agriculture
Article
Study on Fugitive Dust Control Technologies of Agricultural
Harvesting Machinery
Yuan Liu, Long Shao, Wanzhang Wang *, Jinfan Chen, Heng Zhang, Yue Yang and Baichen Hu
Citation: Liu, Y.; Shao, L.; Wang, W.;
Chen, J.; Zhang, H.; Yang, Y.; Hu, B.
Study on Fugitive Dust Control
Technologies of Agricultural
Harvesting Machinery. Agriculture
2022, 12, 1038. https://doi.org/
10.3390/agriculture12071038
Academic Editor: Cláudia Marques
dos Santos Cordovil
Received: 19 May 2022
Accepted: 15 July 2022
Published: 16 July 2022
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4.0/).
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12071038
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
liuyuancmee@stu.henau.edu.cn (Y.L.); shaolong@henau.edu.cn (L.S.); chenjinfancmee@stu.henau.edu.cn (J.C.);
zhanghcmee@stu.henau.edu.cn (H.Z.); yyangyue@stu.henau.edu.cn (Y.Y.);
hubaichencmee@stu.henau.edu.cn (B.H.)
* Correspondence: wangwz@henau.edu.cn
Abstract: The fugitive dust generated by agricultural harvesting machinery not only causes harm
to production safety, but also affects the living environment of people in agricultural areas. This
is also one of the hot issues that have emerged in the green development of rural areas in recent
years, which is related to agricultural safety and hygiene culture. Due to the lack of relevant research,
many researchers still have considerable controversy on the issue of agricultural dust. Therefore, in
combination with the actual production of agricultural mechanization, according to the cause of dust
generation and particle characteristics, the selection of appropriate dust reduction technology and
detection methods is of great significance for the research on the control of dust from agricultural
harvesting machinery. Aiming at the dust problem in agricultural mechanization production, this
research first introduces the relationship between fugitive dust and atmospheric particulate matter
and the main components of fugitive dust, and then focuses on the causes of dust generated by
wheat harvesters and peanut harvesters in field operations, and explains the main hazards of dust
to human health, ecological environment, and climate. This study introduces four fugitive dust
emission reduction technologies and five particle measurement methods, and compares and analyzes
their feasibility in the application of agricultural harvesting machinery dust control. Finally, we
put forward conclusions and suggestions on the dust control technology of agricultural harvesting
machinery in order to provide reference for the control of agricultural harvesting machinery dust,
improve the field operation environment, and promote the green development of modern agriculture.
Keywords: agricultural harvesting machinery; fugitive dust control; dust particle measurement
1. Introduction
Agricultural mechanization is one of the important contents and symbols of agricul-
tural modernization. Improving the level of agricultural mechanization is an important
way to promote the sustainable development of China’s agricultural resources [1]. The
advancement of the whole process and comprehensive mechanization has greatly improved
the efficiency of agricultural production, greatly increased the income of farmers, and made
great contributions to the development of the rural economy. However, while increasing
production and income, agricultural machinery also brings some problems. In 2020, the
sown areas of wheat and corn in China were 23,380 hectares and 41,264 hectares, respec-
tively. The sown area of peanuts is also increasing year by year, and reached 4633 hectares
in 2019 [2]. The main planting areas of these crops are the Huanghuaihai region, including
Henan and Shandong, Hebei, Anhui, and other provinces with a population of more than
60 million. Whenever important farming seasons come, farmland operations are more
concentrated, and there are dust problems to varying degrees in all aspects of farming
and harvesting; in the harvesting process, the problem of dust generated by agricultural
machinery operations is more prominent. During the working process of the harvesting
machinery, various mechanical parts interact with the crops, so that the dust particles
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture
 Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038
Figure
eter [10]. According to the particle size, atmospheric particulate matter can be divided into
PM2.5 (AED ≤ 2.5 μm), PM10 (AED ≤ 10 μm), and PM100 (AED ≤ 100 μm), among which
PM10 is also known as inhalable particulate matter. Particles with aerodynamic equiva-
2 of 22
attached to the surface of the crops diffuse into the air and become aerosols. The fugitive
dust suspended around the harvesting machinery seriously endangers the driver’s health,
and affects the working sight and some smart sensors, causing great hidden dangers of
work accidents. Under certain meteorological conditions, more dust causes a wider range
of air pollution after diffusion, increases the content of inhalable particulate matter in the
air, becomes one of the sources of air pollution during the harvest season of crops, and has
a continuous impact on surrounding agricultural practitioners [3].
Due to the fact that there are few systematic studies on the fugitive dust of agricultural
harvesting machinery at present, the existing dust control measures are mostly transplanted
directly from other industrial fields, and the matching with agricultural harvesting ma-
chinery, energy consumption, cost, and maintenance that farmers are concerned about are
rarely considered. They have been greatly restricted in terms of application and promotion.
Unscientific fugitive dust control methods and policies not only fail to achieve good control
effects, but may also affect normal agricultural production activities. In order to solve this
problem, this paper starts from the generation, composition, and particle size characteris-
tics of fugitive dust, expounds its harm to human health, climate and environment, and
analyzes the feasibility of four fugitive dust suppression technology and five measurement
methods from the perspective of agricultural production, and proposes a feasible fugitive
dust suppression and measurement scheme, so as to provide reference and basis for the
control of fugitive dust from agricultural harvesting machinery and the creation of a healthy
and safe production environment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Generation and Hazards of Fugitive Dust
2.1.1. Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Fugitive Dust from Agricultural
Harvesting Machinery
Atmospheric particulate matter (APM) is a general term for various solid and liquid
suspended particulate matter existing in the atmosphere [4]. Various particulate substances
are uniformly dispersed in the air to form a relatively stable and bulky suspension system,
an aerosol system, so atmospheric particles are also called atmospheric aerosols [5]. Fugitive
dust particles in the atmosphere are open sources of pollution formed after surface dust
diffuses into the atmosphere under wind, human, and other factors. According to the
nature of particulate matter, dust particles are generally composed of inorganic particles,
organic particles and living particles. Inorganic particles mainly include soil dust particles,
metal dust particles, mineral dust particles, etc. [6]. Organic particles mainly include plant
3 of 23
fiber, animal hair, cutin, dander, sugar, etc. [7,8]. Living particles mainly include fungi,
bacteria and virus, etc. [9]. The particulate matter in the atmosphere is shown in Figure 1.
Figure1.1.Atmospheric
Atmospheric particulate matter: sources,
particulate matter: sources,effects,
effects,and
andsize
size classification.
classification.
The size of dust particles is usually described by the Aerodynamic Equivalent Diam-
 Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 3 of 22

The size of dust particles is usually described by the Aerodynamic Equivalent Diam-
eter [10]. According to the particle size, atmospheric particulate matter can be divided
into PM2.5 (AED ≤ 2.5 µm), PM10 (AED ≤ 10 µm), and PM100 (AED ≤ 100 µm), among
which PM10 is also known as inhalable particulate matter. Particles with aerodynamic
equivalent diameter greater than 100 µm settle quickly under the action of gravity, while
PM100 settles very slowly and are suspended in the air for a long time; so PM100 is also
called total suspended particulate (TSP). The sedimentation rate of atmospheric particles
under the action of gravity can be described by the Stokes equation:

(ρ p − ρ a )
vs = gd p 2 (1)
18µ

Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038
where ρp is the density of the particulate matter (kg/m3 ), ρa the density of air (kg/m3 ), g is
the acceleration of gravity (m/s2 ), dp the aerodynamic equivalent diameter of particle (m),
and µ is the viscosity of air (Pa·s).
As an important part of atmospheric particulate matter in the environment [11,12],
dust particles from exposed lands [13] occupy a relatively high proportion in the source of
atmospheric particulate matter [14,15]. Feng [16] used the chemical mass balance (CMB)
receptor model and dual source analysis technology to analyze the sources of TSP and
PM10 in the ambient air of Urumqi, and found that among the sources of TSP and PM10,
the dust particles had the highest sharing rates, 34% and 30%, respectively. According
to the analysis results of sources of ambient air particulate matter in Jinan City in 2017
released by Jinan Environmental Protection Bureau in May 2018, among the PM10 sources
in Jinan City in 2017, the share of dust particles was 34.2%, an increase of 5.2 percentage 4 of 2
points compared with 2016. The share rate of PM10 sources in Jinan in 2016 and 2017 is
shown in Figure 2.

40.00%
2016 2017
35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
Fugitive Dsut Motor Vehicle Burning of Coal Industrial Other Sources
Production

Figure2.2.Sources
Figure Sources of PM10
of PM10 in Jinan
in Jinan in 2016
in 2016 and 2017.
and 2017.

