgbg`mc ab
 imwmc.
Ensm
Ensmtu
tu sn
snsn
sn tbhm
tbhmc
c tbro
tbrome
menn pbra
pbrabl
blim
img
g`m
`mg
g ym
ymg
g` sm
smg`
g`mt
mt im
imna
na em
emhm
hml
l ms
mspb
pba 
a 
tbhbaklugnamsn, gmlug pbhmasmgmmg pblimg`ugmg NVUBA lmsnc ibhul lbrmtm. Lmsnc

 imgyma lmsymrmamt aurmg` lmlpu ymg` putus cmrmpmggym ugtua lbgempmtamg

 pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n tbrsbiut. Cmh ntu enamrbgmamg tng``ngym inmym pbgenenamg ymg`
cmrus lbrbam tmg``ug`. Lmam emrn ntu, pblbrngtmc pbrhu lbgynampn emg lbgmg``mpn
lmsmhmc-lmsmhmc
lmsmhmc-lmsmhmc tbrsbiut, m`mr pbrmgmg
pbrmgmg NVUBA
NVUBA empmt ibrtuoumg ugtua lbgng`amta
lbgng`amtamg
mg
Tulibr Emym Lmgusnm ymg` mem.
Tbhmng ntu NVUBA ou`m empmt ibremlpma pksntnj emg gb`mtnvb enibrim`mn inemg`
sbpbrtn en inemg` pbgenenamg, bakgkln, skdnmh, iuemym, pkhntna emg ymg` pmhng` utmlm
memhmc eninemg` ngjkrlmsn emg aklugnamsn ymg` smg`mt dbpmt sbamhn ibrablimg`. Mpminhm
antm abtng``mhmg lbg`bgmn ablmoumg NVUBA lmam antm mamg enmg``mp `mptba, amrbgm

enemhml abcneupmg lmgusnm imgyma lbg``ugmamg NVUBA.

9
 

=.9
=.9 Yulu
Yulusm
smg
g Lmsm
Lmsmhm
hmc
c
=. Mpm
Mpm pbg`
pbg`brt
brtnm
nmg
g emrn
emrn NVU
NVUBA
BA ;
9. Im`mnl
Im`mnlmgm
mgm pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg NVUB
NVUBA
A pmem smmt
smmt ngn;
ngn;
4. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm sbomrmc
sbomrmc pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g NVUBA
NVUBA en Ngekgbsnm;
Ngekgbsnm;
5. Mpm pbrmg
pbrmg NVUB
NVUBA
A emhml
emhml abcneu
abcneupmg
pmg Lmgu
Lmgusnm;
snm;
2. Mpmamc
Mpmamc pbrmg NVUBA
NVUBA lblnhnan
lblnhnan emlpma
emlpma pksntnj
pksntnj emg
emg emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnv
gb`mtnvb;
b;
:. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm emlpma
emlpma NVUBA
NVUBA tbrcmem
tbrcmemp
p ibrim`m
ibrim`mnn inemg`;
inemg`;
0. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm skhusn
skhusn ugtua
ugtua lbgmg``
lbgmg``uhmg`
uhmg`nn emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnvb
gb`mtnvb NVUBA;
NVUBA;

=.4 Uuoumg
=. Rgtua
Rgtua lbg`b
lbg`btmc
tmcun
un pbg`br
pbg`brtnm
tnmg
g emrn NVUBA
NVUBA..
9. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun im`mnl
im`mnlmgm
mgm pbrablimg
pbrablimg`mg
`mg NVUBA
NVUBA pmem
pmem smmt ngn.
4. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun sbomrmc pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g NVUBA
NVUBA en
en Ngekgbsnm.
Ngekgbsnm.
5. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun pbrmg NVUBA
NVUBA emhml
emhml abcneup
abcneupmg
mg lmgusnm.
lmgusnm.
2. Rgtua lbg`bt
lbg`btmcun
mcun emlpma
emlpma NVUBA
NVUBA tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp ibrim`mn
ibrim`mn inemg`
inemg` imna
imna ntu emlpma 
emlpma 
gb`mtnvb lmupug emlpma pksntnj.
:. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun im`mnlm
im`mnlmgm
gm skhusn
skhusn m`mr emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnvb
gb`mtnvb empmt
empmt antm
antm db`mc.

=.5 Lmgjmm
jmmt
=. Lbgmlimc
Lbgmlimc wmwmsmg
wmwmsmg emg pbg`btmcum
pbg`btmcumg
g lbg`bgmn
lbg`bgmn NVUBA emhml abcneupmg
abcneupmg
lmgusnm.
9. Empmt
Empmt lbl
lblmcm
mcmln
ln emlpma
emlpma gb`mtn
gb`mtnvb
vb emg emlpma
emlpma pksntn
pksntnjj emrn
emrn pblmgj
pblmgjmmtm
mmtmg
g
NVUBA.
4. Empmt
Empmt lbgdmrn
lbgdmrn skhusn
skhusn emrn
emrn pbrlms
pbrlmsmhm
mhmcmg
cmg ymg`
ymg` tbromen
tbromen manimt
manimt pblmgj
pblmgjmmtm
mmtmg
g
NVUBA ymg` ibrhbincmg emg ymg` lbg`mrmc ab gb`mtnvb.

9
 

IMI NN

VBLIMCMTMG

9.= NVUBA (Nhlu Vbg`btmcumg emg Ubagkhk`n)

9.=.
9.=.=
= Vb
Vbg`
g`br
brtn
tnmg
mg NV
NVUB
UBA 
A 

NVUBA
NVUBA memhmc
memhmc markg
markgnl
nl emrn
emrn Nhlu
Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg Ubagkh
Ubagkhk`n
k`n,, enlmgm
enlmgm emrn
emrn
markgnl
markgnl tbrsbiut
tbrsbiut lblpugymn
lblpugymn mrtngym
mrtngym sbgenrn,
sbgenrn, imna Nhlu, Vbg`btmcum
Vbg`btmcumg,
g, lmupug
lmupug
Ubagkhk`n
Ubagkhk`n.. Nhlu empmthm
empmthmc
c enpmgemg`
enpmgemg` sbim`mn
sbim`mn prkeua,
prkeua, sbim`mn
sbim`mn prksbs, emg sbim`mn
sbim`mn
b`mtnvb btnam.

 Nh
Nhlu
lu enpm
enpmge
gemg
mg`
` sbim
sbim`m
`mnn prks
prksbs
bs am
amrbg
rbgmm nhlu
nhlu lbru
lbrupm
pmam
amg
g cm
cmsn
snhh em
emrn
rn
ab`nmtmg b`mtn, ymg` ibrusmcm lblmcmln mhml, lmgusnm emg pbrnhmauagym
pbrnhmauagym
 imna sbdmrm ngenvneu mtmu abhklpka.
 Nhlu sbim`mn prkeua  mrtngym
  mrtngym nhlu enpbrkhbc emrn cmsnh lbtkeb abnhlumg
ymg` enmaun sbdmrm ulul emg snjmtgym ymg` ugnvbrsmh. Khbc amrbgm ntu nhlu
empmt enuon abibgmrmggym, sbcng``m tnema lustmcnh sumtu tbkrn ymg` suemc
lmpmg sumtu smmt empmt entulimg`amg khbc tbkrn hmng.
 Nhl
Nhlu
u sbim`
sbim`mn nhlu, amrbgm
mn nhlu amrbgm nhlu
nhlu sbhmng
sbhmng ugnvbr
ugnvbrsmh,
smh, ak
aklug
lugmh,
mh, ou`m
ou`m mhmt
mhmt
lbymangamg sbamhn`us tnema ib`ntu smom luemc lbgbrnlm abibgmrmg.

Nstnhmc nhlu ymg`
ymg` enablu
enabluama
amamg
mg en mtms
mtms ibribe
ibribemm ebg`mg
ebg`mg nstnhmc
nstnhmc pbg`bt
pbg`btmcu
mcumg.
mg. Nhlu
Nhlu
enpb
enpbrk
rkhb
hbc
c lbhm
lbhmhu
hunn ab
ab`n
`nmt
mtmg
mg lbtk
lbtkeb
eb nhln
nhlnmc
mc mt
mtmu
mu bp
bpns
nstb
tblk
lkhk
hk`y
`y.. Om
Omen
en,, bp
bpns
nstbl
tblkh
khk`
k`y
y
lbru
lbrupm
pmam
amg
g pbli
pblimc
mcms
msmg
mg im`m
im`mnl
nlmg
mgmm lbge
lbgemp
mpmt
mtam
amg
g pb
pbg`
g`bt
btmc
mcum
umg.
g. Bpns
Bpnstb
tblk
lkhk
hk`n
`n
nhlu tbrdbrlng emhml ab`nmtmg lbtkeb nhlnmc. Tbemg`amg pbg`btmcumg memhmc pnanrmg
mtmu pblmcmlmg en humr mtmu tmgpm ab`nmtmg lbtkeb nhlnmc, snjmtgym empmt ek`lmtns,
 imgyma spbauhmsn emg tnema ibrpnoma pmem abgymtmmg blpnrns. Tulibr pbg`btmcumg empmt
 ibrupm cmsnh pbg`mhmlmg ibremsmramg
ibrems mramg mamh sbcmt (dkllkg sbgsb) ymg` ensbrtmn lbgdkim-
dkim,
dkim, ngtuns
ngtunsnn (pbg`b
(pbg`btmc
tmcumg
umg ymg`
ymg` enpbrk
enpbrkhbc
hbc tmgpm
tmgpm pbgmhm
pbgmhmrmg
rmg)) emg wmcyu
wmcyu (lbrup
(lbrupmam
mamg
g
 pbg`btmcumg ymg` enibrnamg Uucmg
Uucmg abpmem pmrm gmin mtmu utusmg-Gym).

