ART APPRECIATION (Humanities) |1

Humanities Important Areas in Humanities

Humanities 5 IMPORTANT AREAS IN HUMANITIES:

1. Arts and Music

- Came from the Latin word “humanus” which means
human, cultured and refined.
*A person is able to showcase the kind of life that they have before and
even now that’s why there is a development in arts and music.
To be human is to show characteristic of rationality, benevolence and care.
*It used as their outlet or their way of expressing themselves.
Rationality – that’s what sets us apart from another creature. We
humans have the capability to communicate with other people. We also *It also serves as a way to form a bond – “what genre do you like?” – which
know how to socialize. then starts a conversation between people.

Human – we are the highest form of animals in the kingdom animalia – for
we have the capacity to talk, to communicate, and socialize with other
people.
2. Literature

Benevolence & Care – it is already innate in us to help and being kind to
other people.
Cultured & Refined – it is related to culture, a person knows his origins
or where he came from, he knows the traditions of his community. It is
important to avoid culture shock. Good manner and taste indication that
we have proper and good education.
*It came from the Latin word “littera” or “literatura” which means letter or
written documents/written works.
*We are able to know the past events as there a records & documentations.
We are able to know the kind of life that they had before us.
*Poetry, novels, poems, etc.
*It is somehow related to arts & music because it is also used by a person.

Humanities 3. Philosophy

- Contains the records of man’s quest for answers to *Used when we have questions regarding our existence.
the fundamental questions often asks about himself *Metaphysics – “ano yan?”
and about the world he lives in. (Martin & Jacobus,
2004) *Epistemology – “anong nandyan?”

*Axiology – “ano ang kahalagahan nyan?”

Humanities – helps us answer the endless questions that humans have.
And humans does not ever lack a question – the moment that they wake
up, a human already has questions even if it is simple.
4. History
- HUMANITIES studies how people process and
document the human experience using philosophy, *History – study of past events.
literature, religion, art and history as their way of
understanding and recording their world. *We get to know the events before – their lifestyles, culture, way of clothing
during the past.

5. Religious Studies

*It makes us aware of the different religions.

*As we people are diverse – we have different beliefs, perceptions,

traditions, and attitude.

*It is important in order to avoid being harmful and we become sensitive.

*Religion – become their source of standards of which is right or wrong.

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Fundamental Principles of Humanities Arts

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITY: Arts
1) Human nature is inherently good.
- Comes from the Aryan root -ar which means “to
*Being good is innate in a person. join” or “put together”
”We can be good but we aren’t always right.”
- Latin terms sars, artis mean everything that is
artificially made or composed by man.
2) Individuals are free and are capable of making
choices. - It employs the use of perception, insights, feelings,
and intuition.
*Our free will still has certain limitations.
*We put things together in order to create an art.
*Accepting the responsibilities and consequences of our choices or
actions. *It is our outlet to express ourselves.

*There are factors that we consider before making a decision. *It is used to document the happenings around us.

*It also somehow lessens our stress when you can’t share what you feel
to someone, you instead use arts to express what you feel.
3) Human potential for growth and development is
*We use or creativity and imagination to communicate with other people –
virtually unlimited. and for people to realize that we are interconnected – we get to understand
each other.
*Human potential is like learning.

*Everyday we learn new things.

*Learning is a life-long process. Classification of Arts

*Every day is a chance to learn and to change and grow from our previous
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS:
mistakes.

i. Functional Art Forms

4) Self-concept plays an important role in growth and
*These are the arts that are functional to people.
development.
*It makes our lives easier.
*Self-Concept – how we perceive ourselves, how an individual perceive an
*Arts that we can use in our lives.
another individual.

*It is important to know ourselves, our SWOT, in order to have development

and to enhance ourselves.
ii. Non-Functional
S – Strength

W – Weakness *More on aesthetics like painting.

O – Opportunities *Much more for display.

T – Threats

*Confidence plays a big role in our life – as success can be found outside
of our comfort zone.

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OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ARTS: 2. Sculpture

1. The human need for expression. - Art of creating 3dimensional arts.
*Art is used as our outlet to express ourselves. *More on 3D

*We can look at it at all sides.

2. The social need for display, celebration, and
communication.
*Art is meant to be shared in order for other people to relate.

*As we people are interconnected and you aren’t the only person
feeling/experiencing that way.

3. The physical needs for functional objects.

*Art makes people’s lives easier by using functional objects like technology.
3. Architecture
- Art of designing, building, and infrastructure.
Artist and Artisan
*The most functional among the other art forms.
Artist

*More on visual arts.

