PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER
Week 1 – Freedom and Responsibility
Acts of Man - actions shared by humans
and other animals
Human Acts
✓ the appropriate actions of human
beings.
✓ an act that is moral.
Acts of a Human - an act that is not moral
(amoral).
Voluntary Actions - these are acts
originating from the individual performing
the act using knowledge about the
situations of the act.
Voluntary - actions are performed from will
and reason.
Related to Compulsion - mixed of
voluntary and involuntary. It is more
voluntary if the desire and choice has been
performed and involuntary if it has
considered preferences or alternatives.
Involuntary Actions - are acts done under
a) force or coercion
b) ignorance where the doer failed to
understand the effect and feels sorry on
the result.
Under Compulsion - circumstances which
are beyond the control of the agent and
contributes none to the action. Ex: A person
was kidnapped, hence impossible to resist.
Through Ignorance of Particular
Circumstances
Example: a man steals and ignorant of the
law, arrow or gun shot by mistake.
Classifications of Voluntary Actions
1. Voluntary
2. Related to Compulsion
Classifications of Involuntary Actions
1. Under Compulsion
2. Through ignorance of particular
circumstances
Freedom - it is understood to be present
when one is choosing a course of action,
and he or she is taking full responsibility for
consequence of his actions. Importantly,
this is anchored to the individual’s moral
and rational capacity to discern what is right
and wrong.
Who said that freedom and obligation
are two indispensable conditions for
morality to occur?
✓ John Mothershead
Obligation - it usually follows or arrives
from freedom.
Intellectual Choice - a choice which is
deliberately selected based on a moral
standpoint.
Practical Choice – a choice which is borne
out of psychological and emotional
considerations. Made when confronted with
the actual situation.
Who is the philosopher that made a
distinction between voluntary and
involuntary?
✓ Aristotle
A voluntary act continues either by the will
or from another human power.
Consequences - it balances/in between
freedom and responsibility.

Week 2 – Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity - “sharing of subjective
states by two or more individuals.”
✓ word from the prefix “inter” which
connotes “among and between” and the
philosophical term “subject” that is
equivalent to a conscious being.
✓ Intersubjectivity is universal.
✓ It exists when and where humans exist.
Week 3 – Human Person and Society
A. Pre-Industrial Societies
a. Tribal Society – the term “tribe”
denotes a group of peoples living
in a primitive setting under a
leader or chief. The term ‘tribal
society’ associates it to other
meaning such as “primitive
society” or “preliterate society
“closed” systems of thought.
b. Feudal Society - refers to the
economic, political, and social
system. Due to the lack of
effective centralized government
during this period, kings and
lords granted land and provided
protection to lesser nobles
known as vassals.
B. Industrial society - the one which uses
advance technology to drive a masssive
production industry that will support a large
population. The objective of an industrial
economy is the fast and efficient
manufacturing of standardized products.
C. Post Industrial Society - is marked by a
progress from a manufacturing-based to a
service-based economy.
D. Digital Society and Information Age -
wildly affected our interactions. Changed
our way of learning, working and socializing.
We rely with the use of modern technology
which has led to considering the possible
outcome for the society, concerning how we
would take part in interaction, and how we
can use these digital tools and
communication channels.
The Disembodied Subject - dissatisfaction
and frustration of the human person with
bodily limitations drive the person to prefer a
disembodied human relation. At the outset,
it must be clarified that the term
disembodied subject does not mean that in
the technological society, human persons
are no longer living with their bodies.
Virtual Society - technological devices
today are starting to reshape the human
person and human interactions and
relationships.
Week 4 - Human Person and Death
Death - accept it as part of human nature,
and treat it as a condition that allows us to
create a meaningful existence.
Phenomenological Notion of Death
‘Martin Heidegger’
1. Death is certain. - we are all born in
the world. We, humans, are existing in
time, thus, as being thrown in the world,
we have beginning and since we are
finite beings, we also have end – death.
Birth and death are two things we
cannot remove from our existence.
Whether we like it or not, we will die.
2. Death is indefinite - death is
impending, meaning to say, it can
happen anytime. We do not know
exactly when.
3. Death is one’s property - death of the
person belongs to him. Nobody can
experience his death except himself.
4. Death is non-relational - means that
when we die, we die alone. We have no
choice but to face it on our own.
5. Death is not to be outstripped - death
cannot be taken away from a person.
Authenticity – “making itself intelligible is
a suicide for philosophy” by Martin
Heidegger
✓ Physical limitations
✓ The good life – interpersonal
✓ The free life – you have the power to
influence others
4 PhilosophicaL Standpoint of
Authenticity
1. Existence Precedes Essence –
existentialism means having true and
meaningful existence (soren
kierkegaard).
2. Epicureanism – high living (epicurus).
3. Absurdism – meaningless and
irrational (camus).
4. Solipsism - focused on their own
wants and needs that they don't think
about other people at all (Descartes).
a) Internal – product of imagination
b) External - subject's body, and the
subject's inscribed place in society.