1.

INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED
4. PROCEDURE
5. OBSERVATION
6. CONCLUTION
7. BIBLILOGRAPHY
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) is a class of
disease that involve the heart or blood vessels.
CVD includes coronary heart disease (CHD) ,
stroke , peripheral vascular disease ,
hypertensive heart disease , heart failure and
many other conditions. Many cardiovascular
diseases are preventable.
CVD is now the most common cause of death
worldwide. However, there are many ways to
reduce the risk of developing these conditions.
There are also many treatment options
available if do they occur.
The underlying mechanism vary depending on
the diseases. These diseases may be caused by
high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes, lack of
exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor
diet and exercise alcohol consumption, among
others. High blood pressure results in 13% of
CVD deaths , while tobacco results in 9%,
diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity
5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow
untreated strep throat.
It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable.
Prevention involves improving risk factors
through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of
tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.
Treating risk factors, such as high blood
pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also
beneficial.
CVD are the leading cause of death globally.
This is true in all areas of the world except
Africa. Together they resulted in 17.9 million
deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from12.3
million(25.8%) in 1990. Its been increasing year
by year. Most CVD affects older adults. In US
11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD,
while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people
between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80
have CVD. The average age of death from
coronary artery disease is the developed world
is around 80 while it is around 68 in the
developing world. Disease onset is typically
seven to ten years earlier in men as compared
to women.
To study the various types of heart
diseases

1. A sample of heart
2. A white paper to note down observation
3. A pen
STUDY OF A HEART WITH CORONARY
ARTERY DISEASE
Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or
blockage of the coronary arteries, usually
caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis
(sometimes called "hardening" or "clogging" of
the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and
fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner
walls of the arteries. Its also called ischemic
heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of
diseases which includes stable angina, unstable
angina, myocardial infraction, and sudden
cardiac death. It is within the group f
cardiovascular disease of which it is the most
common type.
A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort
which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back,
neck, or jaw. Occasionally it may feel like
heartburn. Usually symptoms occur with
exercise or emotional stress, last les than a few
minutes, and improve with rest. Shortness of
breath may also occur and sometimes no
symptoms are present. The first sign is heart
attack. Risk factors includes high blood
pressure, smoking diabetes etc,.
The underlying mechanisms involves reduction
of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
due to atherosclerosis of the arteries of the
heart. A number of tests may help with
diagnoses include cardiac stress test.
STUDY OF HEART WITH ISCHEMIA
Ischemia is a condition where the flow of
oxygen rich blood to a part of the body is
restricted. Cardiac ischemia refers to lack of
blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.
Cardiac ischemia happens when an artery
becomes narrowed or blocked for a short time,
preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching the
heart. If ischemia is severe or lasts too long, it
can cause a heart attack and can leads to heart
tissue death. In most cases, a temporary blood
shortage to the heart causes the pain of angina
pectoris. But in other cases, there is no pain.
These cases are called silent ischemia.

Silent ischemia may also disturb the heart’s

rhythm. Abnormal rhythm such as ventricular
tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation can
interfere with the heart’s pumping ability and
can cause fainting or even sudden cardia death.
STUDY OF ANGINA OF HEART
Angina is usually due to obstruction or spasm of
the coronary arteries. Other causes include
anemia, abnormal heart rhythms and heart
failure. The main mechanism of coronary artery
obstruction is an atherosclerosis. There can be
severe pain with little or no risk of myocardial
infraction and a heart attack can occur without
pain.
In 20th century it was a known sign of
impending death. People with an average age
of 62 years, who have moderate to severe
degrees of angina have a 5-year survival rate of
approximately 92%. Worsening angina attacks,
sudden-onset angina at rest, and angina lasting
more than 15 minutes are symptoms of
unstable angina. As these may precede a heart
attack, they require urgent medical attention
and are in general, treated in similar fashion to
myocardial infarction. stable and unstable
angina, whereas stable angina refers to classic
type related to myocardial ischemia and
unstable angina is also called crescendo angina
it usually last more than 10 minutes.
STUDY OF HEART WITH MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known
as a heart attack, occurs when a portion of
the heart is deprived of oxygen due to blockage
of a coronary artery. Coronary arteries supply
the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
Without oxygen, muscle cells served by the
blocked artery begin to die (infarct). In most
cases, however, it's performed several days
after the incident so your heart has time
to heal.
A number of different medications can also be
used to treat a heart attack: Blood thinners,
such as aspirin, are often used to break up
blood clots and improve blood flow through
narrowed arteries.
About 68.4 per cent males and 89.8 per cent
females still living have already lived 10 to 14
years or longer after their
first infarction attack; 27.3 per cent males, 15
to 19 years; and 4.3 per cent, 20 years or
longer; of the females, one is alive 15
years, one 23 years and one 25 years or longer.
A heart attack also is called a myocardial
infarction. The usual cause of sudden blockage
in a coronary artery is the formation of a blood
clot (thrombus).
Prevention of heart attack can be : Stop
smoking. If you smoke, quit.
Choose good nutrition. A healthy diet is one of
the best weapons you have to fight
cardiovascular disease. ...
Treatment of an MI is time-critical. Aspirin is an
approx. immediate treatment for a suspected
MI.
STUDY OF HEART FAILURE
Heart failure, sometimes known as
congestive heart failure, occurs when
your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well
as it should. Certain conditions, such as
narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary
artery disease) or high blood pressure,
gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to
fill and pump efficiently. Doctors usually treat
heart failure with a combination
of medications. Depending on your symptoms,
you might take one or more medications,
including: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors. Although there have been recent
improvements in congestive heart
failure treatment, researchers say the
prognosis for people with the disease is still
 bleak, with about 50% having an average life
expectancy of less than five years. For those
with advanced forms of heart failure, nearly
90% die within one year.

