PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY
next generations to enjoy.
Environment
- Any external setting that people live
in, where humanity lives in and
benefits from each other.
Environmental Philosophy
- Is a branch of Philosophy that is
concerned with the natural
environment and humanity’s place in
it.
Environmental Aesthetics
- Refers to the philosophical view of
maintaining order in the environment
which contributes to the natural
beauty of the surroundings, and the
well-being of the people.
Prudence
- Ability to have good judgement that
allows the avoidance of danger and
risk.
Frugality
- Act of using money and resources
wisely and practically.
Health and Well Being
- the environment is a good source for
maintaining our health and wellness.
Examples of which are: Some
medicinal plants have properties that
help remove pathogens in our body;
fruits and vegetables are good
sources of vitamins and minerals;
and lastly, aesthetic properties make
an excellent venue for exercises and
activities.
Sustainable development
- It is using the resources wisely and
sustaining the beauty and the
benefits of the environment for the
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Martin Buber
- Philosopher who is well known in
dealing with human relations despite
being a philosopher in religion.
- He is also considered to be one of
the greatest minds of the 20th
century in the field of education.
According to Buber, human beings
- Possess a two-fold attitude towards
the worlds, which is indicated by the
foundational
I-Thou Relation
- Where people treat individual with
respect and humility and seeing the
person as a person.
- Stresses the mutual and holistic
existence of two entities. It is an
encounter of equals, who recognize
each other as such
- This happens when two free rational
human beings encounter one
another and recognize each other as
equals
Intersubjectivity
- The interaction between the self
and the other is related to the
philosophical concept of
intersubjectivity, which is the
mutual recognition of each other
as persons.
- Carries the meaning of “a unique
relationship between distinct
subjects.”
- Refers to the characteristic of the
human person to engage in a
very intimate and personal
relationship with others who are
different from him or her but who
are also like him or her.

