| TAS SUCRE LTT Cera Machine Designwww.askbooks.net *AKTU Quantums ‘Toppers Notes -Books *Practical Files *Projects *IITJEE Books www.askbooks.net All AATU QUANTUMS are available rent etet inks * Your complete engineering solution. * Hub of educational books. Cee teeter ee ee eee ee cee een SPP RUT oO UCU MeL CrCl Oi Te Cae COIR nce ont a ricin es 2. We don't intend to infringe any copyrighted material. PLC Paci kd DCR Ac ORO e CEE Lm Ce Rut dre Mec Ce BCR mosh eyIntrotuetion Poe (1-1 C to 1-28 C) ace e Definition, Design requirementsof machine elenvents, Dexipn pene, Slnforioe est tinementsof machin ements Des % sign, Standards designation of eatbon fe allo EAC. Selection of profered sizes, Selection of materials fr sake ney {(igueloads, Designagainst Slate Lond Design aga tlic stresses, Fatigue and endurance limits Stress concentrate factor, Stress concentration factor for various machine parts, Design for id & Infinite life, Soderberg, Goodman, Gerber criteria, UNIT-2 : RIVETED & WELDED JOINTS (2-1 Cto2-61C) KRiveted Joints: Riveting methods, materials, Types of vet head Types of Pek Pints, Caulking and Fullering, Failure of riveted joint, Eliieny of Freted joint, Design of boiler joints Eccentric loaded riveted join. Weide Joints Stress relieving of welded joints, But Joints, Fillet Joins, Stength of Butt Welds, Strength of parallel fillet welds, Strength of transverse fillet welds. Shafts: Cause of failure in shafts, Materials for shaft, Stresses in shafts, Design of shafts subjected to twisting moment, bending moment and combined twisting and bending moments, Shafs subjected to fatigue loads, Design for rigidity, Keys, Types of keys, Selection of square and flat keys, Strength of sunk key. PUR & HELICAL GEARS (3-1 C to 3-410) Spur Gears: Tooth forms, System of gear teeth, contact ratio, Standard Proportions of gear systems; Interference in involute gears, Backlash Selection of gear materials, Gear manufacturing methods, Design considerations, Beam. strength of gear tooth, Dynamic tooth load, Wear strength of gear tooth, Failure of gear tooth, Design of spur gears, AGMA and indian standards Helical Gears: Terminology, Proportions for helical gears, Force components ona tooth of helical gear, Virtual number of teeth, Beam strength and wear strength of helical gears, Dynamic load on helical gears, Design of helical ‘gears. Introduction, Classification and Applications of Bevel & Worm Geats. UNIT-4: SLIDING & ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (4-1 C to 4-33 C) Sliding Contact Bearing: Types, Selection of bearing, Plan journal bearing, Hydrodynamic lubrication Propertiesand materials, Lubricantsand lubrication, Hydrodynamic journal bearing, Heat generation, Design of journal bearing Rolling Contact Bearing: Advantagesand disadvantages, Typesofball bearing, Thrust ball bearing, Types of roler bearing, Selection of radial ball bearing, Bearing life, Selection of roller bearings, Dynamic equivalent load for roller contact bearing under constant and variable loading, Reliability of Bearing UNIT-5 : IC ENGINE PARTS (5-1 C to 5-24 C) IC Engine Parts: Selection of type of IC engine, General design considerations, Design of Cylinder and cylinder head; Design of piston, piston ring and gudgeon pin. Friction Clutches: Clutches, Difference between coupling and clutch, Single plate fiction clutch, Torque transmitting capacity, Multi-Disk Clutches, Friction Material. SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-1C to SQ-16 C) SOLVED PAPERS (2015-16 TO 2018-19) (SP-1 C to SP-18 C) t Fluctuating Loads: UNIT-:Introduction 1-20 (ME-Hem.a) ee PART-1 Introduction: Defi Dean Remon of Machine ‘romans Denlgn Peetu, Standarian Donen economy and efficiency. ms CONTENTS Introduction : Defiaition, Derign Requirements of Machine Elemente, Design Procedure, Standards in Desig. ‘Standards Designation wo I+5C to 1-90 fof Carbon and Alloy Steel, Selection of Preferred Sizes Selection of Materials 1-90 to 1-120 for Static and Fatigue Loads, Design Against Statie Load Derign against Fluctuating. Loads Gyelie Stresses, Fatigue ‘and Endurance Limit, Stress Goncentration Factor, Stress Concentration Factor for Various Machine Parts 1-19€ to 1-286 Design for Faite and Infinite Lite, Soderberg, Goodman, Gerber Criteria L-1C(MESem-6) ‘Questions Anewers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions QueLA | Deseribe the basic requirements of machine element. newer "The base requirements of machine element are as fellows: i. Strength : A machine part should have sufficient strength to avoid failure either due to facture or doe to general yielding. ity :A machine componest should be rigid, ie. it should not fect or bond too much du to forces or moments that act ont, Wear Resistance : There aro different types of wear such as abrasive ‘wear, corrosive wear and piting. Surface hardening can increase the ‘ear renstance of the machine components, such as gears and cams. ‘Minimum Dimensions and Weight: A machine part with minima posse dimensions and weight will result in minimum material cost. ‘¥. Manufacturability : Its the easo of fabrication and assembly. The ‘Thape and material of the machine part shoul be selectedin sucha way ‘that it ean be produced with minimum labour eos, Safety :The shape and dimension of the machine pats should ensure tafety tothe operator of the machine. |. Conformance to Standards : A machine pat shou}? conform tothe pational or international standard coverings proBle, dimensions, grade ‘and material ili. Reliability : I ie the probability that a machine part will perform its {intended functions under desired operating conditions over a specifiedTAC MESem-) Machine Desig ‘evn ottine, Amacine pat shook berlin. it shoul peso Retictionsatifastorily ever its ifetime ix Maintainability #1 is the ease with whic a serviced or repaited Guct2 Beplain the basieprocedure of machine design elements “Anewer ‘The hasic procedure of machine design elements ate as follows Speci Fanetions of element chine part can be Deternne ores seting on clement] ‘eles stable material fr element] —____t __-__ Determine hillre mode of element i Determine geometseal dimension of element] ‘Nei dimensions for assembly and manufacture and check design a eitialcros-setions ~ [Pespare working drawing of slement Fig. 124. The dsign procedare, Ques, ] Write short notes om factors influencingmachine design. “Answer, Factors that influence the machine design are as follows iL Costs The best machine designs he one which hepsto get the nished prodiact witha the major functionalities and highest possible quality at the lowest possibl cost. i, High Output and Efficiency output and efficiency. iii, Strength : The machine design should be strong enough to sustain all ‘the forees so that itis ntdamaged or permanently deformed duringits Tif time. iv. Stiffness or Rigidity : The machine should be rigid enough so that under the effet of applied forces for which it is designed there is no deformation of the machine or machine elements beyond the specified Tint. ye machine desiga must have a high 146 (ME-Sem-0) Introduction or the safety of tho operator of the machine, the hazard producing things fora the machine should be eliminated and the design should confirm tothe safety ender. Que, |Describe the standard design procedure in detail. What ‘aro the different standards in design ? Discuss in de (ARTU 201617, Marks 10] “Answer A. Design Procedure : Refer Q.1.2, Page 1-8C, Unit. B. Different Standards in Design : Different standards in design areas follows: i, Standards for Materials, their Chemical Composit ‘Mechanical Properties and Heat Tréatment 1 Indian standard1S210 species seven grades of grey castiron designated as FG 150, FG 200, 8G 220, FG 260, FG 800, FG 350 and FG 400. 2. ‘The numberindicates ultimate tensile strength in Nim. 3. Alloy stel designated by 55Cr3 has 05-0. % carbon, 0.10.0.35 silicon, 06-08 % manganese and 0.6.0.8 % chromium. fi, Standards for Shapes and Dimensions of Commonly used Machine Elements : . 