SYMPOSIUM ON DISASTER

RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
Hosted by ICE West Indies Local Association

International Sponsor Gold Sponsor

PROGRAMME
8.00am to 9.00am: Registration and Light Breakfast
9.00am to 9.10am: Opening Remarks by ICE Representative, Don Samuel
9.10am to 9.20am: Opening Remarks by ICEWILA Chairman, Dr. Leighton Ellis
9.20am to 9.45am: Breakfast Keynote Speaker – Mr. Craig Covil (ARUP)
9.45am to 10.00am: Tea/Coffee Break and Networking Session
10.00am to 11.00am: Session 1 – Earthquakes, Volcanoes & Tsunamis:
Dr. Ilias Papadopoulos & Professor Richard Robertson
(The UWI Seismic Research Centre)
11.00am to 12.00pm: Session 2 – Hurricanes:
Mr. Tony Gibbs (CCEO Chair & ICE Ambassador)
12.00pm to 12.45pm: Lunch
12.45pm to 1.00pm: Lunchtime Keynote Speaker – Dr. Emilio Colon (WCCE)
1.00pm to 2.00pm: Session 3 – Tropical Storms:
Mr. Anthony Farrell (Consultant)
2.00pm to 2.15pm: Tea/Coffee Break and Networking Session
2.15pm to 3.15pm: Session 4 – Floods:
Ms. Sakthy Selvakumaran (University of Cambridge)
3.15pm to 4.00pm: Open Floor Session hosted by Don Samuel
4.00pm to 5.00pm: Closed Door Plenary Session chaired by Don Samuel
5.00pm to 5.15pm: Cocktail Keynote Speaker – Mr. Dwight Pollonais (APETT)
5.15pm to 6.00pm: Vote of Thanks and Cocktail Reception
OPENING REMARKS
DON SAMUEL, ICE REPRESENTATIVE
OPENING REMARKS
DR. LEIGHTON ELLIS, ICEWILA CHAIRMAN
BREAKFAST KEYNOTE SPEAKER
MR. CRAIG COVIL
 Natural Disasters and
Resilience
Craig Covil, BSc(Eng) Hons, MSc, DIC, CEng, PE, DBIA
FICE, FASCE, FHKIE, FIMMM, FIEAust, FGS, MAICD
Natural Disasters – Big cinema business - now everyone is an expert!
So who is responsible?

• Government and Public Agencies?

• Private Firms & Board Members?
• The engineering profession and industry?
• Metrological and weather predictors?
• The insurance and finance market?
• The education system?
We all are!
• The Public?
But who goes
first?
• Owners Requirements
• Planning requirements
• Environmental checks
• Design codes & standards
• Construction means and methods
• Testing & Commissioning
• Occupancy and start up
• Operations
• Maintenance
• Closure & disposal
• Project definition
• EIS / EA & stakeholder outreach
• Concept & Detailed design
• Design, construction, VE, Risk
reviews
• Construction & Contract documents
• As Built records
• Commissioning and warranties
• Occupancy and other permits
• Concept of operations
• Maintenance Manuals
• Decommissioning requirements

Infrastructure / building systems
that have the ability to anticipate,
absorb, adapt to, and rapidly
recover from a disruptive
hazardous event are considered
resilient
This includes structural and non-
structural measures such as flood
control systems, protective
embankments, seawall
rehabilitation, building codes,
performance rather than
prescriptive codes, retrofitting,
risk-sensitive planning, hazard
mapping and disaster risk
financing
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

• The Sendai Framework is a 15-year, voluntary, non-

binding agreement which recognizes that the State Third UN World
Conference on Disaster
has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that Risk Reduction
responsibility should be shared with other
stakeholders including local government, the private The Sendai Framework was
sector and other stakeholders. It aims for the following adopted by UN Member
States on 18 March 2015 at
outcome: the Third UN World
Conference on Disaster
The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in Risk Reduction in Sendai
lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, City, Miyagi Prefecture,
Japan
physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of
persons, businesses, communities and countries.
 Engineers & Insurers

Looked at
• Hurricane Katrina 2005, US Energy Infrastructure
• Mumbai Terrorist Attacks, 2008, Indian
Communications Infrastructure
• Bangkok Floods, 2011, Thailand Transport
Infrastructure
Major failing was the lack of respect for the
interdependency of various infrastructure
components within the holistic infrastructure
system
Enhancing Infrastructure Resilience
1. Preventing Failure
2. Expediting Recovery
3. Transforming Performance

REF: Future Cities: Building infrastructure resilience, Lloyds & Arup, 2017
United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals

REF: https://www.un.org sustainable-development-goals

11. Sustainable Cities
Half of Humanity – 3.5 billion
people live in cities today
By 2030, almost 60% of the World’s
population will live in urban areas
The World’s cities occupy just 3% of
the Earth’s land, but account for
60-80% of the energy consumption
and 75% of the carbon emissions
But the high density of cities can
bring efficiency gains and
technological innovations while
reducing resource and energy
consumption

Goal: Make Cities inclusive, safe resilient

and sustainable
13. Climate Action
From 1880 to 2012, average global
temperature increased by 0.85°C
Oceans have warmed, the amounts of
snow and ice have diminished and sea
levels have risen
With ongoing greenhouse gas
emissions, average sea rise is
predicted to be a further 24-30cm by
2065
Global emissions of CO2 have
increased by almost 50% since 1990
Climate will be more and more
unpredictable

Goal: Take urgent action to combat

climate change and its impacts
“Fit For Purpose”

• Contractual We need to define the purpose of

• Legal everything we design and build
• Commercial
• Business The project definition stage at the
beginning is the most important
• Economics step we make
• Humanitarian
Purpose then defines, planning,
design, construction, operation
and maintenance and closure
Building and infrastructure Regulatory System

• Building codes
• Land use planning / zone rules /
guidelines
• Development Plans and approvals
• Safety
• Construction and inspection
enforcement • Enforcement
• Occupancy permits • Cost / Economics
• Routine Monitoring Inspections • Time
• Upgrades and betterment • Political
Conclusions
• Natural disasters are happening
more frequently and they are more
devastating than before
• With population growth, and more
people living in urban areas and
vulnerable cities locations the
impacts to humanity will only get
worse
• The economic impacts are huge,
and now many countries measure
the repeated impact in terms of
loss to GDP
• More education, both of the public
and the government entities
responsible for permitting and
approvals and planning
• Who is responsible? – we all are.
The UN and other inter
governmental bodies have set
guidelines that are helpful to make
sure we are ready and resilient.
• There are so many lessons learnt
• The UN Sustainable Development
goals can be readily used as a
scorecard for all projects
• Engineers, architects and technical
experts need to work through the
whole sequence of planning-
design-contraction-operation-
maintenance and disposal
Thank you
TEA AND COFFEE BREAK – 15 MINUTES
SESSION 1: EARTHQUAKES,
VOLCANOES AND TSUNAMIS
DR ILIAS PAPADOPOULOS & PROFESSOR
RICHARD ROBERTSON
SETTING