*Their medium is stone, clay.

*Performing arts are also included.

Artisan
4. Music
*Skill trade and more on craftsmanship
- Art of sound which is expressed through a song.
*Furniture, jewelry, weaving
*Kundiman – harana / Filipino love song
*Their products are more on functional.

*They use or create arts with the use of their hands.

The Art Forms

ART FORMS:

1. Painting
5. Dance
- Simply applying a pigment to a surface.
- Art of body movement which is sometime joined by a
*More on 2D. musical piece.

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6. Literature
- Written documents
*novels, short stories, poetry, etc.

7. Theatre
- Performance / Drama Performances
- Play

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 ART APPRECIATION (Art as Viewed by Philosophers)
Art: As Viewed by Philosophy
Plato
Plato (428-347 BCE)
- Known for his famous Dialogues
- He was seen as a good literary stylist and a
great story teller.
- Considered the art as threatening
- The physical world is a copy of a perfect world,
rational, eternal and changeless original.
*Plato is the student of Socrates.
Socrates became well-known because of Plato – because Socrates
doesn’t write, he just go to debates and Plato is the one who writes
everything that Socrates says which made Socrates famous because of
Plato’s writings.
*Plato has a love hate relationship towards arts
Two Theories of Arts by Plato
1. Plato: Art is Immitation
Plato explained that the art is an imitation of physical
things which in turn are imitations of the Forms. To put it
simply, ART is a copy of a copy which leads people farther from
away the truth.
*The things we see around us – we just imitate it or we get it as an idea to
create a new art. We people tend to copy things from what we see.
For example, you draw a 2d tree – we cannot say that it is actually the True
Form or the originals that Plato calls.
According to Plato, there is a world of ideals – where everything is right and
everything is true. He would say that our life here on earth is just a copy of
the ideal world. Art just copies what is in the reality.
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2. Plato: Art is dangerous
According to Plato, Art has power to stir emotions, so
the arts should not go uncensored (as mentioned in The
Republic).
Since art is subjective, it depends on a person on how he would interpret
or present a certain idea.
Plato is stating that art is making us stupid into believing that something is
existing even though it isn’t. There was a time that Plato said to ban art
such as poetry, etc. because it just makes people stupid.
Aristotle
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
- He was a student of Plato
- First distinguished between what is good and
what is beautiful
o Universal element of beauty (Order,
Symmetry and Definiteness)
o Physical manifestation of beauty is
likewise affected by its size.
He really does not agree with what his teacher, Socrates, said. For Aristotle
– for a person to function the best way possible, he needs to feel a sort of
experienced emotions – and through art, we can possibly do that.
For example, you wanted to be a soldier but you can’t be one. Through
watching k-drama for example, through art – you can feel that somewhat
you are a soldier.
*Beautiful – it is effortless and it can present itself.
An art form can be called beautiful if it possess the universal elements of
beauty.
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Immanuel Kant ii. Universal taste

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
“Beauty does not rest on the properties of the objects
or things but rather on the manner in which people respond to
these objects or things.”
The beauty of art depends on the person who views it. “The beauty is in
the eye of the beholder.” It depends on the person if what emotion was
aroused upon seeing the artwork.
- Is non-aesthetic and does not consider the
beauty of the work or the mystery of the artist,
but rather, the work is appreciated for what it is.
You like an artform because majority of people likes the art or you like the
artwork for what it is.
You like it because it is useful for you.

Two Theories of Arts by Aristotle

i. Subjective Taste
- Beauty does not focus on the properties of the object
itself but rather on the pleasure one experiences as
he responds to it.
It depends on a person what feelings was felt upon seeing the artwork.

“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”

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 ART APPRECIATION (Subject & Content) |1

Subject and Content Sources of Subject

Art is human expression and the artists’ choice of subject are

What is Subject of Art?
clues to their inner world which tells viewers how their art
Subject of Art should be interpreted.

- Refers to what the work represents.

SOURCES OF SUBJECT:
*Subject of art – it represents art as whole.

For example, a mother and child paint represents love.

1. Nature

The most popular source of objective art. Mountains,

trees, animals, landscapes, seascapes, cloudscapes are some
examples of nature inspired art.
Nature is the most accessible to us because we can easily see it. It can
also be used as a symbolism in our art. There is a connection between
human and nature.

It is the most popular because ever since as a child, this is what we draw.

