On The Weighted Fractional Operators of A Function With Respect To Another Function

December 28, 2020 15:28 0218-348X 2040011
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Fractals, Vol. 28, No. 8 (2020) 2040011 (12 pages)

c The Author(s)
DOI: 10.1142/S0218348X20400113
by 41.102.200.254 on 01/31/23. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
ON THE WEIGHTED FRACTIONAL OPERATORS

OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT
TO ANOTHER FUNCTION
Fractals 2020.28. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
F. JARAD
Çankaya University, Department of Mathematics
06790 Etimesgut, Ankara, Turkey
fahd@cankaya.edu.tr
T. ABDELJAWAD∗
Department of Mathematics and General Sciences
Prince Sultan University, P. O. Box 66833
Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University
Taichung 40402, Taiwan
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
tabdeljawad@psu.edu.sa
K. SHAH
Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
kamalshah408@gmail.com
Received December 27, 2019

Accepted March 1, 2020
Published June 25, 2020
∗
Corresponding author.
This is an Open Access article in the “Special Issue on Fractal and Fractional with Applications to Nature” published by
World Scientific Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY)
License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to define the weighted fractional operators on some spaces.
We first prove that the weighted integrals are bounded in certain spaces. Afterwards, we
discuss the weighted fractional derivatives defined on absolute continuous-like spaces. At
the end, we present a modified Laplace transform that can be applied perfectly to such
operators.
Keywords: Weighted Fractional Integrals; Weighted Spaces of Summable Functions;

Weighted Spaces of Absolute Continuous Functions; Weighted Generalized Laplace
Transform.
1. INTRODUCTION AND the form

x t1
PRELIMINARIES (a+ Inw f )(x) =w −1
(x)
g (t1 )dt1 g (t2 )dt2
In the last decades, the fractional calculus have a a
tn−1
acquired a largish significance on the account of
... w(tn )f (tn )g (tn )dtn

diversity of applications in different fields of science a
and engineering.1–6
In most used fractional operators (with singu- w−1 (x) x
= (g(x) − g(t))n−1
lar kernels), there exists the Riemann–Liouville and (n − 1)! a
Caputo fractional derivatives. Nonetheless, there × w(t)f (t)g (t)dt, x > a,
are more types of fractional operators that helped
(1.1)
researchers in their attempts to understand the
world surrounding us. We mention the ones in where w(x) = 0 is a weighted function, w−1 (x) =
1
Refs. 7–14. It should be noted that all the oper- w(x) and g is a strictly increasing differentiable func-
ators mentioned in the aforementioned references tion. The corresponding derivative is
are just special cases of the operators studied Dx
by Agrawal.15,16 In these papers, the author pre- (D1w f )(x) = w−1 (x) (w(x)f (x)),
g (x)
sented some generalized fractional derivatives and
listed some of their properties. However, the spaces Dnw f = D1w (Dn−1
w f)
on which these operators are defined were not
mentioned. −1 Dx n
= w (x) (w(x)f (x)),
It should be remarked that in Refs. 17 and 18, g (x)
the authors discussed the weighted fractional oper- (1.2)
ators associated with the Caputo–Fabrizio and where Dx = dx d
. The fractional versions of the
Atangana–Baleanu fractional operators.19,20 integral in (1.1) and the derivative (in Riemann–
Motivated by the works mentioned previously, Liouville settings) in (1.2) are
we prove that the weighted fractional integrals
are bounded in a space of Lebesgue measurable w−1 (x) x
(a+ Iαw f )(x) = (g(x) − g(t))α−1
functions. We also show that the weighted frac- Γ(α) a
tional derivatives of functions defined on a cer-
× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt, x > a, α > 0
tain space exist everywhere. We discuss the semi-
group property of weighted fractional integrals, the (1.3)
action of integrals on derivatives and vice versa. At and
last, we propose an appropriately modified Laplace
transform. (a+ Dαw f )(x) = (Dnw In−α
w f )(x)
The nth, n ∈ N order weighted fractional integral 1
= Dn
of a function f with respect to the function g has Γ(n − α) w
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On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

x
Proposition 1.3. (1) For α > 0 and β > 0, we
× (g(x) − g(t))n−α−1 have
a

× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt ,
x > a, α > 0, (a+ Iαw (w−1 (t)(g(t) − g(a))β−1 ))(x)
Γ(β)
(1.4) = w−1 (x)(g(x) − g(a))β+α−1 .
Γ(β + α)
respectively, where n = [α]+1, [α] being the integer (1.7)
part of α.
Before we go further, let’s present the effect of the (2) For α < n and β > 0, we have
weighted integrals and derivatives of integer order
on each other and the weighted fractional integrals (a+ Dαw (w−1 (t)(g(t) − g(a))β−1 ))(x)
and derivatives of a certain function. This will help

