chains.

”
● The Social Contractis todetermine whether there can be a
legitimate politic
al authority
, since people’s interaction he saw
t a
his time seemed to put them worse thantheywere at in the state
of nature
● Rousseau argues that it is absurd for a man to surrender his
freedom for slavery; thus, theparticipants must have a right to
choose the laws under which they live.
• “Morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior that rational people
PHILOSOPHY would accept, on the condition that others
WEEK 1 accept them as well.”
Volition- an act of making a choice or decision. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract
Classification- action or process classifying something according to shared Rousseau once wrote: “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in
▪ Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should be divided into
qualities or characteristics. Love- an intense feeling of deep affection two parts:
Action- the fact or process of doing something ⮚ First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, that
Reason- cause, explanation or justification for an action or event. represents the general will
FREEDOM - stands for securing to everyone an equal opportunity for life, ⮚ The second division is that of the government, being distinct from the sovereign.
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Aristotle- “All Actions have Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract ● English philosopher
consequences.” (1588-1679) Developed the Social Contract Theory.
Power of Volition - The imperative quality of a judgment of practicaL intellect ● In earliest history, humans lived in complete freedom in a “state of nature” – no
government and n superior power. ● What people could take by force was theirs
is meaningless, apart from will. – there was no protective authority.
● Humans overcame this unpleasant society by creating the Social Contract.
● The state was created by the people to protect the people (Popular Sovereignty).
● Believed Monarchy was the best government.
Jean – Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes differed in their interpretations.
St. Thomas Aquinas- Philosopher and theologian born approx. 1225. ranked Hobbes developed his idea in favor of absolute monarchy, while Rousseau
among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. Combined interpreted the idea in terms of absolute democracy and individualism.
theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, Love Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism ● born June 21, 1905,
is Freedom Paris, France—died April 15, 1980, Paris ● French novelist, playwright, and
All creatures of God, human beings have the unique power to change
themselves and the things around them for the better. He considers humans as
moral agents.
Four-Fold Classification of Law by St. Thomas Aquinas
Eternal Law- is the mind of god which humans cannot know. Contain laws declined it.
that govern the universe and control the life cycle of everything in existence.
Humans can glimpse reflections of it through scientific knowledge of aspects
of the natural world.
Divine Law- law of god revealed in the bible.
Christian call it the “word of god”. Teachings of Jesus Christ
Natural Law - everyone has a natural sense that “good is to be done and evil
is to be avoided” which some call human nature. Directs our conscience and
leads us to the right outcome when applied with reason to a situation. exponent of Existentialism. ● Existentialism — is a philosophy acclaiming the
Human Law - everyday rules that govern our lives from the legal system freedom of the individual human being.
● He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964, but he
The existence of God as the first cause. Of all God’s creations, humans have
the unique power to change themselves and things around them for the better.
As humans, we are both material and spiritual. We have a conscience because
of our spirituality. God is Love and Love is our destiny.

PHILOSOPHY
WEEK 2
Social Contract- implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism
for social benefits. ● B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his
Existentialism- philosophical theory or approach which
Influence on behaviorism
emphasizes the existence of the individual person as free and ● Skinner referred to his own philosophy as 'radical behaviorism' and
responsible agent determining their own development through suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. ● All human action,
acts of the will. he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning.
Behaviorism- theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in ● Punishment and Reward - Simply as, you do good you will be
terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings. rewarded you do bad you will be punished.
Freedom- power or right to act, speak or think as one wants
without hindrance or restraint
Sovereign- describe as supreme power or authority
PHILOSOPHY
Theory of Social Contract WEEK 3
• Law of nature (lex naturalis) - is a precept of general rule established by
reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his Dialogue - is a deep and genuine relationship between persons Intersubjectivity -
life or takes away the means of preserving the same
refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons
Relationship - is the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are
connected, or the state of being connected. Intrapersonal - means “within a
person,” that is, taking place within one person's self or mind.
Interpersonal - relationship involves social associations, connections, or
affiliations between two or more people.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
● condition of a man, a subject, among other men, who are also
subject; made possible by the awareness of the self and the other
Martin Buber is Jewish existentialist philosopher. He was born in Vienna and
was brought up in the Jewish tradition. In his work I and Thou (Ich and Du)
(1923), he conceives the human person in his/her wholeness, totality, concrete
existence and relatedness to the world., interpersonal is signified by the ‘I-You
relation’.
Karol Józef Wojtyła
Saint Pope John Paul II or Karol Wojtyla was born in Wadowice, Poland. He
was elected to the Papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th pope) and was considered
a great pope (88%) during his lifetime. He was also an architect of
Communism’s demise in Poland. In his encyclical letter, Fides et ratio, he
criticized the traditional definition of human as “rational animal”. He maintains
that the human person is the one who exist and acts (conscious acting, has a
will, has self- determination). And for Wojtyla, the social dimension is
represented by ‘We relation’.
PHILOSOPHY
WEEK 4
Social relation -is a blanket term for interactions between two or more people,
groups, or organizations.
Reciprocity - the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit,
Communal- shared by all members of a community;
Attachment- affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone Society- refer to a
close relationship, association with others, an alliance, a, or a union. group of
people involved in interaction. According to the social exchange theory,
social behavior is the outcome of an exchange process.
Aristotle- said "Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial
naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than
human,"
Man cannot exist alone. For him to survive, certain physiological demands
must be met. For him to have a life, he must interact with other people. -
Aristotle
Confucianism - Confucianism's central tenet is the significance of having good
moral character,
Karl Marx- Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness build up a
human person;
- it is the human person himself that produces “human nature’ being taken from
‘social relations’;
- Man must take part in the collective process so that they can be considered as a
‘human being’;
- Feelings and roles must be acknowledged
Two types of Human Relationships
1. Exchange Relationships – There is an expectance
2. Communal Relationships – There is willingness/ genuineness
Social Exchange Theory- Its balance is not always equal Attachment
Theory- Believes that people normally feel secure when a ‘significant other’ is
present; Human contact is desired Uncertainty Reduction Theory- reduce
anxiety by getting to know them better; trust will be built eventually by
knowing e.o Equity Theory- Concerned in rewards & also in fairness; value
fair or equal treatment to maintain fairness in rs (relationships) Minding
Relations RS - Happiness in a rs is created in the mind
Five components of a satisfying relationship
Self-Disclosure- share intimate info w/partners to increase trust Respect and
Acceptance- must be maintained no matter how negative the information that
was shared by their partners Cultivating Relationship- should make positive
attributions, description, and/or explanation of each other’s behavior Principle
of Reciprocity- No matter how hard one person tries to establish a positive
foundation in a relationship, the lack of matching response from the partner
will ultimately undermine the overall quality of the relationship.
PHILOSOPHY
WEEK 5
Environing System– includes cultural & personality systems, the behavioral &
subsystems, & the physical environment. Goal directed –
they are interacting because of a . goal to achieve
Egalitarian – believing in the principle that all people are equal
rights and opportunities.
Consensus – general agreement
Social System - group of actors interacting with each other in a situation that
has least a physical or environmental aspect. Social Organizations – are social
systems because they are made up of individuals interacting for a common
goal, where each has a part or functions.
Different forms of Society
Pre Industrial Societies -refers to types of societies that existed before the 18th
century; before the industrial Revolution
- are characterized as having limited forms of production, with limited division
of labor and social stratification.
Pre industrial Societies consists of the following
a. Hunting and Gathering Societies - Simplest type of societies; survive by
hunting and gathering their food
- social structures of the hunter-gatherers are generally egalitarian and decisions
are arrived at by consensus.
b. Pastoral Societies - some hunter gatherers discovered that the animals
that they have could be tamed and bred. Started pasturing the animals they have
domesticated.
c. Horticultural Societies - cultivated plants; far from agrarian or
agricultural type primarily because of the difference in technology and land
area.
-Limited to simple tools like digging sticks or hoes -Established
semi-permanent to permanent houses. -led to the production of other
goods; inequality of wealth
d. Agrarian Societies- invention of new materials & methods for
cultivating plants and animals; most important innovation is the invention of the
plow.
- has several innovations that increased the production of goods, such as
the invention of wheel, use of wind power for sailboats, numerical notations and
calendars
- technological innovations ranging from metallurgy and weaving, to
marine vessels and military equipment.
e. Industrial Societies - Advancement in water transportation,
agricultural techniques & Establishment of the printing press
Evolution of technology = more efficiency in production = overproduction
f. Educational Society -composed of people whose main role is to
transfer knowledge or information; Education is the process of receiving or
giving systematic instruction
g. Virtual/ Social Networks- components that are part of a society’s
culture based on the functional than the physical.
- Enhanced telecommunication systems and computing technology that people
use to interact with each other
PHILOSOPHY
WEEK 6
Steve Jobs - Death is the destination we all share, no-one has ever escaped it
Senescence or aging gradual decline of the human body.
Lifespan - length of time for which a person or animal lives Eternal oblivion,
belief that the person’s consciousness is completely erased upon death.
Grief natural reaction to death and dying; deep sorrow Death - natural
occurrence; end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
Ludwig Wittgenstein echoes Heideggerr’s view on the acceptance of death.
person cannot immortality but can achieve timelessness by ‘living in the
present’
Karl Jaspers considers death as the most significant “limit situation,” one
should have the capacity to alter perspectives to accept that they are going to die
Erik Erikson – defines death as an important aspect in the development of man.
Ego integrity- person achieving life’s purpose
Elisabeth Kubler- Ross – developed the 5 stages of grief ● Denial- expresses
disbelief regarding their situation; refuse to believe the news at first.
● Anger- the person expresses frustration with his or her situation. ●
Bargaining- voices wish that their life be prolonged ● Depression- experiences
intense sadness and exhibits disinterest in life and its normal routines.
● Acceptance- last emotional stage of grief when the person finally has
embraced his or her mortality.
 For Nietzsche, the meaning of life is to live authentically and powerfully,
creating one’s own goals and values.
Socrates - The immoral person becomes a slave of his desire
Socrates
- Believes that knowing oneself is a condition to solve the present - for a
person to be happy, he has to live a virtuous life.
- virtue - not something to be taught or acquired but is merely awakening of
the seeds of good deeds
● PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE – One does not only know the rules of right
living, but one lives them.
● SOCRATES MAJOR ETHICAL CLAIMS:
1. Happiness is impossible wi thout moral virtue.
2. Unethical actions harm the person
who perf
victimize.