2 Classification of Subject of Arts

Representational Arts / Objective Arts

- Artworks that have subjects

We can easily recognize the subject of an artwork.

Non-Representational Arts / Non-Objective Arts
- Artworks that do not have subjects.
You cannot easily comprehend the subject of art. This is more of an
abstract art. They use lines, shapes, colors, and strokes to present their
subject.
2. People
Human subjects, whether real or imagined, are the most
interesting. How the people are depicted can offer clues to the
artists’ thoughts, moods, and the genre the art work is
presenting.
People can be real or imaginary. It is usually a portrait of man, woman, or
family.

Portraits can somehow help in order for us to see or recognize people.

We people are the only one who has the capability to show or express
different emotions. People also has different faces which is very interesting.

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4. Legends

Artworks based on legends present to viewers of the art

something tangible even when unverified. Art brings life to the
stories.
These are unverifiable stories. It reached our generation as it was passed
through different generations with the use of mouth but isn’t yet to be
proved. It was then transferred into text and with the help of art, it became
tangible and is presented which came to life.

The title of the painting “Portrait of a Lady” isn’t actually this – as

people say that this girl is “Paz” but when Paz’s face was compared to the
painting is they don’t alike that’s why people thought that this is Juan Luna’s
favorite model thus changing it to “Portrait of a Lady.”

3. History

Historical art works depict real events which are verifiable

facts that occurred from the past. The purpose of such works
5. Religion
are either to commemorate events or to teach history to the
viewers.
Art, Literature to know what kind of environment do people had before. Artworks are based on sacred texts; Many artworks used
the beautiful stories in the sacred texts to convey their beliefs.
It also is made to inform or educate the viewers when they saw a certain
painting. It was said that the art is handmaid of religion.

It may also serve as a documentation. Bible for Christians

Koran for Muslims

Torah for Judaism

These are their sacred texts in order to show what kind of traditions and
beliefs a certain religion has.

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7. Mythology 9. Technology

Artworks can be based on the stories of the Gods and
Goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Celts, Norse, and the
Egyptians. These deities are depicted in human or animal
forms and present humanlike behavior.
Gods of Egyptians – isn’t in human form and they are in animal form.
The modern era with its tall buildings and amazing
machines are also subject matter for the artist. Cityscapes,
airplanes, cars, ships and robotic technology are the object of
interest.

8. Dreams & Fantasy

The intrigue of the unconscious also inspires artists to

present it through art for others to see, relate and interpret.
Artists’ believe that the content of the unconscious should be
shared for others to know and may be understand.
These doesn’t reflect in reality but has a meaning.

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 ART APPRECIATION (Ways of Presenting the Subject) |1

Ways of Presenting the Subject Realism

Different Ways of Presenting the Subject Realism

• In its specific sense realism refers to a mid-nineteenth
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT: century artistic movement characterized by subjects
1. Naturalism painted from everyday life in a naturalistic manner.
2. Realism • Shows everyday situations and social realities.
3. Abstraction
a. Distortion *These are what we often see in our society and community.
*Examples are the paintings of Solenn Heusaff.
b. Elongation
*The subject of realism usually poverty.
c. Mangling *It will appear as if it was photograph.
d. Cubism *It is how things appeared to the eye.
4. Symbolism *What you actually see is how the artist will portray it.
5. Fauvism
6. Dadaism
7. Futurism
8. Surrealism
9. Expressionism

Naturalism

Naturalism
• Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic
objects in a natural setting.
• Shows natural shadows, lighting and the physical
attributes of an artwork is always accurate on human
figure. This painting was the first portrait of human painted by Vincent Van Gogh
and was painted for how many times. The painting was about peasants
*This is the attempt of an artist to portray what is natural. and farmers eating a potato.
*It may not reflect in reality since the focus of naturalism is more on the
physical attributes / anatomical figure of an artwork.

Abstraction

Abstraction
• “to move away or to separate from”
• Subject presentation moves away from reality.
It depends on an artist on how he will present a certain idea.
It doesn’t reflect the reality.
It depends on what he feel on how he will portray the idea.
It is also subjective.