1. The machine elements include bolts, serews and nuts, rivets, belts and ‘chains ball and roller boarings, wire ropes, keys and spines et. 2 For example, 1S 2494 (Part 1 specifies dimensions and shape of the cross-section of endless V-belts for power transmission. Standards for Fits, Tolerances and Surface Finish of Component: 1. Selection ofthe type of it fr different applications is illustrated in IS 2109 on ‘Guide for selection of fits. The tolerances or upper and lower limits for various sizes of holes and shafts are specified in Iso, 2, IS 10719 explains method for indicating surface texture on technical drawings. fv, Standards for Testing of Products : ‘These standards, sometimes called ‘codes’, give procedures to test the products such as pressure vessel, boiler, erane, and wire rope. 2, Forexample, IS807isa code of practice fr design, manufacture, erection and testing of eranes and hoists. ¥. Standards for Engineering Drawing of Components : There is a special publication SPAG prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards on ‘Bagineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges’ which covers all standards elated to engincering drawing.Po ‘Machine Design 1.5 C(ME-Sem-6) PART2] 0 ‘Standards Designation of Carbon and Alloy Steels, Selection of Preferred Sizes. Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions QuelG,_] What are the Indian standards designation of carbon and alloy steels ? on What are the BIS system of design steels? of earbon steel and alloy ‘Answer ‘Low and Medium Alloy Steels shall be designated in the following, order: 1. Itindicates 100 times the average percentage of carbon Chemical symbol for alloying elements each followed by the Ggure for its average percentage content multiplied by afoctor as given bolow = Elements Multiplying Factor x, Go, Ni, Ma, Si, W a Al, Bo, V, Pb, Cu, Nb, Ts, 10 Br, and No 100 4 4 1 Crd means chromium f= <4 a4 01 ee m * ‘Multiplying factor 4 a 2 202% Sed igure Mo2 means molybdenum = Saar “Tp Hence, 40Cr4Mo2 means alloy steel having average 0.4% carbon, 1 % chromium and 0.2 % molybdenum. High Alloy Steels (Stainless Steel and Heat Resisting Steel): Letter %' means carbon in alloy sted. 1.6 C(ME-Sem-6) Tntroduction| ® a Figureindcating 100 times the porcntage carton content. (Chemical symbol fer alloying clement cach llowed by a igure for ita average percentage content rounded of tthe nearest inter, Chena nymbol tonite pial added clementtoalow he dsiced tropes Example: X100e18Ni9 f = 20. X10 - mean alley see with average carbon= 32, = 10% (Cr18-» means chromium 18% iD > means nickel 9% Indian Standard Designation for High Speed Tool Steel: Lotter XT means carbon in tool steel, Figure indicating 100 times the percentage ofearbon content, {Chemical symbol for alloying clements each followed by the figure for its average %content rounded off othe nearest integer. (Chemical symbol to indicate specially adde elemento attain the desired XT75W18Cr4V1 means XT75-> tool steel with average carbon content 0.75 % Wis 5 Tungsten 18% Gel 5 Chromium 4% VI Vanadiam 1% Steels which are Standardized on the Tasi Strength without Detailed Chemical Compost bby Two Way: Symbol Fe’ followed by minim ‘FeE followed by yield strongth in Nim Example : Fe 860 indicates stoe! with mini 360i. and FeE 250 indicates a steel with minimum yield strength of 250m. ‘The Designation of Plain Carbon Steel Cos ‘Three Quantities A figure indicating 10 times the average percentage of carbon, Aletter C, and ‘A figure indicating 10 times the average percentage of manganese. Example :55C4 {55 -» Carbon stel with 0.55 % carbon © Carbon 404% Manganese tensile strength in Nimm*. 1am tensile strength of tof the Followinge 1 1-8COMESem. eS Introdetion ee] 2 erred nant tsp este poe ear specially recommended vals which specify tho prpoti of items and structure: dala rameter per cpa, pa andalloter prance ted in production snd are expressed mame 3: tisbased onthe use of geometric progresionto develop asc of mambers, 4. ThereareGvebasieseres, dnote asR5,R10,R2D, AD and R80 series Machine Design js 25Ce4Mo2 designation of stee! 7 What is the Quote | What aawer | 1 feabtSasemet design 2 aiiandsor B watcnos5 note rf stands for 1% of Cr. ‘Mod stands for 0.2 % of Mo What do you understand by (2) Fe 20, (i) FeB 200, (it) BS: TiO series R20 series RAD series R60 serie | "SO = 1.08 . secsaane | L Fe 320 1 It indicates a steel with minimum tensile strength of 2o0Nimmn?. 5 raed mer are an npr s wch mineamnes . i ‘ariation{n size, They help designer in wvoding seletion of size i, Fel 1 indicates a steel with minimum yield strength of 7 nan E200 : It indicates a steel with yield strength of [ibiteary mannee The complete range is cuvored hy minimum of sines ‘whichis advantageous to producer and consumer. “40C8 : It indicates plain carbon steel with 0.40.% carbon and 0.8% Que TAO:] A manufncturer fs interested to start » business with ssix models of machines ranging from 7.5 KW to 75 KW. Specify power capacity of xix models Grans-45% fi C2045 0.55%, Cr= 0.18% Va= 021 % ‘Answer Fett anes se the following varieties of steel: = 0.9 %, Mn = 0.7 = 0.9 fe, Ques. | How will you designat Carbon = 0.30 - 0.40 % Si = Anawer . Carbon = 0.30~ 0.40 % | 3. The maximum power rating eae . 1.519) = 75 07-09% . ee ne -35¢r16. Since, Siand Ma are negligible % a Carlon = 045-055 % 2 (r= 018% 75, va= 0.21% = 1s s0tr1Va2i 4 Various power ating of models ar an fllows: a | Rating of fist mode =7.5 KW What are preferred in design Rating of second model = 7.5 « (1.584) = 11.88 kW 12kW Ques, (AFO.BO1S-16, Marks 10 Rating of third model =7.5 «(1.584)» 18.82 KW = 19W1-9CQME-Sem-6) Rating of fith model» 7.5 x (1.588 Rating of sixth model = 7.5 x (1.589) = 74.79 0 QaeTAL | What do you understand by preferred #i required to standardize load carrying capacities of dumpers in a Franufacturing unit, The maximum and minimum capacities of such dumpers are40 and 630KN. The companyis interested in developing, ‘seven models inthis range. Specify their load carrying capaci TARTU 2018-19, Marka 07| ven 7 It in AL Proferred Sizca:ReferQ.19,Page 1-10, Unit 1B. Nemerical: 1. Ratio factor, 2. Now the various load carrying capacities are as fllows Capacity of" mode Capacity of 2 model: Capacity of 3 mode = 401) = 40x (1.58324) = 100.266 kN Capacity of 4% model =40(9)"= 4 (1.58824)? = 168.745 KN Capacity of 8 model = 444)*= 40x (1.58524) = 251.932 KN Capacity of 6 model = 40(4) = 40 «(1.588049 = 207.918 KN Capacity of 7 model = 444)*= 40 x (1.58924) = 690 kN [ Gee Anew type and Medivin Anawe! Type Questions Que 112: ] Discuss the factors that govern the selection of material in machine design. 10C(ME-Sem-5) Intraduetion ‘Factors that govern the selection af material in machine design areas flows: 4. Availability :The material shouldbe available in the market in large {Tanity to moot the requirement. Ii Cost For every application, there is limiting cost beyond which the designer cannot go. When this limit is exceeded, the designer has to consider other alternative materials. fil, Mechanical Proper 1 The important mechanical properties of materials from the consideration ‘tdosign are strength, rigidity, toughness, resilience, shock resistance, ‘wear resistance, creep characteristies, corrosion resistance frictional properties and hardness. jon of materials depending upon the ervie conditions andthe functional requirement, different mechanical propertics are considered anda suitable materials selected. iv, Manufacturing Consideration : 1. Machinability of material is an important consideration in selection. Sometime costly materials more economical than a les costly one, whichis dificult to machined. 2 Themanufacturing proces, auch as casting, rolling, forging, extrusion, welding, and machining govern te soletion of the material ‘Que LAS] What is fatigue failure of material ? Explain the mechanism of such failures. Pa | A. Fatigue Fallore: 1. When a material is subjected to repeated sree, it fila stresses Below the yield point stresses Such type of faire of material is Known tg fare 2 Theftigv ire icansdhy ana progressive cracksfornation, ich are usally fn and mitroscopie sina. 9. Thspropertyisconsideroindsgsing shal conectingrois sng, mare 4. Tha allure may ora oven without any prior iniclin. Tho fatiz of ‘aerials ated the eof th ccaponeay relative mage ot ‘aticandQucustng ons andthe number aflad reversal 1B. Mechanism of Fatigue Fallur : The steps invalved in the fatigue failure are as follows : ae ae‘Machine Design Spo incaune when nr Step str laste rang Pct ig L310 -amicroseopic siz 0 continu ‘Sapa: Crack Growth: Ceackgrowsta = “ IoadeycestPie 13810) se Crack becomes Visible to the Sep 3 Ceck Cro AF ee Pi LIS Serstereome tine Se scre fepa an (ig. 113.10. @ (@ ig. 13.1. Bvene ending to ftiqe failure Que LI, | A fat bar as shown in the axial load F equal to 500 N, Assuming that the stress in the bar Timited to200 MPa, determine the thickness ofthe bar.All dimensions I, 100 =| 1 rb ig. 114.1 is subjected to an 1:12. (ME-Sem-0) Inteedution Lot thickness mm, Width of at bar at minimum cross-section area, 100-2 19» 62 mm ‘Area at minimum cross-section = 621 ‘Stress at thiscrotesectional area, 500 200 = $22 1004 mm, PART-4 A Design against Fluctuating Loads : Cyclic Stresses, Fatigue and Endurance Limit, Stress Concentration Factor, Stress ‘Concentration Factor for Various Machine Parts. ‘Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Jue 1.15. What are fluctuating and repeated stresses ? Draw a stress-time curve for fluctuating and repeated stresses. i Fluctuating and Repeated Stresses : ‘The stresses which vary from a minimum value toa maximum value of | the same nature (ie, tensile or compressive) are called uctuating stresses, ‘The stresses which vary from zero to a certain maximum value are called repeated stresses.Py 1-13 OME-Sem.4) B.. Stress-Time Curve for Fluctuating and Repeated Stresses : 1. Patigue is defied as time delayed fracture under eyclic loading. 