Γ(β)
us in the rest of this paper. = w−1 (x)(g(x) − g(a))β−α−1 .
Γ(β − α)
Lemma 1.1. For n ∈ N, we have (1.8)
(Dnwa+ Inw )f = f. (1.5)
Proof.
Proof. The proof can be done by using (1.1), (1.2)
and the Leibniz rule for integrals. (a+ Iαw (w−1 (t)(g(t) − g(a))β−1 ))(x)

w−1 (x) x
Lemma 1.2. For n ∈ N, we have = (g(x) − g(t))α−1
Γ(α) a

n−1
× (g(t) − g(a))α−1 g (t)dt
(a+ Inw Dnw )f (x) = f (x) − w−1 (x)
k=0 w−1 (x)
= (g(x) − g(a))β+α−1
(g(x) − g(a))k Γ(α)
× fk (a), (1.6) 1
k!
× δα−1 (1 − δ)β−1 dδ
where fm (x) = ( gD x m
(x) ) (w(x)f (x)), m = 0, 1, 2, . . .. 0
w−1 (x)
Proof. Using (1.1) and (1.2), we have = (g(x) − g(a))β+α−1
Γ(α)
x
−1 (g(x) − g(t))n−1 Γ(α)Γ(β)
(a+ Iw Dw )f (x) = w (x)
n n
×
a (n − 1)! Γ(α + β)
× fn (t)g (t)dt Γ(β)
x = w−1 (x)(g(x) − g(a))β+α−1 ,
(g(x) − g(t))n−1 Γ(β + α)
−1
= w (x) w(t)
a (n − 1)! g(t)−g(a)
where δ = g(x)−g(a) . Now,
−1
×w (t)fn−1 (t)dt.
Now, performing the integration by parts formula, (a+ Dαw (w−1 (t)(g(t) − g(a))β−1 ))(x)
we get −1
= (Dnwa+ In−α
w (w (t)(g(t) − g(a))
β−1
))(x)
(g(x) − g(t))n−1
(a+ Inw Dnw )f (x) = −w−1 (x) fn−1 (a) =
Γ(β)
(Dn (g(t) − g(a))β+n−α−1 )(x)
(n − 1)! Γ(β + n − α) w
x
−1 (g(x) − g(t))n−1 Γ(β) Γ(β + n − α)
+ w (x) =
a (n − 1)! Γ(β + n − α) Γ(β − α)

× fn−2 (t)dt. × (g(x) − g(a))β+α−1
Repeating the same procedure n−2-times, we arrive Γ(β)
at (1.6). = w−1 (x)(g(x) − g(a))β−α−1 .
Γ(β − α)
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2. THE WEIGHTED g(b)

1
FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS = |w(g−1 (u))f (g−1 (u))|
Γ(α) g(a)
In this section, we define the space where the 1
(g(b) − u)(α−1)p+1
p
weighted fractional integrals are bounded and
× du.
present some properties of these operators. (α − 1)p + 1
Definition 2.1. Let w = 0 be a function defined on
[a, b], g is a differentiable strictly increasing function Now, using Hölder’s inequality, we get
on [a, b]. The space Xwp (a, b), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ is the apace
of all Lebesgue measurable functions f defined on a+ Iαw f Xwp
[a, b] for which f Xwp < ∞, where 1
g(b) p
b p1 1 w(g−1 (u))f (g−1 (u))p du
≤
Γ(α)
f Xwp = |w(x)f (x)| g (x)dx
p
, g(a)
a
⎧ q ⎫1
1<p<∞ (2.1) ⎨ g(b)
(g(b) − u)(α−1)p+1 p ⎬q
× du ,
and ⎩ g(a) (α − 1)p + 1 ⎭
f Xw∞ = ess supa≤x≤b |w(x)f (x)| < ∞. (2.2)
1 1
Remark 2.2. It should be noted that f ∈ where p + q = 1. Thus, we have
1
p
Xw (a, b) ⇔ w(x)f (x)(g (x)) ∈ Lp (a, b) for 1 ≤
p
p < ∞ and f ∈ Xw∞ (a, b) ⇔ w(x)f (x) ∈ L∞ (a, b). a+ Iαw f Xwp
Theorem 2.3. Let α > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and f ∈

b 1p
1 p
Xwp (a, b). Then a+ Iw f
α is bounded in Xwp (a, b) and ≤ |w(x)f (x)| g (x)dx
Γ(α) a
(g(b) − g(a))α ⎧
a+ Iαw f Xwp ≤ f Xwp . (2.3) q ⎫1
Γ(α + 1) ⎨ g(b) (g(b) − u)(α−1)p+1 p ⎬ q
× du
Proof. For 1 ≤ p < ∞, we have ⎩ g(a) (α − 1)p + 1 ⎭
a+ Iαw f Xwp
f Xwp (g(b) − g(a))α
b x ≤
1 Γ(α) α
= (g(x) − g(t))α−1
Γ(α)
a a (g(b) − g(a))α
= f Xwp .
p 1
Γ(α + 1)
p
× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt g (x)dx