DIFFERENT TYPES/KINDS OF ABSTRACTION:

1. Distortion
2. Elongation
3. Mangling
4. Cubism

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1. Distortion
This is a form of abstraction results when the figures have
been so arranged that its proportion differ significantly from
the reality. This is manifested when the subjects is misshapen
or twisted out. This is done to dramatize the shape of a figure
or to create a dramatic/ emotional effect.
*It is made like that in order to dramatize its shape and to have an emotional
effect.
*The subject is different from what we usually see.
*It depends on the artist on how he will present his idea.
2. Elongation
In this type of abstraction, the subject is stretched
vertically and/or some parts lengthened to give the impression
of thinness.
*The subject is stretched vertically or there are parts that are lengthened.
*When it is stretched horizontally, its is NOT elongation – since when it is
stretched horizontally, the art widens or becomes thick.
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3. Mangling
This might not be so common in paintings but may be
popular in other art forms (sculpture, theater or film). Artists
show subject as cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with
repeated blows.
*These are artworks that are disfigured or damaged.
*The art work isn’t completed.
4. Cubism
Abstract form is presented through the use of figures: a
cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube, and circle in
place of real pictorial elements. The cubist want to show forms
in their basic geometrical shapes.
*PABLO PICASSO and GEORGES BRAQUE – proponents or
founder of cubism.
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Symbolism Dadaism

Symbolism
• Draws the viewers’ attention to what other message
the artist may be trying to covey aside from what is
being observed.
*On what you see or observed, it ISN’T what the painter meant as you have
to decipher quotes or symbols further.
*There are a lot of hidden meanings that you need to unlock aside from
what you have observed.
*It has a lot of mysterious qualities as to why the artwork became famous.
Dadaism
• Does NOT follow the traditions and principles in art.
• Tried to shock and provoke the public with
outrageous artworks
• Playful/ experimental
*Weird artworks.
*MARCEL DUCHAMP – most famous artist under Dadaism. His art was
he bought a urinal then placed “R.Mutt 1917” and brought it to an exhibit
of an organization – then the organization rejected the art which made him
resign from the organization.
*Mona Lisa at the right side was also altered by him by placing a Mustache
and a butt – L.H.O.O.Q // "Elle a chaud au cul" French word which
means she has a hot ass.
*It is also sometime political driven.

Some speculations:
*She is the girl version of Leonardo Da Vinci.
*Mona Lisa is an unfinished art as to the reason why she has no
eyebrows.
*During the type of Da Vinci, it is trend to have no facial hair.
*Da Vinci didn’t put eyebrows to Mona Lisa in order to not discover his
identity because people tells that Da Vinci is gay.

Futurism
Fauvism
Futurism
Fauvism • The Movement began in Italy. Its goal was to capture
• This movement started in France the speed and force of the modern industrial society.
• Henri Matisse was the leader of this group. Paintings and sculptures highlight the technologies of
• Fauvism literally means Wild beast. modern life.
• Used bright colors which shows pictures of comfort, *Showcases the modernization of our society – as well as technology.
joy, and pleasure.
*Uses bright colors and isn’t a reflection of reality – Alteration of colors
*”Wild Beast” – is just a derogatory remark that was stated by Henri
Matisse.
*Fauvism – “no dull moments” – since it looks like as if it was splattered by
colors.

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Surrealism Expressionism
Surrealism • Emotions aroused by objects and events
• Chaos, sadness, tragedy, defeat
• It emphasized the activities of subconscious mind.
• Shock the viewer and reveal what they consider to be *Conveys more on dark emotions.
*These are based on their experience and may happen in real life.
deep, true and ugly part of human nature.
*Surrealism comes from the word “super real”
*It is also somewhat inspired in Dadaism.
*It is also like dreams and fantasy.
*It does NOT reflect the reality but when it comes to the meaning, it shows
what happens in the real life.
*It is too good to be true.

*Art – ear and eye – we judge a person even if we don’t know them or by
just hearing their stories – for us, it is what is real without knowing them
personally. We judge a person base on what we hear.

“The Scream” by Edvard Munch

This is a real painting and the place was in Norway. Those were
his two friends and he is the one in the middle. His family member died
which made him “crazy” and sick. He used art in order to express his
experience and emotion.

Red Wood – “Only when the last tree has been cut down, the
last fish has been caught, and the last stream poisoned, will
we realize we cannot eat money.

*Self – destruction – we humans are the ones who destroy

ourselves.

*Desperation – we are so desperate to earn money.

Expressionism
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 ART APPRECIATION (The Artist and his Medium) |1

The Artist and his Medium Arts can be classified into the following
Based on Medium
How do we Classify Artists?