Map of geological features on the Caribbean Plate

(García-Casco, Proenza, and Iturralde-Vinent, 2011)
 Nevis Peak, Nevis [1961-63]
Mt. Liamuiga, St. Kitts [1988]

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat [1966-

67; 1989; 1992-95; 1995-present]
Volcanoes of the
Commonwealth
Eastern Caribbean

The Soufriere, St. Vincent [1971-

72; 1979-80]
N. Dominica [2000, 2003]
S. Dominica [1959-60, 1967, 1969, 1971,
1974, 1976, 1985-86, 1994-95, 1997]

Soufriere Volcanic Centre, St Lucia [1986, Kick ‘em Jenny, Grenada [1965; 1966;
1990, 1998, 1999, 2000] 1972; 1974; 1977; 1988; 1990; 2001, 2015]
 EXPLOSIONS
Explosive eruptions => high volcanic plumes => dispersal of volcanic fragments

Volcanic ash particle – note cavities

which are broken walls of vesicles

21 October 1997: Vulcanian explosion viewed from Old Towne. 85 such explosions
occurred between August & September 1997. Tephra plumes up to 10km with
collapsing fountains of tephra that form radial pumice-rich pyroclastic flows.
Photo Credit: Paul Cole, 1997
 LAVA DOMES
Hot unstable lava domes => dome collapse pyroclastic flows/lateral explosions
• Burial
• Fire
• Lateral stress

12 December 2009: Active lave dome, incandescent at night due to high

temperature (up to ~800 oC). Trails left by rockfalls appear as lava
flows due to long-exposure photograph.
Photo Credit: Henry Odbert, 2009
TEPHRA FALL & BALLISTICS
Source: Jenkins et al. 2015)

• Burns & burial

• Building & infrastructure destruction
•25 December
Disruption 2009: of
Ashroad traffic
plume above the & network
volcano systems
caused by ash venting
• Disruption of air traffic
and pyroclastic flows. Strongly incandescent dome, rockfalls and
pyroclastic flow deposits at the top of Tyre’s Ghaut and Farrell's Plain.
•Photo
Impacts
Credit: Paulon plant
Cole, 2009 growth & livestock
TEPHRA FALL - GENERATION
• Damage to buildings
08 January 2010: View of two types of ash plumes generated from
– mainly roofs, depends mainly on:
Vulcanian explosions as seen from Sweeney’s near St. John’s in the
• Roof construction type
north of the island. Lower plume is from pyroclastic flows while
• Ashfall characteristics
upper plume (top left) is from explosions at summit.
– composition, moisture content,
Photo Credit: Paul Cole, 2010
thickness, distance from volcano, wind direction
 TEPHRA FALL - REMOBILIZATION

12 February 2010: Fresh ash fall remobilized by a school

bus, creating a suspension of very fine ash particles. Until
• Clogging of drains the roads are washed clean by heavy rainfall, ash on the
road can be hazardous for drivers and pedestrians.
• Accelerated corrosion of sheeting material Photo Credit: Henry Odbert, 2010
 PDCS, BLASTS, SECTOR COLLAPSE
08 January 2010: MVO field team walking through the remains of Harris
Lookout which survived 14 years of the eruption. The areas was finally impacted
by energetic pyroclastic flows from a major dome collapse on 11 February, 2010.
Photo Credit: Henry Odbert, 2010

Impact energy vs damage [Blong, 1984 & Pomonis et al 1999]

• Burns , scouring & burial:

• death due to trauma & burns
• Building & infrastructure destruction:
• damage due to dynamic pressure, temperature, duration of
flows, amount of solids
• Vulnerability of buildings lie in their ‘openings’ & flammable contents
+ their lack of resistance to intense heat & dynamic pressures
PDCS, BLASTS, SECTOR COLLAPSE
• Impacts on coastal structures & environment

05 February 2010: Movement of pyrclastic flow across the sea just south of
Plymouth. Pyroclastic flows can travel over both land and sea and so pose
dangers beyond the coast resulting in the need for offshore explosion zones.
Photo Credit: Adam Stinton, 2010
 LAHARS/MUDFLOWS
14 April 2010: Lahars bring down large volume of sediment and in April 2010 two
deltas formed along Isles Bay. These sand and gravel deposits would be spread
along the beach by the sea. Each year the average level of the Belham River valley
floor rises due to the continued supply of fresh material. These processes are
expected to continue for many years or decades after the volcano stops erupting.
Photo Credit: Henry Odbert, 2010

• Drowning
• Destruction of building and infrastructure
• Burial impacts on crops
Plymouth August 1995
ACCUMULATION OF DEPOSITS

Plymouth War Memorial, February 1998

Plymouth War Memorial, 1 September 2002

Plymouth August 1997

Plymouth War Memorial, pre-1995

14 April 2010: Plymouth, former capital, gradually
1995-2003: Burial of the War Memorial in central Plymouth. This
buried over 15 years of eruption mainly by mudflows
historic
but also by landmark located
pyroclastic flows in Central Plymouth was representative of
and surges.
the progressive destruction of Plymouth as the capital of Montserrat. Plymouth War Memorial, 10 November 2003
 FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING VOLCANIC RISK

SOURCE: HANDBOOK FOR VOLCANIC RISK MANAGEMENT: PREVENTION, CRISIS MANAGEMENT, RESILIENCE, MIAVITA TEAM, ORLEANS, FRANCE 2012
Integrated Volcanic Hazard Maps
Tsunami Evolution
➢ Generation Refraction and shoaling funnel
the wave’s energy into a
➢ Propagation
dangerously high wall of water

➢ Inundation
REFRACTION

SHOALING

Source: Hincks et al. 2013)

WHAT GENERATES A TSUNAMI?
▪ Earthquakes
▪ Volcanoes
▪ Submarine landslides
▪ Other possible causes –
Asteroids/Meteorites
Number of recorded tsunamis by region – data from
NOAA/WDC Historical Tsunami Database (NOAA/NGDC, 2010).