2 Bxamples of arts in which fatigue failures occurs are transmission shafts, connceting rods, gears, vehicle suspension springs and ball bearings. The fatigue failure depends upon the number ofeycles, mean stress, stress amplitude, stress concentration, residual stresses, corrosion and creep. B. Endurance Limit: ‘The endurance limit of amateral is definedas the maximum amplitude of completely reversed stress thatthe standard specimen can sustain foran unlimited number of eyles without fatigue failure. 2. Since the fatigue test cannot be conducted for unlimited or infinite ‘number of eyeles, 10° cycles is considered as a sufficient number of ‘eyeles to define the endurance limit. 8. The endurance limit is affected by factors such as the size of the ‘component, shape of component, the surface finish, temperature and ‘the notch sensitivity ofthe material Que IA7,| What are the various factors that reduce f strength of materials ? What factors should be considered while designing against fatigue 7 1140 (MESem.6) “Answer A. Factors that Reduce the Fatigue Strength of Materials 4. Sizo of the component, 2. Shape ofthe component 3. Surface finish, 4. Temperature ofthe material, 5, Notch sensitivity ofthe material, B. 1 Introduction Factors to Consider While Designing Against Fatigue: ‘The variation in the possible ‘The holes notches and other stress raisers are avoided. 3. ‘The proper stress de-concentrators such as fillets and notches should be provided wherever necessary. ‘The parts shouldbe protected from corrosive atmosphere. Asmooth finish of outer surface ofthe component increases the fatigue life. 6. "The material with high fatigue strongth should be selected. ‘The residual compressive stresses over the parts surface increase its fatigue strength. ‘Que TAB] Write short notes on the following : i. a.Neurve, Hi, Low eyele fatigue, and iii, Miner's equation. al i oNCurve: 1 of the component should be as gradual as, ® ‘The o-N curve i the graphical representation of stress amplitude (e/) versus the number of stress eyeles (N) before the fatigue failure on & logelog graph paper. 2 The oiN curve for steels is illustrated in Fig, 1.18.1. Bach test on the fatigue testing machine gives one failure point on the eV diagram, 3. In practice, the points are scattered in the Fig. 1.18.1 and an average curve is draw through them. The o-NV diagram is alo called Wohler diagram.PO 1-16 (ME-Sem-6) Ta % Failure points Fig. Lid Lew aire fetal! ‘Thee dagramisa standard method representing ftige data or ferrous materials ike steels, tho oo curve becomes asymptotic at 0 eptes whieh indicates the stress amplitude corespondingto infinite umber af stress ecles. The magnitude ofthis stress amplitude at 10° ‘jles represents the endurance ii ofthe material ‘The e-N curve shownin Fig. 1.18. valid ony for ferrous metals. For ‘ho ferrou etal ike aluminium allo, the oN curve slopes gradually even after 1 exces. Low Cycle Fatigue: ‘Any fatigue failure when the mamber of stress ccles ae ess than 1000 {scalled low eel fatigue Failure ofstudson truck wheels, fir of sot crews fr loating gears tn thats or failures of chorelived devices such as missles are the examples flow eee ftv. Yess 9/ eetting 1___ Wich pele fatigwe e 23 45 6 7 loa [Fig 48.8. Low and high eyele fatigue, 1100 (ME-Ser Introduction ili, Miner's Equation : 1 ‘Suppose the component 6, forn, eele, form cycles, subjected tothe completely reversed stresses Torn eyes, ele. 2 Let, = Number ofstress cytes before fatigue fslure,ifonly the ‘completely reversed stress o,isacting, N= Number ofstrese cyclesbeore fatigue allure, fanly the completely reversed toss isncting, and 1, = Number stress. before fatigue failure ifoaly the completely reversed stress ois acting. 3. Thoproportionate damage o fatiguelife due to stress o, for, cycles # 138.) "The proportionate damage offatiguelife due to eres for ng cycles a fe 1.182) "The proportionate damage of fatigue life du to tres o, for ncycles A oF (1183) 4. Adding eq (1.18.0, eq, (18.2), and eq. (L18.8) and equating to rity, weet Me tel NON, ‘his equation i known as Miner's equation. ‘Que .18.] Define stress concentration. Also explain its causes. ‘Anawer A. Stress Concentration : 1 Stress concentrations defined asthe localization of high stressesdue to thetrepularies present athe component and abrpt changes the ‘cross-section. Be changes Fig. 119.1. Strcas concentration.concentt : conser te fet of ters : 2 nonder to consider the effect of Teation factor is used Iti Tncaltae stresesa factor called stress concent denoted by Mathematically, Ky 8, Themagnitudeof tressconcentrat ofthe component. B. Causes of Stress Concentration :The causes areas follows: Variation in properties of materials Lod aplication, ‘Abrupt changes in section. inthe component. Machining scratzhes, Que 120-] A rectangular barmade of carbon steel 40C8is subjected to a tensile load as shown in Fig. 1.20.1. Caleulate the maximum Stresein the bar with fillet radius being’ mm (all dimensionsin mm), ‘Maximum stress “Nominal stress tion factor depends upon the gometry of stressconcentration 5 suns £] Qzomm () tomm []2omm-r sus & Fig. 1201, ARC BUTE, ark 0) “Answer Given mm ToFind Maxizvr stessin ber 22 Tm» axa O 0 i 1; 2 ig. 1202, 1. Tonsil stress at filet setion 11, W. $000. _ 400 mt a xt 1-18.€ (ME-Sem-6) Introduction So, (Prom design data bookd We know that, (qu) $0.82 ,)mn? — c.200 = 2.03240, 2, Tensilestressat section 2-2, £000 _ 400 rn? ome) = 0000800 ny a "2" Dd ~ 0-30" ¢ 2.30, : 2. Bam so, Kaa (From design data book) We knov that, (Cyalsa™ Kissa 2 22M rime ta. 2. Tanlestressatsecton 9, veer Mw BO 288.879 a.m oo so, Kez (Prom design data bok) We know that, (Cnuds 3" K 953 = 22,2858 | 8057 agp 7 (1.203) 4. Comparing oq. (1.20.1), og. (1.20.2) and eq, (1.20.8), we find Gay ‘maximum at section 2-2. Hence, maximum stress induced is HO rman? nae AN Where, tis thickness of rectangular bar. ‘Que 121, | A steppedshaft, stepped from 40 mm to20mmis subjected to a torsional moment of 100 N-m. If the stress concentration at fillet is 2.3, what is the maximum stress in the shaft ? ‘ARTU 2016-16, Marks 05)MachioeDevign CO Soy Aaawer Giver 2D = 40 mm,d= $0 mm, 7 = 100Nem. K-24, ‘TeFing . Masimum tees in the sha a tor _16%100*10" «3.67 Nm? a eX GO 2 Maninnst A106 gc * Mito #29 1887 A. Shearstress, 401 Nim Quo TRE | Design for finite and int “Answer AL Desig for Finite Life: Then the component sto be designed for finite Vinee nF. 12-1 This carves val or steel. a Doetip 1221 consist astaight line AB. Ae point for (294) ent foro, a 10 eplesen #106 E PET. Jesse 3 te den pcr dh pls Jap ranuopit Aiken hye} sSiesnarngy1P ded Qe nant Bopanna heer ‘os Shep ti nado ern re tei Poon a rptig petbe iia cmp neh en a en epee teh oon rel Soon pat a rpg al elencnt Bh Sin ree Eternia poate ese catenmataieesceraiinie 2 Destro On be deed rote Me ere Miecorfrtteteae anceps Se ekcleameretooe a emt 9 505, ‘Aad, 5 ween Induced stresses or strest amplitud Whore, 6, and 5 component. Fade ano, = Corrected endurance strength n reversed bending a otston streses respectively. uw THE, | Explain Goodman, Soderberg and Gerber diagram: Tar] ‘A. Goodman Diagram : When component is subjected to fuctating stress Winfo represented by two variables 3, and oy a. AEESeTnn orth fore actingon Be component wl determine he rmagnitudeofo,,and,, theatres condition1-21 CME, Mawhine Design — : 10. oma tne ure tee ine) Saf ates line Mean ste (q) —> Fig: 1.29.1, Goodman method. axis and variable stress (6, 0n Y-axis the ead Plot mean stress (6, 0 ‘When stress amplitude o, sm, means ispurely static and criterion of failures oy o, is zero, the stress is completely reversing and means theres no Muctuat OF oy When the mean stress Uheaniterionof failures endurance strength ¢, whichis plotted on the Yeaxis and a, on the Xaxis. ‘A straight line connecting the endurance Hit (o,) and the ultimate Strength (o,), as shown ty the line AB is ealled Goodman Line. ‘The equation of Goodman line is, we apply factor of safety FOS), then aS +See WS FOS, " (0S) = 05), Saye 2 Then, gue, FOS [point lie inside the triangle itis cons we take care of fatigue etress concentration factor Kj, surface finish factar K,, size factor Ky, relisilty factor K, the equation becomes, Intron 1-296 (ME-Hem-6) 1a, ay ros "ay oKKE, 1M, Hoderbery Diageam : 1. InSaderhergdingram inatend ofa,a¥a mean atrens, cy hasbeen ard. Soderbeng line (allure ncen ine) PIS oe 8, Ifwetakeall the factors (Ky, Ky, K., Kp, we get ae ok, FOS ~ 0, o.K.EK, ©. GerberParabola: 1. Aparabolic curve drawn between the endurance limit o, and ultimate tensile strength c, was proposed by Gerber. Test data fr ductile material fall laser to Gerber parabola. 