Now, for p = ∞, we have

g(b) v x
1 1
= (v − u)α−1 w(g−1 (u)) |w(x) a+ Iαw f (x)| = (g(x) − g(t))α−1
Γ(α) g(a) g(a) Γ(α) a
p 1 × w(t)f (t)g (t)dt

p
x
−1
× f (g (u))du dv , 1
≤ (g(x) − g(t))α−1 |
Γ(α) a
where g−1 is the inverse function of g. Due to the
× w(t)f (t)|g (t)dt
generalized Minkowski inequality (1.33 in Ref. 6),
we can write f Xw∞ x
g(b) ≤ (g(x) − g(t))α−1 dt
1
Γ(α) a
a+ Iw f Xwp ≤
α
|w(g−1 (u))f (g−1 (u))|p
Γ(α) g(a) f Xw∞ (g(x) − g(a))α
1 =
Γ(α) α
g(b) p
(α−1)p
× (v − u) dv du (g(b) − g(a))α
u ≤ f Xw∞ .
Γ(α + 1)
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Next, we present the semi-group property for Proof. The proof can be adhibited by using (1.2)
integrals. and using the Leibniz rule for integrals.
p
Theorem 2.4. Let f ∈ Xw (a, b), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, α >
Theorem 2.6. Let α > 1 and D1w f ∈ Xw (a, b).
p
0, β > 0. Then,
Then
(a+ Iαw a+ Iw )f = (a+ Iw )f.
β α+β
(2.4)
w−1 (x)
(a+ Iαw D1w f )(x) = (D1w a+ Iw f )(x)
α
−
Proof. Γ(α)
(a+ Iαw × (g(x) − g(a))α−1 w(a)f (a).

a+ Iw f )(x)
β
(2.6)
w−1 (x) x
= (g(x) − g(t))α−1 w(t)
Γ(α) a
Proof.
× (a+ Iβw f )(t)g (t)dt
x t
(a+ Iαw D1w f )(x)
w−1 (x)
= (g(x) − g(t))α−1 w−1 (x) x
Γ(α)Γ(β) a a = (g(x) − g(t))α−1 w(t)w−1 (t)
Γ(α) a
× (g(t) − g(τ )) w(τ )f (τ )g (τ )g (t)dτ dt
β−1

x x ×
Dt
w(t)f (t) g (t)dt
w−1 (x) g (t)
= (g(x) − g(t))α−1
Γ(α)Γ(β) a τ
w−1 (x) x
× (g(t) − g(τ ))β−1 w(τ )f (τ )g (τ )g (t)dtdτ. = (g(x) − g(t))α−1 (w(t)f (t)) dt
Γ(α) a

w−1 (x)
g(t)−g(a)
Now, letting δ = g(x)−g(a) , we get
= (g(x) − g(t))α−1 w(t)f (t)|xa
Γ(α)
(a+ Iαw a+ Iw f )(x)
β
x
1 x + (α − 1) (g(x) − g(t))α−2
w−1 (x)
= (1 − δ)α−1 δβ−1 dδ a
Γ(α)Γ(β) 0 a
x
× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt
× (g(x) − g(τ ))α+β−1 w(τ )f (τ )g (τ )dτ
w−1 (x)
τ
w−1 (x)
Γ(α)Γ(β) =− (g(x) − g(a))α−1 w(a)f (a)
= Γ(α)
Γ(α)Γ(β) Γ(α + β)
x x w−1 (x)(α − 1) x
+ (g(x) − g(t))α−2
× (g(x) − g(τ ))α+β−1 Γ(α) a
a τ
× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt
× w(τ )f (τ )g (τ )dτ
x w−1 (x)
w−1 (x) =− (g(x) − g(a))α−1 w(a)f (a)
= (g(x) − g(τ ))α+β−1 Γ(α)
Γ(α + β) a −1
−1 Dx w (x) x
+ w (x) w(x)
× w(τ )f (τ )g (τ )dτ g (x) Γ(α) a
= (a+ Iα+β
w f )(x). × (g(x) − g(t))α−1 w(t)f (t)g (t)dt
w−1 (x)
In what follows, we discuss the combination of = (D1w a+ Iαw f )(x) −
the weighted fractional integrals with the weighted Γ(α)
differential operator (1.2). × (g(x) − g(a))α−1 w(a)f (a).
Theorem 2.5. Let α > m, m ∈ N. Then
By induction on m, one can prove the following
w (a+ Iw f ) =
Dm α
a+ Iw
α−m
f. (2.5) corollary.
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p x
Corollary 2.7. For α > m, Dm
w f ∈ Xw (a, b), we = cn−2 + cn−1 (g(x) − g(a)) + (g(x)
have a
(a+ Iαw Dm
w f )(x) − g(t)ξ(t)dt.
= (Dm
w a+ Iw f )(x) −
α
w−1 (x)
Taking a step further, we will have