Tsunami intensity by trigger, using NOAA/NGDC (2010). Intensity

based on maximum runup height after Soloviev & Go (1974). Source of figures : Hincks et al. 2013)
Tsunami
Hazard ▪ Impact on buildings &
infrastructure due to:
▪Inundation depth ✔ hydrodynamic pressure

▪Flow velocity ✔ buoyancy

✔ uplift
✔ scour
✔ impact by debris
TSUNAMI HAZARD & RISK
▪ Associated threats: drowning, trauma by
collision, building and infrastructure
destruction
▪ Reduction requires comprehensive risk
mitigation plans based on impact scenarios &
risk assessments
▪ Evaluation of tsunami risk requires estimation
of building fragility due to tsunami onshore
flow
▪ Damage caused to buildings are related to such
coastal topography, structural topology, no. of
floors.
GEM Historical Earthquake Catalogue (1530- 1900)

https://www.emidius.eu/GEH/map.php
 October 21st, 1766, 04:30 a.m.

Source: Mocquet, 2007

Source: Robson, 1964
 Defining Earthquake Hazard
(macroscale)
Three Generations of UWI-SRC Seismic Hazard Maps have been based
Primarily on Historical Seismicity and 475 years RP Standard
Defining Earthquake Hazard BSSC changed standard to 2475
years RP and SA as Intensity
(macroscale) measure in 1997.
Caribbean engineers adopted IBC
Spacio-Temporal Variation in Mapped Seismic and therefore the new standard
Hazard (1978-2011) in 2000

POS
Scarborough

Year
Year IM (cm/s22)
IM(cm/s Exceedance
Exceedance Probability
Probability

1978
1978 460
300 PGA,10%
PGA, 10%inin5050Years
Years(475
(475Yrs.
Yrs.RP)
RP)

1983
1983 325
250 PGA,10%
PGA, 10%inin5050Years
Years(475
(475Yrs.
Yrs.RP)
RP)

1993
1993 275
275 PGA,10%
PGA, 10%inin5050Years
Years(475
(475Yrs.
Yrs.RP)
RP)

2003
2003 750
1250 SASA(0.2)
(0.2)2%
2%inin5050Years
Years(2475
(2475Yrs.
Yrs.RP)
RP)

2011
2011 1500
1900 SASA(0.2)
(0.2)2%
2%inin5050Years
Years(2475
(2475Yrs.
Yrs.RP)
RP)
 Defining Earthquake Hazard
(macroscale)

(Bozzoni et al., 2011)

 Defining Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)

Salazar et al., 2013; Papadopoulos et al., 2018)

Defining Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)
 Defining Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)

(Papadopoulos et al., 2018)

Quantifying Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)

Port of Spain Strong Motion Network

Quantifying Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)
 Quantifying Earthquake Hazard
(microscale)

Acceleration Series

Port of Spain General Hospital

Response Spectra 5% damping

 Intensity Reports

Port of Spain Instrumental PGA and Intensity Reports

Intensity Reports

Nationwide felt intensity reports

From Hazard to Risk

• Earthquake Loss Estimation Platform

• Tailored to fit the region
• Able to work with sparse data sets
• Implements USGS HAZUS-MR3
 From Hazard to Risk
Building Damage

Mean and
Building Estimate spectral Standard
Fundamental acceleration at Deviation of
Building Period appropriate period. Damage
Fragility
Mapping

From Seismic
Site Effects at
Source, Sa or PGA,
Building PHSA: Peak
Location Acceleration

Calculating Building Damage Workflow

 From Hazard to Risk

Building Classification Software Module

Enables CaribEViz to perform analyses on sparse data sets:
Use CSO data that is common to all Caricom states; heuristics; building footprints;
and existing HAZUS building classification to estimate a Comprehensive Building
Classification by employing robust statistical methods.

Transform Function: PROXY DATA VULNERABILITY

Central Statistics
Office Data
Comprehensive
Tuneable
Monte Carlo Building
Building Footprints Transform
Simulation Classification
Function
and Occupancy.

Existing Building
Classifications.
From Hazard to Risk

Kingston 1907
Earthquake Scenario

Estimation:
• ~35000 Casualties
• US$12.4 Billion in Direct Economic
Loss from Structural Damage
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

Location 10.555N, 62.803W

Depth ~130 Km
Magnitude Mt=6.9
Distance from POS: 140 Km
 Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

PGA (g)
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

Unfiltered – 3 Components
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

Filtered – 3 Components
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

Mucurapo
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC

General Hospital
Guiria 2018/08/21 21:31 UTC
SESSION 2: HURRICANES
MR. TONY GIBBS
Message from the President
Professor Lord Robert Mair
ICEWILA Symposium on Disaster-resilient Infrastructure
23 August 2018

Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

for Hurricanes

Tony Gibbs FREng FICE

Secretary General of CCEO
ICE Ambassador (Americas)
Historical development
of the wind hazard
The Council of Caribbean Engineering Organisations
(CCEO)
1969
gave a mandate to the
Barbados Association of Professional Engineers
(BAPE)
to prepare a wind load standard

Tony Gibbs, AR Matthews, HC Shellard

“Wind Loads for Structural Design – 1970”
including
HC Shellard
“Extreme Winds in the Commonwealth Caribbean”
Suggested Basic Wind Speeds (mph, 3s)
for Some Commonwealth Caribbean Countries
1969-70
Jamaica 120 (= 54 m/s)
BVI 120 (= 54 m/s)
Leeward Islands 120 (= 54 m/s)
St Lucia, St Vincent 120 (= 54 m/s)
Barbados 120 (= 54 m/s)
Grenada, Tobago 100 (= 45 m/s)
Trinidad 90 (= 40 m/s)
Guyana 50 (= 22 m/s)
1971 – Norris Helliwell
1981 Revision of
“Wind Loads for Structural Design” (3s)
CCEO – BAPE – NCST – OAS
Tony Gibbs – HE Browne – BA Rocheford

Jamaica 56 m/s (= 125 mph)

BVI 64 m/s (= 143 mph)
Leeward Islands 64 m/s (= 143 mph)
St Lucia, Dominica 58 m/s (= 130 mph)
Barbados, St Vincent 58 m/s (= 130 mph)
Grenada, Tobago 50 m/s (= 112 mph)
Trinidad 45 m/s (= 101 mph)
Guyana 22 m/s (= 49 mph)
BA Rocheford (Caribbean Meteorological Institute)
1984 Revision of Wind Speeds
– 10-minute