2. Accordingto Gerber, variable stress,1-296 (ME-Som.g) ot Machine Dosen ag (2) OE “ Fos © (oy, a _twetae il the factor int consideration west nog.» 2 1 (ea a Fos (z Jr oKRR, at A cates Queiah subjected to a bending stress varying from 300 MPa to-160 MPa. Calculate theminimum required Ultimate strength, ifthe factor of safety is 15. (ARO 2015-16 a “Answer Given _¢q,,=900MPa,¢,,,=~150 MPa, FOS = 1.5 ‘ToFind: The minimum required ultimate strength (o,). 1L_ We know that the mean or average stress, Introduction oP (oy) = 12556. + 16.04 oF (oy)? 6% op 12656.25 =0 2x1 om 711.51, a = 698.255MPa (Taking +ve sign) Quet2E.] A bar of circular cross-section is subjected to alternating tensile forces varying from a minimum of 200 KN to a ‘maximum of 500 KN. Its to be manufactured of a material with an. tultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa and an endurance limit of 700MPa. Determine the diameter of bar using safety factors of 3.5, related to ultimate tensile strength and 4 related to endurance limit and a stress concentration factor of 1.65 for fatigue load. Use Goodman straight line as basis for design. [ARTO 2017-18; Marks 10) Given :W.,. = 200, W, = B00iN, 6, (FOS), = 38, (FOS), = 4, B= 185). ! ‘To Find: Diameter of barby using Goodman formula, 1 Let, d= Diameter ofbar in mm. Area, As Fa? =0:7854d?mm* 2. We know that mean or average foree, Wan +Was _ 5004200 2 2 150 KN = 350.« 10° N W, _ 350107 A 078540 vi, = Wou=War , 500-200 2 2 = ISDN = 150% 10° 1910" eat BE Nn 3. Meanstress, —6,= 4, Variable foreo,aan 1-25 (ME-Sem, Machine Desi W, 150010" | 19110" in oe" A 0.785td a 1 Variablestress, dena’ foes, & We know that according to 2.9 say 63 mm Que TGE] A stoct connecting rod fx subjected to # completsly ercrsed axial Toad of 160 KN. Suggest the suitabie Stee ee oF the Fr tor of safety 2, THe ae a ee rod using a CroirPa, and yield strength 990 MPa Neglect column se ter and the effect of stress concentration: TARTU 201716, Marks 10] D760 KN, FOS =2, 6, = 1100, Given Wa) =160 KN, Wass = y= 930 Ma ‘To Find : Diameter ofrod. Mean stress, 2 Variable load, Variablestress, 4. We know that scoring to Soderberg’ formula for reverse ssh loading, 1 Fos > 1-26 (ME-Sem-0) 0, sensor ___o,, 30 O7GAa" v0.5 1100 ‘A cantilever beam made of cold drawn steel 40C8 MPa) is shown in Fig. 1.27.1. The force P GON to +160 N. The expected Ay is 2. The notch sensitivity jameter dof the beam atthe ‘Queiz7, (o,,=600MPaande,, = 380 teling at free end nnd varies from: reliability is 90 % and factor of safe! {faetor atthe fillet is0.9. Determine the di fillet section, Alldimensions are in mm. s0—ebe— 15 2 9, FOS= 2, ‘ToFind : Diameter of beam atthe fillet section. 1. From design data book, for cold drawn steel 4008 K,=015, K=0897 Assume, d lies between 7.5 mm 62mm isless than therefore we shall adopt P= Pgs = 6200. 10, We know that the distance between rows of rivets for zig-zag riveting, Py= 083 +0670 = (0.33 x 62) + (0.67 x 19)= 29.17 = 29 mm Sime. Pe AL. Tearing resistance ofthe plate, P,= (p~d) to, = (62~ 13) x 6x 120= 39280 N 12. Shearing resistance of rivets, P, E atende $0198 10009081068 18, Crushing resistance otrvets Poe nd, 23 x13 x6 150 = 409500 14, Now fam te above values we see that the least valu of, Pond P EGLe SSDS therctore teen wil al doc tearing ates ‘Queda. ]A double riveted ap joint io made between 16mm thick plates. The rivet diameter and pitch are 25 mm and 75 mm respectively. If the ultimate stresses are 400 MPa in tension, 320 MPa in shear and 640 MPa in crushing, find the minimum force per Pitch which will rupture the joint. Ifthe above joint is subjected to 2-100 (ME om a) eloped In the pint mer] atven tf = 16 mma = 25 mn, p= 15 mig = 2 he = 400 NI’, 1, = 320 MP, 0, = CA MPa fo Find yk” The mi thejoint i, Actual rewmes develope in the platen ae th rivet, [Ultimate tonring resistance of the plato per piteh, = (p= dito, = (15 ~25) # 35 » 400 = 200600 8 Ultimate shoaring resistance of the riveta per pitch, nae, x [x (257 x 320=314159.26N ‘Ultimate erust ots por piteh, From above we soe that the minimum force per pitch which will ruptore fhe joint is 300000 N or 300 KN. ‘Since the factor of safety is 4, therefore cafe load per pitch length of the joint ‘= 300000/4 = 75000 N Let djs ‘pando, be the aetual tearing, shearing and crushing stresses Jroddel with safe load of 75000N in tearing, shearing and erushing. ‘We know that actual tearing resistance of the plates P,.), "78000 = (pd) to, = (75 ~25) » 15% oy, = 750 Gy p= 750001 750 = 100 N/mm? = 100 MPa “Actual shearing resistance of the rivets (P,.), rattan E ds,=te Ex O5P 4,2 825, = 150000820764 Ninn? =764 MPa ‘Actual crushing resistance of the rivets (P,.), "75000 = nddto,, = 2 25 % 15 x 6, = 750 Sg ga = 75000 / 750 = 100 N/mm? = 100 MPa ‘Design of Boilr Joints, Eccentric Loaded Rieted Jointredesign for a Boule gga oH “Answer oiler : According to A. Design of Longitudinal Butt Join, for,» Daud be 20708 or don the flowing Indian Boiler Regulat the design of longitudinal butt into ‘Step 1: Thickness of Boiler Shell? ‘Thickness ofthe boiler shell fs detor™ formulae _PD_ 4.1 mmas corrosio Bom oy using the thin epindieat sn allowance Where, D = Permissible tonsil x Bienes of onto Step2: Diameter of Rivets: 1. Thediameterof the rivet hele) ‘Tepircal formula as givea below, a= 6 2 arhiiness of plate ies than 8 Hts culated by ean Deru rostane. Step 3:Piteh of Rivets? erin iets ibtaind hy egating the taring resistance of Per le ceasing resistance of teil. aa rae the sias dud note les than 24, which necessary for etomaton oben ‘Ta mania yale ofthe pitch ofrivet for a longitudinal joint of a boiler as per Indian Boiler Regulation is * " Cr+ 41.28 mm ‘Thickness ofthe bell platen. mm, and te stress, and sdinal boiler joint maybe determined by using Unwin's (When ¢> 8 mm) jer of the rivet mm, then the diamett ce ofthe rivet {he shearing resistant Pos Where, 7 en procedure i boiler: ickness of the Shi Since itis crap) strap, ferential fed for the ickness of the of Cire is adopt ell and Diameter and the diameter sr shell a= 6vt Step 2:Number of Rivets wre the rivets will be in single shear- ‘a lap joint, therefor ‘Shearing resistance of the rivets, ntd* (2.10. P,2-196 ME-Sem.6) Wher edhametrathe iter sell ie and the pressure of 2 bpm hase w= jor (2.10.2) seating 210. anda (2.102), we et Circumferential joint double vet PETE Arete np ja ia) Tengitodinaljo ple riveted butt joint (cg) L_ Thepitchof the rivets forthe lp join (p,) may be obtained by sing the relation acd ne m Where, n= EMfcieney of circumferential joint, and 1, = Pitch of the circumferential joint (mm). 