For
Forthethestudy
study of the composition
of the composition of atmospheric particles,
of atmospheric the methods
particles, of chemical
the methods of chemica
analysis and ray analysis [17] after sampling are usually adopted [18,19]. The most im-
analysis and ray analysis [17] after sampling are usually adopted [18,19]. The most im
portant components of atmospheric particulate matter are often sulfate and nitrate from
portant components of atmospheric particulate matter are often sulfate and nitrate from
surface soil and vehicle exhaust emissions [20,21], which can usually reach 60~80% or
surface
higher soil
[22]. and[23]
Terzi vehicle exhausttheemissions
et al. studied [20,21], which
chemical composition can usuallyparticulate
of atmospheric reach 60~80% o
higherat[22].
matter Terzi [23]
two different et al.sites
urban studied
in thethe
citychemical composition
of Thessaloniki, Greece.of atmospheric
Through particulat
chemical
analysis, they found that the samples contained minerals (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, and K),chemica
matter at two different urban sites in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Through
trace elements
analysis, they(Cd, Cr, Cu,
found thatMn, Pb,samples
the V, Zn, Te,contained
Co, Ni, Se,minerals
Sr, As, and(Si,
Sb),Al,
water-soluble
Ca, Mg, Fe,ions
Ti, and K
(Cl − , NO− , SO2− , Na+ , K+ , NH4+ , Ca2+ , and Mg2+ ) and carbonaceous compounds. This is
trace elements
3 4 (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, V, Zn, Te, Co, Ni, Se, Sr, As, and Sb), water-solubl
consistent
ions (Cl−,with NO the
−
, SOresearch
2−
, Na+,ofK+Ambade [24]2+,and
, NH4+, Ca andCao
Mg[25].
2+) and carbonaceous compounds. This i
3 4

consistent with the research of Ambade [24] and Cao [25].

The fugitive dust in agricultural production is mainly soil dust particles, and contain
some living particles such as plant fibers and fungi and microorganisms [26,27]. The par
ticle size of soil dust particles is affected by many factors. Different regions, different so
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 4 of 22

The fugitive dust in agricultural production is mainly soil dust particles, and contains
some living particles such as plant fibers and fungi and microorganisms [26,27]. The particle
size of soil dust particles is affected by many factors. Different regions, different soil types,
and soil depths cause different soil particle size distributions [28], and even different tillage
methods lead to changes in soil particle size [29]. According to the soil analysis method
of Gee and Bauder, taking cultivated land as an example, among all soil particles with a
particle size of less than 100 µm, the particle size between 20 and 50 µm accounts for 20.41%,
and the particle size is between 50 and 100 µm. The proportion of particles is 78.9% [30].
The reason for the fugitive dust generated by agricultural harvesting machinery lies in the
perturbation on the crop plants and soil during the operation. There are certain differences
in the structure of harvesting machinery for different crops, but there are similarities in
the structure of headers, threshing, and the cleaning device. Taking wheat harvesting
machinery as an example, the main reasons for dust generation include: the perturbation
and cutting of wheat plants by header; the impact, friction, and extrusion between the
threshing device and the wheat plants [31]; the vibration of the sieve, the airflow field
generated by the fan [32]; the impurities such as finely broken straw, chaff, dust, and ear
head discharged from the miscellaneous outlet. For the picking and harvesting machinery
in the two-stage peanut harvesting, the excavated peanut plants are dried on the ground
and directly in contact with the surface soil [33], the perturbation of the plant and soil
by the spring-finger cylinder pickup collector is one of the reasons for the generation of
fugitive dust. The cleaning device mostly adopts the combination of sieve and fan [34]. The
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038
vibration of the sieve, especially the airflow generated by the fan generates a large amount
5 of 23
of fugitive dust. Figure 3 shows the fugitive dust from agricultural harvesting machinery
and an unscientific dust suppression method.

(a) (b)
Figure3.3. Fugitive
Figure Fugitive dust
dust from
fromagricultural
agriculturalharvesting
harvestingmachinery:
machinery:(a)(a)
fugitive dust
fugitive from
dust peanut
from har-
peanut
vester; (b) an unscientific dust suppression method.
harvester; (b) an unscientific dust suppression method.

2.1.2.
2.1.2.Hazards
Hazardsto toHuman
HumanHealthHealth
As
Asanan important
important part part of
of suspended particulate matter matter in in the
the air,
air, fugitive
fugitivedust
dustisisa
aserious
seriousthreat
threattotothethe health
health of human
of human beings,
beings, especially
especially children.
children. AccordingAccording
to the to the
results
results
of the of the epidemiological
third third epidemiological
survey survey on childhood
on childhood asthmaasthma in Chinese
in Chinese urbanurban
areasareas in
in 2013
2013 [35], compared with the results in 2000, the prevalence and
[35], compared with the results in 2000, the prevalence and cumulative prevalence of cumulative prevalence
of childhood
childhood asthma
asthma ininChina
Chinaincreased
increasedbyby50.6%50.6%andand52.8%,
52.8%,respectively.
respectively.Air Airpollution
pollutionis
isone
oneofofthe
theimportant
importantfactors
factorscausing
causingthisthisresult
result[36].
[36].Guo
Guo[37][37]etetal.al.used
used a biomarker
a biomarker in
in epidemiologicaland
epidemiological andtoxicological
toxicologicalstudies,
studies,which
which help
help inin understanding
understanding the the biologic
biologic
mechanisms underlying PM2.5-elicited adverse health outcomes.
mechanisms underlying PM2.5-elicited adverse health outcomes. The identified bi- The identified biomarkers
shed light on
omarkers shedPM2.5-elicited inflammation,
light on PM2.5-elicited fibrogenesis,
inflammation, and carcinogenesis.
fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Many
Many researchers have performed a lot of researchon
researchers have performed a lot of research onthe thesources,
sources,distribution,
distribution,and
and
hazards
hazards of atmospheric particles to human health, and deeply analyzedthe
of atmospheric particles to human health, and deeply analyzed thepathogenic
pathogenic
mechanism
mechanism[38,39].
[38,39]. The
Theresearchers
researchersfound
foundthat thatthe
theparticles
particleswere
weremostly
mostlydeposited
depositedin inthe
the
posterior pharyngeal wall, bronchioles, and the carina of the large respiratory
posterior pharyngeal wall, bronchioles, and the carina of the large respiratory tract, and the tract, and the
deposition
depositionrateratewas
wasnegatively
negativelycorrelated
correlatedwith
withthethediameter,
diameter,thatthatis,
is,the
thesmaller
smallerthe
theparticle
particle
diameter, the easier it is to deposit in the respiratory tract [40–42]. Among the atmospheric
particles, the part with a particle size larger than 2.5 μm is mainly deposited in the upper
respiratory tract after being inhaled by the human body, while when the particle size is less
than 2.5 μm, the particles can directly enter the bronchioles and alveolar ducts [43]. Studies
have shown that high concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) are associated
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 5 of 22

diameter, the easier it is to deposit in the respiratory tract [40–42]. Among the atmospheric
particles, the part with a particle size larger than 2.5 µm is mainly deposited in the upper
respiratory tract after being inhaled by the human body, while when the particle size is
less than 2.5 µm, the particles can directly enter the bronchioles and alveolar ducts [43].
Studies have shown that high concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) are as-
sociated with reduced respiratory function, aggravated respiratory disease symptoms [44],
and different components of particulate matter have effects on different diseases, such
as secondary organic aerosols, elemental carbon, nitrates and ammonium on low birth
weight [45,46], organic and elemental carbon, nitrates on cardiovascular disease [47,48],
water-soluble As, Cd, Cs, Pb, Sb, Tl, and Zn, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
on cancer [49,50], among others. PM10 can enter lung tissue, mechanically cause lung
tissue cells such as epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts to produce defense re-
sponses and secrete inflammatory mediators, thereby causing lung disease [51]. During the
COVID-19 pandemic in the past two years, many researchers have conducted studies on the
relationship between atmospheric particulate matter and the spread of COVID-19 [52,53],
and they found that atmospheric particulate matter can create a suitable environment for
transporting the virus at greater distances than those considered for close contact [54].

2.1.3. Impact on the Ecological Environment and Climate

Fugitive dust not only harms human health, but also directly participates in the process
of atmospheric dry deposition and wet deposition (rain, snow, frost, fog, etc.). On the
other hand, dust can absorb or scatter sunlight, reduce atmospheric visibility, weaken solar
radiation, and affect environmental thermal balance, which in turn affects environmental
temperature and ecosystems.
Fugitive dust is not a single contaminant, but a heterogeneous mixture of particles of
varying size, origin, and chemical composition. This inhomogeneity is not only reflected in
the inhomogeneity of particle mass concentration between different locations in the same
area, the inhomogeneous particle size distribution among different particles in the same
location, and even the inhomogeneous composition within a single particle. When the
Grantz [55] team studied the impact of atmospheric particles on vegetation and ecosystems,
they found that some of the fugitive dust in the air is adsorbed by plants. Although
the deposition process of these particles on the vegetation surface has no relation with
their chemical properties, it mainly depends on the particle size distribution, but in the
damage to plants after deposition is related to its chemical properties and particle size. The
deposited fugitive dust may cause the wear of plant leaves and reduce the luminous flux
of the leaves, and the chemical components in the fugitive dust can also cause damage to
plants after being absorbed through the cuticle. The fugitive dust generated on the land
spreads within a certain range under the action of airflow and wind force, and settles under
the action of gravity. Atmospheric particulate matter deposition in offshore or near-water
areas is one of the important ways for terrestrial materials to be transported into the sea
and water [56]. The Xing Jianwei [57] team found that atmospheric particulate matter
deposition accounted for 12.4% of the total exogenous input of active silicates in Jiaozhou
Bay, which is an important potential factor leading to the imbalance of nutrient structure
and the change in phytoplankton community structure in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay
in recent decades. The active silicate input brought by dust will have a certain impact on
the ecosystem of Jiaozhou Bay. At the same time, studies have also shown that the main
source of Si in atmospheric particulate matter is agricultural activities and long-distance
transmission of soil dust [58].
The impact of fugitive dust on the Earth’s climate is more complex. On the one
hand, particulate matter in the form of aerosols has a “parasol effect” that absorbs and
reflects solar radiation, thereby reducing the amount of radiation obtained by the Earth’s
surface and lowering the Earth’s temperature [59]. On the other hand, aerosols, such as
greenhouse gases, have a “greenhouse effect” that can increase the temperature of the
earth [60]. Aerosols have a shorter life cycle than greenhouse gases, so their concentrations
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 6 of 22

are more sensitive to changes in emissions. There is also a relationship between atmospheric
particles and precipitation as these particles can act as condensation nuclei that form cloud
droplets after absorbing water vapor [61].
Fugitive dust has a relatively high share rate in the source of atmospheric particulate
matter, and it has certain hazards to human health and the environment. Combined with
the actual situation of agricultural machinery, it is of great significance for the research on
the dust control of agricultural harvesting machinery to analyze the causes and migration
laws of fugitive dust, and to select appropriate fugitive dust control technology and
measurement technology.