9
 

Mempug ibibrmpm ebjngnsn nhlu lbgurut pmrm mchn sbpbrtn ymg` enautnp khbc Imactnmr tmcug
9662 enmgtmrmgym memhmc ?

m. Lkcmlme Cmttm, lbgebjngnsnamg nhlu memhmc pbg`btmcumg ymg` tbrmtur tbgtmg`

 pbabrommg amusmh emhml sumtu `khkg`mg lmsmhmc ymg` smlm tminmtgym, lmupug
lbguru
lbg urutt abeueu
abeueuamg
amggym
gym tmlpma
tmlpma emrn
emrn humr,
humr, lmupug
lmupug lbguru
lbgurutt img`ug
img`ugmgg
mggym
ym emrn
emrn
emhml.
 i. Ymhpc Ykss emg Brgbst Zmg Ebg Cmm`, lbg`mtmamg nhlu memhmc ymg` blpnrns,
rmsnkgmh, ulul emg snstblmtna, tblpmtgym sbrbgtma.
d. Am
Amrh
rh Vbmr
Vbmrsk
skgg, lbg
lbg`mtm
`mtma
amg nhl
nhlu mememh
mhmc
mc hu
huan
ansm
smg
g mt
mtmu
mu ababtb
tbrm
rmg
g`mg ymgmg`
`
aklprb
akl prbcbg
cbgsnj
snj emg akgsnst
akgsnstbg
bg tbgtmg
tbgtmg`` jmatm
jmatm pbg`mh
pbg`mhmlm
mlmg
g ebg`mg
ebg`mg nstnhmc
nstnhmc ymg`
ymg`
sbebrcmgm.
e. Mschby Lkgtm`u, lbgynlpuhamg imcwm nhlu memhmc pbg`btmcumg ymg` ensusug
emhml smtu susugmg ymg` ibrmsmh emrn pbg`mlmtmg, stuen emg pbrdkimmg ugtua 
lbgbgtuamg cmanamt prngsnp tbgtmg` cmh ymg` sbemg` enamon.

^mg`
^mg` enlm
enlmas
asue
ue eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg mtmu
mtmu pb
pbg`
g`brt
brtnm
nmg
g tb
tbgt
gtmg
mg`
` nhlu
nhlu pb
pbg`
g`bt
btmc
mcum
umg
g me
memh
mhmc
mc
 pbg`btmcumg ymg` enemsmramg mtms jmatm-jmatm en lmgm pbg`uonmg abibgmrmggym enmtur 
lbgurut
lbgurut sumtu tng`amc hmau. Amlus Ibsmr Imcmsm Ngekgbsnm lbgymtmamg
lbgymtmamg imcwm nhlu
 pbg`btmcumg memhmc pbg`btmcumg tbgtmg` sumtu inemg` ymg` ensusug sbdmrm ibrsnstbl
lbgurut lbtkeb tbrtbgtu, ymg` empmt en`ugmamg ugtua lbgbrmg`amg `bomhm-`bomhm tbrtbgtu.

Nhlu pbg`btmcumg lbgurut Ckrtkg, V, I., emg Dcbstbr H, C lbrupmamg upmym

 pbgdmrnmg pbg`btmcumg ymg` empmt enuon emg enmgemhamg, ymg` enhmauamg sbdmrm snstblmtns
lbgurut tmcmp-tmcmp ymg` tbrmtur emg ibremsmramg prngsnp-prngsnp sbrtm prksbeur tbrtbgtu
sbemg`amg tbakgkhk`n memhmc pbgbrmpmg pbgblumg-pbgblumg nhlnmc ugtua lblbdmcamg
lmsmhmc-lmsmhmc prmatns.

Ubagkhk`n, tbagkhk`n lbrupmamg ibrmsmh emrn imcmsm ^ugmgn, ymntu tbagb

tbagb,, ymg`
 ibrmrn pbabrommg, emg hk`ks
hk`ks,, ibrmrt
ibrmrtnn sumtu
sumtu stuen
stuen pbrmhmt
pbrmhmtmg,
mg, prksbe
prksbeur
ur emg lbtkeb
lbtkeb ymg`
ymg`
en`ugmamg pmem ibrim`mn dmimg`. Ibrnaut ngn ebjngnsn tbagkhk`n lbgurut pmrm mchn?

m. Lbgurut Vrmyntgk  emhml

emhml Nhyms
Nhyms (966=)
(966=),, tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n memhmc
memhmc sbhuru
sbhuruc
c pbrmg`
pbrmg`amt
amt neb,
neb,
lbtkeb, tbagna ibgem-ibgem lmtbrnmh ymg` en`ugmamg emhml wmatu emg tblpmt
tbrtbgtu lmupug ugtua lblbgucn abiutucmg lmgusnm
 i. Lbgurut Lmrenamgtk  (=>>4), tbagkhk`n memhmc sumtu pbrnhmau prkeua, ngjkrlmsn

emg prmatba-prmatba imru ymg` ibhul imgyma enabtmcun, entbrnlm emg en`ugmamg

9
 

mtmu entbrmpamg khbc sbim`nmg wmr`m lmsymrmamt emhml sumtu hkamsn tbrtbgtu emhml
rmg`a
rmg`amm lbge
lbgekr
krkg
kg`
` tbro
tbrome
meng
ngym
ym pb
pbru
ruim
imcm
cmg
g ng
ngen
envn
vneu
eu em
emg
g mt
mtmu
mu sbhur
sbhuruc
uc wmr`
wmr`mm
lmsymrmamt ymg` ibrsmg`autmg.
d. Lbgurut Omqubs Bhhuh mrtn
Omqubs mrtn tbagkh
tbagkhk`
k`nn sbim`m
sbim`mnn “absbhu
“absbhuruc
rucmg
mg lbtkeb
lbtkeb ymg`
ymg` sbdmrm
sbdmrm
rmsnkgmh lbg`mrmc emg lblnhnan bjnsnbgsn emhml sbtnmp inemg` ab`nmtmg lmgusnm“.

e. Lbgurut Nsamgemr Mhnsymcimgm, tbagkh

tbagkhk`n
k`n tbhmc
tbhmc enabgm
enabgmhh lmgusn
lmgusnmm sboma
sboma outmmg
outmmg
tmcug ymg` hmhu amrbgm ekrkg`mg ugtua cneup ymg` hbinc gymlmg, hbinc lmalur 
emg hbinc sbomctbrm. Omen sboma mwmh pbrmemimg sbibgmrgym tbhmc mem tbagkhk`n,
lbsanp
lbsanpug
ug nst
nstnhmc
nhmc ‘tbagkh
‘tbagkhk`n
k`n ibhul
ibhul en`ugm
en`ugmamg
amg.. Vbg`br
Vbg`brtnm
tnmg
g tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n sbgenr
sbgenrnn
lbgurutgy
lbgurutgymm memhmc dmrm lbhmauamg
lbhmauamg sbsumtu ugtua lblbgucn abiutucmg
abiutucmg lmgusnm
lmgusnm
ebg`mg imgtumg mamh emg mhmt, sbcng``m sbmamg-mamg lblpbrpmgomg`, lblpbraumt
mtmu lbliumt hbinc mlpuc mg``ktm tuiuc, pmgdmngerm emg ktma lmgusnm.

Vbg`brtnmg tbagkhk`n sbdmrm ulul memhmc?

 Vrksbs ymg` lbgng`amtamg gnhmn tmlimc

 Vrkeu
Vrkeua
a ymg` en`ugmamg
en`ugmamg emg encmsnhamg
encmsnhamg ugtua lbluemcamg
lbluemcamg emg lbgng`amtam
lbgng`amtamg
g
angbrom
 Ttruatur en lmgm prksbs emg prkeua ntu enablimlg`amg emg en`ugmamg.

Absnlpuhmgg
Absnlpuhmggym,
ym, nhlu pbg`btmcum
pbg`btmcumg
g lblpugymn
lblpugymn tbkrn-tbkrn
tbkrn-tbkrn mtmu rulus-rulu
rulus-ruluss ymg`
tbtmp, emg tbagkhk`n lbrupmamg prmatba mtmu nhlu tbrmpmg emrn tbkrn-tbkrn ymg` ibrmsmh emrn
nhlu pbg`btmcumg. Omen nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n lblpugymn smhng` lblpugymn
cuiug`mg.

NVUBA memhmc sng`amtmg emrn –nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n, ymntu sumtu sulibr 
ngjkrlmsn ymg` empmt lbgng`amtamg pbg`btmcumg mtmupug wmwmsmg sbsbkrmg` eninemg`
tbagkhk`n. Empmt ou`m enamtmamg, ebjngnsn NVUBA nmhmc lbrupmamg sb`mhm sbsumtu ymg`
 ibrcuiug`mg ebg`mg tbagkhk`n, imna ntu pbgblumg ymg` tbrimru ymg` ibrsmg`autmg
ebg`mg tbagkhk`n mtmupug pbrablimg`mg eninemg` tbagkhk`n ntu sbgenrn.

9
 

9.=.
9.=.9
9 Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg NV
NVUB
UBA 
A 

Vbrablimg`mg eugnm nptba ymg` eblnanmg pbsmtgym tbhmc lblimwm lmgjmmt humr 
 inmsm im`n ablmoumg pbrmemimg ulmt lmgusnm. Obgns-obgns pbabrommg ymg` sbibhulgym
lbgugtut ablmlpumg jnsna duaup ibsmr, angn rbhmtnj suemc insm en`mgtnamg khbc pbrmg`amt
lbsng-lbsng ktklmtns. Tnstbl abrom rkiktns tbhmc lbg`mhncjug`snamg tbgm`m ktkt lmgusnm
eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg pb
pbli
libs
bsmrm
mrmg
g em
emg
g pb
pbrdb
rdbpm
pmtmg
tmg ym
ymg`
g` lbgm
lbgmao
aoui
uiam
amg.
g.Ib`
Ib`nt
ntup
upug
ug eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg tb
tbhmc
hmc
entbluamggym jkrluhmsn-jkrluhmsn imru mgbam ampmsntms aklputbr, sbkhmc suemc lmlpu
lbg``bsbr pksnsn ablmlpumg ktma lmgusnm emhml ibrim`mn inemg` nhlu emg matnvntms
lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Yng`ams
Yng`ams amtm, ablmoumg
ablmoumg nptba ymg` tbhmc antm dmpmn sbamrmg` ibgmr-ibgmr
ibgmr-ibgmr tbhmc
enmaun emg enrmsmamg lblibrnamg imgyma abluemcmg emg abgymlmgmg im`n abcneupmg
ulmt lmgusnm.