2 Generally we take the effiioney of cireumforental lap joint as 62 %. Step4:Number of Rows: 1. Thenumber of rivets in one ow is given by, x40 ym oveted anal Ws 2-14 € (ME-Hom-0) Where, Number of rivets in ane cm Naber of ry = Ttal aunber of ree join vet in ne row Stop 5: Dintance between the Rows of Kivetn: tin given 15 0.48 p, 0.67 d, For ig-zag ivetinn) = 2d, (or ehain riveting) Step 6: Margin : The margin m ixgiven by, m= 15d joint fora GacBAt | Design the longitudinal and cireumferent ‘and is subjected to a pressure of poiler whose diameteris 24 meter pevfesan "The longitudinal joint isa triple riveted butt Joint with aeiticioney of about 85 % and the circumferential joint isa double ae efeal lap joint with an efficiency of about 70 %. The pitch in the Tine rows of the rivets is to be double than in the inner rows and tater ath of the cover plate is unequal. The allowable stresses are "wat, 1~ 86 MPa and c,= 120 Pa. Assume that the resistance TTA in double shear is 1.875 times that of single shear. Draw (ARTO 2017-18, Marks 10 of the complete joint. aewer =] 24m, P= A Némm?, 1 = 85 % 1, ‘56 MPa, ,= 120 MPa. 142400 WeTT 085 1983 mm = 20mm ‘Step 2: Diameter of Rivet ‘Since the thickness of the plate is greater than 8 mim, therefore diameter ofrivot hole, d= Gi = 620 = 26.83 mm 2, From design data book, standard diameter of rivet hole d=285 mm and, Diameter of rivet Step 3: Pitch of Rivets: 1. Tearing resistance of plate, P,Ee 2-15 OME-Som.0) cine Design seine Pele $m 2500-286) N 211 saint ntuple iveted th wo unequal cover taps eretre 2 Sine eit ti ath Outot hee fvervt, our aren Steph ad one esa hear. ‘Shearingresistanee, Penn 1ss7 Sai o+Eae Pyehx 1851 Sadhee Eden Box TP = BS x Fx (28.6) 56 =903650.27N (2.11.2) 3, Fromeg, (2.111) and eq, (2.11.2), we have 1640(p~28.5) = 809659.27 N (p= 225.68 mm 4. According to IBRp,.,,-Ci-+ 41.28 & "4.05 20+ 41.28 = 122.28 mm Since, the value ofp... is less than p, 5 P=Pyqe= 122.28 mm, say 125 mm Step 4:Distance between the Rows of Rivets: According to IBR, the distance between the rows ofthe rivets, y= O.2p + 115d = 0.2 x 125 + 1.18 x 28.5 = 51.77 =60 mm ‘Step 5: Thickness of Cover Plate : We know that for unequal width ofbut straps, the thicknesses are : For widebutt strap, 1, = 0.75¢= 0.75 x 20 = 15mm For narrowbutt strap, y= 0.6251 = 0.625 x20=12.5 mm isa 1.5% 28.5 =42.75 mm, say 43 mm B. Design of Circumferential Joint Step 1: Thickness of Boiler Shell and Diameter of Rivet : ‘Thickness ofthe boiler shell and the diameter ofthe rivet will be same ‘8 for longitudinal joint. Step 2: Number of Rivet : 1. Lat, n= Namber of rivets. 2 Weknow that, shearing resistance ofrivets =n © d’e (2.11.3) ‘and total shearing load acting on the circumforential joint, = Dp 211A) 4 8, From eq. (2.11.3) and eq. (2.11.4), we have 16 (ME-Sem-6) Riveted and Welded Joints a nEae= 3 DP ae BP _ 1007 «1 Fe Ba stop 3:Piteh of Rivets: Weknow that, = 1266~ 127 aod ue + oop, = 7-285 0.30p,= 285 p= 95mm stance between the Rows of Rivets: We know that the ‘Stee between the rows of rivets for ig-zagriveting, = 038, +0.67 d= 0.38 x95 +067 28.5 (= 50.445 mm say SI mm. 15: Margin : We know that, mma 1Sd= 15x 285 Overlap, Circumferential joint double step Tongitudinaljint triple riveted butt joint 2 ifs 2A.) rere5] pewien a a in diameter an eo DIN = 100 ora in ii ise ida <8 AD mi sO or Nt, = BNNs s._ Forte count of vet [zee] = w= af E20" 300] © pwd or n=il 2. Namberofsintsin te plates Step2: Thickness of Joints: 1 romersthirgconsieration, we can find the thickness, ope Wes 1120 8x 246 =350 10° 7646. or Step 3: Widdh of Joint: 1. Considering tensile strength ofjint, Step 4: Pitch of Rivets 1 According to design data hand book, ‘Margin (m) = 15 d= 1.5 x 20 30 mm 2 p+im P+ (2x80) = 976 p= 375~60=315 mm ‘Step 5:BMiciency of Rivets: 2:17 COME-Som.g) joint to cary nf 350 KN. The rivey, iveted and Welded Joints 2g 120 AON hw HEMMLOF 2 and, EMficieney, 49% 0049 Que 2AB. | Design a triple riveted butt joint for a boiler of 1.2m inner diameter operating at a stoam pressure of 1.5 MPa, [AxGrOTzOTE-16, Nar 05] aswer Given: D=13m,P=16 MPa.” ‘ToDesign: Triple rivetéd bute joint for aboiler. Data Assume 7|= 80%, o,= 60 Nima, x= 60 Nim? @, = 120 Nimm?, CA =2. F ‘The triple riveted double strap butt join with equal straps isshown in Fig. 218.1. 45 50 45 at Fig. 218.1, Step 1: Thickness of Plate PD Bon Step 2: Diameter of Rivet: > 8mm ' (nL Lana onan Fora tiara jah nF. 238,» mm were Pe cee ans 620) +4128 8 Now. > Pail assumed that pe yona = 101.2808 1608 ee i eae ire eedasad ne we i00m or 0 Step 4: Distance between Rows of Rivets: siagivny, SSS eee aa e O.2p + 115d = 0.2 (160) + 215(27) Zeetser smn Ne andinaer rai ven, mi yds 100 06727) and, the distance between: 0. 2 44490r 60 mm Gueid ]A spherical pressure vessel with 400mm inner diameter is welded from stecl plates. The vessel is subjected to internal is Tue varying from 0 to 60 bar. Assuming the ultimate tensile seu as £10 MPa, yield strength as 240 MPa and factor of safety ‘as 3 calculate the plate thickness. ean! Given D = 400 mm, FOS = 3, P= 50 bar = 50 x 10° Nim? = 5 MPa eon e, = 40a ‘rind: Pate hice 1. Permisibetensie stress, + 26 = 240 e 768 "9 We know that thickness o pressure vessel pat, ) Riveted and Welded Joints In eccentele londed riveted joint 7 Alno give Its A Feet J iven the line of action of the Lad dow not pana through the centroid of Mine fe nyater and thus all rivets are telly Ioaded, then the joint pee gid to bon eccentric loaded riveted joint. 2, Ductocccentrieloading, an addtional shear ntrees Datcconilary shear strens due tothe twisting moment of ecce sn, Design Procedure for Eceentrically Loaded Joint: Procure for Meaning eccentrically loaded riveted joint iss follow Eccentric load on the joint, and developed known ratricload. Let, ‘Ezeentricity ofthe load 2, the distance between the line of action of the total load and the centroid ofthe rivet-system G. Step: ity ofthe rivot cystem. i 4, Find the centre of gravi v ml leon bated 4a lFt 3, or @L ; A) (© Ry Fig. 2.15.1, Eccentric loaded riveted joint.4 area ne Design anonafeach rivets fe As fn OF Distanww af 86 om ant ON, Hie stanse ofr doaereectes BM 2 con . Now, guoinateot oo : Astatent AN and BOTA owt Aye Avon t Ade faeen, = Number of vets Where ‘and Path areca tnd opposite rep? New ninahisetwo ores) SSUEASCanrvafanaity Bg 2.1810) . Sep sLet there aren ves fre Py «produces dec shear force ineac. Fivetgof'an amount P,= yn Step 4: Now force Py = P and eccentric lad P wil form 5 couple ee rer eeptre of gravity cin the clockwise direction, Diether ay TeuiGcnnsidration from the centre of gravity sary shear force on each rivet i perpendicular i Thedirecton of secon ribbline joining the rivets and centre of gravity. Let Fy FFF te = Secondary forees ating on respectively 1t51,2,3,4ete, stance of rivets 1, 2, 3,4 ete, from the contre of Iy Fy lay Fy 1, 2050.08 Fi From assumption, Fy F, ABA, We know that the sum of external moment due to the eecentrie load of iernal resisting moment of the rivets must be equal to zero, y22 0 ME-NOm A nett subst ttn 0 We HEP Sahel WPM ale Busan te PMU oh on th volo Fry tread ated nit bre te en Bgnn F ete. te lean Steps: [Now revullant force (an wach rivet will he the cowultant of primary wlscenndary shear fre, Re (PVP RP Fond Where Us Ante between P, and F. wil -olvulated for wach rivet and the most h hho prove tn Filure snl we wil design for that rive, ly lode rivet will ‘Maxima resultant shear Toad, Where, d= Diameter of rivet. ‘GueBAG. | A bracket is attached to a steol chamber by means of 9 identical rivets us shown in Fig. 2.16.1. Determine the diameters of the rivets if the permissible shear stress is 60 MPa. ae Fig. 216.1, = 300 nim, n = 9, = 60 MPa, Diameter of rivets. Since all he rivets are of same size and placed symmetrically, therefore the centre of gravity ofthe rivet system lies at G (rivet 8)2-22 0 IMI Rem a) ‘Now, duvet shear psn" eS ION edict hear bon eteparate othe sretionoflonl 4 ertialy downwant spermine mounent advent ty the land dete ceeenteiy oP c= S08 10S 30 2185 10° Namn cvmmyetty of figure. we find that = ly= yiaoor" + (100 14142mm |. New equating the turning moment due to eccentricity ofthe Tond to the RSX mente ofthe rivets, we have Now, from the Pre Krareageragr ede ety? +d? HUFF +4 5 ahah Baye agg? +2009 [yoy and =, 42)? + 20200) + 2010034) 5, x108= A a 1x18 LH Ma 5 =f + 4100) jae [4(141.42)" + 4(100)") T67TTAN 15. Since the shear load are proportional to their radial distances from the centre of gravity (G, therefore FyeFyeFyx 2 = 1167173 x 200 ma = 1250016 Rakeretyers hora 4 100 Ax 18x Merkaak L oan 141.42 = 39500.16N 6. From the geometry ofthe figure, we find that. Hiyetedl and Welded Joints eaultant sent london rveta ant Rye fine hy + eae VMTN vannt0 = 21-20 ant ahene ln an rivet, ge Pye = «120.40 = Yn A on rivet and and re “the maximum roxultant shear fond Id is tho diameter of the rivet hole, then maximum resultant shear Toad 2), 21956.28~ Eutr= Bed" : Ede Bad? 60 P= 46591 d= 21.585 mm 7 PART-3. Welded Joints: Strese Relieving of Welded Joints, Butt Joints, Fillet Joints Strength of Butt Welds, Strength of Parallel Fillet Welds, ‘Strength of Transverse Fillet Welds. ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions ‘a welded joint ? Write its advantages and Que 217. | What disadvantages over riveted joint. “Answer A. Welded Joint : 1. Awelded joints a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two parts to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. 