m−1
(g(x) − g(a))α−m+k
× fk (a). (2.7) fn−3 (x) = cn−3 + cn−2 (g(x) − g(a))
Γ(α − m + k + 1)
k=0
(g(x) − g(a))2
+ cn−2
3. THE WEIGHTED 2!

FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVES
x
(g(x) − g(t))2
+ ξ(t)dt.
In this section, we define the weighted fractional a 2!

derivatives on a certain weighted absolute contin- Repeating this procedure, we reach at
uous functions space and discuss their interaction
with the weighted fractional integrals.
n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k
n [a, b] is defined as w(x)f (x) = ck
Definition 3.1. The space ACw k!
k=0
follows:

ACwn [a, b] := {f : [a, b] → R such that
x
(g(x) − g(t))(n−1)
+ ξ(t)dt.
(n − 1)!
fn−1 ∈ AC[a, b]}, (3.1) a
where AC[a, b] is the set of absolute continuous The result is found then by multiplying the above
functions on the interval [a, b]. equation by w−1 (x).
In what follows, we propose the form of functions

By construction, it can be obviously seen that
in the space ACwn [a, b].
n [a, b] consists of
Theorem 3.2. The space ACw ck = fk (a), k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1 and
those functions which has the form
x ξ(x) = g (x)fn (x). (3.3)
(g(x) − g(t))n−1
f (x) = w−1 (x) ξ(t)dt
a (n − 1)! Theorem 3.3. If f ∈ ACw
n [a, b], then the weighted
fractional derivative of f exists almost everywhere

ck
n−1
and can be written as
+ (g(x) − g(a))k . (3.2)
k! x
k=0 1
−1
(a+ Dw f )(x) = w (x)
α
Proof. Let a function f ∈ ACwn [a, b]. Then, by Def- Γ(n − α) a

inition 3.1, we have fn−1 (x) = ( gD x n−1 f (x) ∈
(x) ) × (g(x) − g(t))n−α−1 fn (t)g (t)dt
AC[a, b]. Thus, there exists a function ξ ∈ L1 [a, b]
such that (g(x) − g(a))k−α fk (a)
n−1
x + .
Γ(k − α + 1)
fn−1 (x) = cn−1 + ξ(t)dt. k=0
a (3.4)
Hence,

x Proof. Since f ∈ ACwn [a, b], by Theorem 3.2 and
fn−2 (x) = cn−1 g (x) + g (x) ξ(t)dt. Eq. (3.3), f can be written as
a
Therefore,
−1
x
(g(x) − g(t))(n−1)
x x f (x) = w (x) fn (t)g (t)dt
fn−2 (x) = cn−2 + cn−1 g (t)dt + g (τ ) a (n − 1)!
a a
τ
n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k fk (a)
× ξ(t)dtdτ + w−1 (x)
k!
a k=0
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x
(g(x) − g(t))(n−1) In what follows, we consider the combination of
= w−1 (x) w(t)(Dnw f )(t) weighted fractional derivatives and weighted frac-
a (n − 1)!
tional integrals.

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k fk (a)

× g (t)dt + w−1 (x) Theorem 3.4. Let α > β > 0, where m = [β] + 1.
k! Then,
k=0

n−1 (a+ Dβw a+ Iw )f
α
= (a+ Iα−β
w )f. (3.5)
−1
= (a+ Inw Dnw f )(x) + w (x)
k=0
Proof.
(a+ Dβw a+ Iw )f
α
(g(x) − g(a))k fk (a)
× .
= (Dm a+ Iw Iw )f
m−β α
k! w
= (Dm a+ Iw
α+m−β
w )f by using Theorem 2.4
Applying the weighted fractional derivative to both = (a+ Iα−β
w )f
sides and using Proposition 1.3, we get by using Theorem 2.5.
In a similar way, one can prove the following