Plato- “Only the dead have seen the end of war.”

CONTEMPLATION means that the mind is in communion with the
universal and eternal ideas.
THEORY OF The body is the source of endless trouble
IMMORTALITY – to usimpede us in the search after true being
which overtake and :

Aristotle - “We ought, so far as it lies within our power, to aspire to immortality,
and do all that we can to live in conformity …”

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WEEK1
Business plan is the blueprint of a business. It is where a business is based
upon and where all the steps from starting up a business, its processes, financial
plan and many aspects are stipulated.
MAJOR PARTS OF A BUSINESS PLAN:
Organizational Plan - describes the basic demographics of the business
namely the name and logo of the company, name of owners, address of the
company vision and mission statements and its organizational structures.
 Organizational hierarchy, goals & objectives
 Reason for company name and logo
 kind of operations the business will engage to
 workforce requirements & specifications of human personnel the business will
need.
Organizational Chart - structure of the business that will tell us the duties and
responsibilities, to whom the employees work with and report to, it is called the
line authority.
Compensation Plan- Any business has the need for workforce or human
resources, which leads to the requirement of compensating these employees that
works for them. Rates of salaries and wages & benefits for the personnel.
 Human resources are the most important assets an organization has.
 includes plan for monetary and non-monetary return and compensation for the
employees of the company.
 Gross Compensation Income/Salary is the
most basic compensation a company gives to the employee.
 Employees’ rate: can be weekly, daily, monthly; vary depending on
requirements and work experiences
Mandatory Benefits - These are the following benefits employers are required
to give their probation, contractual or regular employees.
Social Security System (SSS) - to ensure that employees are protected upon
disability, retirement, maternity, sickness and or death.
Philippine Health Insurance Company (PHIC) - a benefit given to
workers/employees for medical bills, doctor’s fees and hospitalization bills of
the members and their beneficiaries.
Home Development Mutual Fund or Pag-Ibig Fund - mutual/savings fund
earning a dividend. based on the monthly salary of the employee and is also
13th month pay- A mandatory benefit for all rank-and-file
in aprivate sector
shared by the employer and the employee.
employees who worked at least a month
Production Plan- indicates steps on how to mass-produce products, in which
sources of raw materials together with how the process for products will be is
indicated.
Market Plan - Plan on how to reach the target market of the company’s
products. Market research and strategies & marketing mix are included in this
section.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WEEK2
Marketing –to promote the buying or selling of a product Production- method
of turning raw materials into finished goods or products in a manufacturing
process.
Forecast – technique that uses historical data to make informed estimates to
determine the direction of future trends. Promotion - any type of marketing
communication used to inform or persuade target audiences
PRODUCTION PLAN
- Production planning is “administrative process that takes place in a
manufacturing business making sure that sufficient raw materials are
procured and ready to create finished products”
- serves as guide for production activities. establishes and sequences
activities to achieve a production target, Manufacturing Process - this is
a step-by-step process on how to produce the product or how to render the
service. Machinery and Equipment - list of tools, equipment or
machines
Raw Materials - materials needed for the product to be produced, Product’s
Unique Features - describe the features of the product that will make it unique
from the existing products
Production Planning Process
Forecast Demand: Estimate how many products you need to produce within a
specific time frame.
Determine Production Options: Look at different production options to meet
the forecasted demand.
Choose the Option That Uses Resources Most Effectively: Compare the cost
and time of each production option and choose the one that maximizes the
operational capacity
Monitor and Control: compare what is happening with what should be
happening.
Adjust: Be ready to adjust the plan if needed. It should have some flexibility to
accommodate changes in customer demand.
Production Planning Important? Production planning
plays a central role in manufacturing and production for organizations
- helps organizations examine how they are doing with sales and distribution
Market Plan
- comprehensive document that outlines a company’s overall marketing effort
- blueprint that outlines how a company will implement its marketing strategy,
and use a combination of resources
Promotion - buy one take one, promo / free fan, free caps, etc.,
Advertising - social media, flyers, banners, posters, billboards
Pricing Policy - describe your pricing policy,
Product/service characteristics or features - Describe your product or service
offered to your target market.
Sales Projections - forecast your sales by considering your current competitors,
and the total demand of the product.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP WEEK3
Capitalization is used in accounting to describe the cost of equipment.
Business Plan – A blueprint of the business that the entrepreneur would like to
start which aims to establish if a business idea Capital – funds and assets
invested in a business by the owners Startup capital - money needed to start up
a new business; computed according to funds needed at the start of the business
and how the business will be maintained
- computed according to funds needed at the start of the business and how the
business will be maintained 1-3 months
expenses necessary for getting a new business up and running: 1. Payment for
business permits required by the following government agencies
i. Barangay Clearance – business permit ii. Department of Trade and
Industry – registration of business iii. Bureau of Internal Revenue –
certificate of registration, books of accounts, registration fee iv. Municipality –
mayor’s permit, fire inspection/permit, sanitation and health certificate
2. Acquisition of equipment, machineries and fix taxes – needed for the
production of goods and or rendering of service.
3. Purchase of inventories with merchandise –the good purchased at
cast to be sold at a profit for merchandising a buying and selling business. For
manufacturing business, these are the raw materials to be used for the
production of a finished product.
4. Rental deposits – renting a space requires a deposit for at least one
month and an advance one- month payment for rent. 5. Salaries – one-month
salary of office staff and other workers
6. Utilities) – payment for electricity, water and internet charges

