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Effects of Coiling Temperature after Hot Rolling on
Microstructure, Texture, and Magnetic Properties of
Non-Oriented Electrical Steel in Strip Casting
Processing Route
Hai-Tao Liu,
Hua-Long Li, Juergen Schneider, Yi Liu, and Guo-Dong Wang

Low silicon non-oriented electrical steel is produced using a novel strip casting processing
route. The focus is on investigating the effects of coiling temperature after hot rolling on
microstructure, texture evolution, and magnetic properties. A fine microstructure with weak
l-fiber texture is formed after coiling at 650 8C. By contrast, a much coarser microstructure
with a much stronger l-fiber texture is produced after coiling at 750 8C. After cold rolling and
annealing, a fine and inhomogeneous recrystallization microstructure dominated by mild
l-fiber, a-fiber, and g-fiber recrystallization texture is formed in the case of coiling at 650 8C.
By contrast, a coarse and inhomogeneous recrystallization microstructure characterized by
strong Goss, a-fiber, and weak l-fiber together with extremely weak g-fiber recrystallization
texture is formed in the case of coiling at 750 8C. Much lower iron loss and higher magnetic
induction are obtained in the latter case as a result of the more desirable recrystallization
microstructure and texture. It underscores that the relatively higher temperature of coiling
has a similar effect as the conventional hot-band normalizing. Hence, the hot-band
normalizing might be omitted in the fabrication of high-performance non-oriented electrical
steels using this novel and compact strip casting production route.

1. Introduction conventional hot-rolled strips from the steel melt on the

Non-oriented electrical steels (NOES) are widely used as
core material for the rotating machines such as motors and
generators. Commercial NOES comprise standard grades
as well as higher permeability grades. The commercial
production lines of NOES are worldwide established
based on thick slab (210–250 mm) casting and thin slab
(60–90 mm) casting technology. To further improve the
magnetic properties and reduce the processing steps is a
persistent topic for industrial and joint fundamental
research.
The novel strip casting can directly produce the as-cast
strips with a thickness of 1–3 mm close to that of
[
] H.-T. Liu, Y. Liu, G.-D. Wang
State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern
University, P.O. Box 105 Shenyang 110819, P. R. China,
E-mail: liuht@ral.neu.edu.cn
H.-T. Liu, H.-L. Li
Institute of Research of Iron and Steel, Shasteel, Zhangjiagang 215625,
Jiangsu, P. R. China
J. Schneider
Institut für Metallformung, Technische Universität Bergakademie
Freiberg, Bernhard-von-Cotta-Str. 4, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany
DOI: 10.1002/srin.201500351
one hand, and shows a very high solidification rate on the
other hand, thus offering new possibilities to fabricate steel
sheets with special microstructure and properties differing
from the conventional products. In recent years, there has
been a significant interest in extending potential applica-
tions of strip casting technology to electrical steels.[1–3]
Some trials of strip casting grain-oriented electrical
steels[4–6] and NOES[7–10] have been made successfully,
and some work has been carried out to study the evolution
of microstructure and texture along this new processing
route.[4–15]
Park and Liu et al. reported that the initial as-cast
microstructure could be effectively controlled by changing
the melt superheat.[8,11–13] Liu et al. clarified the effects of
the initial microstructure and texture,[14] hot rolling
methods,[6] and hot rolling temperature[10,15] on micro-
structure, texture evolution, and magnetic properties in
detail. However, there is even more work to do so as to fully
understand the microstructure and texture evolution along
this new production route and optimize the processing
parameters. It should be noted that bigger grain size prior
to cold rolling is more favorable to the final recrystalliza-
tion microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties of
NOES. In the conventional thick slab casting and thin slab

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casting processing route, coarse grains prior to cold rolling

can be obtained by optimizing the slab reheating
temperature,[16] hot rolling parameters,[17,18] and hot-
band normalizing temperature.[19–23] However, from the
perspective of large grains prior to cold rolling, whether the
normalizing process is necessary in the new strip casting
route still needs to be discussed.
In the present work, a 2.1 mm-thick 0.71 wt%Si þ 0.44 wt
%Al NOES as-cast strip was produced using the twin-roll
strip casting. Then, one-pass hot rolling was done after
reheating and followed by coiling at 650 and 750 8C,
respectively. The microstructure and texture along the
whole processing route was studied in detail. The focus is
on clarifying the effects of coiling temperature on
microstructure, texture evolution, and final magnetic
properties in an effort to optimize the NOES production
route based on the strip casting technique.