2 ‘The heat required for the fusion of the material may be obtained by burning of gas in ease of gas welding or by an electric arc in case of electric are welding,2-25 (ME-Som.n) Machine Design = jeted Joint: Advantages Welded Joint over Fastenal tert veto re, refficioney (ay bo 100 58 which fy 2. ‘Tho welded ints provide maxi pot possibloin ease oftiveted joints. vloin tho existing structures, ‘appearance, therefore iL looks, i 8, Alterations und additions.ean be [As the welded structure is smoot pleasing. Disadvantages of Welded Joint over Riveted Joint c 1. Since there isan uneven heating and cooling during fabrication, therefore the members may get distorted or additional stresses may develop, 2 Ierequiresa highly skilled labour and supervision. 3. Since no provision is kept for expansion and contraction in the frame, therefore there is a possibility oferacks developing in it. 4. The inspection of welding work ie more difficult than riveting work, ‘Que 2A. | Write a short note on stress relieving of welded joints, 1, Welded joints are subjected to residual stresses due to non-uniform heating af the parts being joined. ‘There is always a possibility that localised thermal stresses may result from uneven heating and cooling during fusion and subsequent cooling, ‘This aleo results in distortion. ‘The following two methods can reduce the residual stresses: Preheating of the weld area to retard cooling of the metal in the vicinity ofthe joint. ii, Stress relioving of weld area by using proper heat treatment such, fas normalising and annealing in temperature range of 550 °C to 615°C. (One of the methods of stress relieving is hand pening. Tt consists of hammering the weld along the Iength with the peen of the hammer while the joint is hot. It reduces residual stresses and induces residual compressive stresses on the surfaces. Thisimproves the fatigue strength, of the joint Que 249,] What are the types of welded joints ? Explain. ‘Types of welded joints are as follows : i Lap doint: 1. The lapjointor the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then welding the edges ofthe plates. 2 220C (MESem-) “Tho eroucneetion of tei 2 a in t Approximately triangular ho Billet joint may be Single teanwwerns Fillet, 8. Double transverse fille, and fi, Parallel fit (Single transverse 4 (9 Dowiteasevoe._ Gi Pa ig: 240: Tes oflap oil ina Butt Joint Thule chain y psn aes twee ashorni nit wel, hello do ot rie eng ethan nthe other hand ithe plate thickness in mm to 12.5mm, the edges Should be beveled Vor U groove both sides ‘The but joints may be: E Square stint Single v-but joint ik Single U-but joint, iv. Double V-butt joint, and 7 Double Ubu joint. Que 220.] What is strength of butt weld ? Vibut welds ahow in Fie 2.20. 7 rennen Consdera ingie Inexsoof butt weld length flog orsize of welds equal tothe throat thickness which sequal to hikes f platen: ‘onsite strength ofthe butt wel (single Vor square but oin), Petxtxs, 1 = Length of weld Where,2-27 (ME-Sem-6) Single V-but joint rigs 2.20.12 Qua, Explain strength of parallel fillet welded joints. 1. The parallel fillet welded jo Consider adouble parallel ile ‘The minimum area of weld or the throat area, ‘A= Throat thickness x Length of weld ints are designed for shear strength, 1t welded joint as shown in Fig. 2.21.1. ® 0.707 ») Fig: 221-1. A. If vis the allowable shear stress for the weld metal, then the shear strength ofthe joint for single parallel fillet weld, ‘P= Throat area x Allowable shear stress ors xtxt 15. Shear strength of the joint for double parallel fillet weld, Pu 2x 0.107 xsxIxre L4lds xix Gas 2221] Write ashort noteon strength of transverse fillet welded Joints. ‘Answer LL. The transverse filet welds are designed for tensile strength. 2-286 (ME-Sem-6) Riveted and Welded Joints 2. Letusconsider a single and double transverse fi Fig 222.12) and Fig 2.22.10) respectively nt Wels a own in (2) Single tronevern fillet weld (6) Double transverse filles weld ie 9:20: rarest welds} 3, Inorder to determine the strength of the fille joint, iis assumed the section a fillet in a right angle triangle ABC with hypotensaw AG snaking equal angles withother we sides Band BG, Pe AS 4, Theenlarged view ofthe fille i shown in Fig. 2.22.2, 55, The length of each side is known as leg or size of the weld and the -ndicular distance ofthe hypotenuse from the intersection of legs {jen BD)is known as throat thickness. 6. The minimum arca of the weld is obtained at the throat BD, which is sgiven by the product of the throat thickness and length of weld. Reinfrcement_C/ Na, 1. Tet, Log or size of weld, = Thickness of plate, and 9, Minimum area of the weld or throat area, A= Throat thickness x Length of weld =tx1=0.107s x1 10, Ifa, is the allowable tensile stress for the weld metal, then the tens strength of the joint for single fillet weld, P= Throat area Allowable tensile stress 0.1078 x1 x5,: aan Sema fie doubde Mle wel arora tee EA Que EET] Te steot plates, 120 mm wide owl 18.8 oor f transverse filet we tno, feared 110 Nim welding material = revere Meat ar tne weld, ithe strength of weld isean the plates, “128 SQ I Fig. 228.1. ped jven : For plates, w = 120mm, 10N/am™ 2.5 mm, For welds, $= 12.5 mm, 1. _The maximuam tensile force acting on the platesis, tt) 0, = (120 x 12.6) (110) = 165000 N 2 Since, Lalssto, 165000 = 1.414 (12.5)/ (110) : 84.87mm ‘Adding 15 mm for starting and stopping of the weld run, the required Tength of the weld is given by, 1 = 8487 + 15 = 9987 or 100 mm ous of Paitare in Shas; Materials for Sha Stresses in Shafts. Tong Anawer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions eee Mivoted and We Te daT. | wiati8g Ie and spinal ARTO 2015-10, Marka7] Spinal Nie rotating nt 0 biel Gan lamp any desired Wniy ey Imoke orate aby wit it member ore any naerrnial Neh | ned fur Example: Lathe xpindie ‘Que 2.25. | Wirat are the causes of failure in shafts ? What are the ‘stresses induced in the shafts ? “Answer A. Causes of Failure in Shaft : The shafts usvally fail due to fatigue, which arises due to the following reasons : 1. The presence of eyelie over-loads, Stress concentration, and 3, Wrong adjustment of bearings, insufficient elearances ete. B. Stresses Induced in the Shafts :Stressesinduced inthe shafts are as follows: 1, Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e, due to torsional lead). 2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine elements like gears, pulleys ete. as well as due to the weight of theshaft itself. 3, Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads. ‘Fue 226-] What are the desirable properties of shat material 2 Suggest suitable material for shaft according to thE11 COME Nom.g) Anawer "The desirable propertis ofthe materints For i Suiiiont high trong fi Alow sensitivity to the shy Ass remade from carbon ste of 1.50, Steel C-85 is most frequently | Thohewily Ionded shafis are made of alloy steels of vations groves in deere nininze their diameter and to inerease the went resistance 4. When surface wear resistance is the dominating factor, eacburizingg grade stest canbe used RART-5 Desien of Shofis Sudjveted to Daisting Moment, Bending Momout and Jombined Twisting and Bending Moments, ‘Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que 227. | Design a shaft subjected to twisting moment only. | Let, T= Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft, ‘Torsional shear stress, 4 = Diameter of oid shat, d= Outer diameter ofhollow shaft, and , = Inner diameter of hollow shaf. ‘Step 1: Calealate torque from the given conditions as given below: Px60 * = ‘2nN Where, N= Speed of shaft rpm. 2 Incase ofbelt drive, 2-20 (MEHom- 0) Tair, Ty wh tee 24 Aloo feo Forni aia, ret (tic way top 3 Ba lve two equations ta determine the diameter of the shaft. Ned : Slop: Put the valu of obtained diameter in therhearstreaen cand find its valu mal Aer wa inthe design ia eafe. Wea, 16, 5H Que 228, | Design a shaft nubjected to bending moment only. Let, ‘M~= Bending moment, o5= Bending stress, d= Diameter of shaft, dy = Outer diameter of shaft, and d= Inner diameter of shaft. ‘Step 1 Calculate bending moment by using the formula given below, M=PL Where, ‘P= Load, and Distance between the moments calculated and line of action of load. Step 2: Also from bending equation, Forsolidshat, M= 35054! For hollow shaft, f= Sa | ma ‘Step 3 :Equate the above twvo equations to determine the shaft diameter. ‘Step 4: Put the value of obtained diameter in bending stress equation ‘and find its value.Ferrara 2S