7. Advertising and promoting – flyers, tarpaulins etc 8. Packaging –
boxes, cups, plates, labeling, bottles etc.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WEEK4
PRODUCT COST - is the total costs incurred in the manufacture of goods.
Materials, labor and manufacturing overhead costs
Three Main Costs directly related to the product: 1. Direct
Materials - Are the total materials consumed or used to manufacture or
produce a product? Direct materials because these are the materials
directly related or seen in the product.
Materials to be used in making the product
2. Direct Labor - total amount of labor cost associated directly
with the production of goods and cost of rendering service. number of
hours consumed in manufacturing the product is accounted for and
calculated and form part of the product costs.
3. Manufacturing Overhead - include direct factory-related costs
that are incurred when producing a product, such as the cost of
machinery and the cost to operate the machinery.
 Indirect materials: materials that are used in the production process but
that are not directly traceable to the product. For example, glue, oil, tape,
cleaning supplies, etc.
 Indirect labor: labor of those who are not directly involved in the
production of the products. Ex: salaries of security guards, supervisors,
quality assurance workers
ENTREPRENEURSHIP WEEK5
Profit & Loss Statement A.K.A Income Statement of
Statement ofperformance of
the business enterprise summarizes
Comprehensive
revenues earned and expenses
Income – statement
showing the for a given period of time. incurred for that period of time.
Elements of Income Statement
1. Revenues, Income or Sales – income derived from buying and
selling of goods, selling goods at a price higher than the purchase cost
for merchandising business.
2. Expenses – generally classified as cost of services rendered or
goods sold, distribution or selling expenses, administrative expenses or
other operating expenses.
GENERAL PHYSICS WEEK 1
Torque - ability of a force to rotate an object around some axis Translational
- equivalent to Newton’s 1st law for a rotational system.
motion - motion by which a body shifts from one point in space to another.
- An object which is not rotating remains not rotating unless acted on by an
Angular acceleration describes the relationships among angular velocity, angle
of rotation, and time.
Moment of inertia
 quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body
 body depends upon the mass of the body, axis of rotation of the body and shape
and size of the body. TORQUE
 It is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Can
be either static or dynamic
 is what causes an object to acquire angular acceleration.
 is a vector quantity. The direction of the torque vector depends on the direction
of the force on the axis. is the rotational equivalence of force force - causes an
object to accelerate in linear kinematics, static torque- does not produce an
angular acceleration.
Angular Acceleration
- It is the rate of change of angular velocity with a time of an object in
motion. Acceleration is the change in velocity of a moving object with
respect to time.
angular velocity – if the velocity of an object moves circular
EQUILIBRIUM – a state when all the forces that act upon an object are
balanced. does not necessarily mean that all the forces are equal to each other.
Here are some examples of expenses;
a) Cost of sales – the cost incurred to purchase or produce
products sold to customers during the period; also called cost of goods
sold.
b) Salaries or wages expense – all payments as a result of an
employer-employee relationship such as salaries or wages, 13Th month
pay, cost of living allowances and other related benefits.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WEEK6
• Presentation- means of communication that can be adapted to
various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing
a meeting or briefing a team.
• Executive Summary - provides an overview of a larger document or
research and is usually the first thing your reader will see. Oftentimes,
executive summaries are the only place decision makers will go to determine
if action is warranted • Comprehensive Written Analysis- is intended to
explore a topic or an idea in great detail.
• Oral Presentation- delivering an address to a public audience. It also
refers to public speaking and/or speech-making. to impart knowledge or
to stimulate discussion.
Executive summary: This section will include an overview of the
company, your unique value proposition, and a team overview.
Market opportunity: This is where you'll detail the opportunity in
the market. Where is the gap in the current industry? Key features and
benefits: review the key features and benefits of your products and/or services.
Pricing and revenue: discuss your cost structure and various revenue
streams.
Target audience: This section will describe who your customer
segments, demographic and psychographic information Marketing
strategy: discuss how you'll acquire new customers with your marketing
strategy.
Competitive landscape: who the top competitors are. Financials: This
is where you'll detail the funding that's required and discuss investment
opportunities.
Balanced - key word used to describe equilibrium situations. STATIC
EQUILIBRIUM- If an object is at rest and is in a state of equilibrium,
"Static" means stationary or at rest. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
external torque.
GENERAL PHYSICS
WEEK 2
Johannes Kepler- "... the ways by which men arrive at knowledge of the
celestial things are hardly less wonderful than the nature of these things
themselves"
Law of universal gravitation- stated as that every particle attracts every other
particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centers. Gravitational field- A field is something that has a magnitude
and a direction at every point in space.
Orbits- regular, repeating path that one object in space takes Law of Planetary
Motion- describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.
 Physical Pendulum - generalized case of the simple pendulum. It consists of
any rigid body that oscillates about a pivot point. Period depends upon its
Gravity moment of inertia about its pivot point and the distance from its center of mass.
 a phenomenon that is not only confined here on Earth.
 force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center.
 Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) discovered that gravity is required to change the GENERAL PHYSICS WEEK 4
speed or direction of movement of an object. He theorized the Law of
Gravitation in 1687 Medium - The material through which a wave travels Periodic Wave - A wave
Newton's "law" of gravity - mathematical description of the way bodies are with a repeating continuous pattern which determines its wavelength and
observed to attract one another, based on many scientific experiments and frequency.
observations. Sinusoidal or Sine Wave - A continuous wave; smooth repetitive
-11 2 -2 Standing Wave - Combination of 2 waves on opposite directions Sound -
UNIVERSAL Gravity has a value of G = 6.673 x 10 N m /kg mechanical vibrations that propagate in a host medium
gravitational field
- gravitational force per unit mass that would be exerted on a small mass at that
point. It is a vector field,
- has its physical significance in the force between bodies.
- common to consider of distant satellites, rockets and the like as interacting
with gravitational
The pattern of gravitational field of the Earth can be represented by arrows and
known as field lines.
Field strength, like force between bodies follows the inverse-square law.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