2.2. Fugitive Dust Suppression Technologies

Although some researchers have made some improvements to agricultural harvesting
machinery by changing the structure or adding dust control devices to achieve a certain dust
suppression effect, the research on dust reduction technology for agricultural harvesting
machinery is still in its infancy. Further research needs to be combined with the actual
situation of agricultural activities, and the existing dust reduction technologies in mining,
coal power, and other fields should be used for reference.

2.2.1. Atomization Dust Suppression

Atomization dust suppression technology is one of the most widely used dust sup-
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 pression technologies in China at this stage, and it is very common in mineral 7mining, of 23
construction engineering, urban environmental management, and other fields. The working
principle of atomization dust suppression is that the water is pressurized by a high-pressure
water pump, and the fine droplets formed by the nozzle absorb the dust particles in the air
in the air under the mechanism of inertial collision and Brownian diffusion, so that the
under the mechanism of inertial collision and Brownian diffusion, so that the dust particles
dust particles increase in weight, bond, and settle. Due to its simple structure, spray dust
increase in weight, bond, and settle. Due to its simple structure, spray dust suppression
suppression equipment is applied to agricultural harvesting machinery by some enter-
equipment is applied to agricultural harvesting machinery by some enterprises. Xinchang
prises. Xinchang County Jiade Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Zhongshan, China)
County Jiade Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Zhongshan, China) [62] invented a dust
[62] invented a dust suppression device for agricultural machinery. The device uses a filter
suppression device for agricultural machinery. The device uses a filter equipped with a
equipped with a filter element to initially filter the dusty gas, and then sprays water mist
filter element to initially filter the dusty gas, and then sprays water mist through the nozzle
through the nozzle installed in the dust reduction chamber, and performs secondary dust
installed in the dust reduction chamber, and performs secondary dust reduction treatment
reduction treatment on the filtered dusty gas to achieve a better dust reduction effect. The
on the filtered dusty gas to achieve a better dust reduction effect. The dust suppression de-
dust suppression devices for harvesting machinery developed by Xingguang Agricultural
vices for harvesting machinery developed by Xingguang Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd.
Machinery Co., Ltd. (XAM, Huzhou, China) and Yunxun Agricultural Technology Co.,
(XAM, Huzhou, China) and Yunxun Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. (YAT, Guangzhou,
Ltd. (YAT, Guangzhou, China) both use a combination of enclosure and spray. The intel-
China) both use a combination of enclosure and spray. The intelligent fog forest dust
ligent fog forest dust suppression system developed by the latter can be installed at the
suppression system developed by the latter can be installed at the tail of peanut and wheat
tail of peanut and wheat harvesting machinery. The straw and dust can be lowered by
harvesting machinery. The straw and dust can be lowered by installing a windshield at
installing a windshield at the outlet of the harvesting machinery, and then spray water
the outlet of the harvesting machinery, and then spray water mist through the fan-shaped
mist through the fan-shaped nozzle designed by us to achieve the dust reduction effect.
nozzle designed by us to achieve the dust reduction effect. Figure 4 shows the two types of
Figure 4 shows the two types of dust suppression devices.
dust suppression devices.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. Spray dust suppression device installed on wheat harvester: (a) XAM spray dust suppres-
Figure 4. Spray dust suppression device installed on wheat harvester: (a) XAM spray dust suppres-
sion device; (b) YAT spay dust suppression device.
sion device; (b) YAT spay dust suppression device.

The effect of spray dust suppression is directly related to the surface tension of drop-
lets. In general, by improving the atomization performance and adding additives, the drop-
lets can obtain a smaller surface tension and better absorb dust particles. In the research of
spray performance of different types of nozzles, Pollock [63] et al. used a phase Doppler
particle analyzer to test the performance of four types of nozzles and conducted airflow
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 7 of 22

The effect of spray dust suppression is directly related to the surface tension of droplets.
In general, by improving the atomization performance and adding additives, the droplets
can obtain a smaller surface tension and better absorb dust particles. In the research of
spray performance of different types of nozzles, Pollock [63] et al. used a phase Doppler
particle analyzer to test the performance of four types of nozzles and conducted airflow
induction and dust particle capture experiments under the same operating parameters.
The experimental results showed that increasing the liquid pressure of the nozzle reduces
the droplet size and increases the droplet velocity; the nozzle with a wider spray angle
can induce more airflow, but the efficiency of dust collection is reduced. Han [64] et al.
designed an arc fan nozzle and studied the spray field characteristics of the arc fan nozzle
using a multiphase flow model (VOF) and found that the average width of the impact
zone of the arc fan nozzle was 3.1 times that of the free jet zone. They conducted a
comparative experiment with conical nozzles in the Fuchunke coal mine, and the average
dust suppression efficiency of total dust and respirable dust increased by 34% and 32%,
respectively. Wang [65] et al. built an experimental platform for spray dust reduction
and measured the atomization performance of the internal mixing air atomizing nozzle
and the swirl pressure nozzle. Experiments showed that the particle size of the droplets
generated by the swirl pressure nozzle decreases with the increase in water pressure, and
the size of the droplets generated by the air atomizing nozzle increases with the increase in
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 water pressure, and with the increase in air pressure. Due to the use of compressed 8airofas 23a
pressure aid, the internal mixing air atomizing nozzle has a lower pressure requirement for
water supply and lower power consumption. Common nozzles are shown in Figure 5.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure 5.
5. Common
Common nozzle
nozzletypes:
types:(a)
(a)fan
fannozzle;
nozzle;(b)
(b)hollow
hollowcone
conenozzle;
nozzle;(c)
(c)swirl
swirlnozzle;
nozzle;(d)
(d)air-
air-
assisted nozzle.
assisted nozzle.

Pure
Pure water
water droplets
droplets havehave aa large
large surface
surfacetension,
tension,which
whichmakes
makesititdifficult
difficulttotocapture
capture
dust
dust particles quickly and efficiently. Zhou [66] et al. studied the effectsofofdifferent
particles quickly and efficiently. Zhou [66] et al. studied the effects differentcon-con-
centrations
centrations of of dust
dust suppressants
suppressants on on thethe static
static wetting
wettingcharacteristics
characteristicsand anddust
dustreduction
reduction
efficiency
efficiency of of the
the solution
solutionand andfound
foundthat thatthe
thethree
threewetting
wetting characteristics
characteristics of of surface
surface ten-
tension,
sion, sink and
sink time, time,spreading
and spreading
work had work thehad the strongest
strongest correlationcorrelation
with dust with dust reduction
reduction efficiency.
efficiency.
This is used Thisas is
anused as an evaluation
evaluation index to construct
index to construct an evaluation
an evaluation system to system to deter-
determine the
mine the optimal dust suppressant concentration ratio. In order
optimal dust suppressant concentration ratio. In order to avoid the uncertain impact of to avoid the uncertain
impact
chemical of components
chemical components in dust suppressants
in dust suppressants on the environment,
on the environment, Zhang [67] Zhang
et al. [67] et
synthe-
al. synthesized a hydroxypropyl guar gum through the nucleophilic
sized a hydroxypropyl guar gum through the nucleophilic substitution reaction between substitution reaction
between natural polymer
natural polymer guar gum guar
and gum and propylene
propylene oxide.
oxide. The The optimization
optimization and viscosity
and viscosity exper-
experiment
iment of theofdust the dust
agentagent
showedshowed that that the dust
the dust suppression
suppression effect
effect waswasthe the
bestbest
when whenthe
the concentration
concentration of hydroxypropyl
of hydroxypropyl guar guar
gum gumwaswas0.8%,0.8%,
andandthe the average
average dustdust reduction
reduction rate
rate of total
of total dustdustand and inhalable
inhalable dustdust increased
increased to 83.94%
to 83.94% and and 84.08%,
84.08%, respectively.
respectively.
The structure
structure of of the
thespray
spraydustdustsuppression
suppressiondevicedeviceisissimple,
simple,andandthethetechnical
technicalthresh-
thresh-
old and cost are relatively low, so it has been applied in the dust
and cost are relatively low, so it has been applied in the dust suppression technologysuppression technology
of agricultural
agriculturalharvesting
harvestingmachinery.
machinery.However, However, spray
spraydust reduction
dust reduction requires continuous
requires continu-
water
ous watersupply, which
supply, affects
which the normal
affects the normal operation progress
operation of agricultural
progress harvesting
of agricultural ma-
harvesting
chinery
machinery andandincreases
increasesthe the
difficulty
difficulty for the
for application
the application of spray dustdust
of spray reduction in agricul-
reduction in agri-
tural harvesting
cultural harvesting machinery.
machinery.