Visual Artists About the Visual Arts

Visual Artists Visual Arts

• Use the visual arts as their venue of expression. Since this art form can be perceived by the eyes, its
• This includes the painters, sculptors, and the medium are those materials that can be seen and occupy
architects. space.
• They are also composed of filmmakers and graphic Specifically, these are the:
artists.
1. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts
- Drawing, painting, mosaics, collage, & print
making
Creative Artists

Creative Artists 2. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts

- Sculpture, Architecture, & Installations
• Are more adept at writing words and arranging
musical notes to entice the imagination and evoke
emotions.
• These artists include writers, poets, playwrights,
novelist, and composers.

Performing Artists

Performing Artists
• Express their art through execution in front of an
audience.
• These artists are the dancers, singers, stage
performers, actors, and musician.
*Uses their body or body movements in order to express themselves.

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About the Auditory and Time Arts Pencil

Auditory and Time Arts Pencil

• The medium for this art classification are those that
viewers can hear and which are expressed in time.
• Belonging to these are music and literature.
*A music can be expressed in time. As for example, the song “Lalisa” runs for
3:27seconds – it ends after that.
*Also, like literature, after weeks of reading it – it also comes to an end since it is
expressed in time.
This made out of graphite which comes in different
hardness from soft to hard or thickness from thick to needle-
like, making possible a wide range of values.
Pencils, regardless of brand are usually labelled 2B,
4B, 6B, which indicates the softness of the lead.

About Combined Arts Pencil: 4 Shading Techniques

4 SHADING TECHNIQUES:
Combined Arts
1. Hatching
• The medium for these art forms are those that the 2. Cross-hatching
viewers can see and hear which considers both time 3. Stippling
and space. 4. Blending
• These include dance, drama, and cinema.
• This art form is also known as Ephemeral arts.
*Suring Pangtanghalan in De La Salle is an example of this wherein we can 1. Hatching
see and hear the actors. Its also expressed in time since you can only
watch it under 1hr or 2hrs before it ends. - Is a drawing series of thin parallel lines that run in the
*Ephemeral or Temporary since you can only watch it for a certain period same direction.
of time.
*Just like cinema – frozen is only showing for a week.

The Process of Art Production

Medium
• In art, “medium” refers to the substance the artist
uses to create a piece of artwork.
2. Cross-hatching
For example, the medium Michelangelo used to create “David” (1501- - Is drawing a series of thin parallel lines and criss-
1504) was marble.
crossing it with another set of thin parallel lines.
Marble – one of the durable stones in making a sculpture. - This creates a tone that is darker than hatching.

Graphic or Two-Dimensional Art: Drawing

Drawing
• Drawing is the fundamental skill needed in visual arts.
• The drawing maybe a study which is made for the
sake of learning how to execute some forms;
o A sketch which shows the general organization
or a design product being planned.
o Or a cartoon which is a full-size work meant to
be used as guide or basis for the real work.

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3. Stippling Pastel
- Is using the sharp point of the pencil to make dot
Pastel
pattern is to create depth in some parts of the
drawing. • This is composed of dry pigment held together by a
gum binder and compressed into sticks.

There are 3 kinds of pastel: soft pastel, hard pastel, & oil
pastel.

• The only difference between soft and hard pastel is

the amount of binder in the material.
• For oil pastel, the binder is oil.
• When pastel work is done, artist used to spray fixative
on it to prevent the destroying of the work.
4. Blending
- Is at times accomplished by using the finger or paper
stump to gradually change the tome from dark to Pastel: 5 Pastel Techniques
light. 4 PASTEL TECHNIQUES:
i. Stippling
ii. Feathering
iii. Scumbling
iv. Impasto
v. Sgrafitto

i. Stippling
Ink - Is using pastel of different colors to produce small
marks, thus, creating a pattern.
Ink
• This is the oldest material for drawing that still in use.
• Pen and ink drawings are characterized by controlled
and uniform lines.
• Ink is used in making the beautiful handwritings
produced in calligraphy which in itself is art.

ii. Feathering
- Is using the point of the pastel to make parallel
strokes creating a feather-like effect.

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iii. Scumbling Charcoal

- Is like layering but using pastel. The side of the pastel
Charcoal
is lightly drawn on top of an existing color but still
making the color of the first layer visible. • This is an organic medium that comes from burnt
wood.

There are two kinds of charcoal:

1. The compressed charcoal or manufactured charcoal is

made from loose charcoal and mixed with a binder and
pressed into sticks.
2. The other one is the vine which comes in thin sticks that is
easy to blend and erase.