It is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position or
height.
More massive objects = greater gravitational potential energy.
ORBITS
An object in an orbit is called a satellite.
satellite can be natural, like Earth or the moon; can also be manmade, like the
International Space Station.
All orbits are elliptical, which means they are an ellipse, similar to an oval.
For planets, the point in their orbit closest to the sun is perihelion. The farthest
point is called aphelion.
Orbital velocity is the speed needed to stay in orbit
KEPLER’S LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION
- laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system.
- derived by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, whose analysis of
the observations of the 16th-century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe
enabled him to announce his first two laws in the year 1609 and a third
law nearly a decade later, in 1618.
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1632)
German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary
motion , conventionally designated as follows:
1. PLANETS MOVE IN ELLIPTICAL ORBITS WITH THE SUN
AS A FOCUS Kepler's First Law: each planet's orbit about the Sun is an
ellipse.
2. A PLANET COVERS THE SAME AREA OF SPACE IN THE
SAME AMOUNT OF TIME NO MATTERWHERE IT IS IN ITS ORBIT
Kepler's Second Law: Basically, that planets do not move with constant speed
along their orbits.
3. A PLANET’S ORBITAL PERIOD IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
SIZE OF ITS ORBIT (ITS SEMI-MAJOR AXIS). Kepler's Third Law: the
squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the
cubes of the semi major axes of their orbits.

GENERAL PHYSICS WEEK 3

Frequency - number of cycles per second. Can be hertz Amplitude - the
maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or
wave measured from center.

Restoring Force - a force which acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position.
Oscillation - movement back and forth at a regular speed. Simple Harmonic
Motion - restoring force is directly proportional to the object's displacement.
Motion of mass in a spring Simple Pendulum -acts like a harmonic oscillator
with a period dependent only on L and.

Periodic Motion - motion repeated in equal intervals of time.; any movement

of an object that is repeated.
oscillatory - motion in which the body moves to and from about a fixed
position.
Angular Frequency - angular displacement per unit time. represented by the
Greek letter ω (omega) restoring force causes an oscillating object to move
back toward its stable equilibrium position, where the net force on it is zero.
Mechanical Wave
 disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another. Density, important characteristic of substances. crucial, in determining whether
an object sinks or floats in a fluid.
 waves which propagate through a material medium at a wave Archimedes’ Principle speed which depends on the elastic and inertial properties Greek
mathematician realized that buoyant force is equal to the
 requires matter to travel through weight of fluid displaced by an object.
 created when a source of energy causes a vibration to travel through a medium. Pascal’s principle states that, “in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure
TRANSVERSE WAVES change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to
 vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels. the walls of the container.”
 particles of the medium vibrate up and down perpendicular to the direction of Bernoulli’s Principle.
the wave. states that “The higher the fluid’s velocity is through a pipe, the lower the
 Crest is highest point of the wave above the rest position  lowest point below pressure on the pipe’s walls, and vice versa.”
the rest position is the trough.

LONGITUDINAL WAVES
 wave in which the vibration is parallel to the direction
 particles of the medium vibrate back and forth parallel to the

direction of the wave.

 Compression - area where the particles in a medium are spaced close
together ; has the maximum density Thermodynamics is a branch of physics focuses on converting energy, often in
 Rarefaction- area where the particles in a medium are spread out; has the the form of heat and work.
minimum density Kinetic energy (KE) – energy in motion
Translational kinetic energy - most common form of energy and is when
SURFACE WAVES
 travels along a surface separating two media.
 particles of the medium vibrate both and back up and down and forth, GENERAL PHYSICS
so they end up moving in a
PROPERTIES OF MECHANICAL WAVES
circle . WEEK 6
FREQUENCY - The number of complete cycles in a given time. something moves from one location to another.
AMPLITUDE - maximum displacement of the medium from its rest Rotational kinetic energy - when something spins or rotates.
position; more energy = greater amplitude. Vibrational kinetic energy - when something vibrates.
Wavelength - distance between a point on one wave and the Potential energy (PE) stored energy / at rest.
same point on the next cycle Internal energy is the energy associated with the seemingly random movement
BEHAVIOR OF WAVES of molecules in microscopic scale.
Stationary System or Closed System - kinetic and potential energies do not
REFLECTION-a wave bounces off a surface that cannot pass through.
change, where no fluid is moving in or out.
REFRACTION- bending of a wave as it enters a new medium
Adiabatic Process - when a system works adiabatically, no heat flows into or
DIFFRACTION- bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes
out of the system.
through a narrow opening.
Isochoric Process - occurs at constant volume. In this process, a substance
Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together.
(solid, liquid, or gas) is heated.
node is a point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest
position.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
antinode is a point where a crest or trough occurs midway between two nodes.
“When 2 objects are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then
Sound waves - longitudinal wave that travel through a medium. Sound -
they are also in equilibrium with each other.
mechanical wave that results from the back and forth
equilibrium - where certain properties like pressure, volume, or temperature,
vibration of the particles
remain the same across the system.
BEHAVIORS OF SOUND
Speed- travel fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases.
Intensity - rate at which a wave’s energy flows through an area. The First Law of Thermodynamics
Loudness is a physical response to the intensity of sound. “heat as a form of energy, which means it can neither be created nor destroyed,
but we can convert it.” energy that can move between boundaries, and these
decidel(dB)- unit that compare the intensity of different sounds. Pitch is the
are: A. Heat (Q) – which is the flow of thermal energy, and
frequency of a sound as you perceive it.
B. Work –any type of energy other than heat.
Doppler Effect - change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound
Thermodynamic process - change from initial to a final state of a system; a
source, motion of the listener, or both.
change in its pressure, volume, or temperature.