(a+ Dαw f )(x) theorem.
= (a+ Dαw a+ Iw Dw f )(x) +

n n
w−1 (x) Theorem 3.5. Let α > 0. Then, we have

n−1 (a+ Dαw a+ Iw )f
α
= f. (3.6)
(g(x) − g(a))k−α fk (a)
× Theorem 3.6. Let α > 0, n = −[−α], f ∈ Xw (a, b)
p
k!
a+ Iw f ∈ ACw [a, b].
k=0 α n
and Then
Γ(k + 1) (a+ Iαw a+ Dαw f )(x)
×
Γ(k + 1 − α)

n
(g(x) − g(a))α−k
−1
(Dnw a+ In−α −1 = f (x) − w (x)
a+ Iw Dw f )(x)
n n
= w +w (x) Γ(α − k + 1)
k=1

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k−α f
k (a) +
× × (a+ In−α
w f )n−k (a ),
Γ(k + 1 − α)
k=0 (3.7)
= (Dnw a+ I2n−α
w Dnw f )(x) +w −1
(x) where
k

n−1 + Dx +
(g(x) − g(a))k−α f
k (a) (a+ In−α
w f )k (a ) = (w(x)a+ In−α
w f )(a ).
× g (x)
Γ(k + 1 − α)
k=0
Proof. Since
−1
w Dw f )(x) + w (x)
= (In−α n
(a+ Iαw a+ Dw )f
α
= (a+ Iαw a+ Dw ) a+ Iw f,
n n−α

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k−α fk (a) we have
×
Γ(k + 1 − α) (a+ Iαw a+ Dw f )(x)
α
k=0
x
−1 1 = (a+ Iαw Dnw a+ Iw f )(x)
n−α
− w−1 (x)
= w (x) (g(x) − g(t))n−α−1
Γ(n − α) a
n−1
(g(x) − g(a))α−n+k

× fn (t)g (t)dt × ( + In−α f )k (a+ )
Γ(α − n + k + 1) a w
k=0

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k−α f
k (a)
+ , = (Dnw a+ Iw a+ Iw f )(x)
α n−α
− w−1 (x)
Γ(k − α + 1)
k=0

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))α−n+k
×
Γ(α − n + k + 1)
k=0
where the last two steps before the final step are +
× (a+ In−α
w f )k (a )
obtained by using Theorems 2.4 and 2.5.
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= (Dnw a+ Iw f )(x)
n
− w−1 (x) Proof. Using Definition 4.1 and Proposition 1.3,
we can write

n
(g(x) − g(a))α−k +
× (a+ In−α
w f )n−k (a )
Γ(α − k + 1) −1
a+ Dw f )(x) = (a+ Dw f )(x) − w (x)
(C α α
k=1

n
(g(x) − g(a))α−k
n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k−α
−1
= f (x) − w (x) × fk (a).
Γ(α − k + 1) Γ(k − α + 1)
k=1 k=0
+
× (a+ In−α
w f )n−k (a ),
Now, by Theorem 3.3, we have
where in the last two steps we used Corollary 2.7
a+ Dw f )(x)
(C α
and Lemma 1.1.

w−1 (x) x
= (g(x) − g(t)n−α−1 fn (t)g (t)dt
Γ(n − α) a
4. WEIGHTED FRACTIONAL
DERIVATIVES IN THE w−1 (x) x
= (g(x) − g(t)n−α−1 w(t)
CAPUTO SETTINGS Γ(n − α) a
× Dnw f (t)g (t)dt

In this section, we define the weighted Caputo frac-

tional derivatives and present some of its properties.
a+ Iw Dw f )(x).
= (C n−α n
Definition 4.1. Let α ≥ 0 and n = [α] + 1. The

weighted Caputo fractional derivative of order α of The following proposition can be proved very
f is defined by easily.

n−1 Proposition 4.3. For α ≥ 0 and β > n, where
−1
a+ Dw f )(x)
(C a+ Dw f (t) − w
α α
= (t) n = [α] + 1, we have
k=0
α −1
a+ Dw w (t)(g(t) − g(a))
(C β−1
(g(t) − g(a))k )(x)
× fk (a) (x).
k! Γ(β)
= (g(x) − g(a))β−α−1 . (4.3)
(4.1) Γ(β − α)
Now, we give an explicit expression of the Remark 4.4. It can be observed that
weighted Caputo fractional derivatives in the space
of weighted absolute continuous functions. −1
a+ Dw (w (t)(g(t) − g(a)) )](x) = 0,
[C α k
k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1. (4.4)
Theorem 4.2. If f ∈ ACw
n [a, b], then the weighted
Caputo fractional derivative, of order α > 0, n =