2. Experimental Section
An as-cast strip of NOES was produced using a twin-roll
strip caster and cooled to room temperature in air, as
reported in the previous literature.[11,12] The chemical
composition of the as-cast strip was Fe–0.006C–0.71Si–
0.21Mn–0.44Al (in wt%). Two strips in the size of
500 (L)  110 (W)  2.1 (T) (mm) were cut from the as-
cast strip. Both strips were reheated up to 1150 8C at a rate
of about 20 8C s1 and held for 2 min in a box furnace, and
then hot rolled to a thickness of 1.68 mm in one pass.
Immediately after hot rolling, the hot-rolled sheets were
placed in a box furnace to, respectively, hold at 650 and
750 8C for 1 h to simulate the thermal treatment in the
industrial coiling process. After pickling, both hot-rolled
sheets were cold rolled to a thickness of 0.50 mm and
finally annealed at 860 8C for 3 min.
The microstructure was characterized by metallo-
graphic investigations and orientation image maps
(OIM). The mean grain size was determined from optical
micrographs by linear intercept method. Electron back-
scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was performed on a TSL
OIM 4000 EBSD system equipped at FEI Quanta 600
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). EBSD and optical
microscopy were applied on longitudinal sections as
defined by the rolling direction (RD) and the normal
direction (ND). The micro-texture was analyzed using the
EBSD system while the macro-texture was measured using
a Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffractometer with Co Ka1
radiation. The orientation distribution functions (ODFs)
were calculated from three incomplete pole figures {110},
{200}, and {211} in the range of the polar angle a from 08 to
708 by the series expansion method (Imax ¼ 22). In case of
cubic crystal symmetry and orthorhombic sheet symme-
try, an orientation can then be presented by the three Euler
angles 08  (w1, F, w2)  908. It is thus convenient to depict
the ODFs as iso-intensity diagrams in w2-sections through
Figure 1. Typical fiber textures displayed in w2 ¼ 458 section.
the Euler space. For better transparency an orientation is
presented in terms of the Miller indices {hkl}<uvw>,
where {hkl} describes the crystal plane parallel to ND of the
sheet surface and <uvw> the crystal direction parallel to
RD. Ferritic steels develop characteristic fiber textures
such as l-fiber (<001> jj ND), g-fiber (<111> jj ND), and
a-fiber (<110> jj RD) and components such as cube
({001}<010>), rotated cube ({001}<110>), and Goss
({110}<001>), as shown in Figure 1. Ten samples in the
size of 100 mm (L)  30 mm (W), respectively, along the
rolling direction (RD) and the transverse direction (TD)
were cut from each annealed strips. Magnetic flux density
at 5000 A m1 (B50) and core loss at 1.5 T by 50 Hz (W15/50)
were measured using a single sheet tester. Then, the
average values for B50 and W15/50 were obtained,
respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure and Texture of the Initial as-Cast Strip
The microstructure, OIM, and micro-texture of the as-cast
strip are shown in Figure 2. It was found that the as-cast
strip is dominated by large columnar grains and strong
l-fiber texture though lots of small irregularly shaped
grains were observed in the outer zone. Elemental
composition measurements across the sheet thickness
were carried out using EDX equipped at SEM with the
following measurement parameters: step length ¼ 2 mm,
voltage ¼ 30 kv. These results show that there is no obvious