GENERAL PHYSICS isobaric process - change in the state of a certain amount of matter in which the
pressure remains constant.
WEEK 5 Adiabatic process- process without transfer of heat to or from a
system, so that Q = 0, isochoric process- volume
Fluids - are substances that flow. remains constant.
Density - is a measure of mass per volume. Adiabatic heating occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased by work done
Mass density - mass per unit volume of a substance. Buoyancy - is a on it by its surroundings, isothermal process - occurs under constant
measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object that is submerged. temperature but other parameters of the system can be changed accordingly and
Bernoulli’s principle - states that “As fluid flows through a pipe, it won’t gain occurs in systems that have some means of regulating the temperature.
or lose any energy.” Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold; measured with
Archimedes’ principle - means the buoyant force applied by the fluid is equal thermometers
to the weight of the displaced fluid. The Fahrenheit temperature scale is named for German physicist Daniel
Pascal’s principle - states that in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a Gabriel Fahrenheit and is the measurement of temperature commonly used by
pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the the United States
fluid and to the walls of the container. The Celsius temperature scale—originally called centigrade and later renamed
for Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C
(at sea level).
Kelvin – William Thomson / Lord Kelvin
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Paramagnetic materials contain unpaired electrons or spins and are attracted
by a magnet.
WEEK 1 Diamagnetic materials are those with paired spins and are repelled by a
Niels Bohr- said “Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not magnet.
understood it.”
Excited state – is a state of the system that has a higher energy than the
ground state.
Ground/vacuum state – refers to the state in which, all electrons in a system
(an atom, molecule, or ion) are in the lowest possible energy levels.
Orbital - is a three-dimensional region surrounding the nucleus and represents
the probable location of the electrons. Note that it is different from an orbit,
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
which is the path of a revolving object. Particle – is an object which has WEEK 2
distinct chemical or physical properties such as volume or mass. Metals - opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and
Quantum numbers – is a value that is used when describing the energy levels electricity.
available to atoms and molecules. Nonmetals - mostly lacks the characteristics of a metal.
Valence electrons – are electrons occupying the Cations - a positively charged ions.
outermost shell formulated a Anions - negatively charged ions.
mathematical equation orbital(s). Ionic bond – exists between a metal and a non-metal as a result of their high
In of submicroscopic particles 1926, Erwinbehavior and energies electronegativity difference.
Schrodinger, an Ionic compound –bound by strong electrical forces
Austrian physicist, that describes the Noble gas - make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties;
. under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases
Schrodinger equation- incorporates particle behavior and wave behavior, with very low chemical
treating the electron as a standing wave. Began a new field in physics called Octet rule – states that the elements tend to achieve the configuration of the
quantum/wave mechanics. wave functions A.K.A. atomic orbitals. φ (psi). nearest noble gas by reacting with the same element form more stable
electron density probability where the electron will be found in a particular compound
region of an atom. Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946)- American chemist that developed a system of
Quantum mechanical model was developed when Albert Einstein and Max representing the valence electrons of an atom using diagram Lewis-dot
Planck discovered the wave – particle duality concept of matter. uses electron structures.
cloud, an area of space in which an electron is likely to be found.
Principal Quantum Number ( n ) 
Indicates the size of the orbital. GENERAL CHEMISTRY
• The bigger the n is, the greater the distance of electron shell – is composed of a set of WEEK 3
orbitals that have the same principal quantum number.
Azimuthal Quantum Number ( / )
Covalent bonds- are formed by sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
• A.K.A. angular momentum quantum number, corresponds to the shape of the orbital.
• values for l include 0 and all positive integers Single Covalent bond- bond consisting two electrons.
Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml ) Double Covalent bond- bond consisting four electrons.
• Indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus. Triple Covalent bond- bond consisting six electrons.
Spin Quantum Number ( ms) Central atom- is covalently bonded to more than one atom.
• Indicates the spins of the electrons and may have only two possible values, ± ½ Terminal atom- is bonded to only one other atom.
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION- distribution of electrons of an atom or Polar covalent bonding - is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons
molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals. Can be electron configuration or is unequally shared between two atoms.
orbital diagrams Nonpolar covalent bonds - type of chemical bond where two atoms share a
Electron Configuration – is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, pair of electrons with each other.
Covalent molecules - made from bonding at least 2 nonmetals and
molecule, or other physical structure. uses symbols Orbital diagrams –
have an electronegativity difference less than 2.0
pictorial representations of the electron configuration, shows individual
orbitals & pairing arrangement.
uses boxes and arrows GENERAL CHEMISTRY
WEEK 4
THREE GENERAL RULES FOR ELECTRON Bond angle – angle between any two bonds measured in degrees.
DISTRIBUTION: Aufbau principle states: In the ground state of an atom, Electron-pair Geometry – geometry that includes electron pairs. Lewis
atomic orbitals are filled by electrons in the order of their increasing energies. Structure – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms
Lone pair/ unshared pair – two electrons that are not shared between atoms
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity- within a molecule.
Polarity – the relative orientation of poles; the direction of a magnetic or
electric field.
Molecular Geometry
– structure that only includes the placement of atoms in a molecule.
– pertains to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
– Affects physical & chemical properties of molecules VSEPR theory
or the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory - was first
Pauli Exclusion states that, in an atom orno presented by Sidgwick and Powell in 1940.
two electrons canmolecule,
Principle have the same four electronic quantum - used to predict the shape of the molecules from the electron pairs that
numbe . surround the central atoms
rs LINEAR 180°