Belize – Centre 29.0 m/s (= 65 mph) [= 93 mph 3s]

Jamaica – N 37.0 m/s (= 83 mph) [= 119 mph 3s]
Jamaica – S 41.0 m/s (= 92 mph) [= 132 mph 3s]
St Kitts 44.5 m/s (= 100 mph) [= 143 mph 3s]
Antigua 46.0 m/s (= 103 mph) [= 147 mph 3s]
Dominica 41.0 m/s (= 92 mph) [= 132 mph 3s]
St Lucia 43.0 m/s (= 96 mph) [= 137 mph 3s]
Barbados 42.0 m/s (= 94 mph) [= 134 mph 3s]
Tobago 31.5 m/s (= 70 mph) [= 100 mph 3s]
Trinidad – Central 27.5 m/s (= 62 mph) [= 89 mph 3s]
Wind Speed Averaging Time
 The Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC:1985)
The Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory
(University of Western Ontario): Davenport – Surry – Georgiou

Simulation
of hurricane
wind climate
and the
Montecarlo
method
CUBiC Part 2 Section 2
 Maximum Wind Speeds (50-year return)
23 N
89.5 W

59 W
CDMP

9N

Wind Speeds
Storm Category 0 1 2 3 4 5
knots 25 50 75 100 125
mph 25 50 75 100 125 150
kph 50 100 150 200 250
m/s 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
 Ir P C van Staalduinen and Dr Ir C P W Geurts
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research – 1997
 Wind Hazard Maps for the
Caribbean Basin
(3-second mph at 33ft)
Overall region and individual islands
April 2008
Principal researcher – Applied Research Associates (Peter Vickery)
Regional coordinator – Tony Gibbs (CEP International Ltd)
Executing agency – Pan American Health Organisation (Dana van Alphen)
Funding agency – United States Agency for International Development
(Tim Callaghan and Julie Leonard)
Contour plots of modelled minimum central pressures
(mbar) 50 year return period. Contours represent the
minimum pressure anywhere within 250 km of a point
 700 Year Wind Speeds for Caribbean

180 160
180 170 160
170

170
160

150
140 150 160
130 130 140
120
110
190
100
90 170

80
70
150
140
130
120
 1700 Year Wind Speeds for Caribbean

170 170
190
190 180

180 170 180

170

160
150 170
140 150 160
130
120
110
200
100
190

90
80

160
150
140
 Location Return Period (years)
700 1700

Trinidad (S) 87 110

Trinidad (N) 128 147
Isla Margarita 133 152
Grenada 154 168
Curacao 149 165
Bonaire 149 156
Peak gust wind Aruba 146 162
Barbados 152 169
speeds (mph) in flat Saint Vincent
Saint Lucia
155
155
171
172
open terrain as a Martinique
Dominica
159
159
171
172
function of return Guadeloupe
Montserrat
157
161
168
172
Belize 150 161
period for selected St. Kitts and Nevis 163 170
Antigua and Barbuda 160 168
locations in the Saint Martin/Sint Maarten
Anguilla
167
165
175
176
Caribbean US Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands
167
169
176
180
Grand Cayman 187 198
Little Cayman/Cayman Brac 178 197
Turks & Caicos (Grand Turk) 150 162
Turks & Caicos (Providenciales) 155 170
Andros 162 180
Eleuthera 165 180
New Providence (Nassau) 163 180
Great Abaco 162 178
Grand Bahama (Freeport) 161 175
 3.0
Non-Hurricane
2.5 Hurricane
Wind Load Factor

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Return Period (Years)
Wind load factor (VT/V50)2
for Hurricane and Non-Hurricane Wind Speeds
plotted vs return period
Contour plots of (V700/V50)2
 3.0
Non-Hurricane
2.5 Hurricane

Wind Load Factor

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Return Period (Years)

(Vrare/Vfrequent) increases with closeness to the equator

topographic effects
Photo: UWO-BLWTL
 Sketch showing effects of topography
on wind velocity on a hilly island

Vg 100

Speed up
120
Vs

Vg 100 100 100

Vg Vg

80 60
Vs Vs 40
10 m

Open sea Winward Speed up over Sheltered leeward

Coast hill crest coast
Winds 17.20 N

Probability 1% / year,
100-Year Return Time

61.925 W
Antigua
1. St. John’s

61. 65 W
Downtown
East side of town
47 m/s
51 m/s 1
2. Parham
Desalinization plant 50 m/s
Waterfront by town
Hill above town
47 m/s
53 m/s 2
Ross Wagenseil
for PGDM
3. English and Falmouth Harbours
Nelson’s Dockyard 48 m/s
April 2001
Falmouth SE 41 m/s
Falmouth NW 52 m/s

4. Jolly Harbour 4
Channel entrance 45 m/s
Inner boat basin 44 m/s
Beach front 45 m/s
KILOMETERS
ARC-MINUTES

N
Directory Topo. Map
3
MILES

10
10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr 5 PGDM
Wind May
5
16.98 N 2001
Wave
Surge
Wind Speeds
5 Storm Category 0 1 2 3 4 5
knots 25 50 75 100 125
mph 25 50 75 100 125 150
50 100 150 200 250
m/s 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 0 0 Min Max
Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Photo: Tony Gibbs
The Grenada National Stadium
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Climate Change
Fake Science?
Hurricane Catarina as it approached the Brazilian shore at
midday on 27 March 2004.
(Illustration courtesy Greg Holland; satellite data courtesy NOAA/University of Wisconsin.)
Hurricane Ivan
just before striking
Grenada

Central Pressure 956 mbar

Peak Gust Wind ~135 mph

“The most intense

hurricane ever recorded so
close to the equator in the
North Atlantic” – NHC
Hurricane Gustav 2008

A new World Surface

Wind Gust Record
was registered at
the Paso Real de San Diego
meteorological station (78317)
in Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
during hurricane Gustav.
The Dines
pressure tube anemometer
recorded a gust of
340 km/h (=211mph).
Percentage Increase in Basic Wind Speed in Eastern Caribbean vs
Percentage Increase in Annual Rates of Cat 4 and 5 Hurricanes
15%
Increase in Basic Wind Speed

10%

Category II Buildings
5%
Category III and IV Buildings

0%
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350%

Increase in Annual Frequency of Category 4 and 5 Hurricanes

the 2017 hurricane season
164-181 mph gust over land
= Category 4-5 Hurricane
164-181 mph gust over land
= Category 4-5 Hurricane
 Cat 3 Hurricane
Cat 3-4 Hurricane