Usually used in portraits.

iv. Impasto
- Is the technique of thickly applying the pastel by
pressing it hard on the paper creating an opaque Paper
effect.
Paper
*Glazes – counterpart wherein you apply a thin layer.
• The most common surface used in two-dimensional
art.
• The paper is an organic material that is made from
wood, grass, linen rags.

There are generally 3 types of papers:

1. Hot-pressed is smooth
2. Cold-pressed has moderate texture
3. Rough paper which has most texture (tooth)

v. Sgrafitto
- Is applying a thick deposit of pastel on the support
then using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the
underlying color and create the design.

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Different Media of Visual Arts Different Media Used for Painting

Different Media Used for Painting:
Overview i. Watercolor
ii. Gouache
Different Media of Visual Arts:
iii. Oil Paint
1. Painting
iv. Tempera
a. Pigments
v. Fresco
2. Mosaic Art
vi. Acrylic
3. Collage
4. Printmaking
a. Relief Printing (raised)
b. Intaglio Printing (depressed) i. Watercolor
c. Surface Printing (flat) Watercolor
Different Media Used for Painting:  Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper.
1) Watercolor  The colors are applied in layers, and made brighter by
2) Gouache additional applications after the first layer has dried
3) Oil Paint up. This technique is called layering.
4) Tempera
 Paper is the most commonly used ground for water
5) Fresco
color.
6) Acrylic
Watercolor = Water + Pigment
Media / Medium – tool used by an artist in order to create an artwork. Water – binder/vehicle of watercolor
Layering – this technique is used because the color of watercolor is very
Different Media of Visual Arts light.
Watercolor Paper – much better to use as a ground for watercolor.
1. Painting The color in the painting is not vivid or vibrant.

• Has been described as the art of creating beautiful

effects on a flat surface.
• It is the process of applying paint onto a smooth
surface like paper, cloth, canvas, wood, plaster.
Paper – most ideal for painting.

Pigments

Pigments
 A fine powder which has grounded from clay stone,
mineral, vegetable material or produced by a
chemical process.
 It is mixed with a binder (vehicle), usually a liquid that
allows the powder to be spread over the flat surface
until it dries up.
Pigment – is the color itself.
Binder / Vehicle – it’s the tool used to hold and spread the color.
Mummy Brown – dark brown, it is found in Egypt.
Indian Yellow – mustard, only found in a urine or feces of a cow which only
eats mango leaves.
Harvard Art Museum – has the most pigment collection – Forbes Pigment
Collection – wherein they have more than 2000 pigments.

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ii. Gouache iv. Tempera

Gouache
• The pigment has been mixed with water and added
with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect.
Gouache = Water + Pigment + chalk-like material
The color is vibrant and darker compared to watercolor and looks much
more realistic.
Tempera
 Pigment are mixed with egg yolks (sometimes with
white) as binder. Sometimes gum or glue in placed of
an egg.
 Ideal surface for tempera is wood.
 Easily dries up and do not dull or yellow with age.
Unique characteristic of tempera – uses egg yolk as a binder/vehicle
Tempera - has similarity to watercolor since it also dries up fast and its
difference to oil paint is that this does not become dull or changes to color
yellow even to old age.
It has luminous or shiny effect.

iii. Oil Paint

Oil Paint
 The pigments are mixed with oil as binder.
 Discovered by a flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck
 He suspended colored pigments with linseed oil.
 Canvas and wood as ideal surface for oil paints.
 Can be applied in thin glazes of smooth subtle strokes v. Tempera
or thick impasto which also gives an element of
texture to the artwork.
Fresco
Glazes – thin application of smooth subtle strokes  Pigment is mixed with water and applied to a portion
Impasto – thick application, gives texture to the painting of a wall with wet plaster.
The only thing beautiful about oil paint is it can be applied at any type of  The wet plaster allows the color to stick to the surface
surface – wood, canvas, cloth, paper.
and thus, becomes a permanent part of the wall.
Downside of Oil Paint – much expensive and it takes time to dry up which
Examples are mural paintings.
usually takes 3 days and it also fades and turns into yellowish color as time
Last Supper – Milan, Italy
passes by.
Downside – it can’t be moved or transferred.
People who uses this medium sprays varnish or a coat of varnish over their
work in order to preserve it.