VARIOUS LEVELS OF SELF-OTHER
INTERACTION
1. Simple awareness of the existence of
the other.
- When we see other people walking
down the street, we are aware that
there are other beings unique from
us, and that they exist outside of our
own awareness or perception.
2. The awareness of the self as being
seen by others.
- Imagine, for instance, that one of
the people you are watching
suddenly stops and looks straight at
you. You are immediately aware of
this person’s action as another,
- knowing the person through
gestures.
ASPECTS OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY
1. Empathy
- The ability to share emotions.
- This emotion is driven by a person’s
awareness that
- the other is a person with thoughts
and feelings.
- It enables us to experience another
person’s emotions, such as
happiness, anger and sadness
2. Availability
- The willingness of a person to be
present and be at the disposal of
another.
- Be willing to help the other in need.
Example: when someone unfamiliar in your
place wants to go to a famous place in your
town, he/she may ask directions. Availability
tells that you should help that person since
you know your town better than him or her.
3. Ethics of Care
- An ethical theory that emphasizes
the moral dimensions of
relationships and interactions.
- This moral perspective encourages
individuals to help other people,
most especially the vulnerable.
- The obligation to respond to the
needs of other people.
I-IT Relationship
- Seeing people as tool where you
are the only one who can benefit,
and treating other people without
respect.
HELEN KELLER
- An American author, political
activist, and the first deaf-blind to
earn bachelor’s degree.
- Learned to hear people’s speech
by feeling their lips with her
hands
- spent her life-giving speeches
and writing books
Nicholas James Vujicic
- An Australian evangelist and
motivational speaker who was born
with phocomelia, a condition in
which a person is born with no arms
or legs.
- He was born with two small and
deformed feet, and an operation
enabled him to use his toes to grab
and manipulate object.
Roselle Ambubuyog
- First visually-impaired Filipino to
graduate summa cum laude from
Ateneo de Manila University.
- initiated Project Roselle together
with the Rotary Club of Makati-
 Ayala, and provided schools with
software and equipment, such as
computers and printer, that will aid
blind students in their studies.
THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY
Different Social relations and their
Corresponding Interactions:
1. Personal
 Interactions are based on
mutual regard from each
other as persons.
Interactions in personal
relationships are defined by
cooperation rather than by
competition. The focus of
personal relationship is
preservation and
development of the mutual
regard for each other
 Communicative action
 As a fellow subject, a fellow
person (Intersubjective)
2. Transactional
 Interactions are based on a
regard for each other as a
means of attaining one’s
goal. Persons are “used” not
necessarily in the derogatory
sense, to help one attain his
goals or succeed in his plans.
Here we put aside personal
matters in our interactions. In
most cases, the atmosphere
is competitive.
 Instrumental or strategic as
an object, a means for
attaining one’s goal
(Subject-object)
SOCIAL THEORY OF JURGEN
HARBERMAS (THREE MAIN SPHERE)
1. Social System of Money (The
Market)
2. Social System of Power (The State)
3. The Lifeworld (Everyday world of
communicative relations)
THE FREEDOM OF HUMAN
PERSON
Freedom
 Is an intrinsic and essential
property of the person. This
means that
the human person by nature
is a free being and that it is in
his or her nature to seek
freedom an important
indication of human freedom
is the ability to make choices
and
perform actions. Our freedom
to act sets us apart from
other beings.
TREE TYPES OF FREEDOM
Physical Freedom
 Refers to the absence of any
restraint. This means that a
person has the freedom to go
anywhere he or she wanted
to do. On the other hand we
cannot go to two places at a
time yet we have the ability to
go to wherever we want to
go.
Psychological Freedom
 To create a stunning
presentation, it's best to
simplify your thoughts.
Moral Freedom
  To create a stunning  An evident influence of
presentation, it's best to society
simplify your thoughts. on individuals is the
emergence of specific traits
TWO ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE
and characteristics unique to
FREEDOM
a
Voluntariness certain society which are
manifested by its members.
 refers to the ability of a
person to act out of his or her
own free will and self-
determination
Responsibility DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY
 Refers to the person being Hunting and gathering society
accountable for his or her
actions and their - This is recognized as the earliest
consequences. This means and
that in everything that we do, - simplest form of society. It is
there are consequences generally characterized by its small
size and is composed mainly of
HOW WE SHOULD HANDLE FREEDOM
families. They are nomadic because
1. Human freedom should be exercised they spend most of their time
with control and a recognition of searching for food and thus, have no
reasonable limits permanent territory.
2. Freedom should also be exercised
Pastoral society
with regard for knowledge and truth.
3. We should also recognize and  This type of society is
uphold not only our personal characterized by the
freedom, but also the freedom of domestication of animals for food
others. for a more stable and predictable
food supply. Pastoral
communities have larger
THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY: populations than hunting and
gathering societies and remain
THE FORMATION OF AND KINDS OF longer in one place. In addition,
SOCIETY pastoral societies often produce
surplus food and resources,
which they trade with other
Society societies.
 Philosophers consider Horticultural society
society the product of
deliberate actions by  Engages in the small-scale
individuals who come cultivation of plants, fruits, and
together in pursuit of a vegetables and the
common goal. domestication of animals
  Horticultural societies are semi-
nomadic, which means that they
travel to another place when they
have already depleted the
resources in one area.
Agrarian or agricultural society

 This type of society is a further

evolution of the pastoral and
horticultural societies. Agriculture is
involved in the large-scale and long-
term cultivation of crops and
domestication of animals. This
society is characterized by improved
technology and the use of tools to
aid in farming.
Feudal society

 Military hierarchy in which a ruler or

lord offers mounted fighters a fief
(medieval beneficium), a unit of land
to control in exchange for a military
service
Industrial Society

 Is based on the use of specialized

machinery in the production of
goods and services. The advances
in science and technology in the late
18th century resulted in the
Industrial Revolution, which in turn
gave rise to new production and
industrial methods, as well as
innovations in transportation and
communication.
Post – Industrial society

 The post-industrial society is marked

by the establishment of societies
based on knowledge, information,
and the sale of services. Led by the
human mind and aided by highly
advanced technology, the trend has
shifted from industry to the
generation, storage, manipulation,
and sale of information.