Cat 5 Hurricane > 173 mph gust over land

 rainfall
intensity-duration-frequency
11
5
 maps
storm surge and waves
Maximum Storm Surge (50-year return)

Surge Heights

Meters 1 2 3 4 5 6
Feet 5 10 15 20
Belize Surge CDMP 18.6 N

Heights

89.25 W
(USAID-OAS CDMP)
The many low Cays of
Belize are quite 50
100Year
10
25 Year
vulnerable to waves and Ross Wagenseil

87.25 W
Return
for CDMP
January 2000
surge, and the low coast
of the northern half of the
country is easily flooded.
Surge Heights

Meters1 2 3 4 5 6
Feet 5 10 15 20 15.8 N
Wilma in Havana – 2005
 Maximum Wave Heights (50-year return)

23 N
89.5 W

59 W
CDMP

9N

Wave Heights

Meters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Feet 5 10 15 20 25
 One month before Hurricane
Luis (1995) there was a wide
beach in front of the
resort.......

Four Seasons in Nevis

.......after Hurricane Luis, the
beach had been completely
eroded; the restaurant,
swimming pool and jetty
were badly damaged.
Hotel investor Maritz Wolff & Co.
purchased the 196-room Four
Seasons Hotel in 1996. Three
years later, in 1999, Hurricane
Lenny slammed through Nevis,
flooded the Four Seasons' first
floor and inflicted substantial
damage, forcing the hotel to close
for nine months for repairs.

Hurricane Omar hit the island of

Nevis in October 2008 and closed
the Four Seasons Nevis for over
two years. The resort reopened in
December 2010. The hotel’s
reconstruction and renovation
cost US$120 million. The damage
was mainly from storm surge
rather than wind or rain.
 Examples of Damage
and Actions for
Resilient Caribbean Infrastructure
UWI Civil Engineering – early 1990s
Centre of Expertise (Wind Hazard)
Development Report – 17 August 2004
sent to
Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies
(CERMES)
Professor Wayne Hunte
critical infrastructure
Photo: PAHO
Photo: Tony Gibbs
The Presbyterian Kirk
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
So-called “pre-engineered”
telecommunications towers

Photo: Tony Gibbs

Photo: Munich Re
roofs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
 Structure lost in spite of clips

Photo: Tony Gibbs

Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
The smaller the item, the greater the effect.
traditional arc-tangent roofing
Photo: Tony Gibbs
shell and folded plate structures
Roseau Public Market was built in 1971 and was
undamaged by Hurricanes David in 1979
and Maria in 2017 Photo: Tony Gibbs
Northern Education Development Complex
cylindrical and groyned-vault shells Photo: Anthony Farrell
Northern Education Development Complex
hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof Anthony Farrell
Northern Education Development Complex undamaged by Maria
 Goodwill RC Parish Church Dominica

Goodwill RC Parish
Church Dominica

Photos: Anthony Farrell

Goodwill RC Parish Church after Maria
windows, shutters, doors
 Government Headquarters, Grenada
Broken glass made this critical facility unusable for months
Hurricane Ivan, 2004 Photo: Tony Gibbs
Government Headquarters, Grenada, Post Hurricane Ivan, 2004
vulnerable glass installed in a critical facility
No lessons learnt Photo: Tony Gibbs
Complete removal of windows, including frames
Norman Manley Law School, UWI
Hurricane Gilbert, Jamaica, 1988Photo: Tony Gibbs
 Complete removal of windows
Cornwall Regional Hospital
Hurricane Gilbert, Jamaica, 1988
Photo: Tony Gibbs
 Flying floor board
penetrating
¾-inch plywood shutter
Montserrat Electricity Services
Hurricane Hugo, 1989

Photo: Tony Gibbs

Antonio Cocco Quezada
 Laminated Glass Applications:
Hurricane Resistance
Increasing hurricane activity –
building codes require the use of
hurricane-resistant glazing.

Laminated glass used with hurricane-

resistant framing meets this demand.

The entire window system—including

laminated glass and framing—must
pass stringent regional and ASTM
International testing, including large
373 Photography
missiles (ground level to 30 feet),
small missiles (30 feet and up), and
cyclical
16 pressure.
7
Impact-resistant polycarbonate windows
at J N France Hospital
after Hurricane Georges, 1998

Photo: Tony Gibbs

 housing chamber for
roll-up shutter

shutter guide

Details of roll-up
shutter

ELEVATION

CROSS SECTION
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Hotel – destruction of walls, partitions and much else
shape, geometry, configuration
CEP Ltd
Gabled roof with slopes of 20 to 30 degrees
are preferred over flat roof

hatched area indicates

where more frequent
fixings are required

PLAN ISOMETRIC

gabled roof
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Hipped roof recommended over gable roof

Hatched area indicates

where more frequent
fixings are required

PLAN ISOMETRIC

Hipped roof
CEP Ltd
Sint Maarten overview of roof losses
Most hipped roofs survived Hurricane Irma
St Martin – Success is feasible, not all roof covering was lost
Photo: Tony Gibbs
materials of construction
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Failure of roof beam due to combined effects of
wind uplift and pretension
Photo: Tony Gibbs
Photo: Tony Gibbs

Photo: Tony Gibbs

wind-tunnel testing
 Turbulent flow of wind
on longitudinal and transverse sides
of high rise buildings
 Wind velocity increase
due to large openings at lower floors
 Wind flow over gabled roof buildings
showing turbulence on leeward roof and walls
 Pressure coefficients on high rise buildings

Pressure
keeps constant
- 0.6 with height
- 0.5 - 0.6
(Leeward)
- 0.6 - 0.6
- 0.6
ROOF
0.9
0.8
- 0.5
0.7 WIND
- 0.6

- 0.6
0.6 Pressure varies
- 0.5 with
- 0.5 height
0.5 (Widward)

- 0.6
0.4
- 0.7

0.3

0.30.3
0.4 0.4 D
IN
SIDE FRONT BACK W
LUNCH– 45 MINUTES
LUNCHTIME KEYNOTE SPEAKER
DR. EMILIO COLON
ETHICS AND IMPLEMENTING
DISASTER RESILENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
Dr. Emilio M. Colón, P.E.
Past President
World Council of Civil Engineers
St. Augustine, Trinidad Tobago
23 August 2018
 TOPICS