Im`n lmsymrmamt sbamrmg`, nptba suemc lbrupmamg sumtu rbhn`nkg. Vbg`blimg`mg

nptba
nptba enmg``
enmg``mp
mp sbim`mn
sbim`mn skhusn
skhusn emrn
emrn pbrlms
pbrlmsmhm
mhmcmg
cmg ymg`
ymg` mem.
mem. Tblbgt
Tblbgtmrm
mrm krmg`
krmg` imcamg
imcamg

lbluom nptba
lbluom nptba sbim`m
sbim`mnn hnibrmt
hnibrmtkr
kr ymg`
ymg` mamg
mamg lblibi
lblibimsam
msamg
g lbrbam
lbrbam emrn
emrn aug`au
aug`aug`
g`mg
mg
abjmgmmg
abjmgmmg eugnm.
eugnm. Nptba enymangn
enymangn mamg lblibrn ulmt lmgusnm absbcmtmg, abimcm`nmmg
abimcm`nmmg emg
nlkrtmhntms.
nlkrtmhntms. Tulimg`mg nptba tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp pbrmemimg
pbrmemimg emg absbomctbrmmg lmgusnm tnemahmc
tnemahmc
empmt enpug`anrn. Gmlug lmgusnm tnema insm puhm lbgnpu enrn mamg abgymtmmg imcwm nptba 
lbgemtmg`a
lbgemtmg`amg
mg lmhmpbtmam
lmhmpbtmam emg absbg`smrmmg im`n lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Emhml pbrmemimg lkebrg
ymg`
ymg` luem,
luem, tbrhmh
tbrhmhu
u sbrng`
sbrng` lmgusn
lmgusnmm tbrcbgy
tbrcbgyma
ma khbc
khbc ensnhu
ensnhusn
sn emrn
emrn emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnj
gb`mtnj nptba 
nptba 
tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp abcneupmg
abcneupmg ulmt lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Amhmupug
Amhmupug nptba lmlpu lbg`ug`amp
lbg`ug`amp sblum tminr 
rmcmsnm mhml emg abcneupmg, tnema ibrmrtn nptba sngkgnl ebg`mg abibgmrmg. Tbimi nptba 
cmgym lmlpu lbgmlpnhamg abgymtmmg. Abibgmrmg ymg` lmgusnmwn cmrushmc hbinc emrn

sbab
sbabem
emrr abgy
abgymt
mtmm
mmg
g kiyb
kiybat
atnj
nj.. Abib
Abibgm
gmrm
rmg
g cmru
cmruss lb
lbgd
gdma
maup
up pupuhm
hm ug
ugsu
surr ab
abme
menh
nhmg
mg..
Vbrablimg`mg NVUBA ymg` ib`ntu pbsmt lblpugymn pbg`mruc hmg`sug` pmem abcneupmg
lmgusnm. Vbg`mruc ymg` entnliuhamg ibribem-ibem tbtmpn sbdmrm ulul pbrablimg`mg ntu
 ibrpbg`mruc pmem blpmt inemg`, ymntu?
ymntu?

m. Vbg`mr
Vbg`mrucuc ab inemg`
inemg` ngtbhbat
ngtbhbatumh
umh ymg` lbgng`
lbgng``mh
`mhamg
amg abinmsmm
abinmsmmg
g mtmu
mtmu abpbrdm
abpbrdmymm
ymmg
g
trmensnkgmh ebg`mg lbg`mlinh abinmsmmg-abinmsmmg imru.
 i. Vbg`mruc pmem inemg` ngeustrn
ngeustrn emg ablmlpumg en lbemg pbrmg`.
d. Vbg`mr
Vbg`mrucuc ymg` enimwma
enimwmamgg
mggym
ym pmem kr`mgnsms
kr`mgnsmsnn skdnmh
skdnmh hmlimt
hmlimt hmug
hmug lbrmlimt
lbrmlimt pmem
pmem
abcneupmg pkhntna.
e. Vbruimcmg
Vbruimcmg lmupug
lmupug ibgturm
ibgturmgg tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp tmtm hng`a
hng`aug`mg
ug`mg..

9
 

Cmh ngn sbdmrm hmg`sug` lbgymg`aut sbgen-sbgen abcneupmg lmgusnm emg hmlimt
hmug tbhmc lbgomen abtbrhnimtmg ibrsmlm, ymg` pmem macnrgym mamg lbgbgtuamg cneup
lmtngym lmgusnm en iuln.
Cuiug`mg mgtmrm nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n lbg`mhmln sumtu pbrablimg`mg
emrn zmlmg ab zmlmg sbrtm lbhmhun imgyma tmcmpmg. Emhml lbgdmpmn abeueuamggym ymg`

sbamrmg`, NVM emg tbagkhk`n

sbamrmg`, tbagkhk`n tbhmc lbg`mhmln pbrablimg`mg
pbrablimg`mg lmsng`-lmsng`
lmsng`-lmsng` ymg` tnema 
sbhmhu ibromhmg ebg`mg hmou emg nrmlm ymg` smlm.
  Emhml tmcmpmg
tmcmpmg ngn pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g tbagkhk`
tbagkhk`nn tnema
tnema tbr`mgtug
tbr`mgtug`
` pmem NVM mtmu smngs.
smngs.
Vbrablimg`m
Vbrablimg`mg
g tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n pmem tmcmpmg
tmcmpmg ngn lbgdmaup
lbgdmaup inemg`
inemg` pbrtmgnmg,
pbrtmgnmg, sbgn lbamgna 
lbamgna 
(ngsngyur) emg inemg` abekatbrmg.
Ebg`mg
Ebg`mg lbgng`amtg
lbgng`amtgym
ym abiutucmg
abiutucmg sbsumn ebg`mg
ebg`mg pbgng`amtm
pbgng`amtmg
g oulhmc
oulhmc pbgeueua 
pbgeueua 
emg pbrmemimg, lmam tnliuh puhm pbgng`amtmg `m`msmg ugtua lbgdmrn dmrm-dmrm ymg` mamg
lblimgtu
lblimgtu lmgusnm ugtua lbgdmpmn
lbgdmpmn cmsnh ymg` hbinc lmasnlmh.
lmasnlmh. Ubriuamhmc
Ubriuamhmc tmcmp abeum
ymg`
ymg` ibrhmg
ibrhmg`su
`sug`
g` sbsuemc
sbsuemc tbrome
tbromengy
ngymm rbvkhu
rbvkhusn
sn ngeust
ngeustry
ry smlpmn
smlpmn pbrlu
pbrluhmmg
hmmg mime
mime 96.

Vbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n tmcmp ngn lbhnputn pbrlbsngmg, akgstruasn, emg tbagna hnstrna ymg`
entugo
entugomg`
mg` khbc
khbc pbg`bt
pbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg tbgtmg
tbgtmg`
` lbamgn
lbamgnam,
am, tcbrlk
tcbrlkeng
engmln
mlnam,
am, hnstrna
hnstrna,, emg lm`gbt
lm`gbt..
Emhml tmcmp ngn smngs lbgemcuhun pblmamnmg tbagkhk`n. Enpbrhuamg nhlu pbg`btmcumg
ugtua entbrmpamg ab tbagkhk`n.
Vmemm tmcmp
Vme tmcmp abtn`m
abtn`m ymg`
ymg` lbrupm
lbrupmamg
amg tmcmp
tmcmp tbagkh
tbagkhk`
k`nn lkebrg
lkebrg,, pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg
tbag
tbagkh
khk`
k`nn entm
entmge
gemn
mn khbc
khbc ak
akgs
gsbp
bp-a
-akg
kgsbp
sbp smngs
smngs em
emg
g en
enem
emcu
cuhu
hunn kh
khbc
bc pb
pbra
ranrm
nrmmg
mg ym
ymg`
g`
enrmlmhamg ebg`mg lbg``ugmamg cuaul NVM. Emhml tmcmp tn`m ngn, NVM emg tbagkhk`n
 ibrablimg` ibrsmlm-smlm emg smhng` tbramnt. Umcmp ngn memhmc tmcmp ymg` pmhng`
 prkeuatnj ebg`mg cmsnh lbhnputn sb`mhm inemg`. Vbgblumg-pbgblumg emg tbagkhk`n imru

ymg` sbluhm
ymg` sbluhm entuou
entuouamg
amg ugtua
ugtua lblpbr
lblpbrkhb
khbc
c abug``
abug``uhm
uhmgg en inemg`
inemg` lnhntb
lnhntbrr emg pkhntn
pkhntna,
a,
lbg`cmsnhamg dmimg` tbagkhk`n ymg` hbinc ibrlmgjmmt im`n ablmoumg emg absbomctbrmmg
lmgusnm.

9.=.
9.=.4
4 Tbom
Tbomrm
rmc
c Vbr
Vbrab
abli
limg
mg`m
`mg
g NVU
NVUBA 
BA 

Nhlu pbg`btmcumg
pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n ymg` enpbhkpkrn
enpbhkpkrn img`sm Imrmt
Imrmt pmem lmsm akhkgnmh
akhkgnmh Ibhmg
Ibhmgem
em
tblymt
tblymtmm ibhul
ibhul lmlpu
lmlpu lbgekr
lbgekrkg`
kg` tbr
tbrome
omengy
ngymm rbvkhu
rbvkhusn
sn Nhl
Nhlu
u pbg
pbg`bt
`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n en
Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm Vmem
Vmem lbsm
lbsm Vbgeue
Vbgeueuam
uamg
g Obpmg`
Obpmg` sblpmt
sblpmt enpbra
enpbrabgm
bgmham
hamg
g ibibrm
ibibrmpm
pm tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n imru,
imru,

acususgym emhml inemg` pbrtmgnmg Mabg tbtmpn, tmrgymtm cmh tbrsbiut tnema imgyma ibrpbg`mruc

9
 

tbrcmemp lmsymrmamt pmem lmsm ntu. Vbgbrmpmg tbagkhk`n lkebl en emhml lmsymrmamt cmgym
tbrpusmt pmem inemg` tbrtbgtu emg sbim`nmg ibsmr enaumsmn khbc pbg`usmcm msng` Vmem lmsm ntu,
Ngekgbsnm lmsnc tbrtng``mh omuc enimgeng`amg ebg`mg gb`mrm-gb`mrm Imrmt emhml pbrablimg`mg
nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n. Cmh tbrsbiut en mgtmrmgym ensbimiamg khbc jmatkr-jmatkr sbim`mn
 ibrnaut.

 Ubrimtmsgym oulhmc pbgeueua Ngekgbsnm ymg` lbgempmt pbgenenamg.

 Ubr
Ubrimt
imtmsg
msgym
ym oulhmc
oulhmc krmg`
krmg` Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm ymg`
ymg` tbr
tbrhnim
hnimtt hmg
hmg`su
`sug`
g` emhml
emhml pbg`bl
pbg`blimg
img`mg
`mg nhlu
nhlu
 pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n.
tbagkhk`n.

 Unema memgym abng`ngmg imna emrn pbg`umsm akhkgnmh Ibhmgem lmupug pbg`umsm swmstm msng`
emhml lbhmauamg mhnc tbagkhk`n im`n pbgeueua prniuln.

 Unema tb`mengym ngeustrnmhnsmsn.

 Unema tbrmengym ngkvmsn tbagkhk`n ymg` ibrmrtn emhml lmsymrmamt Ngekgbsnm sbgenrn.

