IP REVIEWER

LESSON 1: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Freedom
❖ The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
❖ Strands for something greater than just the right to act.

Aristotle “All Actions have consequences.”

Power of Volition
• Human beings are rational
• To reason is a divine characteristic
• Reason, will and action drives each other

What is the power of volition?

1. Power of choosing or determining-will
2. Act of making choice or decision also a choice or decision made

ST. PAUL AQUINAS

● Philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas was born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy.
Combining the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, he
ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism.
● Affirms the unity of the body and soul in a man
● Unlike Aristotle, he contends that man is not only rational animal but an embodies spirit
● The soul of a man is not like the soul of any animal

Eternal law
- The mind of God which human cannot know.
Divine Law HEND
- Law of god revealed through the bible

Natural law
- Directs our conscience and if applied w/ reason to situation will lead to right outcome.

Human law
- Everyday rules

St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract
● Rousseau begins The Social Contract with the famous words
he once wrote: “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains.”
From this provocative opening, Rousseau goes on to describe the
myriad ways in which the “chains” of civil society suppress the
natural birthright of man to physical freedom.

● ▪ Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should

be divided into two parts:
⮚ First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the
whole population, women included, that represents
the general will and is the legislative power within the
state.
⮚ The second division is that of the government, being
distinct from the sovereign.

Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract

● English philosopher (1588-1679)
● Developed the Social Contract Theory.
● In earliest history, humans lived in complete freedom in a “state of
nature” – no government and n superior power.
● What people could take by force was theirs – there was no
protective authority.
● Humans overcame this unpleasant society by creating the Social
Contract.
● The state was created by the people to protect the people (Popular
Sovereignty).
● Believed Monarchy was the best government.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism
• Jean-Paul Sartre, (born June 21, 1905, Paris, France—died April 15,
1980, Paris)
• French novelist, playwright, and exponent of Existentialism.
• Existentialism — is a philosophy acclaiming the freedom of the
individual human being.
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964, but he
declined it.

Sartre’s Principle of Existentialism

• The person is nothing else but what he makes of himself.
• The person is provided with a supreme opportunity to give meaning to one’s life.
• Freedom is therefore the very core and the door to authentic existence.
• The person is what one has done and is doing.
• The person who tries to escape obligations is acting on bad faith.
• Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice regardless of the power of the
Other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs and decisions.
• “To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose and responsible for
one’s life.

B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism

● Simply as you do good you will be rewarded you do bad you will be punished.

LESSON 2: INTERSUBJECTIVITY

INTERSUBJECTIVITY
● It is the condition of a man, a subject, among other men, who are also subject
● It refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons
● It is made possible by the awareness of the self and the other
Martin Buber
Martin Buber is Jewish existentialist philosopher. He was born in Vienna
and was brought up in the Jewish tradition. In his work I and Thou (Ich and Du)
(1923), he conceives the human person in his/her wholeness, totality, concrete
existence and relatedness to the world.
For Buber, interpersonal is signified by the ‘I-You relation’.

A. I-THOU (INTERPERSONAL)
⮚ Relationship of mutual and reciprocal connection
⮚ Dialogic in nature
⮚ There is awareness and acknowledgement present between
two people

B. I-IT (INTRAPERSONAL)
⮚ Deeply correspond to isolation
⮚ Monologic in Nature, relationship with oneself
⮚ Both relationships are not constant rather, they can be
Interchanged

Karol Józef Wojtyła;

Saint Pope John Paul II or Karol Wojtyla was born in Wadowice,
Poland. He was elected to the Papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th
pope) and was considered a great pope (88%) during his lifetime. He
was also an architect of Communism’s demise in Poland. In his
encyclical letter, Fides et ratio, he criticized the traditional definition
of human as “rational animal”. He maintains that the human person is the one who exist and
acts (conscious acting, has a will, has self- determination). And for Wojtyla, the social dimension
is represented by ‘We relation’.
- Criticized the traditional definitions of human as a rational animal
- To him ‘ the human person is the one who exists and acts’

LESSON 7: THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

Social Exchange According to the social exchange theory, social behavior is the outcome of an
exchange process. The exchange is meant to maximize gains and cut down on expenses. This
idea contends that individuals balance the advantages and disadvantages of their social ties.
They will end or leave the connection if the hazards are greater than the benefits.
ARISTOTLE
- Believes that man is a ‘social animal’
He defines human being as who:
1. Understood
2. Defined
3. Has personal meanings be acquired based on how he functions

PLATO
- Envisioned a society where a philosopher was a king who ruled over people who were
grouped by their personal attributes