▪Introduction
▪Ethics
▪Managements Systems in Engineering
▪Codes
▪U.N. Sustainable Development Goals
▪Reflections
 INTRODUCTION

▪Pillars of the Profession

▪How we develop as Professionals
▪What we Study
 OUR PILLARS

▪ Values
▪ Rule of Law
▪ Ethics
▪ Professionalism
 HOW WE DEVELOP AS ENGINEERS

▪Formal Education
▪Licensing
▪Professional Organisations
▪Continuing Education and Self Development
▪Periodic License Renewal
▪Ethics and Conduct
▪Profession and Business
 ETHICS
▪ The foundations of Professional Practice
▪ Behavior
▪ Compliance
▪ Continuous Education and Training
▪ Ethics Codes and Standards
▪ Role of:
▪ Individual
▪ Professional Organisations
▪ Government
 SYSTEMS TO CONTROL BRIBERY
▪ UN Convention Against Corruption
▪ OECD Convention on Combating Bribery
▪ International Organization for Standardization: ISO
▪ US Foreign Corruption Act
▪ British Standard 10500
▪ ISO 37001
▪ Others
▪ Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
THE FACES OF CORRUPTION

211
DEFINITIONS OF CORRUPTION
▪ BRIBERY ▪ Fraud
• Bribery • Fraud
• Extortion • Collusion
• Payments • Embezzelment
Facilitation • Secret Owners
▪ Money Laundering

▪INDIFFERENCE
▪ Abuse of Power
▪ALTERNATIVE FACTS

212
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION INDEX 2018
180 COUNTRIES
P
R
E
S
I
D
E
N
T
S
Two more: 2017
Brasil
Perú
THE ODEBRECHT AFFAIR
MANAGEMENTS SYSTEMS IN
ENGINEERING
▪ Prevention of Corruption: ISO 37001
▪ Quality Control and Assurance
▪ Occupational Health and Safety
▪ Environmental Protection
▪ Project Management
▪ Risk Management and Insurance
▪ Disaster Response Management
▪ Procurement
▪ Project Life-Cycle Approach
THE JURY IS JUST OUT
 CODES
▪International
▪Professional Organisations
▪ ASCE
▪ ACI
▪ ICE
▪ Others
▪Regional
▪National
MODES OF DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
▪ Formal
▪ Based on Codes
▪ Designed by Professionals
▪ Constructed to Codes and Standards
▪ Maintained
▪ Informal
▪ No Professional involvement
UNESCO ENGINEERING REPORT 2010
 2010 First Report: Development
2019 Second Report: SDG
▪ Focus on International Level
▪ The role in as driver in:
▪ Innovation
▪ Social and Economic Development
▪ Needs in Engineering:
▪ Statics
▪ Indicators
▪ Transform:
▪ Education
▪ Curricula
▪ Ethics and Prevention of Corruption
▪ Engineering as:
▪ Innovation
▪ Challenges of the SDG’s
 2020 REPORT EFFORTS
▪ UNESCO
▪ World Federation of Engineering
Organisations (WFEO)
▪ International Council of Academies of
Engineering and Technological Sciences
(CAETS)
▪ International Federation of Consulting
Engineers (FIDIC)
▪ World Council of Civil Engineers (WCCE)
 U.N. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
▪ Global Commitment
▪ Goals and targets for 2030
▪ Main Thrusts:
▪ Reduction of Poverty
▪ Sustainable Development
 REFLECTIONS

▪ Our Foundations
▪ Roles of:
▪ Individuals
▪ Professional Organizations
▪ Governments
▪ Compliance
▪ Sustainable Development Goals
SESSION 3: TROPICAL STORMS
MR. ANTHONY FARRELL
Presenter Anthony Farrell
MSc., CEng., FIStructE, FICE, FAPETT
•Initial Contact
• Early 70’s – Asked to run CEP Dominica office
• Very influential in development
•Experience
• Very interesting work with shell/folded plate str.
• Discovered contractor capabilities with concrete
work
• Steel has to be imported Concrete preferred
• Transport difficulties accessing island
• Transport difficulties within island
• Capable friendly people
•Contact continued to present
•Commonwealth of Dominica
•Mountainous island of volcanic origin
•Noted for it’s 365 rivers
•Noted for its eco-tourism
•Area 754 sq km (291 sq miles)
•Capital Roseau (see later map)
•Population 73,440 (2014 census)
•Language English (official) French Patois
•Unemployment 23%
•Total roads 1512 km
•Paved roads 762 km; Unpaved 750km
•Communications controlled by bridges
•Bridges quite unsophisticated
•Bridges not maintained
•Many in very poor condition
•Many designed with no hydraulic analysis.
•No Intensity/Duration/Frequency (IDF) curves
•1979 – August – Hurricane David (56)
•1979 – September – Hurricane Frederick
•1980 – August – Hurricane Allen
•2007 – August – Hurricane Dean (Not direct)
•2015 – August – Tropical Storm Erika (31)
•2017 – September – Hurricane Maria (65)
•ASCE 7-10 and beyond Return periods of 700 and 1700
years
Dean’s Impact on Dominica
Figure 10: Banana devastation from Dean

Figure 11: River in flood from Dean

Figure 12: Another river In flood from Dean

1WririrMilf********
Visited Bois Diable
To Pointe Mulatre
Sept 2014
Taberi Bridge – 18.3m span (60 ft)
 Photos by CEP Dominica
La Ronde
 Photos by CEP Dominica
La Ronde
La Ronde Photos by CEP Dominica
 Photos by CEP Dominica
La Ronde
Boetica

Photos by CEP Dominica

Boetica

Photos by CEP Dominica

Boetica

Photos by CEP Dominica

Boetica

Photos by CEP Dominica

Boetica during construction

Photo by Lennox Honeychurch

•Steel Armco culvert 16 ft high (4.9 m)
•Size 9 ft (CEP Dominica measurement)
• Height of fill 75 ft (23 m)?
•Completed approx 1965
•Connects La Plaine/Boetica/Delices
•5 men killed when some fill collapsed
•See You Tube for canyoning down Boetica