Tbtb
Tbtbhm
hmc
c ib
ibrm
rmac
acnl
nlym
ym lmsm
lmsm ak
akhkg
hkgnm
nmhh Ibhmg
Ibhmgem
em,, Ngek
Ngekgb
gbsnm
snm pu
pug
g luhm
luhmnn lb
lbrn
rngt
gtns
ns us
usmc
mcmm

 pbg`blimg`mg nptba sbdmrm ibrtmcmp. Hblim`m pbgenenamg emg pusmt pbgbhntnmg wmrnsmg akhkgnmh
Ibhmgem pug lbgomen lkemh ibsmr ymg` empmt enlmgjmmtamg khbc Ngekgbsnm, en mgtmrmgym sbim`mn
 ibrnaut.
 Ubdcrusdcb Ck`b Tdckkh (UCT — angn NUI) mtmu Tbakhmc Ung``n Ubagna en Imgeug`.

 Hmgeikuw Ck`b Tdckkh mtmu Tbakhmc Ung``n Vbrtmgnmg en Ik`kr.

 Ybdcts Ck`b Tdckkh (YCT) mtmu Tbakhmc Ung``n Cuaul en Omamrtm.

 @bgbbsaugen`b Ck`b Tdckkh (@CT) mtmu Tbakhmc Ung``n Abekatbrmg en Omamrtm.

 Ngstntut Boalmg en Omamrtm, emg

 Kisbrvmtkrnul Iksdcm en Hblimg`, Omwm Imrmt

Vmem mwmh tmcug =>06-mg, pbrablimg`mg Nptba luhmn lbgugouaamg ablmoumg. Ngenamtkr ablmoumg

entbgtuamg khbc jmatkr-jmatkr?

 Vbrablimg`mg bakgkln,

 Vbrhumsmg absblpmtmg pbgenenamg,

 Ngeustrnmhnsmsn

 Lkebrgnsmsn pbrtmgnmg

 Vbruimcmg sksnmn iuemym

Vbrabl
Vbrablimg
img`mg
`mg npt
nptba
ba en Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm sbgenrn
sbgenrn tne
tnema
ma tbr
tbrhbp
hbpms
ms emrn
emrn pbrmg
pbrmg emg abinom
abinomamg
amg
 pblbrngtmc. Vblbrngtmc lblibgtua Lmobhns Nhlu Vbg`btmcumg Ngekgbsnm (LNVN) pmem tmg``mh 3
Lmrbt =>2:. Vmem tmg``mh : Lmrmt =3:9. enibgtua Ebpmrtblbg Rrusmg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh (Eurbgms).

Ebg`mg ibrenrngym Eurbgms, lmam LNVN lmsua emhml hblim`m ngn sbim`mn imemg rnsbt acusus.
Eurbgms
Eurbgms abluenmg
abluenmg ibr`mgtn
ibr`mgtn gmlm lbgomen
lbgomen Ebpmrtblmg
Ebpmrtblmg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh
Gmsnkgmh (EYG)
(EYG) pmem tmcug =>:4.

9
 

Imemg ngn ibrtu`ms lbrulusamg, lbg`mlmtn, lbg`mrmcamg, emg lbg`bgemhnamg ab`nmtmg rnsbt emg
tbagkhk`n en Ngekgbsnm.

Vmemm tmg``m
Vme tmg``mhh 94 M`ustus
M`ustus =>:0,
=>:0, pblbrn
pblbrngtm
gtmc
c lbgenr
lbgenrnam
namg
g Hblim`
Hblim`mm Nhlu
Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg
Ngekgbsnm (HNVN) smim`mn jusn emg Ebpmrtblbg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh emg LNVN. Mempug jug`sn ymg`
enblimg HNVN memnmc smim`mn ibrnaut.
Lblibr
Lblibrnn gmsbcm
gmsbcmtt abpme
abpmemm pnlpng
pnlpngmg
mg pblbrn
pblbrngtm
gtmcmg
cmg emhml
emhml cmh pbr
pbrulu
ulusmg
smg emg
 pbgyusugmg abinomamg gmsnkgmh emhml nhlu pbg`btmcumg ymg` lbrupmamg im`nmg
emrn abinomasmgmmg gmsnkgmh sbdmrm absbhurucmg.
Lblinling`
Lblinling` mpmrmtur-m
mpmrmtur-mpmrmt
pmrmtur
ur pbgbhntnmg
pbgbhntnmg nhlnmc emg pbg`blimg`
pbg`blimg`mg
mg tbagk
tbagkhk`n
hk`n
ymg` mem.
Lblingm tbgm`m-tbgm`m pbgbhntnmg m`mr lblpugymn rmsm absmemrmg emg tmg``ug`
 omwmi ymg` tng``n ugtua lblug`angamg
lblug`angamg pbrablimg`mg ymg` pbsmt en Ngekgbsnm.
Lbgmgml, lblupua, lbg`blimg`amg, emg lblingm absmemrmg nhlnmc rmaymt
Ngekgbsnm.
Lbgybhbg``m
Lbgybhbg``mrmamg
rmamg cuiug`mg emg abrom smlm ebg`mg
ebg`mg imemg ngtbrgmsnkgmh
ngtbrgmsnkgmh emg
 imemg nhlnmc gb`brm hmng sbsumn ebg`mg pbrmturmg
pbrmturmg ymg` ibrhmau.

HNVN lblnhnan ibibrmpm hblim`m sbim`mn rbmhnsmsn emrn jug`sn pblcngmmg tbgm`m-tbgm`m
 pbgbhntnmg ymg` entuouamg ugtua lbg`blimg`amg pktbgsn nptba en Ngekgbsnm. Hblim`m-hblim`m
tbrsbiut mgtmrm hmng sbim`mn ibrnaut.
Hblim`m Inkhk`n Gmsnkgmh (HIG)
Hblim`m @bkhk`n emg Vmrtmlimg`mg Gmsnkgmh (H@VG)
Hblim`m Lbtmhur`n Gmsnkgmh (HLG)
Hblim`m Ksbmgkhk`n Gmsnkgmh (HKG)

Hblim`m Jnsnam Gmsnkgmh (HJG)

Imemg Ubgm`m Mtkl Gmsnkgmh (IMUMG)
Hblim`m Vbgbrimg`mg emg Mgtmrnasm Gmsnkgmh (Hmpmg)
Imemg Akkrengmsn Turvby emg Vblbtmmg Gmsnkgmh (Imaksurtmgmh)
Imemg Vbg`amonmg emg Vbgbrmpmg Ubagkhk`n (IVVU)
Vusmt Vbgbhntnmg, nhlu Vbg`btmcumg, emg Ubagkhk`n (Vuspntba)
Vbgenrnmg hblim`m-hblim`m tbrsbiut lbrupmamg wuoue gymtm pblbrngtmc ugtua 
lblpbraumt usmcm pbg`blimg`mg nptba en Ngekgbsnm. Vbg`blimg`mg Nptba en Ngekgbsnm
 ou`m ensbsumnamg ebg`mg pblimg`ugmg inemg` pbrtmgnmg, ngeustrn, emg pbrtmlimg`mg.
 Gmlug, pbg`blimg`mg nptba ngn tnema tbrhbpms emrn abcmrusmg lblpbrcmtnamg abhbstmrnmg
su
suli
libr
br em
emym
ym mhml
mhml,, em
emg
g hng`
hng`au
aug`
g`mg
mg cneu
cneup
p sb
sbrtm
rtm pb
pbgn
gng`
g`am
amtm
tmg
g tm
tmrm
rmjj cn
cneu
eup
p rm
rmay
aymt
mt en

9
 

 pbebsmmg. Ibramntmg ebg`mg cmh tbrsbiut, prnkrntms rnsbt emg tbagkhk`n lbhnputn inemg`-
 inemg` sbim`mn ibrnaut.
 Inemg` abiutucmg emsmr lmgusnm ymg` lbgugomg` usmcm pbgng`amtmg emym lmlpu

jnsna
jnsna emg lbgtmh
lbgtmh lmgusn
lmgusnmm Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm lbhmhun
lbhmhun usmcm
usmcm pblbgu
pblbgucmg
cmg abiutu
abiutucmg
cmg emsmr.
emsmr.
Vbgbhntnmg enjkausamg pmem lmsmhmc pmg`mg emg absbcmtmg.

 In
Inem
emg`
g` suli
sulibr
br mhml
mhml em
emg
g bg
bgbr
br`n
`n ym
ymg`
g` lbgu
lbgugo
gomg
mg`
` pb
pblm
lmgj
gjmmt
mmtmg
mg,, pb
pblb
lbhn
hncm
cmrm
rmmg
mg,,
 pbg``ugmmg sulibr mhml, emg bgbr`n ugtua pblimg`ugmg gmsnkgmh. Tblum ngn
enwuou
enwuoueam
eamg
g lbhmhu
lbhmhunn pbgbhn
pbgbhntnmg
tnmg tbrcmem
tbrcmemp
p lmsmhmc
lmsmhmc sulibr
sulibr mhml cmymtn
cmymtn,, gnrcmy
gnrcmymtn
mtn,,
lngbrmh, bgbr`n akgvbgsnkgmh emg gkg-akgvbgshkgmh, sbrtm lmsmhmc ibgdmgm mhml.
 Inemg` ngeustrn ugtua lbgng`amtamg ablmlpumg gmsnkgmh. Vbgbhntnmg enjkausamg pmem

ablug`angmg pbg`khmcmg imcmg imau lbgomen imcmg omen.

 Ine
Inemg`
mg` pbrtmc
pbrtmcmgm
mgmg
g emg abmlmg
abmlmgmg
mg ymg`
ymg` lbgug
lbgugomg
omg`
` ablmlp
ablmlpumg
umg pbrtmc
pbrtmcmgm
mgmg
g emg
abmlmgmg gmsnkgmh. Vbgbhntnmg enjkausamg pmem pbgng`amtmg abtmcmgmg img`sm ugtua 
lmsm angn, emym tmg`amh ebwmsm ngn, emg lmsm lbgemtmg`.

 Ine
Inemg`
mg` sksnmh
sksnmh,, bakgkl
bakgkln,
n, jnhsmjmt
jnhsmjmt,, iuemy
iuemym,
m, cuaul
cuaul emg pbruge
pbrugemg`
mg`-ug
-ugemg
emg`mg
`mg ymg`
ymg`
 ibrusmcm lbgugomg` pblimg`ugmg gmsnkgmh en inemg`-inemg` tbrsbiut. Ibrim`mn
 pbgbhntnmg cmrus endurmcamg pmem stuen emg emlpma tbagkhk`n emhml prksbs
 pblimg`ugmg.