TRIGONAL PLANAR 120°,

BENT (PLANAR) ~116°

TETRAHEDRAL 109.5°,

TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL ~107°


BENT (TETRAHEDRAL) ~105°
TRIGONAL BYPIRAMIDAL 90°-120°,
OCTAHEDRAL 90°
Polarity of molecules can be determined by the type of bond Saponification – process that involves conversion of fator lipid, into
(electronegativity) and the shape of a molecule. soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of
Polar covalent bonds - exist between atoms with high electronegativity
difference (∆EN) value, but smaller than that in ionic bonds.
Nonpolar covalent- Bonds have the least electronegativity difference among
the three types of bonds.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
WEEK 5
Combustion Reaction – is a reaction in which a substance reacts with
oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. Condensed
Structural Formula – show hydrogen atoms right next to the carbon atoms
to which they are attached. Hydrocarbons –made up mainly of carbon and
hydrogen. Hydrolysis – the chemical breakdown of a compound due to
reaction with water.
Functional Groups - are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that
have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present
in a molecule. EX: alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) -
international, non-governmental organization whose purpose is to address
many global issues involving the chemical sciences. Isomers –different
compounds that have same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in
different ways.
Methane- simplest hydrocarbon
A. OPEN-CHAINnon-cyclic
hydrocarbons which may be straight OR ALIPHATIC Alkanes
alkenes , and alkynes
HYDROCARBONS-
or branched; Ex:
Alkanes or Paraffins - insoluble in water; group name ends in –ane; saturated
hydrocarbons
Chain isomers - differ in the arrangement of the carbon atoms in the carbon
chains.
Alkenes or Olefins - are unsaturated hydrocarbons because of the presence of
double bond; greater chemical activity than alkanes; Name ends in –ene.
Position isomers differ in the position/ attachments of pi bonds Addition
Reactions - where one molecule adds to another to form a single product.
Hydrogenation - example of addition reaction where hydrogen is added to
compounds w/ double bonds
Alkynes or Acetylene - are unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bond between
two carbons; ends in –yne.
B. CYCLIC OR CLOSED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
Aromatic Hydrocarbons - class of hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a
ring of six carbon atoms (benzyl ring)
Substitution reactions – an atom/group of atoms replaces an atom or group of
atoms in another molecule
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
- hydrogen atom/s when replaced with another atom or group ALCOHOLS
 derivatives of hydrocarbons in which an –OH group has replaced a hydrogen
atom
 Are polar covalent molecules and is hydrophilic
 Methanol is the simplest alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is a common solvent
 produced commercially by the addition reaction of ethylene with water at
high pressure and temperature.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
WEEK 6
Macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers joined by
covalent bonds to form larger polymers. Fatty acids – are the building blocks
of fats and oils.
Denaturation – of proteins refers to any disruption in all levels of protein
structure except in the primary level.
Polymerization –process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical
reaction to form polymer
Condensation reaction - where two activated monomers combine through the
removal of a water molecule..
aqueous alkali
Biomolecule –complex organic compounds produced by a living organism,
including large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
CARBOHYDRATES
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio Cn(H2O)n. - simple
sugars, starches & cellulose. serve as energy storage Monosaccharides - the
basic unit of carbohydrates.
disaccharides - Two monosaccharide units can be combined through
condensation
glycosidic bond– formed during combination of monosaccharide
Polysaccharides consist of repeating monosaccharide units
AMYLOSE, the linear structure of STARCH
GLYCOGEN- a polysaccharide that is formed from excess glucose
CELLULOSE- main substance in the walls of plant cells, LIPIDS - are
macromolecules composed mainly H and C atoms and few O atoms that make
them nonpolar.
- insoluble in water (hydrophobic). common types of lipids:
Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids. dehydration synthesis - where
water molecule is formed by "pulling out" two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom.
Triglycerides/fats, contain glycerol & 3 fatty acids, most abundant energy
storage lipids in organisms. supplies more energy Phospholipids - contain of
glycerol, phosphate group, 2 fatty acids Steroids are compounds whose
backbone contains three six-carbon rings and one five-carbon. EX: cholesterol,
PROTEINS - polymers composed of amino acid monomers.
amino acid - organic compound that contains an amino & carboxyl group
bonded to a carbon atom called alpha carbon.
Polypeptide - is a polymer of amino acids.
peptide bond- Polymer of amino acid, are linked together by covalent bond;
formed by a dehydration reaction.
Denaturation change in the 3-dimensional structure of a protein that renders it
incapable of performing its assigned function. Caused by a wide variety of
reagents and conditions, such as heat, organic compounds, pH changes, and
heavy metal ions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS / polynucleotide - polymers made of nucleotides.
Nucleotide - general structure of nucleic acid. It consists of pentose sugar,
phosphate group and nitrogenous base.
Nucleic acids - biomolecules essential to the transmission of hereditary
information and to manufacture proteins in cells. 2 kinds of nucleic acids in cells
are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ETHERS  Are compounds that contain the functional group –O–.
 Ethers are usually prepared by a condensation reaction. condensation
reaction is characterized by the joining of two molecules and the elimination of a
small molecule, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
 functional group is the carboxyl group, -COOH.  Are polar
substances and can be dissolved  Have high boiling points. classified as weak
acids.
ESTERS
 used in flavoring and perfumery
 common reaction of esters is saponification.

Data Processing - a way of knowing the frequency of data by counting and

grouping them into a given data set. Counting – a way of quantifying
categories by means of using numbers
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Tallying – a way of recording, sorting out, classifying, and arranging data
WEEK 1 & 2 obtained into its respective data set.

Methodology - critical component of research that describes the overall sets of

methods to be used in a specific study.
 description of the structured methods of research
 scientific and organized way of accumulating data from respondents
 research instruments used, determining research designs, stating the actual
respondents, locus of the data, nature of the sources & sampling used Three types of Data Presentation
Data Presentation – process of using table, graph, and charts to present 1. Textual Presentation – focuses mainly on using words in explaining the
research result in an organized and presentable manner acquired data. It must be accompanied by tables and graphs.
2. Tabular Presentation – uses tables.
Data Gathering Procedure- describes the collection of data to be used in a
3. Graphical Presentation – uses graphs and charts.
research. act of accumulating information that is vital in the research context
Chart – a visual representation that uses geometrical figures to show
Interview Method - asking an interviewee some selected questions randomly,
holistically the frequencies and its variations and distributions.
usually it is done in most qualitative research.
Graph – a visual and statistical representation that shows the analytical aspects
Survey / Questionnaire Method – selecting purposive respondents and
of frequencies specifically trends and changes, which charts cannot do.
providing them forms which include questions that the respondents will
4 TYPES OF GRAPHS
answer.
Document Method - collecting written articles (printed/ online) source to  Bar Graph – shows magnitude of the frequency, the frequency itself
support the assumption of the researchers in their study. Observation Method- and the variations of frequencies.
generates ideas by focusing on the current phenomenon by witnessing how it  Histogram – a bar graph that is showing variations of intervals and
occurs and how it will be resolved. ranges and its structure is marked by adjoining boxes.
Experimental Method – It is usually the method to be used if the study is more  Frequency Polygon Method – a graph that shows continuity, trends,
on investigation and/or research project. changes over a time period and/ or duration, it can progress or regress.
Data – any important details or codes that are being acquired to produce  Circular Graph - a graph that shows components, partition,
necessary information. composition and/or distribution.
Primary Data - These are acquired directly by the researcher from the source.
Secondary Data - acquired from reading printed materials or having an access
on the internet.
PRACTICAL RESEACH 2
Population – the totality of the individuals WEEK 3-4
Target Population– desired population to be used Sample– representing the
research respondents; subset of a Research Hypothesis - important element in the aspect of determining research
population results.
Sample Size – the number of respondents hypothesis testing - necessary tool to analyze a specific degree of correlation
Respondent – the group of people who will give a relevant response and/or causality between variables.
Sampling Techniques/Procedures - way of selecting a target set of Data Analysis – process of calculating and interpreting data into constructive
respondents results
Purposive Sampling –selecting respondents based on the subject of the study ● Statistical Analysis of Data – part of research that describes the appropriate
and the relevance of those respondents to the study the researchers are statistical technique to be used in research ● Statistics – branch of discipline
conducting. that deals on presenting, analyzing and interpreting set of research data.
Stratified Sampling –focuses on selecting an equally distributed representation ● Descriptive Research – research that deals on describing variables and how
of a class. independent affect dependent variable ● Causality –
Cluster Sampling – called area sampling by which the geographical location is measurable characteristic describing cause and effect
very much important in selecting respondents. ● Correlation – measurable characteristic describing two association of
Instrument – any measuring tool to be used in a research study Questionnaire variables
– a form by which respondents set to answer predetermined questions ● Difference - measurable characteristic describing state of
Interview Questions- a formal/ organized way of questions given to a few change among variables
people, respondents are being asked to state their opinions/ideas. ● Hypothesis Testing – determine if the hypothesis will be accepted or fail to
be accepted
Validity – deals with the extent of what supposed to be measured is being ● Hypothesis – tentative assumption for possible research results.
determined; refers to the appropriateness of any given means to what is
expected to be done. ● Weighted Mean – to determine the general average of consolidated
Reliability – deals with the consistency of data results Internal Reliability - if responses based on the respondents of the survey. - form of specialized mean
the data are near to what is being expected to achieve. that is widely used in most of every quantitative research.
External Reliability – if 2 data sets can be generalized as one constructive and ● Parametric Test or Z Test – statistical analysis used to determine the
consolidated data set. degree of effects of the independent to the dependent variable
 PRACTICAL RESEACH 2
WEEK 5-6 Nilalaman ng Katitikan ng Pulong
1. Paksa
Test of Difference –to determine the difference of results based on
2. Petsa
pre-test and post -test
3. Oras (pagsisimula at pagtatapos)
Pearson – r
 statistical analysis used for correlational research 4. Pook na pagdarausan ng pulong
 used to indicate how strong the linear relationship of variables that are 5. Mga taong dumalo at ‘di dumalo
indicated in a research. 6. Lagda
Chi – Square Test
 used to determine the difference of responses based on nominal and ordinal Mga Dapat-isaalang-alang sa Pagsulat ng Katitikan ng Pulong Wika –
variables pormal ang wikang ginagamit sa pagsulat dahil ito’y mahalagang dokumento.
 shows the comparison of observed frequencies and expected frequencies. Estilo – may konsistensi dapat ang estilong gagamitin. Pormal ang estilo,
 significant differences of the categories of variables and their level of paksa, at wika.
association. Nilalaman – balangkas o pagkakasunod-sunod ng napagusapan,
 Goodness of Fit – a type of chi – square test that is used if there is only one napagdesisyunan at mga tatalakayin pa sa susunod na pagpupulong.
sample variable but the nominal categories had been analyzed.
 Test of Independence – if there are more than two categories for nominal
values and if there are rating scales and orders for an ordinal and interval set
of data. will also be used for testing significant differences

