Philosophy
others, which means that his or her identity and
Genuine Human Interactions
- deeper and more genuine interaction is called a
Dialogue
- when the self realizes that the other is a genuine
and unique individual
- When two individuals begin to view each other
as an other - that is, truly acknowledging each
other's presence - then that is the beginning of an
authentic relationship and a dialogue
- A dialogue is an interaction between persons that
happens through speech or the use of words,
expressions, and body language.
- Only beings with interiority or an inner life can
engage in a dialogue.
- Genuine dialogue occurs when persons are
willing to share themselves.
Freedom
- Freedom gives us the opportunity to pursue
various activities to achieve our goals and attain
well-being or happiness.
- The tendency to form groups is not exclusive to
human beings. Other animals also form groups
for mutual protection and survival. Humans,
however, are the only beings capable of
establishing a society
Society
- A human person exists to relate with others.
The person is by nature a social being because
he or she tends to go out of himself or herself to
form bonds and relationships with others.
- Infants first relate with their immediate family
and guardians as the source of basic needs
- Philosophers view society as the outcome of
intentional efforts by individuals who unite in
the pursuit of shared objectives.
- Society also makes possible the emergence of
certain individualities. The survival of a human
being is essentially rooted in society and human
relations.
Intersubjectivity
- The human person is considered as a "being with
destiny are shaped by relating with others.
- Empathy,or the ability to share motions,is an
important aspect of inter subjectivity. It enables
us to experience another person's emotions, such
as happiness, anger sadness.
- The ethics of care is an ethical theory that
emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships
and interactions. This moral perspective
encourages individuals to help other people,
most especially the vulnerable.
- A person that adopts this negative view is said to
be experiencing alienation. This arises when a
person ceases to view the other as a distinct and
authentic and merely considers the other person
as mere object or a means to satisfy personal
interests.
- Sympathy is”feeling with”
- Empathy is “ feeling in”
- Important values related to intersubjectivity
include acceptance of difference and embracing
diversity. We have to accept that people will
have different views and beliefs.
- Examples of people with disabilities who have
successfully risen above their physical
limitation’s to live productive lives include
Helen Keller, Nick Vujicic, and Roselle
Ambubuyug.
1) Hellen Keller (1880-1968)
- First deaf-blind bachelor's degree recipient.
- Helen met visually-impaired instructor Anne
Sullivan at age 7.
- 22, wrote “The Story of my Life”
2) Nicholas James “Nick” Vijisic (1982)
- Australian evangelist and motivational speaker
- Born without arms or legs due to phocomelia.
- His nonprofit ministry, Life Without Limbs, was
launched in 2005.
3) Roselle Ambubuyog
- born on January 12, 1980
- She has been completely blind since the age of
six.
- she was selected as the class valedictorian out
of all summa cum laude graduates.
- ADMU scholar
- Her awards were the departmental award for
mathematics, the St. Ignatius Award for
Outstanding Scholar, and the President’s Award
for Service and Excellence as Most Outstanding
Individual.
Social Contract Theory
- Enlightenment philosophers such as Thomas Types of Society
Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques
- Hunting-and-Gathering Societies: These are
Rousseau were among the most prominent
the oldest societies, where people primarily
social theorists who tackled the origins of human
survive by hunting and gathering plants.
society.
- Horticultural Societies: In these societies,
- To fully understand the true character of society,
people use simple tools to grow their own food.
they imagined humans as living in a so-called
- Pastoral Societies: They rely on the
"natural state," removed from modernity and
domestication of animals for food and other
civilization.
resources.
- For Thomas Hobbes, persons in their natural
- Agricultural Societies: These societies rely on
states are governed by their desires and these
large-scale farming for sustenance.
often lead to conflict with their fellowmen
- Industrial Societies: They are characterized by
Society, therefore, is the means by which people
the use of machinery and advanced
seek to control their natural tendencies and
manufacturing processes
impose order, Individuals who establish societies
- Postindustrial Societies: These societies
enter into a "social contract"
emphasize information technology and the
- Social contract - an agreement where
service industry
individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom
- Feudal Societies, characterized by a social
and submit to a higher authority. In this way,
system based on personal ownership of
society is able to function and meet the needs of
resources and loyalty to a lord or vassal.
the many, ensuring the survival of humanity
- John Locke proposed his own ideas on the
social contract where he considered persons in
their natural states as more cooperative and
reasonable, and that society is formed
through the consent of the individuals that
organized it. This concept is known as “The
Consent of the Governed”.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau's ideas on the social
contract led him to advocate the concept of the
"general will." Rousseau believed that even if
the people are the ones who organized society
and established an authority or government,
in extreme cases, the government is able to
impose its will on the people.
- John Rawls redefined the social contract and
explained that human beings approach social
cooperation in a rational manner in order to
meet their individual self-interests. Rawis
introduced a version of the natural state which
he called the original position to explain social
formation. He imagined humans as having a
"veil of ignorance," or no knowledge of one's
own characteristics such as gender, race, or
social status. In this state, humans would
naturally seek a just and fair society in an effort
to look out for their own interests.
- David Gauthier described people's self-interest
as a significant factor in building and
maintaining societies.