9.=.5
9.=.5 Vbrmgm
Vbrmgmg
g NVUB
NVUBA
A Emhml
Emhml Abcneu
Abcneupmg
pmg Lmgusn
Lmgusnmm

Nhlu pbg`btmcumg (sdnbgdb) memhmc sumtu kioba, nhlnmc ymg` lblnhnan sbabhklpka 
 prngsnp, emhnh, rulus ymg` lbhmhun pbrdkimmg ymg` snstblbtns
snstblbt ns enhmauamg ibruhmg` amhntbhmc
tbruon abibgmrmggym, prngsnp-prngsnp, emhnh-emhnh emg rulus-rulus lmgm empmt enmomramg
emg enpbhmomrn
enpbhmomrn (Lbgurut
(Lbgurut Tkgemg`
Tkgemg` Tnm`nmg).
Tnm`nmg). Tbemg`amg
Tbemg`amg Ubagkhk`n
Ubagkhk`n memhmc absbhurucmg
absbhurucmg
smrmgm
smrmgm ugtua
ugtua lbgybe
lbgybenma
nmamg
mg imrmg`
imrmg`-im
-imrmg
rmg`
` ymg`
ymg` enpbrh
enpbrhuam
uamg
g im`n
im`n abhmg`
abhmg`sug
sug`mg
`mg emg
abgymlmgmg cneup lmgusnm. Ubagkhk`n memhmc prkeua nhlu pbg`btmcumg. Nhlu NVM emhml
 inemg` nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg pblmgjmmtmggym
pblmgjmmtmggym empmt antm ibemamg emhml emsmr mtmu lurgn,
nhlu pbg`btmcumg tbrmpmg, emg tbagkhk`n. Nhlu pbg`btmcumg mhml emsmr, nhlu pbg`btmcumg
mhml tbrmpmg, emg tbagkhk`n lbg`amon imcmg pkaka ymg` smlm, ymntu mhml. Vbribemmg
abtn`mgym tbrhbtma pmem mspba ymg` enamongym. Lbgurut Mlkr bt mh. (=>33) nhluwmg NVM
emsmr
emsmr lbgdki
lbgdkimm ugtua
ugtua lblmcm
lblmcmln
ln im`mnl
im`mnlmgm
mgm mhml
mhml ibabro
ibabrom.
m. Tbemg`
Tbemg`amg
amg nhluwm
nhluwmg
g NVM
tbrmpmg lbgdkim lbgdmrn dmrm ugtua lbg`bgemhnamg dmrm mhml ibabrom. Mchn tbagkhk`n
lblm
lblmgj
gjmmt
mmtam
amg
g pb
pbgb
gblu
lumg
mg NVM
NVM em
emsmr
smr em
emg
g NVM
NVM tb
tbrm
rmpm
pmg
g ug
ugtu
tua
a lbli
lblium
umtt mh
mhmt
mt `u
`ugm
gm

9
 

lbg`bg
lbg`bgemhn
emhnamg
amg dmrm mhml ibabro
ibabrom.
m. Lbguru
Lbgurutt Pcntb
Pcntb & Jrbebr
Jrbebrnas
nasbg
bg (9666)
(9666) NVM empmt
empmt
enpmgemg` sbim`mn prksbs ugtua lblibgtua, lkebh, emg tbkrn ymg` lblug`angamg krmg`
ugtua lblprbenasn, lbgobhmsamg, emg lbg`bgemhnamg tng`amc hmau mhm

Akgsbp-akgsbp NVM emsmr tbribgtua emrn abng`ngtmcumg lbg`bgmn sbsumtu ymg`

 ibhul enabtmcun krmg`, abng`ngtmcumg ntu lbgugtug lbgdmrn prngsnp mtmu tbkrn ymg` empmt
enpbrk
enpbrkhbc
hbc emrn
emrn cmsnh
cmsnh pbg`am
pbg`amonm
onmg,
g, ymntu
ymntu lbhmhu
lbhmhunn pbrdki
pbrdkimmg
mmg.. Vbg`am
Vbg`amonm
onmg
g ngn lbrupm
lbrupmamg
amg
 pbg`amonmg ymg` tnema ibrlmasue ugtua lbgdmrn akgensn mtmu prksbs kptnlmh ymg`
encmrmp
encmrmpamg
amg,, lbhmng
lbhmngamg
amg cmgym
cmgym ugtua
ugtua lblbgu
lblbgucn
cn pbgobh
pbgobhmsmg
msmg emrn
emrn ki
kioba
oba (ibgem
(ibgem)) emg
 pbrnstnwm mhml. Akgsbp-akgsbp NVM emsmr lbrupmamg akgsbp-akgsbp NVM lbg`bgmn
akgensn, ngtbrmasn, emg pbrnstnwm emrn akgensn ymg` gkrlmh (inkhk`n) mtmu nebmh (jnsnam).
Emhml akgsbp-akgsbp NVM emsmr, sbrng`amhn mem (pmrmlbtbr), ymg` emhml abgymtmmggym
 ibrpbg`mruc, tnema enlmsuaamg ab emhml akgsbp-akgsbpgym. Akgsbp-akgsbp ntu sbg`mom
ensusug sbdmrm nebmh mtmu gkrlmh m`mr ibrhmau ulul, ymg` ibrmrtn empmt en`ugmamg ampmg

smom emg enlmgm smom. Abibrhmaumg ulul akgsbp-akgsbp tbrsbiut hums, sbcng``m ibrjug`sn
sbim`mn akgsbp-akgsbp emsmr im`n NVM tbrmpmg emg tbagkhk`n. Vmrm nhluwmg lbgblpmtamg
NVM emsmr sbim`mn nhlu emsmr im`n nhlu-nhlu tbrmpmg emg tbagkhk`n.

Ubag
Ubagkh
khk`
k`nn sm
smg`
g`mt
mt lblp
lblpbg
bg`m
`mru
rucn
cn ab
abcn
cneu
eupm
pmg
g lmgu
lmgusnm
snm sb
sbcm
cmrn
rn-cm
-cmrn
rn,e
,ebg
bg`m
`mg
g
lblmgjmmtamg cmsnh pbgblumg smngs emg lblmsuamggym ab rulmc-rulmc, amgtkr, pmirna,
abgemrmmg, ehh. Lbhmhun sbomrmc pbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n empmt entbhusurn pbrablimg`mg
tbagkhk`n trmgspkrtmsn, sbpbrtn lkinh, abrbtm mpn, pbsmwmt tbrimg` emg smrmgm pbgbrimg`mg
hmnggym. Tbhmgoutgym pbrcmtnmg lmgusnm pmem tbagkhk`n aklugnamsn ymg` entugomg`khbc
tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n bhbatrkgna
bhbatrkgnam,
m, anlnm,
anlnm, pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g pbg``ugmm
pbg``ugmmg
g sngmr-S
sngmr-S ymg` lbg`manimt
lbg`manimtamg
amg
rbvkhusn emhml inemg` absbcmtmg.

Abtbramntmg mgtmrm smngs, prkeua tbagkhk`n ebg`mg tbagkhk`n ymg` hmnggym smhng
tugomg`-lbg
tugomg`-lbgugomg
ugomg`
` emg smhng` ibrablimg`,
ibrablimg`, lnsmhgym
lnsmhgym ? hnstrna empmt lbg`blimg
lbg`blimg`amg
`amg
 ibrim`mn mhmt emg smrmgm sbpbrtn, mhmt bhbatrkgnam (rmenk, UZ, DE, emg dklputbr).
Entbluamggy
Entbluamggymm guahnr
guahnr ebg`mg
ebg`mg pblmgjmmtmg
pblmgjmmtmg rmenmsn sngmr rmenkmatnj ymg` encmsnhamg
encmsnhamg lmam
 ibrim`mn pbrmhmtmg ugtua lblmgjmmtamg sngmr tbrsbiut ibrablimg` sbcng``m mem guahnr 
ugtua absbcmtmg, pbrtmgnmg, ugtua, ehh. Ubagkhk`n aklugnamsn empmt entbhusurn luhmn emrn
 pbrdbtmamg sbim`mn mhmt ymg` lbg`cmsnhamg lbenm aklugnamsn mgtmr lmgusnm sbpbrtn
Akrmg lmomhmc.

9
 

Ibrablimg`gym smngs emg tbagkhk`n emhml pbgybenmmg abiutucmg pkaka lmgusnm

sbpbrtn pmg`mg, smgemg`, pmpmg, emg absbcmtmg smg`mt enrmsmamg khbc lmgusnm. Emhml
 pbgybenmmg pmg`mg, tbagkhk`n pbrtmgnmg ibrablimg` luhmn emrn pbg`khmcmg tmgmc
 pbrtmgnmg, abluenmg pbgng`amtmg prkeuasn lbhmhun pupua kr`mgna lmupug
mg
mgkr
kr`m
`mgn
gna,
a,pb
pbg`
g``u
`ugm
gmmg
mg ng
ngsba
sbatn
tnsn
snem
em em
emg
g tbag
tbagkh
khk`
k`nn cu
cuomg
omg iu
iumt
mtmg
mg ug
ugtu
tua
a lbg`
lbg`mt
mtmsn
msn

ababrng`mg.

Rgtu
Rgtua
a pb
pbgy
gybe
benm
nmmg
mg smgem
smgemg`
g`,, sm
smng
ngss em
emg
g tbagk
tbagkhk
hk`n
`n en
enab
abli
limg
mg`a
`amg
mg luhm
luhmnn em
emrn
rn
 pbgblumg emg pbgng`amtmg oulhmc imcmg imau ugtua tbastnh, emrn ymg` tbriumt emrn sbrmt
mhmln sbpbrtn ampms, wkh, emg sutrm lbgomen emrn sbrmt sngtbtns sbpbrtn gnhkg. Vbrmgmg smngs
emg tbagkhk`n emhml pbgybenmmg pmpmg (pbrulmcmg) empmt entbhusurn, luhmn emrn imcmg,
 ibgtua img`ugmg, pblmgjmmtmg hmcmg, sbgtucmg sbgn emg abgymlmgmg im`n ymg`
lbgblpmtn.