Information from Mr Lennox Honeychurch - Historian

White River

Photo by CEP Dominica

•Bailey Bridge
•Portable, pre-fabricated modular truss bridge
•Developed by the British during WW II
• Still used throughout the world
•Advantages
• No special tools or equipment to assemble
• Wood and steel elements carried by trucks
• Launched from one side hence no staging
• Strong enough to carry tanks
• Assembled by manpower
• Only uses pins not bolts
Source – ThinkDefense.co.uk
UK Military Bridging
•Variant - Mabey Logistic Support Bridge
•Mabey-Johnson Bridge (in USA)
•Originated from the Bailey bridge concept
•Greater width (4.2m vs 3.7m) and deeper
sections, modern materials
•Normally uses 22 ton crane or hydraulic
excavator
•Donated by Jamaica defense force for Wotten
Waven bridge after Maria.
Dominica News Online Fri 1 Dec 2017
Photos by CEP Dominica
Photo by
CEP Dominica
•Affected Dominica 26th 27th August 2015
•US$ 1.2 Billion damage - World Bank est.
•US$ 483 Million – International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
•Damage mainly in infrastructure
•Many landslides caused at least 31 deaths
•Petite Savanne residents had to be resettled
because of landslides
•Many failures caused by river “outflanking” wing
walls
•5th Tropical cyclone of season
•Wind speeds (1 min. avg. period)
• St Croix 62 mph Aug 27th
• St Thomas 48 mph Aug 27th
•Worst damage since hurricane David in 1979
•David had winds of 150 mph
•David killed 56 people

Source Wikipedia
Hurricane David Damage – 29 Aug 1979

Photo by National Geographic

Botanical Gardens - Dominica
•2 Day total rainfall
• Canefield – 335mm
• Douglas-Charles Airport – 225.2mm
• D’leau Gommier – 450mm
•Max hourly intensities
• Douglas-Charles airport – 49.3mm
• D’leau Gommier – 104mm
• Saturated soil
Dominica Meteorological Service 14 Sept 2015
Pointe Ronde

Batalie

Macoucherie Belles

La Ronde

Boetica
White River
Macoucherie Bridge after TS Erika
Macoucherie Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Macoucherie Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Batalie Bridge after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

Batalie Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Batalie Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Pointe Ronde Bridge after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

Pointe Ronde Bridge after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

Pointe Ronde Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Pointe Ronde Bridge after H. Maria

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Belles Bridge after TS Erika
 Belles Bridge
Approach from Roseau
Belles Bridge 3
Belles Bridge 4
La Ronde (After Erika)

Photo by CEP Dominica

La Ronde (After Erika)
La Ronde after H. Maria (Under Constr)

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

La Ronde after H. Maria (Under Constr)

Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

Boetica Before TS Erika

Photos by CEP Dominica

Boetica Photo by Mr Lennox
(After Erika) Honeychurch
Boetica (after ERIKA)
 Photo by Mr Lennox
Boetica Honeychurch
(After Erika)

Villagers now climb

Down into gorge to get
To the other side
•26th 27th August 2015 – Fill washout
•Zip Line organized
•22nd Sept 2015 – Commence Constr
•31 Dec 2015 – New bridge officially opened
•19 Sept 2017 – Hurricane Maria
•26 Nov – 1 Dec 2017 – Maintenance work
needed because of Maria.
 Boetica
54 ft to water

Span 130 ft
13 panels
Reported 110 ft
Cost US$ 1.2 million

Opened late Dec 2015

17 weeks after event
Approach roads
Slope each side

After TS Erika
Before H.
Maria
Note
containers for
protection of
support
Boetica after H. Maria – containers now displaced

Note solar panel Lighting Drone Photo by Malcolm Belle

 Boetica after H. Maria

Drone photo by Malcolm Belle

White River after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

White River after Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

White River after Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

White River after H. Maria

Drone photo by Malcolm Belle

White River after H. Maria

Drone photo by Malcolm Belle

Bridges
 Roseau River Bridges

4 3
Roseau River Bridges

4
3
2

1
No 1 aka Roseau West after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 1 after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 1 after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 1 after H. Maria
No 1 after H. Maria
No 2 aka Roseau East after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 2 aka Roseau East after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 2 aka Roseau East after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 2 Rebuilt
No 2 Rebuilt
No 3 after H. Maria
No 3 after H. Maria
No 4 after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 4 after TS Erika

Photo by CEP Dominica

No 4 after H. Maria
No 4 after H. Maria
 TS Erika
Vulnerability to Landslides
•Hydraulic Assessments very important
•Soil information important
•Seismic – Use EUCENTRE study of 2010
(see later)
•Retaining walls/Abutments – use Mononabe-
Okabe (M-O) to allow for seismic soil pressure
•
M-O Analysis
M-O Analysis
•Hydraulic assessments critical
• Get more rainfall measurements in more areas
• Proper IDF curves should be developed
• Estimate scour abutments/intermediate piers
•Soils investigation important
•Construction methodology
• Precast prestressed sections vs transportation
• Steel sections vs maintenance
• Piling difficult in most areas
 Assessment and Mitigation of Seismic Risk in the
Eastern Caribbean Region – March 2010

Provides values of Ss and S1 for use with the International Building Code (IBC)
Also available return periods of 95, 475 and 975 years
•Seismic – Use EUCENTRE study of 2010
•Eastern Caribbean available hazard maps
only applicable to ASCE 7 - 05
• ASCE 7 – 10 refers to maps that have been
modified
•In the USA maps for MCER apply for -10
while maps for MCE apply for -05
•In Trinidad MOWT does not accept -10 for
use with available hazard maps
•Be conservative
•Consider climate change
•Consider waterway level clearances
• Allow for massive tree trunks
• Avoid intermediate piers if at all possible
•Consider Bailey Bridges
TEA AND COFFEE BREAK – 15 MINUTES
SESSION 4: FLOODS
MS. SAKTHY SELVAKUMARAN
 sakthy@cantab.net
Sivasakthy Selvakumaran @sakthys
Source: http://www.cnc3.co.tt/press-release/severe-floods-result-47-million-
insurance-payout-government

Source: http://www.caribbeanedition.com/2018/08/13/trapped-
woman-rescued-by-fire-officers/

Source: http://www.guardian.co.tt/
Photo credit: Tazim Khan

8/26/2018
(Top Left) Torrential rains from trough systems in St. Vincent and the Grenadines
in November 2016 resulted in landslides like this one, which swept one structure
away and threatened nearby houses. Credit: Kenton X. Chance/IPS

(Top Right) Landslides caused by heavy rain killed at least 17 people in the city of
Manizales, in central Colombia in 2017

