NOVEL METHODS FOR VIDEO COMPRESSION
TECHNIQUES SURVEY PAPER
Nicole Verdugo
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
1 Abstract
When talking about compression
techniques it means basically reducing
the image data, a digitalized analog
sequence can be comprised up to 165
Mbps. Therefore many of the techniques
for compression known till now are
commonly employed to achieve
desirable reductions in image data,
color resolution and many other
aspects in order to achieve such
compression. For video compression
technique using variable block sizes in
motion estimation processes
consequent images, where the first three
are image-based compression
techniques where only one of the frames
is compressed and evaluated at the time
and the last one is a video compression
technique where different frames are
compared in order to reduce the image
of the data. On the other hand it is also
known that the high dynamic range
imaging/video has become more
common in the electronic field as it
allows people to view a picture or a video
at a minimum eye adaptation, this
dynamic has de capability to capture a
full range light from a frame unlike other
methods that can only capture 8-f-stops,
even though the high dynamic range
video compression techniques are still in
continuous development this paper is
going to focus on the shortcomings in
the present method of high dynamic
range video coding and also the novel
method of two layered backward
compatible video encoding methods
accompanied by the Chroma
subsampling and the luminance
masking to improve color accuracy and
Paul Andrade
at the same time removing the non-
visible portion of the video.
2 Introduction
For the first method which is variable
block sizes in motion estimation process
it is well known that video and image
play an important role in conveying the
visual information, among all the
information managed by
telecommunication networks, the visual
information is the most appealing to the
human hence, because it carries
significant amount of message and also
plays an important role in the real
telecommunication service such as
video conferencing, video telephony ,
etc. The advantage of digital systems is
that they give better performance to the
conventional analog systems that’s why
the world of image and video
communication is becoming digital,
which has opened a path for computers
to treat video and images, such
digitalization has led to an easier
manipulation and modification of images
and videos and so to extract necessary
information to then encode it. With the
increasing number of services, more
information is required to be transmitted
over channels with limited capacity and
here is where the challenge of reducing
the storage and transmission bandwidth
requirements has led to the
development of different video
compression techniques. When talking
about dynamic range it refers to the
existing ratio between the duskiest and
the brightest part of a scenario, human
eye can only see approximately 20-f
stops, within the traditional dynamic
range of digital cameras only an 8-f
stops of light is reached. In a way to
enhance the quality of the content an
HDR was developed to capture HDR
images. The proposed method utilizes a
two layered backward compatible video
encoding method accompanied by the
chroma sampling and the luminance
masking for the HDR video content to
improve the quality, preserve the
luminance and avoid the nonvisible
portions in content.
3 Variable block size in
motion estimation
process
3.1 Media and Compression
The mathematical foundation of
compression was set years ago but with
technological advances and the
necessity to store larger amounts of data
became more relevant. The first
compression schemes were lossless
which implied that the compressed data
is fully recovered after decompression
and with textual data there can be no
tolerance of error, those lossless
compression schemes generally provide
a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1. However the new
media formats that are coming up are
different and more effective, this new
techniques are not all lossless, for
instance motion videos can be
compressed to a 30:1, color images at
15:1 and stereo sound at 6:1. The
compression ratio for motion videos is
not that critical because human eye
exhibits a certain tolerance for
differences within and in between
images in a frame, our eye is not highly
affected by subtle differences that may
occur as a result of data loss after
compression a video. With this
advances the problem is in making
technique compression more efficient
and practical, the principle of data
reduction is the removal of the high data
redundancies.
3.2 Video Formats
Videos are three-dimensional array of
color pixels where two dimensions serve
as spatial directions of the moving
picture and the dimension remaining
represent the time domain, also a frame
is a picture consisting of macro blocks
that are usually composed of two more
blocks of pixels. A pixel value is
represented using parameters of
luminance(Y) and chrominance (U,V),
luminance is the brightest of the pixel
and chrominance is the color of the pixel.
The human visual system is less
sensitive to colors than luminance and
there are three sampling patterns for
them that are used in video formats.
4:4:4 sampling means that the three
components have the same resolution.
4:2:2 sampling , the chrominance
components have the same vertical
resolution as the luma but half the
horizontal resolution and is also used for
high quality color reproduction.
4:2:0 sampling format Cb and Cr each
have half the horizontal and vertical
resolution of Y, in this format Cb and Cr
each have half the horizontal and
vertical resolution of Y.
3.3 Video Encoding Technique
Video compression employs both intra
and inters frame coding techniques. The
main challenge in video compression is
efficient reduction of the temporal
redundancy. Some of the compression
methods applicable to video are entropy
coding, quantization, sub-sampling,
interpolation, predictive coding, and
motion estimation/compensation.
3.4 Model for Video
Compression
The various algorithms and techniques
discussed in the previous section are
combined to form a practical video
compression system. In most video
codecs DCT is used to remove intra-
frame redundancy while motion
estimation/compensation takes care of
the inter-frame redundancy.