2.2.2. Bag Filters

The main structure of bag filters includes gas inlet, filter bag (cartridge), gas outlet,
etc. At the same time, dust removal devices such as air nozzles and mechanical rappers
are also installed. Figure 6 shows two working states of a pulsed bag filter.

4
 The structure of the spray dust suppression device is simple, and the technical thresh-
old and cost are relatively low, so it has been applied in the dust suppression technology
of agricultural harvesting machinery. However, spray dust reduction requires continuous
water supply, which affects the normal operation progress of agricultural harvesting ma-
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 chinery and increases the difficulty for the application of spray dust reduction in agricul-
8 of 22
tural harvesting machinery.

2.2.2. Bag Filters

2.2.2. Bag Filters
The main structure of bag filters includes gas inlet, filter bag (cartridge), gas outlet,
The main structure of bag filters includes gas inlet, filter bag (cartridge), gas outlet, etc.
etc. At the same time, dust removal devices such as air nozzles and mechanical rappers
At the same time, dust removal devices such as air nozzles and mechanical rappers are also
are also installed. Figure 6 shows two working states of a pulsed bag filter.
installed. Figure 6 shows two working states of a pulsed bag filter.

4
5
3

2
1

8
10
9

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 6.
6. Working
Workingprinciple
principleofofpulse
pulsebag
bagfilters: (a)(a)
filters: filtering status;
filtering (b) (b)
status; cleaning status.
cleaning 1. Dusty
status. gas;
1. Dusty
2. gas inlet; 3. pulse valve; 4. valve plate; 5. clean gas; 6. gas outlet; 7. filter bag 8. ash bucket;
gas; 2. gas inlet; 3. pulse valve; 4. valve plate; 5. clean gas; 6. gas outlet; 7. filter bag 8. ash bucket; 9.
unloaded valve; 10. rapping device.
9. unloaded valve; 10. rapping device.

The main working principle of the bag filter is that when the dust-laden gas enters the
clean device, part of the coarse particles are adsorbed on the filter material made of glass
fiber, synthetic fiber, textile, etc., under the action of inertial collision, forming Primary
layer [68]. With the assistance of the initial layer, the interception of smaller particles
can be achieved. With the continuous accumulation of dust on the filter bag, the overall
airflow resistance of the filter equipment gradually increases, the power consumption
of the equipment increases [69], and some particles penetrate the filter bag and can be
discharged from the air outlet under the action of pressure, affecting the dust removal
efficiency. Therefore, after the filter bag has accumulated enough dust, it should be cleaned
under the premise of protecting the initial layer. Zhang Yongchuan [70] et al. designed a
dust suppression system for rice and wheat combine harvesters installed with negative
pressure fans and filter cartridges. In the application of computational fluid dynamics
(CFD), Le Wenyi [71] et al. studied the airflow distribution of a combined bag filter under
four boundary conditions and found that the relative angle between the deflector and the
air inlet and outlet was set to 90◦ can effectively improve the dust removal efficiency of
the dust removal device. When the ambient humidity is too high, it has a certain impact
on the performance of the bag filter. Boudhan [72] et al. found that when the gas at the
inlet contains water vapor, the capillary condensation of water makes the powder layer
more compact, which accelerates the increase in the pressure difference and reduce the
life of the filter bag. For a pulse bag filter, the performance of the air nozzles affects the
dust removal effect. Shim [73] et al. designed a pulse bag filter with a double annular slot
air nozzle, which can generate more secondary air flow and achieve better dust removal
compared with traditional hole nozzles and nipple nozzles. High dust removal efficiency
can be obtained under low pulse pressure.
Bag filters have the characteristics of high dust removal efficiency, simple structure, and
stable operation. This type of dust removal device has good capture efficiency for particles
of various particle size ranges, but it has certain requirements on ambient temperature
and humidity. When the temperature is too low or the humidity is high, the dust particles
easily block the filter bag after absorbing water, which greatly increases the resistance of the
dust collector. When the temperature is too low or the humidity is high, the dust particles
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 9 of 22

easily block the filter bag after absorbing water, which greatly increases the resistance of
the device. At the same time, if it is used as a vehicle-mounted dust removal device, the
vibration of the machine affects the formation of the initial layer, thereby affecting the dust
removal efficiency of the initial stage of work after the bag filter is started.

2.2.3. Electrostatic Precipitator

The working principle of electrostatic precipitator is to ionize the air through a high-
voltage electric field. When the dust particles enter, they collide with the ions that move
freely at high speed in the electric field, so as to be charged. Driven by the electric field
force, these charged dusts are adsorbed and deposited by the dust collecting electrode, and
finally collected by the dust cleaning device. The whole process can be summarized into
five steps: ionizing, charging, driving, depositing, and removing. Common electrostatic
precipitators can be divided into single-zone and dual-zone devices according to whether
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 ionization and adsorption are in the same area [74] and can also be divided into dry 10 and
of 23
wet devices according to whether the dust removal is by spraying. Figure 7 shows the
working principle of a common single-zone electrostatic precipitator.

2 3 4
1
5
- - - - - -
- -

- - -
6 - - - - - -

Figure7.7.Working
Figure Workingprinciple
principleofofsingle
singlezone
zoneelectrostatic
electrostaticprecipitator.
precipitator.1. 1.Dusty
Dustygas;
gas;2.2.collection
collection
elec−trode; 3. charged dust particle; 4. discharge electrode; 5. clean gas; 6. dust particle.
elec−trode; 3. charged dust particle; 4. discharge electrode; 5. clean gas; 6. dust particle.

Electrostaticprecipitator
Electrostatic precipitatortechnology
technologyhas
hasbeen
beenapplied
appliedtotoflue
fluegas
gasdust
dustremoval
removalforfor
morethan
more than100
100years
years[75].
[75].The
TheCoulomb
Coulombforce
forceofofaasuspended
suspendedcharged
chargedparticle
particleininan
anelectric
electric
fieldisisprovided
field providedby:
by:
F = qE (2)
F = qE (2)
where F is the Coulomb force (N), q the particle charge (C) and E is the electric field (V/m).
where F is the Coulomb force (N), q the particle charge (C) and E is the electric field (V/m).
The viscous force on a moving particle is provided by:
The viscous force on a moving particle is provided by:
3πµd p we
Fs = 3πμ d p we (3)
Fs = Cm (3)
Cm
where we is the velocity of the particles moving towards the collecting electrode, µ the
where w
viscosity of air (Pa·s), dp the aerodynamic equivalent diameter of the particle, and Cm the
e is the velocity of the particles moving towards the collecting electrode, μ the
Cunningham correction factor.
viscosity of air (Pa·s), dp the aerodynamic equivalent diameter of the particle, and Cm the
The fine particle capture rate can be further improved by adding a pre-charger.
Cunningham correction factor.
Yang [76] et al. developed a combined wet electrostatic precipitator using a perforated
The fine particle capture rate can be further improved by adding a pre-charger. Yang
pre-charger, which can generate high-density ions to improve the charging effect of fine
[76] et al. developed a combined wet electrostatic precipitator using a perforated pre-
particles. They applied this technology in a coal-fired power plant of 1000 MW scale,
charger, which can generate high-density ions to improve the charging effect of fine par-
which can effectively improve the collection efficiency of fine particles in the size range of
ticles. They applied this technology in a coal-fired power plant of 1000 MW scale, which
0.1~1 µm by reducing the temperature. The use of a pre-charger reduces the particulate
can effectively improve the collection efficiency of fine particles in the size range of 0.1~1
matter emission level to 0.43 mg/m3 with an additional energy consumption of less than
μm by reducing the temperature. The use of a pre-charger reduces the particulate matter
3%. In order to deal with high-resistivity dust, Mizuno [77] et al. obtained high-efficiency
emission levelpulse
instantaneous to 0.43 mg/m3with
voltage withpulse
an additional energy
voltage and consumptionswitching
semiconductor of less than 3%. In
devices,
order to deal with high-resistivity dust, Mizuno [77] et al. obtained high-efficiency
formed non-thermal plasma for processing high-resistivity dust, and used an LC oscillation instan-
taneous
circuit pulse voltage
to recover within
the energy pulse voltage and
the capacitor, semiconductor
reducing switching devices, formed
energy consumption.
non-thermal plasma for processing high-resistivity dust, and used an LC oscillation circuit
to recover the energy in the capacitor, reducing energy consumption.
The electrostatic precipitator can work at a higher temperature and has the charac-
teristics of high efficiency, low resistance, and no consumables. However, the electrostatic
precipitator is large in size, complex in structure, and requires relatively high mainte-
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 10 of 22

The electrostatic precipitator can work at a higher temperature and has the character-
istics of high efficiency, low resistance, and no consumables. However, the electrostatic
precipitator is large in size, complex in structure, and requires relatively high maintenance.
At the same time, it has certain restrictions on the specific resistance of the dust that needs
to be treated. Therefore, such devices have certain limitations in the fugitive dust control of
agricultural harvesting machinery, and it can be considered to be used in conjunction with
other dust suppression technologies to achieve better results.

