Emplt Objective&Action Final

Ekatma Prabodh Mandal Date:.28.8.
2019 1 Sampoorna Rojgar-Priority Goal & Actions
A Public Document
SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL &

ACTIONS
(Need for full employment thrust)
A SUBMISSION TO HON’BLE PRIME MINISTER

by
EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL, MUMBAI
August 2019
Ekatma Prabodh Mandal Date:.28.8.2019 2 Sampoorna Rojgar-Priority Goal & Actions
EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL

(Activity of Ekatma Vikas Samiti, Public Trust Mumbai 858/2013GBBSD)
B105 Vatsalyadeep, Krantiveer Phadke Marg, Mulund (East), Mumbai 400081
Tel: 25639654, email: ekatmaprabodh@gmail.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref: EPM/SR-PGA/01 Date: 28.8.2019
To
Shri Narendrabhai Modi
Hon’ble Prime Minister, Government of Bharat
South Block, Central Secretariat, New Delhi 110011
Sub: SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS

Saadar Namaskar
Ekatma Prabodh Mandal (EPM) is working like a Think-Tank and devoting itself to the
study of national policies in the light of Ekatma Manav Darshan.
On your assumption of office for the second term we had submitted on behalf of
EPM a document ‘NEW CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – DESIRABLE PRIORITY ACTIONS
dtd.2.7.2019’.
In the above document we had mentioned “4.1 Sampoorna Rojgar – A Central
Theme of Economic Development: Government should take a bold and unprecedented step
to decide that Sampoorna Rojgar is the prime aim in economic field. Employment generation
should not be a by-product of economic growth but must be a central aim. A BJP committee
should come out with its recommendations followed by an expert committee with a
mandate of Sampoorn Rojgar. THIS IS POSSIBLE. We have some suggestions in the enclosed
detail document.”
This document “SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS” is now
enclosed for your perusal and action with the aim of Sampoorn Rojgaar.
Importance of Sampoorn Rojgaar is self-evident and we should heed wise words of
Deendayal Upadhyay दीनदयाल जी ने प से कहा था िक “ ेक को वोट जैसे
राजिनितक जातं का िनकष है वैसे ही ेक को काम” यह आिथक जातं का मापदं ड है|
इस संबंध म वे आगे कहते है िक ेक को ऐसा काम िमलना चिहए िजससे उसकी ठीक
से जीिवकोपाजन हो सके, उसे अपना काम चुनने की तं ता हो तथा उसे अपने काम के बदले
ायोिचत पा र िमक िमले| इसके िलए रोज़गार–के त उ ादन, िनवेश एवं िवकास–रणनीित बननी
चािहए|(‘दीनदयाल जी का एका अथिच न - डॉ. बजरं गलाल गु ा’ आलेख से) In short Employment
to All is as important as an individual vote is a very important yardstick of democracy.
We trust this document will provide enough practical suggestions for immediate
action. We will be happy to assist by giving further clarifications, if required.
With regards
Yours Sincerely
For EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL
Encl: document as above (Rajendra Koppikar) 9004111576 Karyavaah