[α] + 1 of f can be written as In what follows, we combine the weighted frac-
tional integral with the weighted Caputo fractional
derivative
a+ Dw f )(x) = (a+ Iw Dw f )(x)
(C α C n−α n
x
w−1 (x) Theorem 4.5.
= (g(x) − g(t)n−α−1
Γ(n − α) a
× w(t)Dnw f (t)g (t)dt a+ Iw
(C α
a+ Dw f )(x)
C α
= f (x) − w−1 (x)
x
w−1 (x)
n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k
= (g(x) − g(t)n−α−1 × fk (a).
Γ(n − α) a k!
k=0
× fn (t)g (t)dt. (4.2) (4.5)
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Proof. The next theorem presents the sufficient con-

ditions for the existence of the weighted Laplace
(a+ Iαw a+ Dw f )(x)
C α
transform.
a+ Iw
= (C a+ Iw Dw f )(x)
α C n−α n
Theorem 5.4. Let f, w(= 0) : [a, ∞) → R be func-
tions such that wf is piecewise continuous such that
a+ Iw Dw f )(x) using Theorem 2.4
= (C n n
f is w-weighted g-exponential function. Then, the

n−1
(g(x) − g(a))k weighted Laplace transform of f exists for s > c.
−1
= f (x) − w (x) fk (a),
k!
k=0 Proof. The proof is direct.
where the last step is implemented by using
Theorem 5.5. Let f ∈ ACw [a, x) and of w-
Lemma 1.2.
weighted g-exponential order. Let Dw f be piece-
wise continuous on every interval [a, X). Then, the

5. THE WEIGHTED LAPLACE weighted Laplace transform of Dw f exists and
TRANSFORM g {Dw f }(s) = sLg {f }(s) − w(a)f (a).
Lw w
(5.5)
The classical Laplace transform is difficult to utilize
for the weighted fractional order. However, a small Proof. The proof is similar to the proof of Theo-
rem 3.7 in Ref. 13.
modification of the conventional Laplace transform

would be more effective. For this sake, we propose
Theorem 5.5 can be generalized as follows.
the following modification of the Laplace transform
which is slightly different than the one proposed in Corollary 5.6. Let f ∈ ACw
n−1 [a, x), such that
Ref. 13. Dkw f, k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1 are of w-weighted g-
exponential order. Let Dnw f be piecewise continuous
Definition 5.1. Let f and w be functions defined on every interval [a, X). Then, the weighted Laplace
on the interval [a, ∞) and g be a strictly increas- transform of Dnw f exists and
ing function on [a, ∞). Then the weighted Laplace
transform of f is defined by
n−1
∞ g {Dw f }(s)
Lw n
= s n Lw
g {f }(s) − sn−1−k fk (a).
Lg {f }(s) =
w
e−s(g(x)−g(a)) w(x)f (x)g (x)dx k=0
a (5.6)
(5.1)
In what follows, we define the weighted convolu-
for all values of s for which the integral in (5.1) is tion of two functions.
valid. Definition 5.7. The weighted convolution of func-
The assertions in the following proposition can tions f and h is defined by
be easily obtained. f ∗w
g h(x)
x
Proposition 5.2. −1
=w (x) w(g−1 (g(x) + g(a) − g(t)))f
−1 a
(1) Lw
g {w (x)e
λ(g(x)−g(a))
}(s)
−1
× (g (g(x) + g(a) − g(t)))
1
= , λ ∈ R, s > λ. (5.2) × w(t)h(t)g (t)dt,
s−λ (5.7)
Lw −1 where g−1 is the inverse of g.
g {w (x)(g(x) − g(a)) }(s)
β−1
(2)
Γ(β) Remark 5.8. Note that we have f ∗w
g h = h ∗g g.
w
= β , β > −1, s > 0. (5.3)
s Theorem 5.9. Let the weighted Laplace transform
Definition 5.3. Let f, w(= 0) : [a, ∞) → R. f of f and h exist for s > c1 and s > c2 , respectively.
is called w-weighted g-exponential function if there Then,
exist constants M, c and X such that g {f ∗g h(x)}(s) = Lg {f (x)}(s)Lg {h(x)}(s),
Lw w w w
|w(x)f (x)| ≤ M ecg(x) for x > X. (5.4) s > max{c1 , c2 }. (5.8)
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Proof. Proof.
Lw Lw
g {(a+ Iw f )(x)}(s)
α
g {f (x)}(s)Lg {h(x)}(s)
w
∞ −1 x
w w (x)
= e−s(g(x)−g(a)) w(x)f (x)g (x)dx = Lg (g(x) − g(t))α−1
a
Γ(α) a
∞