2.2.4. Cyclone Dust Collector

When the cyclone dust collector is working, the dusty gas needs to be sent into the
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 dust collector to form a high-speed swirling flow. Under the action of centrifugal11 force,
of 23
the solid dust particles are guided to the inner wall of the dust collector to collide and lose
momentum. The dust particles separated from the swirling gas slide along the inner wall
ofcollector
the cyclone
can to the dusttrouble-free
maintain collecting device, as shown
operation for ain Figure
long time8. and
The has
cyclone
the dust collectorof
advantages
can maintain trouble-free operation for a long time and has the advantages
being simpler and more reliable than other dust removal equipment [78]. of being simpler
and more reliable than other dust removal equipment [78].
3
4
2
5

1 6

Figure 8. Working principle of cyclone dust collector. 1. Dusty gas; 2. air inlet; 3. clean gas; 4. air
Figure 8. Working principle of cyclone dust collector. 1. Dusty gas; 2. air inlet; 3. clean gas; 4. air
outlet;
outlet;5.5.cylinder;
cylinder;6.6.gas
gasflow
flowpath;
path;7.7.cone;
cone;8.8.dust
dustoutlet.
outlet.

The equations of particle motion can be expressed as:

The equations of particle motion can be expressed as:
dudpu
=p α(u g − u p ) (4)
dt = α (u g − u p ) (4)
dt
dv p w2p
d v= α(v g − v p ) + w2 (5)
dt p = α (v − v ) + rp p
g p (5)
dw p dt v p wrpp
= α(w g − w p ) − (6)
dt rp
dwp v p wp
18µCD Re = α ( wg − w24p ) − (6)
α= d ,tC D = 0.22 + rp ( Re)0.6 ]
[1 + 0.15 (7)
ρ p d2p 24 Re
where u, v, and w are the18 μ C D Re 24 and particles on the x, y, and z
α = velocity components of gas
, CD = 0.22 + [1 + 0.15( Re)0.6 ] (7)
coordinate axes, respectivelyρ(gdfor
2 gas and
p p 24 Re rp is the aerodynamic equivalent
p for particle),
radius of particle, µ is the viscosity of air, ρp is the density of the particulate matter, dp is
where
the u, v, and w
aerodynamic are the velocity
equivalent components
diameter gasRe
of particle,ofand and particles
is the on the
Reynolds x, y, and z coor-
number.
Theaxes,
dinate size respectively
of each component ofand
(g for gas the pcyclone is mainly
for particle), rp is determined by the
the aerodynamic flow of
equivalent
dusty gas
radius of being processed.
particle, Under theofcondition
μ is the viscosity thatdensity
air, ρp is the the sizeofofthe
each component
particulate remains
matter, dp is
the aerodynamic equivalent diameter of particle, and Re is the Reynolds number.
The size of each component of the cyclone is mainly determined by the flow of dusty
gas being processed. Under the condition that the size of each component remains un-
changed, multiple cyclone dust collectors can obtain higher dust removal efficiency by
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 11 of 22

unchanged, multiple cyclone dust collectors can obtain higher dust removal efficiency
by connecting in series and can handle larger gas flow by connecting them in parallel.
The dust suppression system equipped with the 4HZJ-2500 self-propelled peanut picking
and harvesting machine produced by Longfei Agricultural Machinery (LAM) Co., Ltd.
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 12 of 23
(Qingdao, China) adopts the design of parallel cyclone dust collectors to deal with the large
flow of dusty gas generated by high-power fans, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure9.9.LAM
Figure LAM4HZJ-2500
4HZJ-2500peanut
peanutharvester.
harvester.

InInorder
order to improve
to improve the dust
the dust collection
collection efficiency
efficiency of the cyclone
of the cyclone dust Shin
dust collector, collector,
[79] etShin
al.
[79] et al.
studied thestudied
cyclonethe dustcyclone dust
collector collector
suitable forsuitable
the extreme for the extreme environment
environment of 600 kPa of high600
kPa highand
pressure 400 ◦ Cand
pressure high400 °C high temperature,
temperature, and found and that found
withinthat withinflow
a certain a certain
range,flowin-
range, increasing
creasing the pressure theand
pressure
reducingandthereducing the temperature
temperature improves the improves the dustefficiency.
dust collection collection
efficiency.
Leith [80] et Leith [80] etfive
al. studied al. pressure
studied fiveloss pressure
models and lossfourmodels
dust and four dust
reduction reduction
efficiency modelseffi-
ciency models commonly used in cyclone dust collectors
commonly used in cyclone dust collectors and evaluated their performance. They finally and evaluated their perfor-
mance.
chose They finally
Shepherd chose Shepherd
and Lapple’s pressure and Lapple’s
loss model and pressure
Leith and lossLicht’s
modeldust andreduction
Leith and
Licht’s dust
efficiency modelreduction
as the efficiency
best design model
method as the
forbest
the design method for the design
and improvement and im-
of cyclone
provement
dust collectors ofand
cyclone
obtained dusthigher
collectors
dust and obtained
collection higherTekam
efficiency. dust collection efficiency.
[81] et al. analyzed
the effect[81]
Tekam of cyclone design the
et al. analyzed parameters
effect of on pressure
cyclone design lossparameters
and dust collection
on pressure efficiency,
loss and
determined the optimal
dust collection efficiency,testdetermined
parametersthe andoptimal
conducted test experiments.
parameters and They found that
conducted the
experi-
main factors affecting the pressure loss and dust reduction
ments. They found that the main factors affecting the pressure loss and dust reduction collection were inlet height,
cylinder
collectionheight,
wereand inletoutlet
height, height.
cylinder height, and outlet height.
TheThecyclone
cyclone dust collectorhas
dust collector hasthe thecharacteristics
characteristics of of simple
simple structure,
structure, convenient
convenient oper-
operation,
ation, andand maintenance,
maintenance, and and
has has
highhigh separation
separation efficiency
efficiency for particles
for particles largerlarger
than than
5 μm,
5 which
µm, which
is moreis more suitable
suitable for theforcontrol
the control of fugitive
of fugitive dust from dust from agricultural
agricultural machinerymachinery
opera-
operations. For fine particles, the dust collection efficiency of the
tions. For fine particles, the dust collection efficiency of the cyclone is reduced. Therefore, cyclone is reduced.
Therefore,
by combiningby combining
the cyclone the cyclone
dust dustwith
collector collector with its dust
its combined combined
removal dust removal
device, device,
higher dust
higher
collection efficiency can be obtained. Wang [82] et al. greatly enhanced the collection the
dust collection efficiency can be obtained. Wang [82] et al. greatly enhanced effi-
collection
ciency ofefficiency
particles, of particles,fine
especially especially
particlesfine particles
with a particlewithsizea particle
of about size2 of
μm, about 2 µm,
by adding
by adding ultrasonic
ultrasonic atomization atomization for dust Zhang
for dust reduction. reduction.
Jianping Zhang [83]Jianping [83] et aal.cyclone
et al. designed designeddust
a collector
cyclone dust
with electrodes and a magnetic field. The charged particles in the dusty gas in
collector with electrodes and a magnetic field. The charged particles are
the dusty gas
subjected to the aredouble
subjected to the
action double
of the action
electric fieldof the and
force electric field force
the Lorentz andwhich
force, the Lorentz
changes
force, which changes
the direction of hittingthethe direction of hitting
dust collecting the dustso
electrode, collecting
that theyelectrode,
are easier so that they are
collect.
easier collect.
2.3. Measurement Methods
2.3. Measurement Methods
The effect of fugitive dust suppression requires certain quantitative indicators. Fugi-
The effect of fugitive dust suppression requires certain quantitative indicators. Fugitive
tive dust is usually measured by mass concentration, and the unit is generally μg/m3 or
dust is usually measured by mass concentration, and the unit is generally µg/m3 or mg/m3 .
mg/m . The effect of fugitive dust suppression is provided by:
3
The effect of fugitive dust suppression is provided by:
C1 − C0
η= × 100% (8)
C1
where C0 is mass concentration of particulate matter before dust suppression and C1 is mass
 Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 12 of 22

Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 C1 − C0 13 of 23

η= × 100% (8)
C1
where C0 is mass concentration of particulate matter before dust suppression and C1 is
mass concentration of particulate matterM after dust suppression. The mass concentration is
provided by: C= (9)
Q ×T M
C= (9)
Q ×Q
where M is the mass of the collected particulate matter, T is the air flow of the measuring
device, where
and T is Mthe sampling
is the mass ofperiod. Measurement
the collected methods
particulate matter,mainly
Q is theinclude
air flowgravimetric
of the measuring
analysis,device,
beta attenuation,
and T is thetapered
sampling element
period. oscillating
Measurementmicrobalance,
methodspiezoelectric
mainly include crystal,
gravimetric
analysis,
and light betaetc.
scattering, attenuation,
[84,85]. tapered element oscillating microbalance, piezoelectric crystal,
and light scattering, etc. [84,85].
2.3.1. Gravimetric Analysis
2.3.1. Gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric analysis, also known as the filter weighing method, is the most basic
method for dustGravimetric analysis,
measurement. It also known
is often usedasasthe filter weighing
a measure of the method,
reliabilityisofthe most basic
other
methods and has received many theoretical and applied studies over the past few decades meth-
method for dust measurement. It is often used as a measure of the reliability of other
[86]. Theods andweighing
filter has received many
method theoretical
works and applied
by extracting dustystudies over the
gas through past few
a stable decades [86].
sampler,
sieving particles of different size ranges with the help of a cutter installed on it, and trap- sieving
The filter weighing method works by extracting dusty gas through a stable sampler,
particles
ping them on the offilter
different size ranges
membrane. Thewith
dustythegas
help of a cutter
volume installed on
is calculated it, and trapping
according to the them
sampling time and flow rate, and the mass increment of the filter membrane (i.e., thethe
on the filter membrane. The dusty gas volume is calculated according to masssampling
of the particulate matters) is weighed by an analytical balance to calculate the mass con- of the
time and flow rate, and the mass increment of the filter membrane (i.e., the mass
particulate matters) is weighed by an analytical balance to calculate the mass concentration
centration of the fugitive dust. This method is a direct measurement method. The main
of the fugitive dust. This method is a direct measurement method. The main structure of a
structure of a medium-flow particle sampling device and its cutter is shown in Figure 10.
medium-flow particle sampling device and its cutter is shown in Figure 10.

