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REVIEWER IN Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person
M5: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON
M6: INTERSUBJECTIVITY
M7: HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY
M8: HUMAN PERSON TOWARDS DEATH
MODULE 5: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON
FREEDOM
-The ability to make choices and perform those choices
-The ability to be what we want and to decide and create
oneself
-an intrinsic and essential property of a human person
Two Concepts to Fully Understand Freedom
1. Freedom Itself
- The quality or state of being free (Merriam
Dictionary).
- According to Aristotle, it is capacity to choose of
what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right
and wrong that is traced to our free will.
- An intrinsic and an essential property of a human
person which basically means, it is a part of our human
nature.
- Example: Freedom to choose whose advice you will
follow regarding the usage of your time. Whether you
choose to review for your long quiz tomorrow or scroll
through the night in your social media.
2. Free will
- It allows us to decide on things we do depending on
the situation. - It is our ability to choose things according
to our moral reasoning. - We all are free to choose, to be
good person and act on it accordingly or be a bad person
and act in bad way. - A person’s action determines what
kind of person he or she becomes.
KINDS OF FREEDOM
A. Physical freedom
-refers to the absence of any physical restraint
-allows him/her to act and move in determined manner
-allows an individual to move to one place to another and
to go whenever you want to go.
B. Psychological Freedom
-is also called freedom of choice.
-The person is free to perform actions that he or she
considers right and wise.
-is innate and cannot be denied to a person.
C. Moral freedom
-refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human
dignity and goodness.
-A person must use his or her freedom to grow as a
person.
-Humans have a natural inclination for what is true and
good and when a person uses their freedom to do acts
that violate human dignity, they dehumanize themselves.
Two Elements that Define Freedom:
1. Voluntariness
-Is the ability of a person to act of his or her own free will
and self-determination.
-the means of a human person to do such an act s/he's
not even required to do.
Voluntary Acts are free acts which can be assigned a
corresponding moral value; in every action or decision we
make there's an equivalent consequence.
2. Responsibility
-refers to the person being accountable for his or her
action and their consequences. Ex. If you made a bad
action, it's either you take responsibility of it or other
people hold you responsible for it.
Important Factors to Consider in the Exercise of Freedom
Prudence- ability to manage and discipline oneself in the
use of …Reason: it is having caution and giving good
judgments in making decisions.
Self-reflection
-allows us to be more rational in making choices,
as sometimes human beings tend to be slaves by their
emotions
and moods whenever they act certain things.
A. Freedom should be exercised with control and
reasonable limits.
-freedom is not absolute
Ex. A student may be first in line in a grocery store but
chooses to give way to an elderly woman next to her.
B. Freedom should be exercised with regards for
knowledge and truth.
-We use our freedom to acquire knowledge, which in turn
are useful in making right and sound decisions essential
in dealing with our life situations
Ex. To correctly answer a multiple-choice item in an
examination, a student has to study his/her lessons.
Otherwise, s/he cannot answer the test.
C. Freedom should be exercised to uphold the freedom of
others.
-freedom is recognized and guaranteed right for all
persons.
Ex. A teacher doing his/her class discussion under the
Narra tree instead of having it inside the classroom.
Module 6 -Intersubjectivity
Lesson 1: Intersubjectivity
 Interpersonal - word used in describing
interactions between people.
- Inter means between person means human or
individual means pertaining to or having
the character of.
 Interpersonal relations - refers to interactions that
exist between the Self (Ako) and the Other (lahat
ng nakakasamuha mo, maging tao o bagay).
 Intersubjectivity - means a condition of
relationship between subjects or persons. -

means that when the Self recognizes the Other
and the Other recognizes the Self.
-unique relationship between separate individuals or
subjects.
-inter means between subject refers to a person or thing
that is being discussed with.
-ity is suffix used to form nouns which expresses state or
condition. Intersubjectivity or the Self-Other interaction
comes in two levels, which are:
a.First Level = this refers to the simple awareness of the
Self about the existence of the Other.
b. Deeper Level = this refers to the awareness of the Self
as being seen by Others.
 human gaze - sets our interaction as human
persons apart from the interaction of other
species.
 seeming - presenting yourself in a certain way
when dealing with others or your social context.
Dialogue - deeper and more genuine interaction
- only occur when the word uttered/ or the actions and
performed are rooted in one’s inner life.
-Happens when two person “open up” to each other and
give and receive one another in their encounter
Lesson 3: Interaction with the Disadvantage
 Empathy – is also an important aspect of
intersubjectivity. It is the capacity of others.
- Can be understood as “feeling in” or “placing yourself
into the shoes of another”
 Availability - is the willingness of a person to be
present and be at the disposal of another
 Ethics of Care - This understanding encourages
individuals to help other people, most especially
the least, the lost, and the last because it is our
moral obligation to do so.
 Alienation - arises when a person stops to view
the other as an authentic person and merely
considers the other person as a mere object to
satisfy his or her personal interests.
 Community of Harmony - his is very important
especially that our world today seems to be
surrounded with all forms of conflicts and
violence.