(Bottom Right) A young girl stands outside a home destroyed by a rainfall-

triggered landslide in Castries, Saint Lucia in 2013.
 Infrastructure

Inspection ● Monitoring ● Maintenance

Photo credit: Stefano Rellandini / Reuters
Photo credit: ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo
Photo credit: James Boardman/ Alamy Stock Photo
Photo credit: Irish Coast Guard
Flood Mapping
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)
 Average velocity
(mm/year)
< -9.0
-9.0 to -7.0
-7.0 to -5.0
-5.0 to -3.0
-3.0 to -1.0
-1.0 to 1.0
1.0 to 3.0
3.0 to 5.0
5.0 to 7.0
7.0 to 9.0
> 9.0
Map of ground movement provided by Telespazio VEGA UK
Map of ground movement in Bank region, London, using TerraSAR-X data
Paper: Remote monitoring to predict bridge scour failure using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) stacking techniques, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and
Geoinformation 73 (2018) 463–470; Available via Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.07.004
Photo credit: Dr Ivan Hall, via Wikimedia Commons
 Line of sight velocity (mm/yr)

Scatterers over Tadcaster city

Scatterers attributed to bridge
Scatterer ‘b’ attributed to bridge

Paper: Remote monitoring to predict bridge scour failure using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) stacking techniques, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and
Geoinformation 73 (2018) 463–470; Available via Open Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.07.004
15th Nov 2015: - 5.9mm

26th Nov 2015: - 9.0mm

29th Dec 2015: ?

Photo credit: North Yorkshire County Council
Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR
Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR
London London

built-up height

built-up density
height [m]
<0.5 5 10 20 >50

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

Slide credit:
Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

reinforced
concrete – high
rise

unreinforced
masonry

Edged masonry
Reinforced concrete -
high
Reinforced concrete - low
Wood frame – type 1

Degree of damage
Wood frame – type 2
Unreinforced masonry

Modified Mercalli scale

Slide credit:
Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR
Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR
methodological principle – machine learning
reinforced concrete
?
geometry geometry
… …
… …
… …
spectral spectral
… …
… …
… …
context context
… …
… unreinforced masonry …
… …
age age
... ...

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning
reinforced concrete characterization in feature space

unreinforced masonry dimension 1

dimension 2

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning
reinforced concrete characterization in feature space

unreinforced masonry building area

building height

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning
reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete

unreinforced masonry building area

unreinforced masonry

building height

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning

reinforced concrete

building area

unreinforced masonry

building height

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning

reinforced concrete

building area

unreinforced masonry

building height

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

methodological principle – machine learning

reinforced concrete

building area

unreinforced masonry

building height

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

0 0,375 0,75 1,5
km

Edged masonry
Reinforced concrete - high
Reinforced concrete - low

Wood frame – type 1

Wood frame – type 2

Unreinforced masonry
Degree of damage

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR Modified Mercalli scale

0 0,375 0,75 1,5
km

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

0 0,375 0,75 1,5
km

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

 reinforced
concrete – high
rise

unreinforced
masonry

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

Cost-Sensitive Learning

dimension 2

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

Outlook: Deep Learning for Automated Compilation of in situ Data

RC building

Semantic segmentation
Google StreetView coverage

Slide credit: Dr Christian Geiß, DFD, DLR

 Earth Observation Centre - Data and Products Overview
Atmospheric products Center for Satellite based Crisis Information
- Trace gases - Emergency mapping products
- Aerosols - Fire service
- Air quality forecasts, etc.
Damage assessment
earthquake Haiti, 2010 Fire mapping
service

Air quality forecast (PM10)

Global ozone product

Land surface products
- Current weather maps, time series of temperature,
vegetation, and other geophysical parameters

Sea surface temperature

Mediterranean

TanDEM-X elevation model SRTM X-SAR DEM Rapid Eye science data TerraSAR-X Spotlight
Mount Hanang, Tansania Aosta Valley, Italy Allgäu, Germany Chuquicamata mine,
Chile
Optical Earth observation data at different resolutions
Radar image and elevation data of different missions
Weather
map
Vegetation Germany
index, Europe
Slide credit: Dr Simon Plank, DFD, DLR
CORINE Landcover,
Germany
Imagery processed from European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1 acquisitions over London
 sakthy@cantab.net
Sivasakthy Selvakumaran @sakthys
OPEN FLOOR SESSION
DON SAMUEL, ICE REPRESENTATIVE
CLOSED DOOR PLENARY SESSION
IN PROGRESS……
COCKTAIL KEYNOTE SPEAKER
MR. DWIGHT POLLONAIS
Appreciating Disaster Risk
Management in developing
Resilience
By Dwight Pollonais
 Theme of Conference : Disaster Resilient
Infrastructure

• Disaster (Wikipedia) - A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring

over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

• Resilience (Marriam- Webster) - The capability of a strained body to

recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by
compressive stress.

• Infrastructure (Marriam – Webster) - Infra- means "below;" so

the infrastructure is the "underlying structure" of a country and its
economy, the fixed installations that it needs in order to function.
Disaster Risk Management (DRM)

• DRM (IPCC 2012) – The Process of Planning, implementing,

evaluating and adapting strategies, procedures and measures relating
to the analysis, reduction and transfer of disaster risk, with the aim of
reducing hazards and vulnerability and strengthening and coping and
adaptation capacities of individuals, households, communities and
state structures.
• DRM is a continuous process that involves physical and non-physical
measures and takes account of the underlying risk factors within a
society. Disaster Risk Management aims to avoid the generation of
new risks, improves resilience to the effects of natural events and
contributes to sustainable development
Vulnerability

• Vulnerablity (Merriam- Webster) - capable of being physically or

emotionally wounded. 2 : open to attack or damage :
assailable. vulnerable to criticism
Vulnerability
Risks and Global Risks
Risks and Global Risks
Components of Disaster Risk Management

Disaster Risk Management =

Hazard Assessment +
Vulnerability Analysis +
Management Capacity
Success Factors of Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management and Resilience

• Disaster Risk Management is a significant component of the idea of

resilience
• Pay attention to causes and consequences of Disasters
• Pay particular attention to Vulnerable population groups
Role of APETT… role of the Engineer

• APETT’s First objective:

““To safeguard the life, health and welfare of the public by restricting
the practice of engineering to properly qualified persons”
Role of APETT… role of the Engineer

• Reduce Vulnerability

• Reduce Probability of Occurrence

• Reduce Frequency

• Reduce Consequences and Impact

THANK YOU
VOTE OF THANKS
DON SAMUEL, ICE REPRESENTATIVE
SYMPOSIUM ON DISASTER
RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
Hosted by ICE West Indies Local Association

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