1
2

3
4
5 6

1.Protecting mask 2.Pressure ring

3.Membrane clamp 4.Gasket
5.Cone 6.Membrane

(a) (b)
Figure 10. JH-120F
Figure 10. particle
JH-120Fsampler: (a) particle
particle sampler: (a)sampler
particle appearance; (b) main (b)
sampler appearance; structure of the cutter.
main structure of the cutter.

In the selection of filter of

In the selection membranes, the quartz
filter membranes, the filter
quartzmembrane is the most
filter membrane used
is the byused by
most
ChineseChinese
scholarsscholars
in the analysis and research of PM2.5 source [87], as shown in Table 1.
in the analysis and research of PM2.5 source [87], as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Table
Comparison of common
1. Comparison filter membranes.
of common filter membranes.
Membrane Membrane
Material Material Application OccasionOccasion
Application Percentage (%) (%)
Percentage
Quartz fiber Organic matter analysis 47
Quartz fiber Organic matter analysis 47
Teflon Teflon Inorganic matter analysis
Inorganic matter analysis 26 26
Polypropylene
Polypropylene High temperature, strong acid,
High temperature, andacid,
strong alkali
and alkali 8 8
Glass fiber Glass fiber Large flow,Large
highflow, high concentration
concentration 8 8

In the application of filter weighing

In the application method, Cui
of filter weighing [88] et Cui
method, al. studied
[88] et the
al. chemical
studied thechar-
chemical
acteristics and sources and
characteristics of PM10 in Guangzhou
sources of PM10 in area. They used
Guangzhou area.a four-channel particle sam- particle
They used a four-channel
pler for sampling, and the average mass concentration of PM10 in the seven sampling areas
was 125.7 μg/m3. Wu [89] et al. studied the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in TSP in Tianjin in winter and measured the mass concentration of total sus-
pended particulate matter in 13 sampling points using the filter weighing method. In order
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 13 of 22

sampler for sampling, and the average mass concentration of PM10 in the seven sampling
areas was 125.7 µg/m3 . Wu [89] et al. studied the pollution characteristics of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in TSP in Tianjin in winter and measured the mass concentration of
total suspended particulate matter in 13 sampling points using the filter weighing method.
In order to study the physicochemical characteristics and transmission pathways of atmo-
spheric particulate matter in the sand–dust period in Harbin, Huang [90] et al. measured
the mass concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 using the filter weighing method. Con-
sidering the volatilization characteristics of some components in atmospheric particles,
when using the filter weighing method to study the concentration of particulate matter, it
is necessary to properly preserve the samples and complete the weighing measurement in
a short time as much as possible. In the study of nitrate and sulfate concentrations in PM10,
Dunwoody [91] et al. found that the average value of nitrate measured after 6 to 8 months
of storage was 86% lower than the average value when sampling was completed, while the
value of sulfate remained unchanged. This showed that there is a rapid loss of nitrate on
the quartz filter membrane. Zhang [92] et al. studied the fugitive dust generated by peanut
harvesting machinery, and measured PM2.5, PM10, and TSP at multiple sampling points
by gravimetric analysis method. They found that the dust particles discharged during the
mechanized peanut harvesting were concentrated within the 2~30 µm size range. They
measured the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP at multiple sampling points, among
which the concentrations of these three particles at the sampling point 3 m away from
the harvesting machinery path, reaching 2.38 mg/m3 , 7.65 mg/m3 , and 10.71 mg/m3 ,
respectively, and the concentrations decreased rapidly when the distance increased to 20 m.
The filter weighing method has a simple principle and is a commonly used dust
measurement method. However, it takes a long time to sample, the procedure is more
complicated, the filter membrane needs to be dried before and after sampling, and it can
only measure the average value within a specific period of time (usually at least 24 h), so it
is difficult to realize real-time measurement. Therefore, in the fugitive dust measurement
of agricultural harvesting machinery, it is suitable for long-term measurement as a fixed
detection point.

2.3.2. Beta Attenuation

Beta attenuation is also known as β-ray attenuation. The working principle of this
measurement method is that the β-rays pass through the filter paper belt used to trap
particulate matter before and after sampling, and the mass of the particles collected on the
filter paper belt is obtained according to the change in the attenuation of beta rays. Then,
the mass concentration of particulate matter can be obtained through the flow value, which
can realize continuous measurement. A common β-ray particle measurement device and
its working principle are shown in Figure 11.
Beta attenuation is widely used in the field of atmospheric environmental monitoring.
Cheng [93] et al. analyzed the PM2.5 pollution status of 45 megacities around the world,
and 28 of the 45 cities use β-ray attenuation to measure the concentration of particulate
matter in the atmosphere. When Zhang [94] et al. studied the particle size distribution of
chemical components of atmospheric aerosols during haze weather in the northern suburbs
of Nanjing, they used carbon-14 as a ray source to measure PM2.5 in the atmosphere,
which reached 69.98 ± 31.70 µg/m3 on haze days. Triantafyllou [95] et al. used the beta
attenuation method to measure PM2.5 and PM10 in atmospheric particulate matter in
the suburbs of Athens, Greece for a period of 4 years, and systematically compared them
with the measurement results of the filter weighing method. The correlation coefficients
were 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The β-ray attenuation method has high measurement
accuracy, and its response is faster than the filter weighing method, usually up to 1 h, and
has been widely used in environmental monitoring stations in many countries. However,
its price is relatively expensive, the filter paper belt needs to be replaced regularly, and the
instrument with radioactive source may be harmful in the farmland operation environment,
which limits its application and promotion in the fugitive dust measurement of agricultural
 point.