-We can only do this if we recognize that the other person
is the same as ourselves—a person with dignity that
needs to be upheld and respected.
Lesson 4: Embracing Differences
The acts of accepting (pagtanggap) and embracing
(pagyakap) all our differences are also beneficial
especially in building a community of harmony. Without a
doubt harmony is hindered because some people have
intentionally refused to accept and embrace our diversity
(pagkakaiba-iba).
Those who do not carry the characteristics that are
preferred to by the majority in society are the ones who
usually receive rejection (pagtakwil), discrimination
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(pagtrato ng hindi pantay), abuse (pag-abuso), neglect
(pagpabaya), contempt (pag-alipusta), and the like.
MODULE 7: The Human Person in Society
SOCIETY is to support its members in leading fulfilling
lives. It develops the environment and opportunity
necessary for the full development of each person's
personality. Despite the occasional disagreements and
tensions between people, society ensures stability and
cooperation. Society helps us grow as a better person
Types of societies and each characteristic
1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY – This society
is the earliest and simplest. It is also nomadic meaning
they do not have a permanent home. They go to where
they can get food. Here, men hunt food and women
collect vegetables and crops.
2.PASTORAL SOCIETY – raising (alaga) animals for
food is the feature of this society, particularly in areas
where it is impossible to grow vegetables. Buying and
selling goods with other groups is also present.
3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY – It engages in the
growing of plants, fruits and vegetables and there is
enough supply. They also engage in craft making
4.AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY – This form of society
improved the technology for farming. They grow rice and
plants, farmed, and raised animals for food. They made
money a form of exchange in goods and services, and
live off the land as a hunter-gatherer people.
5. FEUDAL SOCIETY – It is a form of society in which the
ruler or lord owned all the land while the farmers or
laborers farmed it.
6.INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY – is when people started
innovating machineries for easier daily living.
7.POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY – It is the virtual
(computer) society, people use technology and internet to
communicate, to engage in business and access different
information that can be used to deal with daily activities.
TERMS
NORMS – It is the set of traits and behavior that every
person in society is considered as good and acceptable
in the way we used to.
LAWS – Is made not just for the punishment, but also to
make good and proper guidelines to maintain the peace
and order in our society.
FOLKWAYS– Folkways are the practices that a given
society has adopted as its way of life.
“The person and society are inseparable. One cannot
exist without the other”
SOCIAL ROLES – are set of connected behaviors
expected to a certain person.
SOCIAL GROUPS – are Individuals with common or
similar roles that are grouped together.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS – eventually people form
different social groups that is much broader and more
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extensive that includes our family, school, government for the community; highest in the ranking of values
among others. - If you say that someone is a noble person, you admire
FREEDOM – is a human right that cannot be taken away and respect them because they are unselfish and morally
from us. But we have to remember always that freedom good.
carries great responsibility and our actions in exercising it - Example is love and friendship.
can greatly affect its outcome. 2. Useful Good
- Useful good is found only from what it can provide.
Module 8: Human Person towards Death - Example, money is good as it can buy you something.
The human person is an embodied spirit or the unity of a 3. Pleasurable Good
body and a spirit. The body grows - Good so long as it provides some form of pleasure,
and dies, while the soul continues to exist even after the though it does not have to be physical.
body has passed. This makes a - Pleasurable good is the Hedonism of the philosophy
person's life limited in time but no one really knows when that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind,
life will end. and the only thing that is good for an individual.
Death - Pleasure is neither good nor bad but is something
- Nothing lasts forever, “walang forever.” positive because the effect of pleasure perfects the
- Dying is a reality. exercise of that activity.
- We are bound to die, whether we like it or not. - Example, you probably find petting your cat pleasurable,
- Death is real; it is a part of our being. but your cat may feel that scratching the sofa is much
- Death ends bodily functions. more pleasurable for him.
- It’s the separation of the spirit from the body. Suffering
- Everything comes to an end. - Suffering is viewed as a state of feeling discomfort or
- If we live with a clear vision, we understand the meaning pain.
of our existence. - Suffering takes place whenever we feel pain.
- Everyone has their own freedom to choose. - It can either be physical suffering, where one
Happiness experiences bodily pain or it can be mental suffering,
- is a state of being (over all physical condition of a which involves our minds and emotions.
person), not just only an emotion or a decision. Examples of Physical Suffering:
- is the totality of who we are as human beings. - Injury
In happiness, there are different variations: short term, - Illness
long term, your mind, and your body. - Disability
Short term: - Hunger
- Humor - Poverty
- Entertainment Examples of Mental Suffering:
- Surprise - Depression
- Pleasure - Anxiety
Long term: - Loneliness
- Meaning & Purpose - Frustration
- Fulfillment - Fear
- Inspiration
- Lasting Love
Your Mind:
- Beliefs
- Mental Habits
- Attitude
- Positive Focus
Your Body:
- State of Health
- Physical Activity
- Daily Habits

- Energy Level
Kinds of Good
1. Noble Good
- Noble good is one which is pursued for its own sake.
- Are considered good in themselves for individuals and