CMEBom.ay Machine Design ye weet fae EM apy +e hen hos Que Eas. | Design w share mubjected to comb and bonding moment. ye Stross: IFultimate shear or [AMlowabte Shear or Mending Denn eee tyaven then allowable or permissible shear stress is cae as OWS [Allowahte shear or honing stress (€0F 0), yror bending stress Faclor of safely ‘Step 2: Bending Moment (M) : Calculate the bending moment as por the given conditions oF using the formula given below. Ulimat Me Zod) ‘Step: Twisting Moment (1) :Find out the bvistinjgmoment aecordiog, to the given condition or by using the formula given below. Aap 16 ‘Step 4: Shaft Diameter: The shaft diameter can be obtained by usin ‘the maximum normal stress thoory or maxiinum shear stress theory. i. Shaft Diameter by using Maximum Normal Stress Theory : According tothis theory, (ac ysl JTL By wing te stove ction haf daneter can leat Shae Damter by using Mesum Shea tress Theory: sewing oti oy (ges REF By wingtbabreeantin th ams eterined op schomethe gestern tn da antes em ache oe Step: Checking: Pa the vale of ssn diameter in lose Secunia ad out irae FE 2-04 C (ME-Hom-O) to, 2 hat a Hee © te then Che dig bana, ‘queso. shaft for a launch transmits 75 kW at 150 Principal stress, If the shear strength of the shaft mate ited, to 100M ‘ARTU 2010-20, Marks 07 Given :P=76kW, N= 160 791, Mya ‘Axial thrust = 70 KN. ‘ToFind:Shat diameter by maximum principal stress, ‘Torque, = 100 MP ktm, 210" ee Nm Bai 2x 56 * 477° 167 1624775 _ 24318 2 Now ™ 36: bs aoe we Axial thrust _ 70 _ 89.12 3. We know, Least 5 =O KPa Ar 2M _32x1_ 10.185 yp, ru ad 5. Maximum shear stress, - soan _ 10.88)" ,(243)" = (CB) PRY = 200 108 Onsolving shat diameterd =63 mm Que 231. | Design a shaft to trans: 1.0m apart, Allowable tensile and shear str and 42MPa respectively. 200 rpm, W= 900, 156 N/mm?, ¢= 42 N/mm? ‘To Design :A shaft. im, 25 kW at 200 rpm carrying a central load of 900 N and is simply supported between bearings ses for material are 56900.5 p96 x 10 Nemo 1" are 2 Honan momen 3, Bquivatent twisting moment, 4. Now, @ =80.10 mm = 30mm. 15. Bquivalent bonding moment, eo M,= 2M 7 1/2 226 xo" + 225003. 1669] = 225001.5832 Nm d=3446= 35mm, 7. Taking thé larger value we have, d= 35mm. ‘Que 2Sz, | A cylindrical steel shaft of ultimate and yield strength ‘of 580 N/mm? and 360 Nimm? respectively and acylindrieal corrected ‘endurance strength of 200 Nimm?is subjected to a combined bending land torsional moments ~ 30 MPa to + 30 MPa and ~ 15 MPa to +30 MPa respectively. Calculate the factors of safety. ARTO 201616) Marke 15 “Answer Given io, = 580 Nin 0,,= 360 Nimm?, 6, 200Nimim? Sgr = +30 MPA, Gig =~ 30 MPS, pg = + 30 MPA, gig —15 MP. ‘To Find: Factor of safety. 1 1 Meanstress, — Gq= 2 (Gnas +0 2 Vases, 52 HGpq da) # 20- (5030 MPa 4. Manabe seg= Hq tin) = 2100419) «75M Riveted and Welded Joints Ome ~ Sia) = Len -ctny 200 . volving Soerbereriverion, th oquivalent normal sree, ont, if 300 +30 . = Oe =5A MPa 1 att = AM 6, Thoequivalont shear nteein in, Satta Ocoee! (071 260) 92. . . 05 7580 . Ce 4205710, and 6, 1. Thestateofstressis, > 2amie mrs h1=2610MPa Saye Ky= 0 = 75+ S41 (Ga? +423.616" =27 285.870 272 ,= 62870MPa E 2 j= -8.870MPa . 9. Applying Von Mises theory, the equivalent Von Mise’ stress is, = ((@2s70F + 8BTOF + 62870x- 8.870) 58.937MPa 10, Factor ofsafety guarding against fatigue failure can be obtained by, o: _ 200. = =3.39>) OS) = SE = soggy 899=3Machine Dosen D-ATCUME Hem.ay as, = er Fue AN] Anot rote ateed halt ie subjeeteston variable henating moment of #460 Nam to = 220 Nem and 9 torsional moment at ShoRum cee L1ONam, Shaft eone yargingterosescetion. Determine therequiret shanatiameter, (the material has ultimate tensile ng Natt ctrength ot 880 Nim and 440 Nim? with a factor of aatety of an -ARTU 2016-10) Marke 15] WME Myy = 4440 Nom Myg = = 220 Nem, Tray © + 30 No == 16 Rem, 9/2 580 MINIM 9, = 440 MN? BOS = Shaft diameter. 2 Meanstress, —6= V2(Gpa +8? 4ssian (_2zgso))_ moss ae a e 1 $a" Sm 1(si8.80_(-26000) _ setae 3. Variablestress, ae @ e Applying Soderberg riterion, the equivalent normal stress is Og = Gg ELE Ke 120.65 3961.35 1 + HOx Ss * OES x ODDIE (Taking K, = 1, K, = 0.85, K, = 0.62, 1120.45 | 10205.23, e # og, = 1132568 a 36930 _ 1680.67 nd pan MEE Hem 4) Jum shear atre94, tag EO Tinn 182110 0 206 ne a na! w aM 1 1M ta Ae a e S(lianton 25 tn zea ee A. Variable aheneate08ss t= “ties tun? 7 ni = 1(naon7 tren 295) L204 ae a) ge 9, Theoquivalent shear stress, 4 ty # 2 Ky (Toking K, =0.6,K, = 0.85, K, «0.62, +, =0.60,,and K, = 1) 240171537 aes im FOS 1 Ys eaost an? « 2202108 FEE) + coes07 = (es P24.7120%10 m d= 0.096119 m=26.119 mm = 40mm ‘Que 284, | A transmission shaftis subjected toa fluctuating torque that varies from - 120 N-m to 500 N-m. Let the stress concentration factorbe I.Band factor of safety be 2. Determine the required diameter of shaft, Shaft material is C45 steel. “Answer Given : Tyg 500 N12, Tyig =—120 Nom, FOS = 2,K,=1.5 ‘To Find: Diameter of tho shaft. 1. Forthe C45 steel, Ultimate tensile strength, 04, So, yield tensile strength, 0,.= 2a2396 (MES fee ee een 2. Mean or average toraue Tae Tt 190 + 10 Nem 8 Mean oraverage shear Stet T, 4. Variable tora. = = 810 10°Nemm 16x. 8. Variable shear stress, 6 Since the endurance limit in reversed bending (e,) is taken half the ‘ultimate tensile strength U.e..6, = 0.5 ¢,,) and the endurance limit to shear (is taken as 0.85.6, therefore, : 5, = 0.559, =0.55 x 0.5 oy) =0.275 oy = 0.275 x 700 = 192.5 N/mm? Since the yield stress in shear (for shen lading is taken as hal the eld etrecin reversed bending). Therefore, 5 350 = 175 Nim? 967.610? 1578.82 10" | a ee 1s 2° 115 1925 ~ 1, 553x10" | 12.3010" Qe e : B= 35560, - d= 32.914~35 mm : ‘QueB3E:] A shaft is supported onbearingA and 3,800 mmbetween centers. A 20° straight tooth spur gear having 600 mms pitch diameter is located 200 mm to the right of the let hand bearing anda 700mm dlameter pulleys mounted 250'mm towards the ot of bearing B. The gear is driven hy a pinion with a downward tangential force while the pulley drives horiaontal belt havieg 180" angleof wrap. The pulley also serves asa flywheel and weighs 2000'N."The maximum bet tension is 2000N and the tension ratio 43:1. Determine the maximum bending moment and the necessary Riveted and Welded Joints able near atrosn of the material ix Gigon 1 Ali = 800 mm, 4g = 20°, Dy = 600 mm or Re = 300 mm, 700 mm or My = 360 mm, DIS = 250 min, 20001N, T= 9000 N, Ty = 3, $240 MPa = 40 N/m : To Find! |. Maximum bending moment, : fi, Shaft diameter. 1, We know that the torque acting on the shaft (1,-T9ye {1-13} w moo(t-}} ona «seremm ce Ty AD fo Aeesing hth to ga arte Cereb eer 7 " adhe norma eo wegen tenth of et i aos. 6s Wem Saag 0.9997 4. Monecnalloadact90 1 thera shown nF Resolving the normal load vertically and horizontally, we get vertical component of We .e,, the vertical load acting on the shaft at C, Woy = We cot 20" 2483 » 0.9397 2483. N 208 2 and horizontal component of We .e.;the horizontal load acting om the shaft at C, ron = Wein 20" : < = 2483. 0.942 = 449N 4."Since TyT,=3 and T, = 9000 N, therefore - 7, =T,/3=3000/3 = 1000 Horizontal load acting on the shaft at D, Woy = 7) + T= 3000 + 1000 = 4000'N ‘and vertical load acting on the shaft at D, Woy=W=2000N -Machine Devin SALOME Sem je) and horizontal Tond diagram at Cand 2 shown in oe 8 MMS SRhe nut Fig, 2:6.1(a respectively Wow ane . 4 Wow . Yr, | ™ Too 1 t pin Lt yea ts | 2333N 2000N 4-—t 7 P(e) Vertical Toad diagram. ah son soon 4th oranda aa bE dae oe (e) Vertical bending moment diagram. pitas ==conee ames 740750 1 Lon sprite nto rr te eee eee heise NS ay nesitant tenting moment dora. i 6 Now let us find the maximum bending moment for vertical and horizontal loading, First ofall considering the vertieal loading at C and D.Let Ryy and Ryy be the reactions at the bearing A and B respectively. We know that, 85.4: — 2420 (MESom-O) 0. 1. 