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Figure 2. Optical microstructure a), EDX results of Si content across thickness b), orientation image map with the sample direction ND c),
and micro-texture d) of the as-cast strip.
Si-segregation from the surface to the center. Therefore,
the microstructure variation across the thickness was not
attributed to Si-segregation which may decide whether the
g/a phase transformation occurs or not. It has been
reported that the l-oriented columnar d-crystals tend to
form at relatively high melt superheat due to their selective
growth during strip casting.[8,11,12] In the present work,
though “L ! L þ d ! d ! d þ g ! g ! g þ a ! a” transfor-
mation process occurred in sequence during solidification
and subsequent cooling stage, the initial morphology of
the solidified columnar d-crystals was largely preserved
probably due to the rapid cooling and the lack of heavy
strain which went against the abundant nucleation and
growth of new phase. These large columnar grains with
l-fiber texture are believed to be very beneficial to the
recrystallization texture and magnetic induction.[7,10]
However, obvious microstructure variation was still
observed along the thickness direction. The small grains
in the outer zone were attributed to the shear deformation
between the strip surface and rollers.
3.2. Effects of the Coiling Temperature on Hot-Rolled
Microstructure and Texture
Figure 3 shows the OIM and micro-textures of the sheets
after hot rolling with coiling temperature of 650 and 750 8C,
respectively. It can be clearly seen that the coiling
temperature had a significant impact on the microstruc-
ture and texture. A fine microstructure with an average
grain size of 31 mm was formed in the case of coiling at
650 8C (Figure 3a). By contrast, a coarse microstructure
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with an average grain size of 124 mm was produced in the
case of coiling at 750 8C (Figure 3b). The former was
characterized by a weak l-fiber texture. In contrast, the
latter was dominated by a much stronger l-fiber texture
concentrating on a component close to rotated cube
texture. It should be noted that grain colonies comprising
lots of grains with similar orientation were observed in
both cases. Figure 4 shows the grain boundary distribution
maps after hot rolling with coiling temperature of 650 and
750 8C, respectively. A large amount of low angle bound-
aries were observed in the case of coiling at 650 8C
(Figure 4a). In contrast, much less low angle boundaries
were displayed in the case of coiling at 750 8C (Figure 4b).
The distribution of low angle grain boundaries was in good
agreement with the grain colonies.
A thermocouple was embedded in the strip in order to
measuring the actual deformation temperature. It was
found that there was a temperature drop of 50 8C caused
by the contact with the cold rollers. The actual deformation
temperature during hot rolling was about 1100 8C and the
actual deformation temperature was expected to be in fully
austenite range. Therefore, work-hardening occurred in
austenite grains during hot rolling and deformation-
induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) occurred after hot
rolling, thus resulting in fine ferrite grains (Figure 3a). The
initial strong l-fiber texture in the as-cast strip was greatly
destroyed due to the randomization effect of the phase
transformation, whereas the hot rolling texture was still
dominated by a weak l-fiber texture (Figure 3a). One part
of the grains with l-orientations especially in the grain
colonies had very small misorientation angles among each
other. As a result, lots of low grain boundaries are visible, as
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Figure 3. Orientation image maps with the sample direction ND and micro-textures after hot rolling with different coiling temperatures:
a) 650 8C, b) 750 8C.
shown in Figure 4a. When the hot-rolled sheet was coiled
at higher temperature such as 750 8C, it is reasonable to
deduce that the grain boundaries showed relatively high
mobility, so grain growth took place. Therefore, a coarse
microstructure was produced (Figure 3b) and low angle
grain boundaries were notably reduced in the case of
coiling at 750 8C (Figure 4b). Furthermore, the l-fiber
texture was much strengthened due to the outstanding
growth of l-oriented grains (Figure 3b).
3.3. Effects of the Coiling Temperature on Cold-Rolled
and Annealed Microstructure and Texture
The hot-rolled microstructure and texture showed a
notable inheritance effect on the microstructure and
texture evolution at cold rolling and annealing. Figure 5
shows the cold rolled and the finally annealed microstruc-
ture after hot rolling and coiling at 650 and 750 8C,
respectively. In the case of coiling at 650 8C, a fine and
elongated laminated grains (Figure 5a) were generated in
the cold-rolled sheets due to the prior hot-rolled small
Figure 4. Grain boundary distribution maps after hot rolling with different coiling temperatures: a) 650 8C, b) 750 8C.
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grains. After annealing, a fine and inhomogeneous
recrystallization microstructure with an average grain size
of 17 mm was formed (Figure 5b). Banded grain colonies
were observed along RD. By contrast, in the case of coiling
at 750 8C, two predominant types of coarse and elongated
laminated grains could be identified in the cold-rolled
microstructure (Figure 5c), i.e., the classical “rough” grains
probably with g-fiber orientations and “smooth” grains
probably with a-fiber or l-fiber orientations.[10] In-grain
shear bands inclined with respect to the RD of 20–408 were
clearly presented in the “rough” grains, as indicated by the
dashed ellipses in Figure 5c. This was in good agreement
with the result that coarse-grained hot-rolled sheet favors
in-grain shear bands formation during cold rolling.[15,21]
After annealing, an inhomogeneous recrystallization
microstructure with a much bigger average grain size of
23 mm was exhibited (Figure 5d). Grain colonies, respec-
tively, consisting of small grains and big grains were also
observed along RD. In both cases, the inhomogeneity of
the deformed microstructure was attributed to the work
hardening difference between the initial as-cast grains
with different orientations. The inhomogeneous deformed
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Figure 5. Cold-rolled microstructures a, c) and finally annealed microstructures b, d) after hot rolling with different coiling temperatures:
650 8C (top), 750 8C (bottom).

grains showed different nucleation and growth behavior
during the following annealing and thus gave rise to an
inhomogeneous recrystallization microstructure with
many banded grain colonies.
Figure 6 shows the cold rolling and the final annealing
texture after hot rolling and coiling at 650 and 750 8C,
respectively. In the case of 650 8C, the cold rolling texture
was dominated by strong a-fiber mainly concentrating on
cube {111}<110> components and strong g-fiber texture
(Figure 6a). By contrast, in the case of 750 8C, the cold
rolling texture was dominated by strong a-fiber mainly
concentrating on cube {223}<110> components and

Figure 6. Cold rolling texture a, c) and final annealing texture b, d) after hot rolling with different coiling temperatures: 650 8C (top), 750 8C
(bottom).