× e−s(g(τ )−g(a)) w(τ )h(τ )g (τ )dτ × w(t)f (t)g (t)dt (s)
a
∞ ∞ 1
= e−s(g(x)+g(τ )−2g(a)) w(x)f (x)g (x) = Lw {(g(x) − g(a))α−1 ∗w
g f (x)}(s)
a a Γ(α) g
× w(τ )h(τ )g (τ )dτ. 1
Lw {(g(x) − g(a))α−1 }(s)Lw
= g {f (x)}(s)
Γ(α) g
Letting g(x) + g(τ ) − g(a) = g(t), we obtain
1 Γ(α) w
Lw = L {f (x)}(s)
g {f (x)}(s)Lg {h(x)}(s)
w
Γ(α) sα g
∞ ∞
Lwg {f (x)}(s)
= e−s(g(t)−g(a)) w = .
a t sα
× (g−1 (g(t) + g(a) − g(τ )))f (g−1 (g(t) Corollary 5.11. Let α > 0, f ∈ ACw n [a, b] for any

b > 0, g ∈ C [a, b], g (x) > 0 and (a+ In−α
n
w )k f, k =
+ g(a) − g(τ )))w(τ )h(τ )g (t)g (τ )dtdτ. 0, 1, . . . , n − 1 be w-weighted g-exponential order.
Now, changing the order of integration, we get Then,
g {(a+ Dw f )(x)}(s)
Lw α
g {f (x)}(s)Lg {h(x)}(s)
Lw w
∞ t = s α Lw
g {f (x)}(s)
−s(g(t)−g(a))
= e w
n−1
a a +
− sn−k−1 (a+ In−α
w )k f (a ). (5.10)
−1 −1
× (g (g(t) + g(a) − g(τ )))f (g (g(t) k=0
+ g(a) − g(τ )))w(τ )h(τ )g (τ )dτ g (t)dt Proof. The proof can be implemented by using
∞ (1.4), Theorem 5.10 and Corollary 5.6.
= e−s(g(t)−g(a)) w(t)w−1 (t)
a Corollary 5.12. Let α > 0, f ∈ ACw
n [a, b] for
t any b > 0, g ∈ C n [a, b], g (x) > 0 and fk , k =
× w(g−1 (g(t) + g(a) − g(τ ))) 0, 1, . . . , n − 1 be w-weighted g-exponential order.
a
Then,
× f (g−1 (g(t) + g(a) − g(τ )))w(τ )h(τ )
g {(a+ Dw f )(x)}(s)
Lw C α
× g (τ )dτ g (t)dt
∞
n−1
g {f (x)}(s) −
= s α Lw s−k−1 fk (a) .
= e−s(g(t)−g(a)) w(t)f ∗w
g h(t)g (t)dt
a k=0
Lw (5.11)
= g {f ∗w
g h(x)}(s).
Proof. The proof can be implemented by using
In what follows, we present the weighted Laplace Theorems 4.2, 5.10 and Corollary 5.6.
transforms of the weighted fractional operators.
Remark 5.13. We can find weighted Laplace
Theorem 5.10. Let f be a piecewise continuous
transform of a weighted type of Mittag–Leffler
function on each interval [a, x] and of w-weighted function3,6 as follows:
g-exponential order. Then,
−1
g {w (x)(g(x) − g(a))
Lw β−1
Eα,β
Lw
g {f (x)}(s)
g {(a+ Iw f )(x)}(s) =
Lw α
. (5.9) × (λ(g(x) − g(a))α )}(s)
sα
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December 28, 2020 15:28 0218-348X
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∞
λk w−1 (x)(g(x) − g(a))kα+β−1 w(x) = 1 and g(x) = x, these operators reduce to
= Lw
g (s) Reimann–Liouville fractional integrals, Riemann–
Γ(kα + β)
k=0 Liouville fractional derivatives and the Caputo frac-
∞
λk Lw −1 tional derivative. When one considers w(x) = xμ
g {w (x)(g(x) − g(a))
kα+β−1 }(s)
= and g(x) = ln x, the Hadamard fractional operators
Γ(kα + β)
k=0 are obtained. Other fractional operators such as the
∞
Erdelyi–Kober fractional operators and the frac-
λk Γ(kα + β)
= tional operators proposed by Katugampola appear
Γ(kα + β) skα+β as special cases of these weighted fractional opera-
k=0
∞ tors with certain choices of w and g.
1 λ k
= β
s sα
k=0
REFERENCES
sα−β
= . 1. R. Hilfer, Applications of Fractional Calculus in
sα − λ Physics (Word Scientific, Singapore, 2000).
(5.12) 2. L. Debnath, Recent applications of fractional calcu-
lus to science and engineering, Int. J. Math. Math.
Next, we find the solution of the following differ-
Sci. 54 (2003) 3413–3442.
ential equation:
3. A. Kilbas, H. M. Srivastava and J. J. Trujillo, The-