3.5 Video Quality Measurement
The most widely used measure is Peak
Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), which is
measured on a logarithmic scale and
depends on the mean squared error
(MSE) of an image or video frame,
relative to (2n −1)2 (the square of the
highest-possible signal value in an
image) also a higher PSNR imply better
quality images and lower PSNR images
mean they are less crisp, noise-free
and/or artefact free.
3.6 Inter Frame Prediction
Compression Technique
Motion estimation of a macro block
involves finding a 16 × 16-sample region
in a reference frame that closely
matches the current macro block. The
output of the motion estimation process
is the difference between the
coordinates of the current macro block
and the best match in the reference
frame.
Moving objects in a video rarely follow
'neat' 16x16-pixel boundaries so it may
be more efficient to use a variable block
size for motion estimation and
compensation. A smaller block size
leads to increased complexity (more
search operations must be carried out)
and an increase in the number of motion
vectors transmitted.
3.7 Variable Block Sizes In
Motion Estimation Process
The latest standards in digital video
processing support variable block sizes
in motion estimation process. The
smaller block sizes give better
estimation of the motion prediction but
they also lead to larger number of motion
vectors. H.264 standard which is the
most popular video coding standard
supports 16x16, 16x8, 8x16 and 4x4
block sizes.
HEVC (also now as H.265) is the latest
upcoming standard in digital video
compression after H.264. It aims to
further improve coding efficiency in
video compression by a factor of 2. It
involves many innovative algorithms and
techniques like variable Transform sizes
and entropy coding schemes. Analysis
for video compression performed for
different Coding Unit (CU) block sizes for
4 different values of quantization (which
decide the quality of the output video).
The all three sets of CU size are as
follows. First set is used for fixed CU
size, second set for variable CU size and
third set for constant CU size.
1) Set A: Fixed CU size viz. 16x16 only.
2) Set B: 2 variable CU sizes are
allowed viz. 16x16 and 32x32.
3) Set C: 3 variable CU sizes are
allowed viz. 16x16, 32x32, and 64x64.
The experiments were performed
keeping the quality constant and hence
the effect of the variable block sizes is
visible on the size of the output bit
streams. The results were generated
with the standard video test streams viz.
cactus, basketball pass and BQ_mall
4 HDR video encoding,
compression and quality
evaluation
4.1 Double Layer Backward-
Compatible Encoding
A backward-compatible double-layer
method of video coding with high
dynamic range selection uses instances.
It uses dual cords in a 2-track scalable
way to ensure the necessary
compatibility between high dynamics.
Ranging and low dynamic ranging for
distributions. The base layer is called the
first layer that provides Low dynamic
range to maintain compatibility with
decoders and his LDR displays. high
dynamic range Video creates his LDR
content by tone mapping or color
mapping.
The next layer does the coding. The
process encodes the differences that
exist between the generated LDR and
HDR representations of her. Of Encoded
data is sent in quantized remainder form.
The reconstruction function uses the
correlation between LDR and HDR to
predict HDR using LDR. A two-layer
backward compatible encoding has
many advantages over single-layer
backwards compatibility that uses
metadata to reverse audio. It can map
curves to generate LDR content from
HDR representations, but these
solutions rely heavily on tradeoffs
between the amount of information
required and the quality of the
reconstructed content.
4.2 Distribution of high dynamic
ranging
4.2.1 Chroma subsampling:
Video color information occupies
another place in the video. Color
information and the space it occupies
are directly proportional. The more color
information you have, the more space it
takes up. A simple way to reduce the
color information in your video is to
compress it or discard some of it. This is
called chroma subsampling. Under
sampling is accomplished by converting
the red, blue, and green spectra to
𝑌𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝑅 . Y' luminance is sent
uncompressed, 𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝑅 is compressed to
save space.
.
4.2.2 Luminance masking:
This improves compression efficiency in
HDR. This is actually done to reduce the
distortion seen on the dark and light
sides of the content. According to the
Weber-Fechner law, the higher the
luminance of the background, the
brighter the masking phenomenon and
the greater the perceptible visual
stimulus difference. Spatial frequency
masking and luminance masking are
related. HDR is integrated into the JND
profile and masks frequencies taken
from the quantization matrix.
5 Conclusions
 This paper introduces an interesting
method of two-layer backward
compatible video coding method
along with chroma subsampling and
luminance masking to improve
color accuracy and remove hidden
parts of video content respectively.
 The results obtained are the mean
opinion source, bit rate savings, and
comparison between HDR10 and
HDR-HLG. This can be further used
in applications requiring image
classification and segmentation
processes.
 The bit rate for all the streams at
all the quality levels is lowest for
Set C which has the maximum
 number (3) of variable Coding
unit sizes (64x64, 32x32, 16x16).
This fact was earlier established
for H.264 but my experiments
have proved that even with latest
video coding standard
H.265/HEVC provides better
results when compared to fixed
coding unit sizes.
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