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vi. Acrylic Mosaic Art

Acrylic
2. Mosaic Art
 This is the use of synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion
• Are wall or floor decorations made out of small tiles,
as binder. irregular cut pieces of colored tones, glass called
 This medium is widely used by contemporary artists.
Tesserae.
 It has a quick drying quality of watercolor and is as
• These are meticulously fitted together to form a
flexible as oil paints.
pattern and glued with plaster or cement.
 The versatility of acrylic paint allows it to be applied
• The most beautiful mosaics are found in churches and
to almost any type of surface.
public buildings.
Synthetic Paint – undergo chemical processes.
Tesserae – irregular cut pieces of colored tones, glass.
Flexible as oil paint since it can be used at almost any type of surface.
Found in churches’ windows.

Collage

3. Collage
• Derived from the French word “coller” means to
stick.
• Collages is a technique of making an artwork by gluing
or pasting on a firm support-materials or found
objects.
• How objects are arranged reflect the message the
artist wants to convey.
• The artist’s presentation maybe purely aesthetic or
sentimental.
• Collage as a graphic art was introduce by Picasso and
Braque, both cubist artists.

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Printmaking ii. Intaglio Printing (depressed)

4. Printmaking Intaglio Printing (depressed)

• The process used for making reproductions of
graphic works.
• Printmaking allows for the repeated transfer of the
master image from printing plate (matrix) onto the
surface.
• The result is an impression created by the plate on
the surface which is called print.
 This technique is the opposite of relief printing,
instead of using the surface of the plate for the image,
the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal
plate.
 The incised or depressed part of the image.
 Example of this is etching and dry point.
This printing technique uses copper plate while the first one uses wood.
Uses chisel or sharp tools to engrave.

DIFFERENT PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES:

i. Relief Printing (raised) iii. Surface Printing (flat)

ii. Intaglio Printing (depressed)
iii. Surface Printing (flat) Surface Printing (flat)
 This includes all processes in which printing is done
from a flat surface (plane).
i. Relief Printing (raised)  Example of this type is serigraphy or silk printing.
Printing on t-shirt.

Relief Printing (raised)

 This is the oldest method for printmaking.
 The techniques involves cutting away certain parts of
the surface, usually a block of wood and leaving the
‘raised’ parts to produce the image.
 Woodcut or wood engraving uses this technique.
Example of this is stamp.

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Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts Three Kinds of Sculpture

3 KINDS OF SCULPTURE:
Overview
1. Freestanding
SCULPTURE
2. Relief
• 3 Kinds of Sculpture
i. Freestanding a. Low Relief
ii. Relief b. High Relief
▪ Low Relief 3. Kinetic
▪ High Relief
iii. Kinetic

i. Freestanding (In the Round)

• Process of Creating Sculptures
i. Subtractive
ii. Additive
iii. Substitution
▪ Sand Casting
▪ Plastic Casting
▪ Lost-Wax Casting

• Different Media of Sculpture

i. Stone
ii. Wood
iii. Metal
▪ Stainless Steel
▪ Bronze
▪ Brass
iv. Plaster 1. Freestanding (In the Round) – these are the
v. Terra cotta (Earth Cooked)
vi. Glass sculptures that can be viewed from all sides.
▪ Hot Sculpting
▪ Cold Working UP Oblation, David of Michael Angelo, Statue of Liberty, CvSU Laya at
▪ Glass Blowing Diwa
vii. Plastic

ii. Relief
Sculpture

Sculpture
• The word sculpture has originated from the Latin 2. Relief – these are the sculptures in which the figures
word ‘sculpere’ which means to carve.
project from a background.
• It is defined as the practice of making three-
dimensional forms.
• It is the art form that is described as having length,
width, and volume.

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TWO VARIATIONS OF RELIEF: iii. Kinetic

LOW RELIEF 3. Kinetic – a sculpture that is capable of movement by

 The figures are slightly raised / projected from its wind, water, or other forms of energy.
background.
 Less shadow is created. Kinetic Rain – largest kinetic art sculpture at Singapore Changi Airport.
Wind Mill, Pendelum
One-peso coin.

Process of Creating Sculptures

PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURES:

1. Subtractive
2. Additive
3. Substitution
a. Sand Casting
b. Plastic Casting
c. Lost-Wax Casting

i. Subtractive Process
HIGH RELIEF
 Almost half of the figures project from its
background.
 More shadows is created.
One-peso coin.

1. Subtractive Process – process of removing or cutting

away pieces of material to form the figure.
From a block of wood, subtractive process occurred in order to remove
parts and create an art.