a+ Dw y)(x) − λ y = f (x);
(C α ory and Application of Fractional Differential Equa-
0 < α < 1. (5.13)
tions, North Holland Mathematics Studies, Vol. 204,
Taking the weighted Laplace transforms of both (Elsevier, 2006).
sides of (5.13), the Laplace transform of the 4. R. L. Magin, Fractional Calculus in Bioengineering
unknown function y reads (Begell House Publishers, 2006).
5. I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations,
sα−1 1
g {y(x)} = w(a)f (a)
Lw + Lw {f (x)}. Mathematics in Science and Engineering (Academic
sα − λ sα − λ g Press, New York, 1999).
(5.14) 6. S. G. Samko, A. A. Kilbas and O. I. Marichev, Frac-
tional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Appli-
Now, we get the solution using the inverse trans-
cations (Gordon and Breach, Yverdon 1993).
form as 7. A. A. Kilbas, Hadamard-type fractional calculus, J.
y(x) = w(a)f (a)w−1 (x)Eα,1 (λ(g(x) − g(a))α ) Korean Math. Soc. 38(6) (2001) 1191–1204.
8. F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad and D. Baleanu, Caputo-
+ (g(x) − g(a))α−1 Eα,α type modification of the Hadamard fractional
derivative, Adv. Differ. Equ. 2012 (2012) 142.
× (λ(g(x) − g(a))α ) ∗w
g f (x) 9. U. N. Katugampola, New approach to generalized
= w−1 (x) [w(a)f (a)Eα,1 (λ(g(x) − g(a))α ) fractional integral, Appl. Math. Comput. 218 (2011)
x 860–865.
10. U. N. Katugampola, A new approach to general-
+ (g(x) − g(t))α−1 Eα,α (λ(g(x) − g(t))α ) ized fractional derivatives, Bul. Math. Anal. Appl. 6
a
(2014) 1–15.
× w(g−1 (g(x) − g(t) + g(a)w(t)f (t)g (t)dt . 11. F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad and D. Baleanu, On the
(5.15) generalized fractional derivatives and their Caputo
modification, J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 10(5) (2017)
2607–2619.
6. CONLUSION 12. F. Jarad, E. Uğurlu, T. Abdeljawad and D. Baleanu,
On a new class of fractional operators, Adv. Differ.
In this paper, we defined the weighted fractional
Equ. 2018 (2018) 142.
integrals and derivatives with respect to another
13. F. Jarad and T. Abdeljawad, Generalized fractional
function and discussed some of their properties. derivatives and Laplace transform, Discret. Contin.
Above this, we proposed a modification of the Dyn. S 13(3) (2020) 709–722.
Laplace transform suitable for such types of oper- 14. F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad and J. Alzabut, General-
ators. It is worth mentioning that these opera- ized fractional derivatives generated by a class of
tors cover many well-known fractional operators local proportional derivatives, Eur. Phys. J. Special
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15. O. M. Agrawal, Generalized multiparameters frac- 18. M. Al-Refai, On weighted Atangana–Baleanu frac-
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On The Weighted Fractional Operators of A Function With Respect To Another Function

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On The Weighted Fractional Operators of A Function With Respect To Another Function

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December 28, 2020 15:28 0218-348X 2040011

ON THE WEIGHTED FRACTIONAL OPERATORS

Received December 27, 2019

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

Keywords: Weighted Fractional Integrals; Weighted Spaces of Summable Functions;

1. INTRODUCTION AND the form

... w(tn )f (tn )g (tn )dtn

On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

and derivatives of a certain function. This will help

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

2. THE WEIGHTED g(b)

Theorem 2.3. Let α > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and f ∈

× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt g (x)dx

p  1 × w(t)f (t)g (t)dt

On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

(a+ Iαw × (g(x) − g(a))α−1 w(a)f (a).

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

In this section, we deﬁne the weighted fractional a 2!

In what follows, we propose the form of functions

 fractional derivative of f exists almost everywhere

Proof. Let a function f ∈ ACwn [a, b]. Then, by Def- Γ(n − α) a

On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

In a similar way, one can prove the following

= (a+ Dαw a+ Iw Dw f )(x) +

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

× Dnw f (t)g (t)dt

In this section, we deﬁne the weighted Caputo frac-

Definition 4.1. Let α ≥ 0 and n = [α] + 1. The

Caputo fractional derivative, of order α > 0, n =

On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

Proof. The next theorem presents the suﬃcient con-

wise continuous on every interval [a, X). Then, the

modiﬁcation of the conventional Laplace transform

|w(x)f (x)| ≤ M ecg(x) for x > X. (5.4) s > max{c1 , c2 }. (5.8)

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

On the Weighted Fractional Operators of a Function with Respect to Another Function

3. A. Kilbas, H. M. Srivastava and J. J. Trujillo, The-

F. Jarad, T. Abdeljawad & K. Shah

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× w(t)f (t)g (t)dt g (x)dx

p 1 × w(t)f (t)g (t)dt

fractional derivative of f exists almost everywhere