WORKBOOK

IN

GENERAL BOTANY

PRELIMINARY COPY

For ESSU Use Only

 University Vision
A technologically-advanced university producing
professionals and competitive leaders for local and national
development.

University Mission
To provide quality education responsive to the national and
global needs focused on generating knowledge and
technology that will improve the lives of the people.

University Core Values

Excellence.
Accountability.
Service.
 QUALITY POLICY

We commit to provide quality instruction,

research, extension, and production grounded
on excellence, accountability, and service as
we move towards exceeding stakeholders’
satisfaction in compliance with relevant
requirements and well-defined continual
improvement measures.

Dekalidad na edukasyon.
Kinabuhi nga mainuswagon.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE I ............................................................................................................................................. 1
PLANTS AND ITS ORIGIN, DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION .................................................................................... 1
Lesson 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction to Plants .................................................................................................................... 2
Lesson 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Why Study Plants ......................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Plant Evolution ............................................................................................................................. 4
MODULE 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 8
BIOMOLECULES..................................................................................................................................... 8
Lesson 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Carbohydrates.............................................................................................................................. 9
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Proteins ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Lipids .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Nucleic Acid ................................................................................................................................ 12
MODULE 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 14
PLANT CELL ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 15
The Plant Cell ............................................................................................................................. 15
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Cell cycle .................................................................................................................................... 16
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Cell Division ................................................................................................................................ 17
MODULE 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 19
CELL MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORT ......................................................................................................... 19
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 20
The Cell Membrane .................................................................................................................... 20
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 21
The Cell Membrane Transport .................................................................................................... 21
MODULE 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 25
PLANT TISSUES ................................................................................................................................... 25
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Permanent Plant Tissue Systems ................................................................................................ 26
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Dermal Tissue ............................................................................................................................. 27
 Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Ground Tissue ............................................................................................................................ 28
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Vascular Tissue........................................................................................................................... 29
MODULE 6.......................................................................................................................................... 32
ROOTS.............................................................................................................................................. 32
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Root System ............................................................................................................................... 33
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Root morphology ....................................................................................................................... 34
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Root Anatomy ............................................................................................................................ 35
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Root Secondary Growth ............................................................................................................. 36
Lesson 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Modified Roots ........................................................................................................................... 36
MODULE 7.......................................................................................................................................... 38
STEM ............................................................................................................................................... 38
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Stem Morphology....................................................................................................................... 39
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Stem anatomy............................................................................................................................ 40
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Stem Secondary Growth ............................................................................................................. 40
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Modified Stems .......................................................................................................................... 41
MODULE 7.......................................................................................................................................... 43
LEAF ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Leaf Morphology ........................................................................................................................ 44
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Leaf Anatomy ............................................................................................................................. 44
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Leaf Formation ........................................................................................................................... 45
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Modified Leaves ......................................................................................................................... 45
MODULE 8.......................................................................................................................................... 47
FLOWERS AND REPRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 47
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Reproduction of Simple Pants ..................................................................................................... 47
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Flower ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 50
Pollen Development ................................................................................................................... 50
.................................................................................................................................................. 50
.................................................................................................................................................. 50
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 51
Egg Development ....................................................................................................................... 51
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 51
 Modes of Pollination .................................................................................................................. 51
Lesson 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Inflorescence .............................................................................................................................. 52
MODULE 9 .......................................................................................................................................... 54
FRUIT TYPES AND SEED DISPERSAL .......................................................................................................... 54
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 54
Seeds.......................................................................................................................................... 54
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 55
Fruits and Seed Dispersal ............................................................................................................ 55
MODULE 10 ........................................................................................................................................ 57
PLANT DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................................... 57
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Fertilization and Morphogenesis ................................................................................................ 57
MODULE 11 ........................................................................................................................................ 59
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 59
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 59
Introduction to Photosynthesis ................................................................................................... 59
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 60
Light - dependent Reaction......................................................................................................... 60
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Light - independent Reaction/Calvin Cycle .................................................................................. 61
Lesson 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 62
C4 and CAM Plants ..................................................................................................................... 62
Lesson 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Introduction to Cellular Respiration ............................................................................................ 62
Lesson 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Glycolysis ................................................................................................................................... 63
Lesson 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Krebs Cycle ................................................................................................................................. 63
Lesson 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Electron Transport Chain ............................................................................................................ 64
MODULE 12 ........................................................................................................................................ 66
CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................................. 66
Lesson 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Non-vascular Plants.................................................................................................................... 66
Lesson 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 67
Seedless Vascular Plants ............................................................................................................. 67
Lesson 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 67
Seed Plants................................................................................................................................. 67
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Module I
Plants and Its Origin,
Diversity and Evolution