FILIPINO PILING LARANG FILIPINO PILING LARANG

WEEK 1
Katitikan ng pulong - akademikong sulating naglalaman ng mga tala, o
pagdodokumento ng mahahalagang puntong nilahad sa pagpupulong.
Sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong:
 Naipapaalam sa kasapi ang nangyari sa pulong.
 Nagsisilbing gabay upang matandaan ang mga pinag-usapan sa pulong.  inilalathala sa isang akademya, sa politika, sa batas, at iba pang uri nito.
 Sanggunian ng susunod na pulong.
Pag-organisa/Elemento ng pulong 1. Pagpaplano -
Masusing binubuo ang layunin ng pulong. Nagtatakda ng mga inaasahang
WEEK 2
POSISYONG PAPEL
 Ito ay isang pagsulat na naglalahad ng opinyon o kuro-kuro tungkol sa isang
isyu.
 naglalayong maipakita ang katotohanan at katibayan ng isang tiyak na isyung
kadalasan ay napapanahon at nagdudulot ng magkakaibang pananaw sa
marami depende sa persepsiyon ng mga tao.

makakamit. Sa pagsulat ng isang posisyong papel, nangangailangan na ang isang posisyong

Pinag-uusapan ang mga posibilidad na mangyayari. papel ay maging komunikatibo at interaktibo upang maitawid nang mabisa ang
Isinasagawa ang pulong upang matugunan ang mga sumusunod na mensahe ng kanyang isinulat.
layunin:
Una, pagpaplano para sa organisasyon. Pagsulat ng Posisyong Papel
Pangalawa, pagbibigay ng impormasyon. 1. Organisahin at balangkasin ang mga punto de bista sa isyu.
Ikatlo, pagkokonsulta. 2. Pormal na ipaalam sa iba ang katayuan bilang pundasyon sa pagharap sa
Ikaapat, paglutas ng problema. hamon.
3. Ipakita ang katotohanan, walang pinapanigan, tapat na lunas upang
Ikalima, pagtatasa.
maresolba ang suliranin.
2. Paghahanda - Bawat kasapi ng organisasyon ay may kanyakanyang
4. Gawing simple at maliwanag ang mga pahayag upang hindi nakakalito
gampanin sa paghahanda.
5. Itayo ang iyong kredibilidad.
Tagapangulo - sa kanya magmumula ang agenda; ang magdidisensyo kung
6. Hayaan mong makita nila ang determinasyon mo at gusto mo ang ginagawa
paano patatakbuhin ang pulong & kung paano tatalakayin ang lahat ng isyu.
mo bilang kalakasan mo 7. maging matiyaga at mapanatili ang kumpyansa
Kalihim - kailangan niyang ihanda ang katitikan ng pagpupulong o talaan
noong nakaraang pulong; magpaalala ng mga paksa sa agenda Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat ng Posisyong Papel
Mga kasapi sa pulong - kailangang pag-aralan nila ang agenda o mga bagay 1. Pumili ng paksang malapit sa iyong puso.
na pag-uusapan para aktibo ang kanilang pakikilahok; ang mamamahala sa 2. Gumawa ng panimulang pananaliksik hinggil sa napiling paksa.
paghanda ng lugar at gamit sa pagpupulong. 3. Bumuo ng sintesis statement o pahayag ng tesis.
3. Pagpoproseso - may mga sinusunod na patakarang tungkol sa
4. Subukin ang katibayan ng iyong pahayag ng tesis o posisyon.
pagdedesisyon sa pulong at gagawin sa pagpupulong. Quorum – bilang ng
mga kasapi na dapat dumalo upang maging opisyal ang pulong 5. Magpatuloy sa pangangalap ng mga kakailanganing ebidensya.
Consensus – isang proseso ng pagdedesisyon kung saan nagkakaisa ang lahat 6. Buuin ang balangkas ng posisyong papel.
ng mga kasapi sa pulong. Simpleng mayorya – proseso ng pagdedesisyon kung
saan 50% ng pagsang-ayon o hindi pagsang-ayon
2/3 majority – proseso ng pagdedesisyon na kung saan kinakailangan ang 2/3 FILIPINO PILING
or 66% na pagsang-ayon o hindi pagsangayon. LARANG WEEK 3
4. Pagtatala – lahat ng kasapi ay kailangang magtala ng impormasyon
habang nagpupulong, ngunit ang kalihim ang maghahanda ng opisyal na tala
ng pulong; magsisilbing record ng mga desisyon at pinag-usapan sa pulong.
 REPLEKTIBONG SANAYSAY replektibong sanaysay ay
hango sa dalawang salita na:
1. Repleksiyon – pag-uulit o pagbabalik tanaw.
2. Sanaysay – isang komposisyon na naglalaman ng pananaw ng may akda,
nagpapahayag ng damdamin at saloobin
REPLEKTIBONG SANAYSAY - ay isang uri ng akademikong sulatin na
nangangailangan ng sariling perspektibo, opiniyon, at pananaliksik sa paksa.
 tumutulong sa atin na mag-isip nang higit pa hinggil sa ating sarili, kung sino
tayo at paano ba tayo nagbabago.
 Ito rin ay anyong sanaysay na bilang isang manunulat ay sinusuri natin ang
ating sariling mga karanasan sa buhay.
Bahagi ng Replektibong Sanaysay
1. Panimula – pangunahing paksa. Nakikita rito ang nais na paksang
italakay o bigyang repleksyon ng manunulat.
2. Katawan – Naglalaman ng mahahalagang katotohanan at sariling
tugon sa paksa na halo ang paghahalintulad ng sariling karanasan ukol sa paksa.
Diskusyon
Konklusyon – Nakasaad ang huling batid ukol sa paksa. Dito rin 5. Ito ay nakatutulong ng malaki upang manatiling nakapokus sa makikita kung ano ang
kahihinatnan /aral ng sanaysay paksa
Teknik upang mapadali ang pagsulat ng Replektibong sanaysay
1. Humanap ng paksa na nais pag-usapan.
2. Magsaliksik ng impormasyon na may ugnay sa paksang napili.
3. Isulat ang mga bagay na alam mo na tungkol sa paksa.
4. Pumili ng mga tanong na nais sagutin habang nagsusulat.
5. Sagutin ang mga tanong na iyong napili.
6. Ilagay ang natutunan ukol sa paksa at ilan sa iyong karanasan.
FILIPINO PILING LARANG
WEEK 4
artikulo - sulatin o impormasyon na nakalimbag na kalimiting makikita sa -
magasin o anumang uri ng publikasyon.
PICTORIAL ESSAY
- uri ng artikulong pang-edukasyon na naglalayong makapagbigay ng
babasahin at larawang magpapakita ng isang isyung maaaring pag-
usapan.
- kalimitang naglalaman ng maikling panimula at buod ng istorya.
- Kailangang maikli lamang ang sanaysay para sa larawan, maaaring
1,000 hanggang 2,000 salita lamang ang haba,
Pagbasa at pagsang- ayon sa katitikan ng nakaraang pulong – ang kalihim
ng bawat organisasyon ang may hawak ng lahat ng record at dokumento ng
kanilang samahan.
Pagtalakay ng ibang paksa na may kinalaman sa nakaraang pulong –
ilalahad din sa pulong kung mayroong naantalang gawain ang organisasyon.
Pinakamahalagang pag–uusapan – ilalahad ang pinakamahalagang paksa na
karaniwang dahilan kung bakit isasagawa ang pulong.
Ibang paksa – may pagkakataong may iba pang paksang nais ibahagi o
talakayin ang ibang miyembro ng pulong Pagtatapos ng pulong – kung
paanong nagsimula nang maayos ang pulong ay gayundin ang pagtatapos.
Ayon kay Sudprasert (2014), ang agenda ay nagtatakda ng paksang
tatalakayin sa pulong. Ang pagkakaroon ng maayos at sistematikong agenda
ang susi sa matagumpay na pulong. KAHALAGAHAN NG
PAGKAKAROON NG AGENDA NG PULONG
1. Ito ang nagsasaad ng sumusunod na mga impormasyon: mga paksang
tatalakayin, mga taong tatalakay o magpapaliwanag ng paksa, oras na
itinakda para bawat paksa
2. Ito rin ang nagtatakda ng balangkas ng pulong
3. Ito ang nagsisislbing talaan o tseklist
4. Ito rin ang nagbibigay ng pagkakataon na maging handa MGA HAKBANG
SA PAGBUO NG AGENDA
1. Alamin ang layunin ng pagpupulong.
2. isulat ang agenda 3 o higit pang araw bago ang pagpupulong.
3. Simulan sa mga simpleng detalye.
4. Magtalaga lamang ng hindi hihigit sa 5 paksa para sa agenda.
5. Ilagay ang nakalaang oras para sa bawat paksa.
6. Isama ang ibang impormasyon para sa pagpupulong. MGA HAKBANG SA
PAGSULAT NG AGENDA
Magpadala ng memo na maaaring nakasulat sa papel o kaya naman ay
isang e-mail
- kailangang lagdaan ang memo bilang katibayan ng pagdalo
- Gumawa ng balangkas ng mga paksang tatalakayin
- Ipadala ang sipi ng agenda sa mga taong dadalo, 2 or 1 na araw bago ang
pulong
- 5. Sundin ang nasabing agenda
FILIPINO PILING LARANG
WEEK 6