2 18. iveted and Welded Joints "+ 2000 = 4339 N Fav Rae ent about A yy » 00» 2o0L0 é yy = Wnnoarean ea gy = A000 2058 ‘We know that booing moment at A and May = My = ‘tk 50) + 238 + 200 = 1566600 58.8 sending moment at C, Mey = Rey 200 = 2075 x 200 = 475 «10° N-mm Bending moment at D, My ‘The bending moment diagram for vei Fig. 235.100). Nugrconaider the horizontal loading at C and D. Let Ryy, and Ryy be the reactions ct the bearings A and B respectively. We know that, "Rant Rpt = #49 + 4000 = 4849. ‘Taking moments about A, we get Ryy, * 800 = 4000(800 — 250) + 849 x 200 = 2369800 7 Ryy, = 23698001800 = 2963 N and ‘Rag = 4849-2963 = 1886.N ‘We know that bending moment at A and B, Maay= Moy = Bending moment at C, Mone Ba Bending moment at D, "Mpyy © Rpy X 250 = 2968 x 250 = 740750 N-mm ‘The bending moment diagram for horizontal loading is shown in Fig. 2.35.10. Ry * 250 = 1958 x 250 = 489.5 « 1° N-mam ical loading, ix thown in 1886 x 200 = 37200 Nm x20 in 20" We cos 20° Fig. 235.2.fow thal resultant Deinding moment At Mem lg Ag = AUTO ase 8 ad eesuttant teaing ome re Me Nemm mnt diagram ix shown in Fig. 2.35,1G0, Wo ‘noment ie aximum at D, therefore, Ironing moment, Mo Mfy= 887874 Nemm 16. Werknow that the equivalent 1, = APT = SGSTETA VOOR AISI x 10°N-mm 17, Wealso know that equivalent twisting moment (72), 1% Theresulant on see thatthe tend Maxim isting moment, ae 131 «10? = Zxd0xd"= 7.85.6 3 = 1131 x 10°/7.86 = 144 x 108 “d= 52.4 say 55mm (Qee2.36. | The layout of a transmission shaft carrying two pulleys Band Csupported on bearings A and D is shown in Fig.2.36.1. Power __ is supplied to the shaft by means of a vertical belt on the pulley B, which is then transmitted to the pulley C carrying a horizontal belt. The maximum tension in the belt on the pulley B is 2.5 KN. The angle of wrap forboth the pulleys is 180° and the coefficient of friction - is 0.24, The shaft is made of plain carbon steel 30C8 (6,,= 400 N/mm) ‘an the factor of safety is 3. Determine the shaft diameteron strength basis. Re 0 » 209 600 200, 2500 soos B ARTO 201617, Marks 10 ACME Hoon 0) Riveted and Welded Joints Rnnwer dive i 400 Nit PB 3, Ma um tension on pulley B, Py 2.0 EN, 0.24, Aogla of wrap for ‘e Pizicas gis if 19 for both the pulley, TaFinds Shaft diometer, 1, Pormianible bent nrenn, - =OASTNmm® 2, Tornional moment, Py=2.5kN= 25000 z FB ceneomrenies = Fi, 2500 os ones adasiee a, 3. ThetorquesuppliedtotheshaR isgivenby, | T= (P,P) = (2500-11764) «250 = 300 882.5N-mm 4 ‘hs, P-POR=T cs Py-P)(25) = 3308825 or (Py-P))= 2647.06 (236) 5, Also we know that, B a otenars (2362) 6 Froméq, (2.6.1) and eq (2.96.2), we get a ‘P= 5000 N and P, =2352.94N 11. Neglecting the weight of the pulley, the downward force at the pulley B is 2, +P,) or 3676.47 N. Similarly, the force in the horizontal plane at the pulley Cis (P, +P, or 7352.94 N. The forces and bending moments in vertical and horizontal planes are shown in Fig. 2.26.2(0) and Fig. 238.20) respectively. 8, Theresultant bending moment is given by, (at B= (6882807 + 29AIBF = 657664.26 N-mm Qn at C= JGa7058F + GATE«7OF =1185625.45N-mm 9, Theresultant bending moment diagram and torsional moment diagram. are shown in Fig. 2.36.2(c) and Fig. 2.96.2(d) respectively. The stresses are maximum at the pulley C.40, We know thatr Machine Desi cul 2-45 € (ME-Som-0) A__y3676.s7 ce sofas 187 ogy vertical planes sna Gy Horieontal . 1470.59 588235 Trending moment dara cc) Resultant 18562545 657664.26 (gy nerateant torsional money diagram. "390882. 4 Ly Forave dias wig. 256: 28, fu cor 3S (OT 562.57" 2-406 (ME-Bem-O) iveted and Welded Joints Faw | Dowign a nhat Tnawer (A neual practic, the shafts are wabjstd to Mactan fluctuating benny moment haf ike line afte counter sat he jected to fatiue loads. In ordor to design mich * dhe ee ord shock an fatigue factors mont taken nt, SSmputed twisting I Ee apenas 3 jected to combined Rctusting end ig moment the equivalent wing — ats BRM RR commuted cock an fate for orem se sock ana tio fsa trey fa gear BOXa. 247 (ME-Sem-6) 710 Nimain? 6,, = 680 Nim’, K, = 1.5,K,= 2.0. * Forgeary(@.),=900mmCd)e= 600mm. 1. Permisitleshearstress an be obtained 25, ~ g.a,,= 0314580) = 174 Nin? 0180, =0.18(770)=138 6m ‘Te lower of the two values ix 138.6 Nam? and there are keyways on testa s Saux” 0.75(138.6) = 103.95 Nam? 2. "The forces and bending moment in vertical and horizontal planes. are shown in Fig. 238.1. The maximum bending moment is at C. The resultant bending moment at Cis given by, e M~= fs196208)" + 421905" : = 3498827.4N-mm T= 4421(450) () Vertical plane 113783 1600 o + aaes D 6315 024058 : Ga96203 (&) Horizontal plane 4421 135.45 + 4 2142.78 tooq4g 241367 fol ooo Fig. 2.38.2; Shaft diameter ean be obtained as, gAsC(MESems) a oa ted and Welded Joints 1 en 8 eT - Se Hoa ay VO S10882T AF Go DORE 322648,.2786 68.59 mm 4. Checking for the design, = an = 161989450 (68.59) (au < Fane therefore the design is safe. ‘Qae239:] A transmission shaft supporting a spur gear B and a pulley Dis shown in Fig.239.1. The shaft is mounted on wo earings A and C. The diameter of pulley and the pitch circle diameter fence are 450 and 200 mm respectively. The pulley transmits 20\W poner - at 600 rpm to the gear. P, and P, are belt tensions in tight and locse Sides, while P, and P, are tangential and radial components of gear tooth force. Atsume,P, = 3P, and P, =P, tan 2 ‘The gear and pulley are keyed tothé shaft. The material ofthe shaft Is steel 50C4(6,,=700Nmam? and o,,= 460 Ninm’), The factors Ky and * K,of ASME colle are 1.5 each. Determine the shaft diameter using ASME code. at =3139 ARTO 2016-19, Marka 07 ‘Answer . Giver! : P = 20 kW, N = 500 rpni, K, = K, = 1.5, (d,')y = 300 mm, Pilly diameter = 450mm, 0,,=700 Nhowc,, = 460 tat ‘ToFind:Shaf diameter.Machine Design 1. Permissible shear sttwss ‘side, © B2IKA re keywayat “Thelower ofthe twovaos (ty hal esha is given by, 2. Thotorquc transmitted by the sh “meen GON 10" xP _ 60x moment = (, — Py) 225 = BS197L.86 (Py—2,)= 1697.65N Bon (2.39.1) 2.39.2) As. From cq. (2.39.1) and 69. (2.39.2), P,= 2546.48N and P, = 948.83 N 3595.1 BP, = P, tan (20") = (2546.48) an (20°) = 926.84 N ‘The forces and bending moments in vertical and horizontal planes are “shown in Fig. 2.39.2, The maximum bending moment is at C, Vertical plane 1934.24 926.84 3395.1 4 492690 1358124 Horizontal plane 254648. 127324 1273.24 509296 Fipat 00° 0071 Fig.2.39.2. 2-600 (ME-Hem-0) : ne etm ante aT 6 = 1358024 Nem 5107.46 Nam 6 Shot diner, 1 _ Oe RMT 16 Go Viieniay asa O45) = 11405126 or d= 485mm ‘Que2A0.] A mitd steel shaft transmits 20 KW at 200 rpm. It in subjeted to a bending moment of 82.5 Nem. Determine tee the shaft if theallowable hear stressin 23iPassod theese, tensile or compressive atresn in net’ fa B58 MPa, What size of the shat willbe required sti eabjceea gradually applied load? =a Given: = 20 = «30,1220 pm, M5025 Nm, | ge f2 MPa, q,=68MPa ToFind Size or diameter ofthe shah. i SizeofShatt: 1. Welknow that torguetransnited bythe shat, p= 2x60_20x10"x60 ” Oa ‘2nx 200 2, Welknow that the equivalent twisting moment, 1, = (MET = [6625x107 + O55x10F = 1109s 10°7¢am 3, Weslo know that equivalent twisting moment (7), $* 155 N-m = 955 x 10 N-mm 1108 108= 2 x 42xd= 82548 P = 1108 « 10°/8.25 = 124.8 «109 ord =51.2 mm 4. Weknow that the equivalent bending moment, = Lar iP jarn2-01 6 Mth Machine Design 2 Machine Desig = 2 e5aa.8. 108+ 108 109 = $95.25» 10" Nem, 5. Wealso know that. s 5 vague ntl? $95.25 x 10°= Fl (gh = 885280 10975.7 = MHA 18 ord = 2.72200 Taking the langer ofthe two values, wo = BUTI SAN i. Size of the Shaft when Subjected to Gradually Applied Lond : 1 prom design databook forrotating shafts with gradually applied loads, Ky= 15andX,=1 We know that equivalent twisting moment, = (EMP R TY = (OER BERENIOY + Ox 955 x10F = 1274 10°N-mm 8. Wealeo know that equivalent twisting moment (7), 25a 154.42 « 10 or d= 53.6 mm, ent, s = 1274% 109/85 4. Welknow that the equivalent bending mome 1 Ear M,= 3[K. “Guo8T- | What are the factors on which selection of gear material Tavolute vol = ‘System System depends? : 1 Rideodum itm im [0am awa | - 2 | Dedendum Heel a i= Factors on which selection of gear material depends are as follows : 3. [Working depen [2m 2m | 180m | Anima total epeh] 225 m 235m | 180m 1. Typeofservice 3 | Tooth ticknees | 15708 m 15708 m | 15708 m 2. Degree of desired accuracy. & | Minimum clearance [025 m 025m” | 02m : and weight ofthe di Required dimensions and weight othe drive. us at ™ an fm 4_| ie rads a root [0-4 @ ot cee 5. Method of manufacturing ‘Gera | at do you underatand by interference apie 5 Matidefnanfecang ‘gears? How do you eliminate interference ? os 8 Shook resistance ra | A. Interference: The phenomenon when the tip ofa tooth undercuts the root on its mating gear is known as interference ‘Addendam \ pitch circle Fig. 36.1 Interference in gears, 5 PART-2 Design Considerations, Beam Strength of Gear Tooth, Dynamic ‘Tooth Load, Wear Strength of Gear Tooth, Failure of Gear Tooth. Questions:Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions ‘Que8.._ | Write down the requirements that must be met in the design of a gear drive. ‘Answer Requirements that must be met in the design of a gear drive are as {allows