Warning signs of worsening heart failure

• Sudden weight gain (2–3 pounds in one day or
5 or more pounds in one week)
• Extra swelling in the feet or ankles.
• Swelling or pain in the abdomen.
• Shortness of breath not related to exercise.
• Discomfort or trouble breathing when lying flat.
• Waking up short of breath.
However, with treatment, signs and symptoms
of heart failure can improve, and
the heart sometimes becomes stronger.
Treatment may help you live longer and reduce
your chance of dying suddenly. Doctors
sometimes can correct heart failure by treating
the underlying cause. if left
untreated, can cause damage to other
important organs. Each and every tissue in your
body requires a supply of oxygen and
nutrients to do well. Your kidneys, your liver,
your abdominal organs, and even your lungs
must be supplied constantly with an adequate
supply of oxygenated blood.
TO STUDY A HEART WITH HEART ARRHYTHMIA
EKG, or ECG, to see how fast the heart is
beating and whether its rhythm is steady or
irregular. This is the most common test used to
diagnose arrhythmias.
Electrophysiology study (EPS) to look at the
electrical activity of the heart.

The study uses a wire to electrically stimulate

your heart and trigger an arrhythmia.
 Heart rhythm problems (heart arrhythmias)
occur when the electrical impulses that
coordinate your heartbeats don't work
properly, causing your heart to beat too fast,
too slow or irregularly. Heart arrhythmias . may
feel like a fluttering or racing heart and may be
harmless. The most serious arrhythmia is
ventricular fibrillation, which is an uncontrolled,
irregular beat. Cardio version. If you have a
certain type of arrhythmia, such as atrial
fibrillation, your doctor may use cardio version,
which can be conducted as a procedure or by
using medications. In the procedure, a shock is
delivered to your heart through paddles or
patches on your chest. If you have an
arrhythmia, treatment may or may not be
necessary. Usually, it's required only if the
arrhythmia is causing significant symptoms or if
it's putting you at risk of a more serious
arrhythmia or arrhythmia complication.
 There are many risk factors for heart diseases:
age, gender, tobacco use, physical inactivity,
excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet,
obesity, genetic predisposition and family
history of CVD, raised BP, blood sugar, blood
cholesterol, poverty and low educational status
and air pollution. While the individual
contribution of each risk factor varies between
different communities or ethnic groups the
overall contribution of these risk factors is very
consistent. People with obesity are at higher
risk of arthrosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
Cardiovascular disease is treatable with initial
treatment primarily focused on diet and
lifestyle interventions. Influenza may make
heart attacks and strokes more likely and
therefore influenza vaccination may decrease
the chance of CVD events and death in people
with heart disease.
Proper CVD management necessitates a focus
on MI and stroke causes due to their combined
high morality rate, keeping in mind the cost-
effectiveness of any intervention, especially in
developing countries with low or middle
income levels. Regarding MI, strategies using
aspirin, atenolol, streptokinase or tissue
plasminogen activator have been compared for
quality adjusted life-year in regions of low and
middle income.
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