pagliliwaliw - Isang uri ng gawain ng pagpapahinga o kaluwagan sa isang

gawain.
LAKBAY- SANAYSAY O TRAVELOGUE
- isang pagsulat ng tungkol sa paglalakbay sa isang lugar patungo sa ibang
lugar.
- maaaring maisulat sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng mga nakalap na
impormasyon ukol sa lugar
- uri ng lathalain at pinaka-epektibong sulatin na ang layunin ay maitala ang
mga naging karanasan sa paglalakbay.
Ayon kay Nonon Carandang (2015) ang travelogue ay uri ng creative non-
fiction, feature o literary journalism na pangunahing nauukol sa paglalakbay
Sanaylakbay- panumbas na terminolohiya sa salitang travelogue.
binubuo ng tatlong konsepto: sanaysay, sanay, at lakbay. Mga Dahilan ng
FILIPINO PILING LARANG Pagsulat ng Lakbay-Sanaysay Ayon kay Dr. Lilia Antonio, et al., may
WEEK 5 pangunahing dahilan ang pagsusulat ng lakbay-sanaysay:
1. Upang itaguyod ang isang lugar at kumita sa pagsusulat.
2. Makalikha ng patnubay para sa posibleng manlalakbay.
AGENDA
3. Maaaring itala ang pansariling paglalakbay tulad ng espiritwalidad,
- ay ang lahat ng paksang tatalakayin pagpapahilom o kaya’y pagtuklas sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng daily journal o
sa isang pagpupulong. pagsulat ng agenda diary.
Pagbubukas ng pulong – isulat kung kailan at saan isasagawa ang
pagpupulong
 Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pagsulat ng Lakbay-Sanaysay
1. Magkaroon ng kaisipang manlalakbay sa halip na turista.
2. Sumulat sa unang panauhan o punto de-vista
3. Tukuyin ang pokus ng susulating lakbay-sanaysa
4. Magtala ng mahahalagang detalye at kumuha ng mga larawan para sa
dokumentasyon habang naglalakbay.
5. Ilahad ang mga natutuhan sa ginawang paglalakbay.
6. Gamitin ang kasanayan sa pagsulat ng sanaysay. Bahagi ng lakbay-sanaysay/
travelogue
*Panimula- magbigay ng mga tala ukol sa iyong paksa o maikling kasaysayan
ng lugar. Maaari mong ilagay ang iyong mga nalamang kwento o karanasan ukol
sa lugar.
*Katawan- Ipakilala ang impormasyong nais mong malaman ng iyong
mambabasa. Gamitan ng malikhaing paglalarawan ang paglalahad sa karanasan.
*Wakas - Pagbubuod ng karanasan mula sa paglalakbay. Ibahagi ang iyong
pananaw, nalaman at epekto ng kabuuan ng lugar na binisita.

GEN CHEM WEEK 4

LINEAR SHAPE
(AX2)
180°

TRIAGONAL PLANAR
(AX3)
120°

TRIAGONAL PLANAR (BENT)

AX2E
116°
Lone pair

TETRAHEDRAL
AX4
109.5°

TRIAGONAL PYRAMIDAL
AX3E
107°

TETRAHEDRAL (BENT)
AX2E2
105°

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
AX5
120°

SEE-SAW/SAW HORSE
AV4E
Less than 90 & 120

TSHAPED h
AX3E3
Less than 90

LINEAR (TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL)

AX2E3
180

OCTAHEDRAL
AX6
LESS THAN 90

SQUARE PYRAMIDAL AX3E