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ii. Additive Process Different Media of Sculpture

DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE:

i. Stone
ii. Wood
iii. Metal
a. Stainless Steel
b. Bronze
c. Brass
iv. Plaster
v. Terra cotta (Earth Cooked)
vi. Glass
a. Hot Sculpting
2. Additive Process – construction of figure by putting b. Cold Working
c. Glass Blowing
together bits of the material by welding together the
vii. Plastic
parts to create figured.
Welding and assembling – part of additive process
An example of this is clay – we add up pieces in order to create a figure.
i. Stone

iii. Substitution Process

i. Stone
 Is a natural medium.
3. Substitution Process – this process is also known  It is hard and relative permanent.
as CASTING. Material should be in a liquid form  Sculptures made out of stone will last for many years.
and poured into the mold.  MARBLE – is deemed by sculptors as the most
beautiful stone.

Romblon – Marble capital of the Philippines.

3 TYPES OF CASTING: In the picture is a sculpture made by Michael Angelo entitle ‘David’ – taller
• Sand Casting than a person – 17ft tall.

• Plastic Casting
• Lost-Wax Casting

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ii. Wood iii. Metal

ii. Wood iii. Metal

 Is a natural medium.  This medium is used for sculpture because of its 3
 Compared to stone, wood is relatively easy to work UNIQUE QUALITIES:
on. o Tensile strength
 Wood varies in hardness and durability depending on o Ductility
the kind of tree it came from. o Malleability
 In the Philippines, the best wood are Molave, Acacia,  The two ways by which metal can turn into beautiful
Langka wood, Ipil wood, Kamagong, Palm wood, and sculptures is through assembling (welding) and
bamboo. casting.
 NARRA – is the Philippine hard wood but it’s
restricted by the local government.

Downside of Wood:
• ‘inaanay’ / being eaten by termites & becomes ‘marupok’ or
fragile.
• When exposed to water & moisture, it becomes weak and the
parts of it shatters.
• It is flammable since it is made of wood.

 The ideal metals for sculpture are ALLOYS which is a

combination of two elements.

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3 EXAMPLE OF METAL MEDIUM:

BRASS
- Is an alloy of cooper and zinc that gives it a yellowish
STAINLESS STEEL golden color.
- Is also known as INOX STEEL. - Brass is more malleable than bronze and has a lower
- It is made from combination of steel and chromium. melting point.
- This medium does not rust or stain when exposed to
moisture and water.

iv. Plaster

BRONZE iv. Plaster

- Is an alloy of two elements: tin and cooper
 Specifically, PLASTER OF PARIS is finely ground
- Its color reddish-brown and will corrode if constantly
gypsum mixed with water and poured into the mold.
exposed to water and moisture.
 This material dries quickly, depending on the size of
It forms rust and its color fades. the mold.
 After it has dried up, it can be painted with different
colors.
*Plaster of Paris – because its gypsum is from Paris.
*It is much more beautiful when painted with colors since the texture is
smooth.
*Masilya – pang smoothen sa bahay pag ginagawa.
*Plaster – removes or covers up the imperfections to avoid having a hard
time painting an art, for the texture to be smooth.
*Sinesementong braso or what

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v. Terra cotta (Earth cooked) 3 GLASS SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES:

v. Terra cotta (Earth cooked)

HOT SCULPTING
 This is baked clay, or clay fired in kiln at a relatively
high temperature. - Using the metal rod to gather the molten glass from
 Firing the clay causes the moisture to evaporate the furnace and shapes it using another tool.
hardening the clay.
 Clay can be molded into any form before it is baked.
 The major weakness of the class is its fragility.
Example of this is PALAYOK which is heated in a pugon in order to remove
its water/moisture – for it to become solid.

Downside of Terra cotta (Earth cooked) – fragile because it breaks easily.

vi. Glass

COLD WORKING
- Is using a cold hardened glass.
- This involves sandblasting, engraving, polishing, and
grinding to create the sculpture glass.
The process being conducted is subtractive process

vi. Glass
 This is made by heating and cooling a combination of
sand and soda lime.
 Glass may be transparent, translucent, or opaque.
 It can be molded into various shapes and colors.
This is a very classy and sophisticated type of sculpture.

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GLASS BLOWING
- Is gathering of molten glass from the furnace using a
blowpipe.
- Air is blown into the pipe and shapes the glass before
it cools down.
Products of these are light bulbs.

vii. Plastic

vii. Plastic
 Is a synthetic medium made from organic polymers.
 While plastic is soft, it can be molded into a form.
 Sculptures using plastic are usually reproductions of
original work.
Casting can also be considered in here.
An example of this are toys.

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