Logic

- Basic of all mathematical statements and arguments

- Its basic rules are essential to understand mathematical statements
- Some applications of logic in real life are in artificial intelligence, system specification, computer
science and many more.

Proposition

- A declarative sentence that is either true of false, but NOT both.

- The truth or falsity of a statement is called its truth value.
- Letter are commonly used to denote propositional variables such as p, q, r, and s.

Examples of proposition:

o The sun is the center of the solar system.

o Bulacan is located in Central Luzon.

Paradox

- A declarative sentence which could neither be true, nor false, or is both true or false.

Example of a paradox:

o Kobe Bryant is a tall person (Yes, Kobe Bryant might be tall for a person shorter than
him, but it might not be true for a person that is taller than him)

Types of Propositions

1. Simple
o A proposition that contains only one idea.
o Ex. Heart Evangelista is the wife of Senator Chiz Escudero.
2. Compound
o A proposition that is composed of at least two simple propositions joined by logical
connectives such as and, or, if, then, if and only if.
o Ex. If the books will arrive on Thursday, they will be distributed to the students on
Friday.

Basic Logical Operators

OPERATOR MEANING SYMBOLIC FORM READ AS:

Negation Not ~p “Not p”
Conjunction And p^q “p and q”
Disjunction Or p∨q “p or q”
 Conditional If… then… p→q “If p, then q”
Biconditional If and only if p↔q “p if and only if q”

1. Negations (~)
o This operator states the exact opposite of a given statement.
Example:
p: The sum of two odd numbers is even.
~p: The sum of two off numbers is not even.

2. Conjunction (^)
o We observe the connectives and, but, moreover, while.
Example:
p: It is sunny today.
q: I need to go to work.
p^q: It is sunny today and I need to go to work.

3. Disjunction (v)
o We observe the words or, unless, either-or, etc.
Example:
p: Mary will buy her clothes at the mall.
q: Mary will go to church on Sunday.
pvq: Either Mary will buy her clothes at the mall or she will go to church on Sunday.
4. Conditional (→)
o We observe the words if-then, only if, implies, provided that, given that, etc.
o In p→q, we say that “p is a sufficient condition for q” while “q is a necessary condition
for p”
o p is called the antecedent of the implication
o q is called the consequent of the implication
Example:
p: The curfew is effective today.
q: The police officers will arrest lawbreakers.
p→q: If the curfew is effective today, then the police officers will arrest lawbreakers.

5. Biconditional (↔)
o We observe the words if and only if, is a necessary and sufficient condition, etc.
Example:
p: I will graduate on time.
q: I will pass all the subjects this semester
p↔q: I will graduate on time if an only if I will pass all the subjects this semester.