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mild g-fiber texture (Figure 6c). So it was indicated that
lower accumulated deformation stored energy was gained
during cold rolling in the case of prior coarse-grained
microstructure, which went against the crystal rotation
toward stable orientations. In the case of 650 8C, after final
annealing, the recrystallization texture was characterized
by mild l-fiber, a-fiber, and g-fiber texture with a
maximum intensity at cube component, {114}<110>
and {111}<112>, respectively (Figure 6b). In contrast, in
the case of 750 8C, after final annealing, the recrystalliza-
tion texture was dominated by strong Goss texture and
a-fiber texture with a maximum intensity at {113}<110>,
together with weak l-fiber texture (Figure 6d). It should be
noted that the g-fiber recrystallization texture almost
disappeared.
Lots of investigations have been carried out on the
formation mechanism of l-fiber and g-fiber recrystalliza-
tion texture for NOES in strip casting processing
route.[7,10,15] It can be concluded that the l-fiber recrystal-
lization texture was attributed to the nucleation and
growth caused by strain-induced grain boundary migra-
tion (SIBM) on the one hand, and the nucleate and growth
inside shear bands on the other hand during annealing. By
contrast, the g-fiber recrystallization texture can be
explained in terms of the classical oriented nucleation
theory (ON) and oriented growth theory (OG).[24] Figure 7
Figure 7. Orientation image maps of all orientations with the sample direction ND (left) and several main components (right) of the
finally annealed sheets after hot rolling with different coiling temperatures: a) 650 8C, b) 750 8C.
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shows the OIM of the finally annealed sheets after hot
rolling with coiling temperature of 650 and 750 8C,
respectively. In the case of 650 8C, a large number of
g-grains in blue and lots of l-grains in red were observed
while much fewer Goss grains in green were displayed
(Figure 7a), which were in good agreement with the mild
l-fiber and g-fiber recrystallization texture (Figure 6b). In
contrast, in the case of 750 8C, the ratio of g-grains to
l-grains was much reduced while the ratio of Goss grains
was much increased (Figure 7b), which were in good
agreement with the strong Goss texture, weak l-fiber
texture, and extremely weak g-fiber texture (Figure 6d). To
be interesting, it was found in the case of 750 8C that lots of
Goss grains appeared in the way of banded colony
(indicated by dotted black line) showing an inclined angle
of 20–408 from RD, which was in good agreement with the
deviation angle of the shear bands in the prior cold-rolled
microstructure. Considering that the coarse-grained hot-
rolled microstructure with an average grain size of 124 mm
prior to the cold rolling favored in-grain shear bands
formation at cold rolling and new recrystallized Goss-
grains tended to nucleate at shear bands,[10,25] it was
reasonable to deduce that the Goss recrystallization
texture was attributed to the nucleation and growth at
shear bands in the present work. Furthermore, the hot-
rolled large grains led to heavy shear banding which
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Iron loss W15/50 [W kg1]
Coiling temperature RD TD
650 8C 6.72  0.05 6.60  0.05
750 8C 5.69  0.05 6.14  0.05
Table 1. Magnetic properties of the finally annealed sheets.
destroyed the plane strain condition required for the
creation of the g-fiber texture during cold rolling. Rather,
this led to the formation of Goss-grains during annealing.
However, lower accumulated deformation stored energy
was obtained together with relatively weaker g-fiber
texture at cold rolling due to the coarse-grained hot rolled
microstructure, which went against the nucleation and
growth of new recrystallized g-grains during annealing,
thus finally leading to extremely weak g-fiber recrystalli-
zation texture.
3.4. Effects of the Final Recrystallization Microstructure
and Texture on Magnetic Properties
Table 1 shows the magnetic properties of the finally
annealed sheets. It can be clearly seen that the coiling
temperature after hot rolling significantly affected the final
magnetic properties. The average iron loss W15/50 in the
case of 750 8C was decreased by 0.74 W kg1 and the
average magnetic induction B50 was increased by 0.01 T
than that in the case of 650 8C. In particular, the magnetic
properties were greatly improved along RD.
Usually, the magnetic properties of NOES are mainly
affected by crystallographic texture, grain size, impurities
level, sheet thickness, and silicon concentration.[20] In the
present work, the magnetic properties of the finally
annealed sheets were mainly depended on the recrystalli-
zation texture and grain size. It is known that magnetiza-
tion is hardest in the <111> direction but easiest in the
<001> direction of iron crystals. So the l-fiber texture with