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Introduction to Plants

Activity 1.1
 Lesson 2
Why Study Plants

Activity 1.2
 Lesson 3
Plant Evolution

Activity 1.3

Assessment
Module 2

Biomolecules

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Carbohydrates

Activity 2.1.a

Activity 2.1.b
 Lesson 2
Proteins

Activity 2.2.a

Activity 2.2.b
 Lesson 3
Lipids

Activity 2.3.a

Activity 2.3.b
Activity 2.3.c

Lesson 4
Nucleic Acid

Activity 2.4.a
Activity 2.4.b

Assessment
Module 3

Plant Cell

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
The Plant Cell

Activity 3.1.a

Activity 3.1.b
 Lesson 2
Cell cycle

Activity 3.2
 Lesson 3
Cell Division

Activity 3.3.a

Activity 3.3.b.




Assessment
Module 4
Cell Membrane and
Transport

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
The Cell Membrane

Activity 4.1
 Lesson 2
The Cell Membrane Transport

Activity 4.2.a

Activity 4.2.b

Activity 4.2.c
Activity 4.2.d
Activity 4.2.e
Enabling task 5

Assessment
Module 5

Plant Tissues

Introduction

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Permanent Plant Tissue Systems

Activity 5.1
 Lesson 2
Dermal Tissue

Activity 5.2
 Lesson 3
Ground Tissue

Activity 5.3
 Lesson 4
Vascular Tissue

Activity 5.4.a

Activity 5.4.b
Activity 5.4.c

Activity 5.4.d
Assessment
Module 6

Roots

Learning outcomes
 Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Root System

Activity 6.1
 Lesson 2
Root morphology

Activity 6.2.a

Activity 6.2.b
 Lesson 3
Root Anatomy

Activity 6.3.a

Activity 6.3.b

Activity 6.3.c
 Lesson 4
Root Secondary Growth

Activity 6.4

Lesson 5
Modified Roots
Activity 6.5

Assessment
Module 7

Stem

Learning outcomes
Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Stem Morphology

Activity 7.1
 Lesson 2
Stem anatomy

Activity 7.2.a

Activity 7.2.b

Lesson 3
Stem Secondary Growth
Activity 7.3

Lesson 4
Modified Stems

Activity 7.4
Assessment
Module 8

Leaf

Learning outcomes
Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Leaf Morphology

Activity 7.1

Lesson 2
Leaf Anatomy

Activity 7.2
 Lesson 3
Leaf Formation

Activity 7.3

Lesson 4
Modified Leaves

Activity 7.4
Assessment
Module 9
Flowers and Reproduction
Introduction

Learning outcomes

Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Reproduction of Simple Pants
Activity 8.1

Lesson 2
Flower
Activity 8.2
 Lesson 3
Pollen Development

Activity 8.3
 Lesson 4
Egg Development

Activity 8.4

Lesson 4
Modes of Pollination

Activity 8.5
 Lesson 5
Inflorescence

Activity 8.6

Assessment
Module 10
Fruit Types and Seed
Dispersal
Introduction

Learning Outcomes

Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Seeds

Activity 9.1
 Lesson 2
Fruits and Seed Dispersal

Activity 9.2
Assessment
Module 11
Plant Development
Introduction

Learning outcomes

Preliminary activity

Lesson 1
Fertilization and Morphogenesis

Activity 10.1

Main Task
Assessment
Module 12
Plant Physiology
Introduction

Learning outcomes

Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Introduction to Photosynthesis

Activity 11.1
Activity 11.2

Activity 11.3

Lesson 2
Light - dependent Reaction
Activity 11.4

Activity 11.5

Lesson 3
Light - independent Reaction/Calvin Cycle

Activty 11.6
 Lesson 4
C4 and CAM Plants

Activity 11.7

Lesson 5
Introduction to Cellular Respiration
Activity 11.8

Lesson 6
Glycolysis

Activity 11.9

Lesson 7
Krebs Cycle

Activity 11.10
 Lesson 8
Electron Transport Chain

Activity 11.11

Activity 11.12

Activity 11.13

Assessment:
Module 13
Classification
Introduction

Learning outcomes

Preliminary Activity

Lesson 1
Non-vascular Plants

Activity 12.1
 Lesson 2
Seedless Vascular Plants

Activity 12.2

Lesson 3
Seed Plants

Activity 12.3
Assessment
REFERENCES