2.3.2. Beta Attenuation

Beta attenuation is also known as β-ray attenuation. The working principle of this
measurement method is that the β-rays pass through the filter paper belt used to trap
Agriculture
Agriculture 12,12,
2022,
2022, 1038
1038 14 of 22
15 of
particulate matter before and after sampling, and the mass of the particles collected on the23
filter paper belt is obtained according to the change in the attenuation of beta rays. Then,
the mass concentration of particulate matter can be obtained through the flow value,
whichharvesting machinery
can attenuation
Beta realize to a measurement.
continuous certain
is widely usedextent. Therefore,
A common
in the field this type
β-ray
of atmospheric of measuring
particle device
measurement
environmental can be
de-
monitor-
vice applied
and its to a small
working number
principle of
arefugitive
shown dust
in monitoring
Figure 11. stations set up around
ing. Cheng [93] et al. analyzed the PM2.5 pollution status of 45 megacities around the agricultural
areasand
world, to obtain long-term
28 of the fugitive
45 cities dustattenuation
use β-ray change data.
to measure the concentration of par-
ticulate matter in the atmosphere.5 When Zhang [94] et al. studied the particle size distri-
bution of chemical components 4
of atmospheric aerosols during haze weather in the north-
ern suburbs of Nanjing, they used carbon-14 as a ray source to measure PM2.5 in the at-
mosphere, which reached 69.98 ± 31.70 μg/m3 on 6haze days. Triantafyllou [95] et al. used
3
the beta attenuation method to measure PM2.5 and7PM10 in atmospheric particulate mat-
ter in the suburbs of Athens, 2 Greece for a period of 4 years, and systematically compared
them with the measurement results of the filter weighing method. The correlation coeffi-
8
cients were 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The β-ray attenuation method has high measure-
ment accuracy, and its response is faster than the filter weighing method, usually up to 1
h, and has been widely used in environmental monitoring 9 stations in many countries.
1
However, its price is relatively expensive, the filter paper belt needs to be replaced regu-
larly, and the instrument with radioactive source may be harmful in the farmland opera-
tion environment, which limits its application and promotion in the fugitive dust meas-
urement of(a)agricultural harvesting machinery (b) to a certain extent. Therefore, this type of
measuring
Figure 11. device
β-ray can
particle be applied
measurement to a small
device and number
its working
Figure 11. β-ray particle measurement device and its working ofprinciple:
fugitive dust
(a)
principle: (a)monitoring
β-ray particle
β-ray stations
measure-
particle measure-
setment
ment up around
device; agricultural
(b) working areas
principle. 1.to obtain
Clean filterlong-term
paper roll;fugitive dust
2. pressure change
wheel; data.
3. filter paper; 4. gas
device; (b) working principle. 1. Clean filter paper roll; 2. pressure wheel; 3. filter paper; 4. gas
flow; 5. cutter; 6. β-ray source; 7. β-ray detector; 8. scroll motor; 9. air pump.
flow; 5. cutter; 6. β-ray source; 7. β-ray detector; 8. scroll motor; 9. air pump.
2.3.3. Tapered Element Oscillation Microbalance
2.3.3.
TheTapered
workingElement Oscillation
principle Microbalance
of the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) is as
follows:The working
First, a filterprinciple
membrane of the tapered element
is installed oscillating
on the narrower endmicrobalance (TEOM)
of the tapered hollowis as
follows: First, a filter membrane is installed on the narrower end
tube. Then, when the air to be detected enters the conical hollow tube and passes through of the tapered hollow
thetube.
filterThen, when the
membrane, theair to be detected
particulate matter enters the conical
is adsorbed. Thehollow
tapered tube and passes
hollow through
tube, which
the filteroscillates
originally membrane, thenatural
at the particulate matterin
frequency is the
adsorbed.
naturalThe tapered
state, changes hollow tube, which
the oscillation
originally
frequency dueoscillates at thein
to the change natural
the mass frequency
so as to in the natural
obtain the massstate, changes
of the adsorbedtheparticles.
oscillation
Finally, the mass concentration of particulate matter is obtained according to the gasparticles.
frequency due to the change in the mass so as to obtain the mass of the adsorbed flow
Finally,
rate. TEOM theismass concentration
a method that can of particulate matter
continuously monitor is obtained accordingoftoparticulate
the concentration the gas flow
rate. Compared
matter. TEOM is a withmethod the that
β-raycan continuously
attenuation methodmonitor the light
and the concentration
scatteringof particulate
method, it
is a direct measurement method for the concentration of particulate matter [96]. The moreit is
matter. Compared with the β-ray attenuation method and the light scattering method,
a direct conical
common measurement
element method for themicrobalance
oscillating concentrationmeasuring
of particulate matter [96].
equipment The more
is Thermo
common conical element oscillating microbalance measuring
Fisher’s TEOM 1405 series particulate matter monitor, as shown in Figure 12. equipment is Thermo Fisher’s
TEOM 1405 series particulate matter monitor, as shown in Figure 12.
1

4
6

(a) (b)
Figure 12.12.
Figure TEOMTEOM14051405
series particulate
series matter
particulate monitor:
matter (a) particle
monitor: mattermatter
(a) particle monitor appearance;
monitor (b)
appearance;
main structure of core components. 1. Sample flow; 2. exchangeable TEOM filter cartridge; 3. ta-
(b) main structure of core components. 1. Sample flow; 2. exchangeable TEOM filter cartridge; 3.
pered element; 4. drive amplifier; 5. frequency counter; 6. to flow controller.
tapered element; 4. drive amplifier; 5. frequency counter; 6. to flow controller.
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 15 of 22

TEOM is widely used in atmospheric environmental quality monitoring. Wang [97]

studied the concentration characteristics of nonvolatile and semi volatile particles in PM2.5
in winter and spring in Shanghai. He used TEOM to measure the mass concentration of
PM2.5 in the atmosphere, and achieved more accurate detection results through dynamic
membrane technology. Wang [98] et al. studied the mass concentration of particulate matter
in the ambient atmosphere of Changsha and its variation characteristics. They used TEOM
to measure PM10, obtained an annual average of 120.8 ± 47.7 µg/m3 , and found that there
was a good correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations in the atmosphere
of Changsha.
TEOM has the characteristics of fast, accurate, and high sensitivity, and has a wide
range of applications. However, it is large and expensive, and has high requirements for
the installation. Therefore, the application in fugitive dust measurement of agricultural
harvesting machinery has certain limitations, and it is suitable for use as
calibration equipment.

2.3.4. Piezoelectric Crystal

Piezoelectric crystal is also known as piezoelectric microbalance because it resembles
a small balance. The corona action of the high-voltage discharge needle causes the particles
to settle on the electrode surface of the quartz resonator, and the increment of the particle
mass is measured by the change in the frequency of the quartz resonator. Quartz resonators
generally have a natural resonance frequency of 5 to 10 MHz, and the sensitivity to mass
increment can usually reach 1000 Hz/µg, with high stability at 10 MHz.
As early as 1971, Olin [99] et al. initially verified the feasibility of using piezoelectric
crystals to measure the mass concentration of suspended particles. Zhao [100] et al. de-
signed a miniature atmospheric particle measurement system. First, the silica powder was
separated according to particle size by a virtual impactor. Then, through the characteristic
that the resonance frequency of the quartz crystal resonant sensor decreases linearly with
the increase in the mass load of the particulate matter, the mass of the particulate matter is
measured, thereby obtaining the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the gas to
be measured.
At present, there are relatively few devices for particle measurement using piezoelec-
tric crystals. The measurement sensitivity of the piezoelectric crystal method is very high,
but when the load is large, the increase in the resonance frequency and the increase in
the mass of the pressed particle shows a nonlinear relationship. Therefore, the particles
deposited on the crystal surface must be cleaned regularly. This type of device is not
suitable for directly measuring high-concentration fugitive dust generated by agricultural
machinery, but can be used as a particle detection device in the cab.

2.3.5. Light Scattering

The light scattering method is a particle measurement method based on the Mie
scattering principle [101]. The measuring device samples the dusty gas to be measured
into the detection darkroom through a fan, and irradiates the laser on the particles, which
generates scattered light. Finally, the pulsed electrical signals converted from these scattered
light are used to obtain the mass concentration of the particulate matter. The detection
principle of the light scattering method is shown in Figure 13.
In the research and development of measuring devices, TSI Corporation [102] of the
United States detects the size of the pulse signal generated by the scattered light of partic-
ulate matter to determine its aerodynamic equivalent diameter. The new measurement
device they developed combines photometric and light pulse measurements to obtain mass
concentration values that are larger than typical particle counting instruments and more
accurate than conventional photometers. In the application research of light scattering
particle measurement device, Zamora [103] et al. used three Plantower PMS-A003 laser
scattering dust sensors to measure PM2 from eight sources, and the sensors showed high
accuracy and R2 values higher than 0.86. Guo [104] et al. used light scattering to monitor
 4
3 5
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 2 16 of 22
1

TSP mass concentrations at 17 sites in Shanghai for 15 months. The monitoring data were
used as a data set together with the data obtained by the filter weighing method. They
trained the model using four machine learning algorithms, corrected the measurements
obtained by the light scattering method, and obtained better fitting results. Reference [70]
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 6
used the light scattering dust detection device to measure the fugitive dust generated by
the rice–wheat combine harvester, and they found that the dust concentration at the header
Figure 13. Working principle of light scattering particle measurement device. 1. Light source; 2. lens;
was the highest, which could reach 4021 µg/m3 .
3. photoelectric converter; 4. integrator; 5. darkroom; 6. exhaust fan.

In the research 4and development of measuring devices, TSI Corporation [102] of the
United States detects the size of the pulse signal generated by the scattered light of partic-
3
ulate matter to determine its aerodynamic 5equivalent diameter. The new measurement
device they developed combines photometric and light pulse measurements to obtain
mass 2
1 concentration values that are larger than typical particle counting instruments and
more accurate than conventional photometers. In the application research of light scatter-
ing particle measurement device, Zamora [103] et al. used three Plantower PMS-A003 la-
ser scattering dust sensors to measure PM2 from eight sources, and the sensors showed
high accuracy and R2 values higher than 0.86. Guo [104] et al. used light scattering to mon-
itor TSP mass concentrations at 17 sites in Shanghai for 15 months. The monitoring data
were used as a data set together with the data obtained by the filter weighing method.
They trained the model using four machine learning algorithms, corrected the measure-
6 obtained by the light scattering method, and obtained better fitting results. Refer-
ments
ence [70] used the light scattering dust detection device to measure the fugitive dust gen-
Figure
Figure
erated by13.
13. Working
Working
the rice–wheatprinciple
principle of lightof
combine light scattering
scattering particle
harvester, particle
foundmeasurement
andmeasurement
they device.
that the1.dust device.
source; 2.1.lens;
Lightconcentration Light sour
3. photoelectric
3.the
at photoelectricconverter;
header was converter;4. integrator;
the highest,4.which 5. darkroom;
integrator; 6. exhaust
5. darkroom;
could reach 4021 μg/m fan.
6. .exhaust fan.
3