two <001> direction in the rolling plane is most preferable
for magnetic induction and Goss texture with one <001>
direction in the rolling plane is also beneficial. By contrast,
the g-fiber texture with no <001> direction in the rolling
plane is most unfavorable. On the other hand, the iron loss
W15/50 of NOES mainly depends on the average grain size:
bigger grain size can decrease hysteresis loss. Desirable
recrystallization texture also helps to improve magnetiza-
tion behavior and reduce hysteresis loss.[14]
The finally annealed sheets in the case of coiling at
650 8C showed relatively strong unfavorable g-fiber recrys-
tallization texture. In contrast, the finally annealed sheets
in the case of coiling at 750 8C showed strong Goss texture
and extremely weak g-fiber recrystallization texture.
Therefore, the latter exhibited a higher magnetic induction
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Magnetic induction B50 [T]
Average RD TD Average
6.66  0.05 1.788  0.002 1.754  0.002 1.771  0.002
5.92  0.05 1.806  0.002 1.757  0.002 1.781  0.002
B50 than the former. In particular, the magnetic induction
along RD was as high as 1.806 T in the case of coiling at
750 8C, which was largely attributed to the strong Goss
texture with one <001> direction along RD. On the other
hand, the finally annealed sheets in the case of coiling at
650 8C had much smaller average grain size than those in
the case of coiling at 750 8C. Furthermore, the former
displayed unfavorable recrystallization texture while the
latter displayed desirable recrystallization texture. There-
fore, the latter showed much lower iron loss W15/50 than
the former. In particular, the iron loss W15/50 along RD was
as low as 5.69 W kg1 in the case of coiling at 750 8C, which
was also largely attributed to the strong Goss texture. The
present work indicates that, in this strip casting production
route, relatively higher temperature coiling can improve
both the magnetic induction and iron loss, which is
similar to the effect of the hot band normalizing in the
conventional production route. Therefore, the hot band
normalizing can be omitted in this novel compact strip
casting production route.
4. Conclusion
In the present work, a columnar grained 0.71 wt%
Si þ 0.44 wt% Al NOES as-cast strip with strong l-fiber
texture was produced using twin-roll strip casting. Then,
the as-cast strip was successively reheated, hot rolled, cold
rolled, and annealed. The effects of the coiling temperature
after hot rolling on microstructure, texture, and magnetic
properties were clarified. It was found that the micro-
structure and texture evolution at cold rolling and
annealing were highly depended on the prior hot-rolled
microstructure and texture which was dominated by the
coiling temperature.
A fine microstructure with weak l-fiber texture was
formed after coiling at 650 8C. In contrast, a much coarser
microstructure with much stronger l-fiber texture was
produced after coiling at 750 8C. After cold rolling, a
fine and deformed microstructure with strong a-fiber
and g-fiber texture was formed in the case of coiling at
6508C. In contrast, a coarse and deformed microstructure
with lots of in-grain shear bands, strong a-fiber, and
mild g-fiber texture was formed in the case of coiling at
750 8C. After final annealing, a fine and inhomogeneous
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recrystallization microstructure dominated by mild
l-fiber, a-fiber, and g-fiber recrystallization texture was
formed in the case of coiling at 650 8C. In contrast, a coarse
and inhomogeneous recrystallization microstructure char-
acterized by strong Goss, a-fiber, weak l-fiber together
with extremely weak g-fiber recrystallization texture was
formed in the case of coiling at 750 8C. The strong Goss
recrystallization texture was attributed to the nucleation
and growth at shear bands. The lower iron loss and the
higher magnetic induction were obtained in the case of
coiling at 750 8C due to the more desirable recrystallization
microstructure and texture. This work indicates that the
relatively higher temperature coiling after hot rolling can
significantly improve the recrystallization microstructure,
texture, and magnetic properties, which is similar to the
effect of the conventional hot band normalizing. Hence, a
more compact novel strip casting production route for
high-performance NOES was proposed.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support
from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
nos. 51004035, 51374002, 51574078), National Key Tech-
nology R&D Program (Grant no. 2012BAE03B00), Funda-
mental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant
no. N140705001, L1507019), and China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (Grant no. 2014M560218).
Received: September 13, 2015; Revised: March 11, 2016
Keywords: non-oriented silicon steel; strip casting;
microstructure; texture; magnetic property
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