Emhm
Emhml
l inem
inemg`
g` pblb
pblbgu
gucm
cmg
g absb
absbcm
cmtm
tmg
g lmgu
lmgusn
snm,
m, sm
smng
ngss em
emg
g tb
tbag
agkh
khk`
k`nn tb
tbhm
hmc
c
 ibrablimg` luhmn emrn imcmg kimt-kimtmg, pbrmhmtmg absbcmtmg, pbgbhntnmg tbrcmemp
 pbgymant, emg tbagna kpbrmsn. Ibramntmg ebg`mg abcneupmg lmgusnm, lmam ugtua 
lblbgucn abiutucmg pkaka sbpbrtn pmg`mg, smgemg`, pmpmg, emg absbcmtmg, tnema insm
enhbpmsamg ebg`mg abtbrsbenmmg emg pbrablimg`mg gb`mtnj. Vbgbhntnmg lbg`bgmn mg`ng,
lmtmcm
lmtmcmrn,
rn, mnr,
mnr, pmsmg`
pmsmg` surut,
surut, pmgms
pmgms smluer
smluerm,
m, pmgms
pmgms iuln,
iuln, emg guahnr
guahnr sbemg`
sbemg` `bgdmr 
`bgdmr 
enhmauamg. Bgbr`n-bgbr`n tbrsbiut lbrupmamg sulibr ymg` tma tbrimtms.

Mem tn`m inemg` tbagkhk`n ymg` smg`mt pbsmt pbrablimg`mggym ymntu?

 Lnarkbhbatrkgnam. Jnsnam zmt pmemt empmt lbgybimiamg pbruimcmg emhml inemg`

bhbatrkgnam.
 Ubagkhk`n imcmg. Ibrablimg`gym nhlu imcmg emhml inemg` anlnm lbgybimiamg
entbluamggym imcmg ymg` aumt tmcmg pmgms, imcmg dmlpurmg mgtmrm sbrmt amrikg,
hk`ml, abrmlna emg supbr akgeuatkr pbg`mgtmr hnstrna tmgpm lbgybimiamg pmgms.
 Inktba
Inktbagk
gkhk`
hk`n.
n. Yumg`
Yumg` hng`au
hng`aup
p inktba
inktbagkh
gkhk`n
k`n lbgdma
lbgdmaup
up rbamym
rbamymsm
sm jbrlbgt
jbrlbgtmsn,
msn,
rbamymsm bgznl, auhtur omrng`mg, emg rbamymsm `bgbtnam.

9
 

9.9 Emlpma Vbrablimg`mg NVUBA

Im`n lmsymrmamt sbamrmg`, NVUBA suemc lbrupmamg sumtu rbhn`nkg. Vbg`blimg`mg

NVUBA enmg``mp sbim`mn skhusn emrn pbrlmsmhmcmg ymg` mem. Tblbgtmrm krmg` imcamg
lbluom
lbluom nptba
nptba sbim`m
sbim`mnn hnibrmt
hnibrmtkr
kr ymg`
ymg` mamg
mamg lblibi
lblibimsam
msamg
g lbrbam
lbrbam emrn
emrn aug`au
aug`aug`
g`mg
mg
ab
abjm
jmgm
gmmg
mg eu
eugn
gnm.
m. Np
Nptba
tba enym
enyman
angn
gn ma
mamg
mg ulmt
ulmt lmgu
lmgusnm
snm ab
absb
sbcm
cmtm
tmg
g em
emg
g ab
abim
imcm
cm`n
`nmm
mmg.
g.
Tuli
Tulimg
mg`m
`mg
g np
nptb
tba
a tbrc
tbrcme
memp
mp pb
pbrm
rmem
emim
img
g em
emg
g ab
absbo
sbomc
mctb
tbrm
rmmg
mg lmgu
lmgusn
snmm tnem
tnemah
ahmc
mc em
empm
pmtt
enpu
enpug`
g`an
anrn
rn.. Gmlu
Gmlug
g lmgu
lmgusn
snmm tnem
tnema
a pu
puhm
hm lbgn
lbgnpu
pu en
enrn
rn ma
mamg
mg ab
abgy
gymt
mtmm
mmg
g im
imcw
cwmm np
nptb
tba 
a 
lbgemtmg`a
lbgemtmg`amg
mg lmhmpbtmam
lmhmpbtmam emg absbg`smrmmg im`n lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Emhml pbrmemimg lkebrg
ymg` luem, tbrhmhu sbrng` lmgusnm tbrcbgyma khbc emlpma NVUBA tbrcmemp abcneupmg
ulmt lmgusnm.
NVUBA tnema lbg`bgmh lkrmh ablmgusnmmg, khbc amrbgm ntu nptba tnema pbrgmc lbomen
abibgm
abibgmrmg
rmg mtmupug
mtmupug skhusn
skhusn emrn
emrn lmsmhmc
lmsmhmc-lms
-lmsmhm
mhmc
c ablmgu
ablmgusnmm
snmmg.
g. Emlpma
Emlpma pk
pksntn
sntnjj emg
emlpma gb`mtnj emrn pbrablimg`mg nptba enhncmt emrn ibrim`mn inemg`?
=) Inemg`
Inemg` Ngjkrl
Ngjkrlmsn
msn emg
emg Aklu
Aklugna
gnamsn
msn
Emhml inemg` ngjkrlmsn emg aklugnamsn tbhmc tbromen ablmoumg ymg` smg`mt pbsmt.
Emrn ablmoumg empmt antm rmsmamg emlpma pksntnjgym mgtmrm hmng?
 Antm mamg hbinc dbpmt lbgempmtamg ngjkrlmsn-ngjkrlmsn ymg` maurmt emg

tbrimru en iuln
iuln im`nmg lmgmpug lbhmhun ngtbrgbt.
 Antm empmt ibraklugnamsn ebg`mg tblmg, lmupug abhumr`m ymg` smg`mt

 omuc cmgym ebg`mg lbhmhun cmgepckgb.

cmgepckgb.
 Antm lbgempmtamg hmymgmg imga ymg` ebg`mg smg`mt luemc. Emg hmng-hmng.

Ensmlpng` abugtug`mg-abugtug`mg ymg` antm pbrkhbc tbrgymtm ablmoumg ablmoumg

tbagkhk`n tbrsbiut enlmgjmmtamg ou`m ugtua cmh-cmh ymg` gb`mtnj, mgtmrm hmng ?
 Vblmgjmmtmg omsm aklugnamsn khbc omrng`mg tbrkrns.

 Vbg`
Vbg``ugmm
`ugmmg
g ngjkrlmsn
ngjkrlmsn tbrtbgtu
tbrtbgtu emg sntus tbrtbgtu
tbrtbgtu ymg` tbrempmt en ngtbrgbt
ngtbrgbt
ymg` gb`mtnj ensmhmc `ugmamg pncma tbrtbgtu
tbr tbgtu ugtua tuoumg tbrtbgtu.
  Abrmc
Abrmcmsn
msnmm
mmg
g mhmt
mhmt tbs
tbs sblma
sblmang
ng tb
tbrm
rmgd
gdml
ml lbhm
lbhmhu
hunn ng
ngtb
tbrg
rgbt
bt an
antm
tm em
empm
pmtt
lblp
lblpbr
brkh
khbc
bc ngjk
ngjkrl
rlms
msnn tbgt
tbgtmg
mg`
` tb
tbss ps
psna
nakh
khk`
k`n,
n, em
emg
g im
imca
camg
mg em
empm
pmtt
lblpbrkhbc hmymgmg tbs psnakhk`n sbdmrm hmg`sug` emrn ngtbrgbt.
 Ab
Abdbl
dblmsm
msmg
g tbag
tbagkh
khk`
k`n.
n. Tbhm
Tbhmng
ng ntu
ntu me
memm ab
abdb
dblm
lmsm
smg
g samh
samhmm ab
abdnh
dnh ma
mani
nimt
mt
tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n Abrusma
Abrusmamg
mg amrbgm
amrbgm tbrsbrm
tbrsbrmg`
g` vnrus,
vnrus, abcnhm
abcnhmg`m
g`mg
g ibrim`
ibrim`mn
mn jnhb
jnhb
 pbgtng` emhml ngnhmc ibibrmpm dkgtkc ymg` tbromen amrbgm tbagkhk`n.
Yusmagym lkebl ngtbrgbt amrbgm ensmlimr pbtnr.

9
 

9) Ine
Inemg
mg`
` Vbg
Vbgen
ene
ena
namg
mg
Emlpma pksntnj emrn ablmoumg NVUBA ymagn ?
 Lugduhgym lbenm lmssm, acususgym lbenm bhbatrkgna sbim`mn sulibr nhlu

emg pu
pusmt
smt pbgene
pbgenenam
namg.
g. Tbcng`
Tbcng``m
`m `uru
`uru iuamg
iuamg smtu-sm
smtu-smtug
tugym
ym sulibr
sulibr nhlu
nhlu
 pbg`btmcumg.

 Vblbg
Vblbgucmg
ucmg abiutucmg
abiutucmg mamg jmsnhntms pbgenenamg
pbgenenamg empmt enpbgucn
enpbgucn ebg`mg
dbpmt,
dbpmt, sbpbrtn
sbpbrtn pbg``m
pbg``mgem
gemmg
mg skmh
skmh uonmg
uonmg ebg`mg
ebg`mg memgym
memgym lbsng
lbsng jktk
jktk dkpy
dkpy
ugtu
ugtua
a lblb
lblbgu
gucn
cn abiu
abiutu
tucm
cmg
g mamg
mamg ou
oulh
lhmc
mc sk
skmh
mh ym
ymg`
g` im
imgy
gyma
ma em
empm
pmtt
ensbhbsmnamg emhml wmatu ymg` sng`amt.
 Tnstbl pblibhmomrmg tnema cmrus lbhmhun tmtmp luam. Ebg`mg ablmoumg

tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n prksbs
prksbs pblibhmomrm
pblibhmomrmg
g tnema cmrus lblpbrtblua
lblpbrtbluamg
mg snswm ebg`mg
`uru, tbtmpn insm ou`m lbg``ugmamg omsm pks ngtbrgbt emg hmng-hmng.
 Memgym pbg`khmcmg emtm cmsnh pbgnhmnmg ymg` lbg``ugmamg pblmgjmmtmg

tbagkhk`n.

 Tbt
Tbtbhm
bhmc
c memgym
memgym pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg NVUBA,
NVUBA, sblum
sblum tu`msg
tu`msgym
ym ymg`
ymg` eu
euhug
hugym
ym
enabro
enabromam
mamg
g ebg`mg
ebg`mg lmgumh
lmgumh emg lbliut
lbliutuca
ucamg
mg wmatu
wmatu ymg`
ymg` duaup
duaup hmlm,
hmlm,
lbgomen luemc ugtua enabromamg ebg`mg lbg``ugmamg lbenm tbagkhk`n
sbpbrtn empmt lbg`khmc emtm ebg`mg lblmgjmmtamg ibrim`mn prk`rml.