The light scattering fugitive dust measurement device has the characteristics of fast
The light scattering fugitive dust measurement device has the characteristics of fast
response speed,
In speed, high sensitivity,
the research small size, and
and development oflow cost, and is more suitable
measuring for instal-
response high sensitivity, small size, and low cost, anddevices, TSI Corporation
is more suitable for in- [10
lation on
United on harvesting
States machinery
detects or
the size or drones to
of drones
the pulsemeasure the fugitive
signal thegenerated dust generated
by the by agri-
scattered
stallation harvesting machinery to measure fugitive dust generated by light o
cultural machinery. However, because it is not a direct measurement of the amount of
agricultural
ulate matter machinery. However,
to determine because it
its aerodynamic is not a direct measurement
equivalent of the amount
diameter. results,
The new of meas
suspended particulate
suspended particulate matter,
matter,itit leads
leads toto certain
certain deviations
deviations in in the
the measurement
measurement results, so
so
device
some they developed
manufacturers correct combines
it before the photometric
product leaves and
the lightSome
factory. pulse measurements
common light t
some manufacturers correct it before the product leaves the factory. Some common light
mass concentration
scattering
scattering dust detection
dust values
detection devices
devices are that
are are larger
shown
shown inFigure
in Figurethan
14. typical particle counting instrum
14.
more accurate than conventional photometers. In the application research of ligh
ing particle measurement device, Zamora [103] et al. used three Plantower PMS-
ser scattering dust sensors to measure PM2 from eight sources, and the sensors
high accuracy and R2 values higher than 0.86. Guo [104] et al. used light scattering
itor TSP mass concentrations at 17 sites in Shanghai for 15 months. The monitor
were used as a data set together with the data obtained by the filter weighing
They trained (a) the model using four (b)machine learning algorithms,
(c) corrected the m
ments
Figure
Figure 14.obtained
14. Common light
Common
by the
light lightdust
scattering
scattering
scattering
dust detection method,
detection (a)and
devices: (a)
devices:
obtained
PlantTower
PlantTower
better
PMS6003;
PMS6003; (b)fitting
(b) Sharp result
Sharp
GP2Y1010AU0F;
ence [70] used (c) TSI 8530.
the8530.
light scattering dust detection device to measure the fugitive d
GP2Y1010AU0F; (c) TSI
erated by the rice–wheat combine harvester, and they found that the dust conce
3. Results and Discussion
3. Discussion
at
3.1.
the header was the highest, which could reach 4021 μg/m3.
3.1. Component
Component andand Hazards
Hazards ofof Fugitive
Fugitive Dust
Dust
The
The
light scattering fugitive dust measurement device has the characteristi
The component
component and and hazards
hazards of
of fugitive
fugitive dust
dust introduced
introduced inin this
this paper
paper are
are shown
shown in in
response
Table 2.
Table 2.
speed, high sensitivity, small size, and low cost, and is more suitable fo
lation
Theon harvesting
component machinery
of fugitive or drones
dust is very complex,towhich
measure the fugitive
can induce or spreaddust generated
a variety
ofcultural
diseases, machinery.
pose a great threat to human health, and have a certain impact on
However, because it is not a direct measurement of the am the ecological
environment and climate.
suspended particulate matter, it leads to certain deviations in the measurement re
some manufacturers correct it before the product leaves the factory. Some comm
scattering dust detection devices are shown in Figure 14.
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 17 of 22

Table 2. Component and hazards of fugitive dust.

Item Content References

Component
Hazards to human health
Impact on the Environment
Minerals (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, and K),
Trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, V, Zn, Te, Co, Ni, Se, Sr, As, and Sb),
[6–9,17–25]
Water-soluble ions (Cl− , NO3− , SO24− , Na+ , K+ , NH4+ , Ca2+ , and Mg2+ ),
Carbonaceous compounds (plant fiber, animal hair, cutin, dander, and sugar),
Risk of inducing spreading various diseases such as reduced respiratory
[35–54]
function, low birth weight, cardiovascular disease, cancer, COVID-19
Absorb or scatter sunlight, reduce atmospheric visibility, weaken solar
radiation, affect environmental thermal balance, long distance transmission, [55–61]
deposition, parasol effect, greenhouse effect.

3.2. Comparison of Several Fugitive Dust Suppression Technologies

The comparison of the fugitive dust suppression technologies introduced in this paper
are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Comparison of several dust particle reduction technologies.

Suppression
Working Principle
Technology
Atomization dust Adsorption of dust
suppression particles by fine droplets.
Adsorption of dust
Bag filters
particles by filter bag.
Adsorption of charged
Electrostatic
dust particles by
precipitator
electrodes.
Centrifugal force of dust
Cyclone dust collector
particles.
Advantages Disadvantages References
Simple structure and easy
Need to supply clean water [62–67]
maintenance
High dust removal
efficiency and stable Blocking at high humidity [68–73]
operation
High dust removal
Complex structure, large
efficiency and low [74–77]
volume, and high cost
resistance
Simple structure and high Reduced capture efficiency
[78–83]
efficiency for large particles for small particles

Among these technologies, the three technologies of atomization dust suppression, bag
filters, and cyclone dust collector were initially applied in agricultural harvesting machinery.
There are also some companies that apply a variety of dust reduction technologies to
harvesting machinery at the same time. For example, the 4HJL-2500H peanut harvester
produced by Zhengyang County Yufeng Machinery Co., Ltd. (Zhengzhou, China) adopts a
combination of cyclone dust removal and spray dust reduction, which achieves a better
dust reduction effect. All these provide a reference for researchers to continue to explore
agricultural harvesting machinery governance technology.

3.3. Comparison of Several Measurement Methods

The comparison of these five measurement methods introduced in this paper is shown
in Table 4.
Among these methods, the filter weighing method is the most basic, but it takes a
long time to measure. β-ray attenuation and TEOM are the measurement technologies
most used in environmental monitoring stations at present, and have good timeliness and
measurement accuracy. However, because of their complex structure and large size, they are
not conducive to application and promotion in the field of agricultural machinery dust. The
piezoelectric crystal method has very high sensitivity, but there are relatively few mature
products and applications, and maintenance is difficult. In comparison, the light scattering
measurement device can achieve real-time measurement, and the equipment is small and
can adapt to complex motion environments, but because it is not a direct measurement,
the relevant detection device needs to be calibrated when it leaves the factory and after a
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 18 of 22

period of use. References [70,92] used light scattering and gravimetric analysis methods to
measure the fugitive dust of rice–wheat combine harvester and peanut harvester, and the
maximum concentrations of fugitive dust were 4021 µg/m3 and 10.71 mg/m3 , respectively.

Table 4. Comparison of several measurement methods.

Measurement
Working Principle
Methods
Adsorption of particulate
Gravimetric analysis
matter by filter membrane.
The attenuation of beta-ray
caused by the adsorption of
Beta attenuation
particulate matter by the
filter membrane.
The oscillation frequency
varies with the mass of the
TEOM
particulate matter adsorbed by
the filter membrane.
The oscillation frequency
varies with the mass of
Piezoelectric crystal
particles adsorbed by
the electrode.
Light scattering Scattering of light.
Advantages Disadvantages References
High time cost
Simple principle [86–92]
for measurement
High precision and Complex structure, large
[93–95]
high time resolution volume and high cost
High precision and Complex structure, large
[96–98]
high time resolution volume and high cost
High sensitivity Difficult to maintain [99,100]
Need to be corrected before
Fast response, high
leaving the factory and
sensitivity, small size, [101–104]
after use for a period
and low cost
of time

4. Conclusions
This paper studies the relationship between dust and atmospheric particles and the
major component of fugitive dust, including sulfate, nitrate, minerals, trace elements,
water-soluble ions, carbonaceous compounds, living particles, etc. In this paper, wheat
harvesters and peanut harvesters were taken as examples to analyze the causes of fugitive
dust generated by agricultural harvesting machinery in their work, and the hazards of
fugitive dust to human health were explained, as well as the impact on the ecological
environment and climate. From the perspective of agricultural production, this paper
analyzes the feasibility of the application of four fugitive dust suppression technologies and
five measurement methods in the fugitive dust control of agricultural harvesting machinery.
Due to the lack of relevant research at present, in the next research, we must obtain
more simulation and test data of dust suppression equipment for agricultural harvesters.
Combined with the research content of this paper, the conclusions are as follows:
(1) The component of fugitive dust from agricultural harvesting machinery is complex
and harmful, so it needs to be treated scientifically in order to protect agricultural
laborer and build a better agricultural safety and health culture;
(2) Compared with several other dust suppression devices, the cyclone dust collector has
the advantages of simple structure, convenient maintenance, low pressure drop, and
high efficiency when dealing with large particles of dust. Therefore, it can be used
as the preferred dust suppression device in the fugitive dust control of agricultural
harvesting machinery;
(3) The light scattering device has the advantages of fast response speed, high sensitivity,
small size, and low cost. It is more suitable for the production environment of
agricultural harvesting machinery, especially mobile measurement methods such as
vehicle-mounted and drone-mounted methods, which have advantages in promotion
and application;
(4) There is a need to increase farmers’ perception and acknowledgement of environ-
mental protection and provide scientific dust protection equipment for agricultural
Agriculture 2022, 12, 1038 19 of 22

laborer. Moreover, more research on more environmentally friendly harvesting meth-

ods are needed.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Y.L. and W.W.; methodology, W.W.; software, L.S. and J.C.;
validation, Y.L. and W.W.; formal analysis, Y.L.; investigation, Y.L., W.W. and H.Z.; writing—original
draft preparation, Y.L., L.S. and Y.Y.; writing—review and editing, Y.L. and W.W.; visualization, Y.L.
and B.H.; funding acquisition, L.S. and W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03) and Major
Public Research Projects in Henan Province (201300110400).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from
the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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