CONFUCIANISM
- ‘A person can only become truly human when man attends to his social duties’

KARL MAX
- Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness
build up a human person
- Believed that it is the human person himself that produces “human
nature being taken from ‘social relations’
- Individuals live their lives through social activities
- Man must take part in the collective process at the same time strive
with one another so that they can be considered as a ‘human being’
- Feelings and roles must be acknowledged

Two types of Human Relationships

1. Exchange Relationships – There is an expectance
2. Communal Relationships – There is willingness/ genuineness

Social Exchange Theory

- Its balance is not always equal
- When the cost outweighs the benefit, relationship is terminated
- Level of fairness varies between relationship (more generous – give a lot. Stingy- won’t give
anything at all)

Attachment Theory
- Believes that people normally feel secure when a ‘significant other’ is present and will feel
anxious if not around
- Human contact is desired
o Need for attachment
o Need for affiliation

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

- Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them better
- By knowing people together, behavior can be predicted and trust will be built eventually

Equity Theory
- Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness
- People value fair or equal treatment which motivates them to maintain their fairness in their
Relationships

Minding Relations Relationship

- Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind
Five components of a satisfying relationship
1. Self- Disclosure
2. Respect and Acceptance
3. Cultivating Relationship
4. The principle of reciprocality
5. Continuity

Self- Disclosure
- Partners share intimate information with each other to increase trust which make couples
grow together over time Respect and Acceptance
- Respect and Acceptance must be maintained no matter how negative the information that was
shared by their partners

Cultivating Relationship
- Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding relationship should make positive
attributions, description, and/or explanation of each other’s behavior

Principle of Reciprocity
- No matter how hard one person tries to establish a positive foundation in a relationship, the
lack of matching response from the partner will ultimately undermine the overall quality of the
relationship.
- For the relationship to last, all five factors must continue throughout the relationship’s life.

Social System - of group of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation that has
least a physical or environmental aspect.
Four Factors that make up a Social System

First – the social system is composed of two or more individuals which are called actors.
Second – the actors interact with one another physically or environment.
Third – the interaction is goal directed
Fourth- the relationship is mediated by shared symbol
.
Social Organizations – are social systems because they are made up of individuals interacting
for a common goal, where each has a part or functions.

Different forms of Society

Pre Industrial Societies

-refers to the different types of societies that existed before the 18 th century, or before the
industrial Revolution
- are characterized as having limited forms of production, with limited division of labor and
social stratification.

a. Hunting and Gathering Societies

- Simplest type of societies
- The society survive by hunting and gathering their food

b. Pastoral Societies
-The pastoral type of societies resulted as some hunter gatherers discovered that the
animals that they have could be tamed and bred.
- they started pasturing the animals they have domesticated.
-Pastoral societies have more members than the hunting and gathering type – around
50 to 200.
-allowed other members of the society to turn their attention into other matters aside
from securing food.

c. Horticultural Societies
-A type of society that cultivated plants and it is far from agrarian or agricultural type
primarily because of the difference in technology and land area.
-Limited to simple tools like digging sticks or hoes in a relatively small land area or
gardens which they have to abandon after a couple years.
-Established semi-permanent to permanent houses.
-Like pastoral societies in terms of development. This led to the production of other
goods that were made available for trading.
-The owning of more wealth and properties than others made some families superior to
others. Inequality was established in horticultural societies.

d. Agrarian Societies
-the invention of new materials and methods for cultivating plants and animals gave rise
to agrarian societies.
-the most important innovation related to the development of agricultural lands is the
invention of the plow.
-the agrarian society has several innovations that increased the production of goods,
such as the invention of wheel
-other innovations include the use of wind power for sailboats, the invention of writing
and numerical notation, and the invention of the calendar.
-the advanced agrarian societies benefited from other technological innovations ranging
from metallurgy and weaving, to marine vessels and military equipment.

e. Industrial Societies
- The accumulation of information and the continuing innovations and technological
development of the agrarian societies paved the way to industrial societies.
Factors that led to transition
a. Advancement in water transportation
b. Further advancement in agricultural techniques and practices
c. Establishment of the printing press
- Technology swiftly evolved in industrial societies resulting in even more efficiency in
production.
- This eventually led to a problem of overproduction.

f. Educational Society
- Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially in
school or university.
- It is composed of people whose main role is to transfer knowledge or information
within an educational institution.

g. Virtual/ Social Networks

- Refers to all components that are part
of a society’s culture based on the
functional rather than the physical.
- It specifically enhanced
telecommunication systems and computing
technology that people use to interact with
each other within the said society.