 Lugd
Lugduhgym
uhgym lbtkeb-lbtk
lbtkeb-lbtkeb
eb pblibhmomrm
pblibhmomrmg
g ymg` imru, ymg` lbluemcamg
lbluemcamg
snswm emg `uru emhml prksbs pblibhmomrmg. Ebg`mg ablmoumg tbagkhk`n
tbrdnptmhmc lbtkeb-lbtkeb imru ymg` lbliumt snswm lmlpu lblmcmln
lmtb
lmtbrn
rn-l
-lmtb
mtbrn
rn ym
ymg`
g` mi
mist
strma
rma,, am
amrb
rbgm
gm lmtb
lmtbrn
rn tbrsbi
tbrsbiut
ut eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg im
imgt
gtum
umg
g
tbagkhk`n insm eniumt mistrma.

Emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn NVUBA en inemg` pbgenenamg ?

 Abrmcmsnmmg mhmt tbs sblmang tbrmgdml.

Vrk`rml tbs ngtbhn`bgsn sbpbrtn tbs Ymvbg, Enjjbrbgtnmh Mptntuebs Ubst empmt
enmasbs lbhmhun dklpmdt ensa.. Nlphnamsn emrn pbrlmsmhmcmg ngn memhmc, tbs
 psnakhk`n ymg` mem mamg luemc sbamhn ikdkr, emg pbg`blimg`mg tbs
 psnakhk`n cmrus ibrpmdu ebg`mg abdbpmtmg pblikdkrmg lbhmhun ngtbrgbt
tbrsbiut.
 Vbgymhmc `ugmmg pbg`btmcumg im`n krmg`-krmg` tbrtbgtu ugtua lbhmauamg

tngema
tngemamg
mg tnema
tnema ibrlkr
ibrlkrmh.
mh. Ebg`mg
Ebg`mg ablmou
ablmoumg
mg en imemg`
imemg` pbgene
pbgenenam
namg
g antm
antm

9
 

lbgdbtma
lbgdbtma `bgbrmsn
`bgbrmsn ymg` ibrbpbg`btmcum
ibrbpbg`btmcumg
g tng``n,
tng``n, tbtmpn lblpugymn
lblpugymn lkrmh
ymg` rbgemc.
 Tnsw
Tnswmm lbgo
lbgome
menn lmhm
lmhmss ib
ibhmo
hmomr
mr am
amrb
rbgm
gm im
imgy
gyma
ma en
enmg
mgtm
tmrm
rm lbrba
lbrbamm ym
ymg`
g`
lbg`cminsa
lbg`cminsamg
mg wmatugym
wmatugym ugtua
ugtua lbg``ugmam
lbg``ugmamg
g obomrng`
obomrng` sbpbrtn
sbpbrtn jmdbikka,
jmdbikka,
twnttbr emg hmng-hmng.

4) Inemg` Bakgkln emg Ngeustrn

Emlpma pksntnj emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA ?

 Vbrtuliucmg bakgkln ymg` sblmang tng``n.

 Ubromengym ngeustrnmhnsmsn.

 Vrkeuatnjntms eugnm sblmang lbgng`amt.

 Vbr
Vbrsmng
smng`mg
`mg emhml
emhml eugnm
eugnm abrom
abrom sbcng`
sbcng``m
`m lbgugt
lbgugtut
ut pbabrom
pbabrom ugtua
ugtua sbhmhu
sbhmhu
lbgmlimc sanhh emg pbg`btmcumg ymg` enlnhnan.


Ablmomumg bakgkln
Ablmomumg bakgkln lmlpu lbg`cmsnhamg
lbg`cmsnhamg prkeua
prkeua abekatbrmg
abekatbrmg lbgomen
lbgomen
aklkentn.
Emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA ?
 Ub
Ubrom
romen
engy
gymm pb
pbg`
g`mg
mg``
``ur
urmg
mg im
im`n
`n tb
tbgm
gm`m
`m ab
abrom
rom ym
ymg`
g` tnem
tnema
a lblp
lblpug
ugym
ymnn
aumhnjnamsn ymg` sbsumn ebg`mg ymg` eniutucamg.
 Tnjmt akgsultnj sbim`mn manimt aklpbtnsn ymg` abtmt pmem brm `hkimhnsmsn

mamg ou`m lbhmcnramg `bgbrmsn ymg` sbdmrm lkrmh lbg`mhmln ablbrksktmg?

akgsultnj, ikrks emg lblnhnan omhmg pngtms ymg` ibrlbgtmh ‘ngstmgt“.
 Ubriuamgym pmsmr ibims, lblug`angamg prkeua humr gb`brn lmsua ebg`mg

luemcgym. Ebg`mg imgymagym prkeua humr gb`brn ymg` lmsua emg ebg`mg
cmr`m ymg` hbinc lurmc, empmt lbg`urmg`n rmsm abdngtmmg antm tbrcmemp
 prkeua emhml gb`brn.
 Mpminhm tnema upemtb ebg`mg NVUBA ymg` sblmang lmou, antm mamg

enpbrlmngamg khbc krmg`-krmg` ymg` tnema ibrtmg``ug` omwmi ymg` smg`mt

mchn eninemg`gym (lnsmhgym ? cmdabr)

9
 

5) Inem
Inemg`
g` Vkhn
Vkhntn
tna 
a 

Emlpma pksntnj emrn NVUBA pmem inemg` pkhntna memhmc?

 Unli
Unliuh
uhgy
gymm ab
abhms
hms lbgb
lbgbg`
g`mc
mc im
imru
ru ym
ymg`
g` ma
mamg
mg lbgo
lbgome
menn pb
pbhk
hkpk
pkrr ug
ugtu
tua 
a 
lbgugtut abibimsmg pkhntna emg abibimsmg ibrpbgempmt ymg` hbinc ibsmr.
 Vrksbs rb`bgbrmsn abpblnlpngmg ymg` mamg ibremlpma emhml `mym emg

suistmg
suistmgsn
sn pkhntn
pkhntna
a ymg`
ymg` entbrmp
entbrmpamg
amg sbcng`
sbcng``m
`m abibim
abibimsmg
smg emg pbrsml
pbrsmlmmg
mmg
sblmang abgtmh.
 En inemg`
inemg` pkhntn
pkhntna
a ngtbrg
ngtbrgmsn
msnkgm
kgmh,
h, ou`m
ou`m tbrempm
tbrempmtt abdbge
abdbgebru
brug`m
g`mg
g tuliuc
tuliuc
 ibrablimg`gym sbcng``m lbhmcnramg abaumtmg bakgkln
bakgkln imru.

2) In
Inem
emg`
g` Tks
Tksnm
nmhh emg Iue
Iuemy
mymm
Emlpma pksntnj emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA en inemg` skdnmh iuemym memhmc ?
 Lbg
Lbgng
ng`a
`amta
mtamg
mg rm
rmsm
sm pb
pbrdm
rdmym
ym enrn
enrn ab
ablm
lmou
oumg
mg ba
bakg
kgkl
klnn en gb
gb`m
`mrm
rm Msnm
Msnm
lbhm
lbhmcn
cnra
ramg
mg jbgk
jbgklb
lbgm
gm ym
ymg`
g` lbgm
lbgmrn
rna.
a. Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg em
emg
g ab
ablm
lmou
oumg
mg
bakgkln tbhmc lbgng`amtamg rmsm pbrdmym enrn emg abtmcmgmg enrn sbim`mn
su
sumtu
mtu im
img`
g`sm
sm ma
mamg
mg sb
sblm
lman
ang
g ak
akak
akc.
c. Img`
Img`sm
sm-i
-img
mg`s
`smm Imrmt
Imrmt tnem
tnema
a hm
hm`n
`n
lbhbdbcamg img`sm-img`sm en Msnm.
 Uba
Ubamgm
mgmg,
g, aklpbt
aklpbtnsn
nsn ymg`
ymg` tmo
tmoml,
ml, en pbhim`
pbhim`mn
mn mspba
mspba abcneu
abcneupmg
pmg sbim`mn
sbim`mn
akgsbaubgsn `hkimhnsmsn, mamg lbhmcnramg `bgbrmsn ymg` ensnphng, tbaug, emg
 pbabrom abrms.
 Abbj
Abbjbat
batnjmg
njmg inmym
inmym emg wmatu.
wmatu. Lnsmhg
Lnsmhgym
ym smmt lbg`mo
lbg`momr,
mr, angn
angn tbhmc
tbhmc mem
tbagkhk`n pblibhmomrmg sbdmrm kghngb, omen `uru mtmu eksbg tnema pbrhu rbpkt
ugtua ab sbakhmc mtmu amlpus, duaup lbgbrmg`amg pbhmomrmg hbwmt lbenm
ngtbrgbt abpmem mgma lurnegym.
 Lmsymrmamt tnema pbrhu hm`n lblibhn Akrmg ugtua lbg`btmcun ngjkrlmsn

lbg`
lbg`bg
bgmn
mn ib
ibrnt
rntm,
m, du
duau
aup
p eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg lbli
lbliua
uamm ng
ngtb
tbrg
rgbt
bt,, an
antm
tm suem
suemc
c em
empm
pmtt
lblimdm ibrntm lbhmhun lbenm kghngb, emg tnema lbg`bhumramg inmym.
 Tbl
Tblman
mang
g ibrabl
ibrablimg
img`gy
`gymm ngenvn
ngenvneu
eu emhml
emhml sumtu
sumtu inemg`
inemg`,, imna
imna emrn
emrn sb`n
bakgkln, pkhntna, pbgenenamg, emg hmng sbim`mngym.
 Ablmlpumg ngenvneu emhml lbgdmrn emg lbg`ulpuhamg emtm ugtua imcmg

ensaus
ensausnn empmt
empmt lbrbam
lbrbam empmta
empmtamg
mg ebg`mg
ebg`mg dbpmt
dbpmt emg maurmt
maurmt lbhmhu
lbhmhunn lbenm
lbenm
 ibrimsns tbagkhk`n.
 9
 

Emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA en inemg` skdnmh iuemym memhmc ?

 Abgmamhmg emg tngema pbgynlpmg`mg enamhmg`mg rblmom ebg`mg

lbg`masbs sntus pkrgk, emg kagul-kagul ymg` lbg``ugmamg lbenm

jmdbikka, twnttbr, ehh sbim`mn lbenm pkrstntusn ymg` suemc obhms empmt
lbrusma lkrmh pmrm `bgbrmsn luem.
 Lbhblmcamg rmsm `ktkg`-rkykg` emg smhng` tkhkg`-lbgkhkg` ymg`

lbgomen acms lmsymrmamt Ngekgbsnm.

 Lmgusnm lbgomen lmhms. Amrbgm tbhmc enlmgomamg khbc tbagkhk`n,

sbcng``m antm tnema pbrhu rbpkt ibrtblu ebg`mg sbsbkrmg`. Ebg`mg

tbagkhk`n, antm tbtmp empmt ibrtmtmp luam lbsanpug tnema ibrtblu ebg`mg
krmg` tbrsbiut.
 Vbgymhmc`ugmmg lbenm tbagkhk`n sbim`mn smrmgm pbgdmrnmg ymg` tnema mem
cuiug`mggym ebg`mg nhlu pbg`btmcumg. Cmh tbrsbiut empmt lblibgtua

abiuemymmg ymg` rbgemc mamg lkrmh emg sulibr emym lmgusnm ymg`
 ikirka emg tma ibraumhntms sbenantpug.
sbenantpug.

9.4 Tkhusn Lbgmg``uhmg`n Vbg`mruc Emlpma Gb`mtnj NVUBA 

Vbsmtgym pbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn ebwmsm ngn tnema cmgym lbgnlguhamg

em
emlp
lpma
ma pk
pksnt
sntnj
nj tbrc
tbrcme
memp
mp ab
abcn
cneu
eupm
pmg
g lmgu
lmgusn
snm,
m, tb
tbtmp
tmpnn ou
ou`m
`m im
imgy
gyma
ma lugu
lugumn
mn em
emlp
lpma 
ma 
gb`mtnjgym. Rgtua ntu, Mempug skhusn ymg` empmt en enablimg`amg emhml lblngnlmhnsnr 
emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn pbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn memhmc sbim`mn ibrnaut?

 Lmsymrmamt
Lmsymrmamt cmrus enibrnamg pblmcmlmg
pblmcmlmg tbgtmg`
tbgtmg` dmrm lbg``ugmam
lbg``ugmamg
g tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n
ngjkrlmsn ebg`mg imna emg tnema lbhmg``mr btnam. Tbcng``m tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn
empmt enlmgjmmtamg ebg`mg sblbstngym.
 Vblbrngtmc cmrus lbliumt sumtu pbrmturmg ymg` tb`ms tbrcmemp sbtnmp pbhmg``mrmg
 pbg``ugmm tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn ymg` lbru`namg krmg` hmng.
 Lmsymrmamt ou`m cmrus en ibrn pbgyuhucmg ugtua lbg``ugmamg tbagkhk`n ymg` en
aumsmn ugtua lbgomhng cuiug`mg ymg` hbinc ngtbgts ebg`mg tblmg mtmu krmg`-krmg`
ymg` sbibhulgym tbhmc en abgmh eneugnm gymtm. Omg`mg tbrkisbsn ugtua lbgdmrn
tblmg-
tblmg-tbl
tblmg
mg imru
imru en Jmdbik
Jmdbikka,
ka, twnttbr
twnttbr , mtmu skdnmh
skdnmh lbenm
lbenm ymg`
ymg` hmn
hmng
g amrbgm
amrbgm

abdbgebrug`mg ymg` tbromen, lbrbam ymg` cmgym mgem abgmh eneugnm lmym tnema 
 9
 

mamg lblibrnamg gnhmn pbrsmcm

pbrsmcmimtmg
imtmg ymg` lutumhnslb
lutumhnslb mtmu smhng` lbgsuppkrt
lbgsuppkrt
gymtm.
mgtmrm smtu emg ymg` hmng eneugnm gymtm.
 Vncma-
Vncma-pnc
pncma
ma pbg`mo
pbg`momr
mr imna
imna krmg`
krmg` tum lmupug
lmupug `uru,
`uru, lblibr
lblibrnam
namg
g pbg`mo
pbg`momrm
mrmg-
g-
 pbg`momrmg btnam emhml ibr-UNA m`mr UNA empmt enpbr`ugmamg sbdmrm kptnlmh tmgpm
lbg`cnhmg`amg btnam.


Vbrhu mem absmemrmg pbrmg emg abromsmlm mgtmrm sbhuruc pbg``ugm hmgymgmg UNA.
 Lbg``u
Lbg ``ugma
gmamg
mg skjtwm
skjtwmrb
rb ymg`
ymg` enrmgd
enrmgdmg`
mg` acusus
acusus ugtua
ugtua lbhnge
lbhngeug`
ug`nn –absbc
–absbcmtm
mtmg„
g„
mgma. Lnsmhgym smom prk`rml gmgy dcnp mtmu pmrbgts hkda ymg` empmt lblprktbasn
mgma ebg`mg lbg`ugdn sb`mhm masbs ymg` ibrimu sbas emg ababrmsmg.
 Lbhbtmaamg dklputbr mtmu hmptkp en rumg` tbg`mc rulmc, sbpbrtn pbrpustmammg,
rumg` abhumr`m, emg iuamg en emhml amlmr mgma. Lbhbtmaamg dklputbr mtmu hmptkp
en em
emhml
hml am
amlm
lmrr mg
mgma
ma,, lbgu
lbguru
rutt am
amln
ln ma
mamg
mg lblp
lblpbrs
brsuh
uhnt
nt kr
krmg
mg`t
`tum
um em
emhm
hml
l cm
cmhh
 pbg`mwmsmg. Mgma insm hbhumsm lbg`masbs sntus pkrgk mtmu lbg``ugmamg `mlbs
ymg` ibrimu ababrmsmmg emg smenstns en emhml amlmr tbraugdn. Inhm ibrmem en rumg`

abhumr`m, abhbhumsmmggym ugtua lbhmg``mr mturmg pug mamg tbrimtms amrbgm mem
mg``ktm abhumr`m ymg` hmhu hmhmg`.
 9
 

IMI NNN
VBGRURV

4.9Tnlpuhmg

Tb`mhm cmh ymg` mem en eugnm ngn lblnhnan emlpma pksntnj emg gb`mtnv , sbpbrtn
cmhgym
cmhgym NVUBA.
NVUBA. Emlpma
Emlpma pksnt
pksntnj
nj memgym
memgym NVUBA
NVUBA ymntu
ymntu lmgusn
lmgusnmm sblman
sblmang
g luemc
luemc ugtua 
ugtua 
 ibabrom, lbg`khmc TEM emg lbhmauamg mpmpug ugtua lblpbrkhbc mpm ymg` nm iutucamg
ugtua abhmg`sug`mg cneupgym. Gmlug, emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn memgym NVUBA ngn smhmc
smtugym nmhmc imgymagym tbromen abomcmtmg ymg` enmanimtamg ablmoumg tbagkhk`n ymg` mem
sbamrmg`. Abtbramntmg ymg` tbromen mgtmrm NVUBA ebg`mg TEL ymntu memgym cuiug`mg
tnlimh-imhna emg sbimi-manimt.

Ablmoumg tbagkhk`n memhmc sbsumtu ymg` tnema insm antm cngemrn emhml abcneupmg
ngn, amrbgm ablmoumg tbagkhk`n mamg ibromhmg sbsumn ebg`mg ablmoumg nhlu pbg`btmcumg.
Vbrablimg`m
Vbrablimg`mg
g tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n lblmg`
lblmg` smg`mt enpbrhuamg.
enpbrhuamg. Tbtnmp ngkvmsn endnptmamg
endnptmamg ugtua 
ugtua 
lblibrnamg lmgjmmt pksntnj im`n abcneupmg lmgusnm. Lblibrnamg imgyma abluemcmg,
sbrtmm sbim`m
sbrt sbim`mnn dmrm
dmrm imru
imru emhml
emhml lbhmau
lbhmauamg
amg matnjn
matnjntms
tms lmgusn
lmgusnm.
m. Acusus
Acusus emhml
emhml inemg`
inemg`
tbagkhk`n lmsymrmamt suemc lbgnalmtn imgyma lmgjmmt ymg` enimwm khbc ngkvmsn-ngkvmsn
ymg`
ymg` tbh
tbhmc
mc encmsn
encmsnham
hamg
g emhml
emhml ibibrm
ibibrmpm
pm tmcug
tmcug tbrmac
tbrmacnr
nr ngn.
ngn. Gmlug
Gmlug lmgusn
lmgusnmm tnema
tnema insm
insm
lbgnpu
lbgnpu enrn
enrn sbgenr
sbgenrnn mamg
mamg abgymt
abgymtmmg
mmg imcwm
imcwm tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n lbgemt
lbgemtmg`
mg`amg
amg ibrim`
ibrim`mn
mn bjba 
gb`mtnvb im`n lmgusnm.

4.4
4.4 Tmrmg
Tmrmg

Memgym ablmoumg NVUBA cbgemagym tnema lbg`uimc jug`sn sbomtn emrn memgym
NVUBA tbrsbiut, ymntu ugtua lblimgtu abcneupmg lmgusnm. Khbc amrbgm ntu, lmgusnm
cmrushmc inoma emhml lblmgjmmtamg NVUBA, imna ntu ebg`mg dmrm tnema lbg``ugmamggym
sbdmrm ibrhbincmg, lmupug ebg`mg lblnanramg emcuhu mpm emlpma mtmu manimt ymg` mamg
entnliuhamg emrn ablmoumg NVUBA, sbcng``m tnema lblimymcmamg enrngym sbgenrn, krmg`
hmng, lmupug hng`aug`mggym. Rgtua lbgdb`mc mtmu lbg`urmg`n manimt gb`mtnvb ablmoumg
tbagkhk`n, lmam antm sbpmtutgym ugtua lblibgtbg`n enrn antm ebg`mg nhlu. Imna nhlu
m`mlm lmupug eugnm. Amrgm ebg`mg nhlu antm lmlpu lblibemamg mgtmrm lmgjmmt emg
lmecmrmt emhml sbiumc tbagkhk`n.
 9
 

EMJUMY VRTUMAM

cttp?//amebaenlms.ihk`spkt.dk.ne/96=5/6=/lmamhmc-emlpma-nptba-tbrcmemp-
abcneupmg.ctlh
cttp?//gbiuhmgminhmc.ihk`spkt.dk.ne/96=2/==/pbrmgmg-nptba-emhml-abcneupmg-
lmgusnm.ctlh
cttp?//jmornmhinrugn.emlmn.ne/96=2/==/60/bakhk`n-emg-emlpma-pbrablimg`mg-nptba-
tbrcmemp-abcneupmg-lmgusnm/