Cc: 1 FM, 2 Minister for Labour & Employment, 3 Cabinet Secretary, 4 Principal Secretary to PM, 5
Finance Secretary, 6 Vice-Chairman NITI Aayog
FOREWORD
Employment generation has an important role and place particularity in
the Indian economy. It is not only undertaken for the sake of income generation
but is crucial to one’s dignity, well-being and development as an individual.
Economic growth without a proportionate rise in employment opportunities is
a growth without social justice. It can be termed as jobless growth. A nation can
progress when the rate of participation of workforce in the process of economic
growth is high. National income of the country can be raised only by providing
full and more productive employment to its working population. Employment is
also important for poverty eradication and for raising the standard of living of
the common man. Besides, employment helps in fuller utilization of country's
manpower and maintaining law and order in the society. On account of all
these reasons the goal of employment generation has been given a high place
in India's development plans.
We know that people in an economy are engaged in various types of
economic activities. All activities which contribute to Gross Domestic Product
through the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services
are called economic activities. Persons who are engaged in production activities
to earn a living are termed as workers and they constitute the workforce or
labour force. In other words, workers are engaged in various types production
activities and contribute to the process of growth by rendering their services in
the economy.
Majority of people in our country live in rural areas and men constitute
the majority of workforce in India. The proportion of female workers in total
workforce is low. Among the rural workers, the share of female workers is more
than that in urban areas as the rural women participate in larger number in
economic activities, primarily as labourers and cultivators. In the urban areas, a
majority of the women workers are employed in the organised sector, in
household industries, trades and services, etc.
The worker-population ratio in the rural sector was nearly 50.4 per cent
whereas it was 41.4 per cent in the urban sector.
Workers-population ratio in India is low in comparison to developed
countries on account of higher dependent population, exclusion of unpaid
family members, and low female participation. Participation rate in rural areas
is higher than in the urban areas. Female participation rate is much smaller than
male participation rate. This is reflective of the low social status of the women
in Indian society. Female education in India is still a far cry leading to low job
opportunities. Female participation rate in rural areas is higher than female
participation rate in urban areas. It is because of poverty that the women in
rural areas are forced to seek employment.
Employed workers can be categorized into two broad groups :-
(i) Self-employed and (ii) Hired workers -- They may be further categorized as:
(a) Regular Wage Employees, and (b) Casual Wage Employees.
Nearly 46 per cent of the total workforce (both men and women) was self -
employed in the year 2015-16 which means self-employment is a major source
of livelihood in our country. Here also, the proportion of female self-employed
workers is higher than the male self-employed workers.
There were nearly 33 per cent casual-hired workers in the total workforce.
17.6 per cent of total male workers are engaged as regular salaried
employees whereas only 15 per cent of total workers are working in this
category. Thus, as far as regular salaried work is concerned the proportion of
male workers is higher than the female workers.
We notice that the self-employed and casual wage labourers are found
more in rural areas than in urban areas.
The major economic activities are classified into three main sectors and
eight industrial divisions:
(A) Primary sector: (i) Agriculture and allied activities (ii) Mining and quarrying
(B) Secondary Sector: (i) Manufacturing (ii) Electricity, gas and water supply
(iii) Construction
(C) tertiary sector: (i) Trade (ii) Transport, Storage and Communication (iii)
Services.
(i) 47 per cent workforce earns its livehood from primary sector.
(ii) The share of secondary sector in the total employment is nearly 22 per cent
whereas the share of tertiary (or services) sector is about 31 per cent.
In the rural sector the proportion of regular salaried employees is lower
in comparison to urban sectors.
(iii) The share of primary sector in the total employment has declined.
(iv) The share of secondary sector and the share of tertiary sector has
increased. These two sectors are showing promising future for the Indian
workers.
(v) The proportion of self-employed and regular salaried employees has
declined whereas the share of casual wage labourers has increased. Thus the
workers are moving from self-employed and regular salaried jobs to casual
wage employment. The process of moving from self-employed and regular
salaried employment to casual wage jobs is termed as casualisation of
workforce.
We generally find that self-employed workforce in rural areas work on
fields because they do not get non-farm jobs and therefore migrate to urban
areas where they often get employment as casual workers where even skilled
workers are struggling for regular jobs. In this situation the workers become
highly vulnerable. They do not get regular and assured income. Hence, they
always remain under stress.
Indian economy is divided into formal and informal (or organised and
unorganised) sectors. Formal sector comprises all the public sector enterprises
and those private sector enterprises which employ 10 hired workers or more.
Those who work in the formal sector establishments (organised sector) are
termed as formal sector workers. The rest is informal sector and its workers are
informal sector workers. Thus, farmers, agricultural labourers, owners of small
enterprises, self-employed persons etc. are treated as informal sector workers.
Out of total 474 million workers in the country, only 39 million workers are
engaged in the formal sector. Thus, only a small percentage (just 8 per cent) of
the total workforce of the country is employed in the formal sector.
On the other hand, the informal sector in the economy is quite large. It
provides employment to around 92 per cent of the workforce. Nearly 436
million workers are working in the informal sector. Out of it about 232 million
workers are employed in the agricultural sector alone.
Unemployment is a situation in which people (between the age group15-
60 years) who are willing and able to work fail to get jobs at the prevailing wage
rates. In other words unemployment measures involuntary idleness, i.e. the
time for which individuals are available for and willing to, but are not able to
find work. From social point of view, unemployment means wastage of the
precious labour resources of the country. For an individual, unemployment is a
painful and demoralizing experience, Employment, to be gainful and
sustainable, has to be productive in character.
Unemployment is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. It is not restricted to
one sector or group of population. Instead, it is a widespread disease touching
almost every segment of the Indian economy. Prominent among these are
given below:-
1 Open unemployment, 2 Disguised Unemployment, 3 Seasonal
Unemployment, 4 Educated unemployment, 5 Structural unemployment, 6
Frictional unemployment, 7 Cyclical unemployment and 8 Under-employment.
In Indian economy we find all forms of unemployment.
The problem of unemployment is disadvantageous to the country as it
results in unutilized manpower of the country. It affects the economy mainly in
two ways: first, unemployed persons cannot make contribution to the country's
production and it reduces the level of overall output in the economy. Secondly,
they take their share from the common pool even without contributing
anything to it and thus reduce the rate of capital formation as well as the per
capita availability of goods and services for others. Apart from this, the country
has to face problems like greater inequality of distribution of income and
wealth resulting in social unrest. It may also create the problem of jobless
growth i.e. growth without social justice.
Jobless development means that here is a fast increase in the Gross

Domestic Product but in comparison to it, employment opportunities do not
increase to a sufficient extent.
What is more engaging is that during the Plan Period, the rate of increase
in employment is also noticed to be lagging behind the rate of increase in
labour force. Notwithstanding all the development plans and increase in
production, the number of unemployed persons has been continuously rising in
the country.
In short the solution of the problem of unemployment lies in reversing the
causes of unemployment. It means controlling the population growth, speeding
up the pace of economic development, adoption of labour-intensive technology
and making the education job oriented.
Employment for all

Efforts should be made to ensure appropriate work for each individual and
to find an appropriate person for each piece of work. At least one member of
each family must be guaranteed full and gainful employment. With this end in
mind, there is a need to take a new look at all our employment policies.
Employment-generating production and investment policies have to be
introduced. For this we have to adopt a model of employment-led growth
strategy instead of growth-led employment strategy. It is also essential that
industrialists give up anti-worker approach and workers should give due
importance to work culture. Above all, practical policies have to be designed in
order to achieve the goal of a sustained development with social justice.
The present production process is long, roundabout and extravagant (or
uneconomical). In the beginning whatever amount of raw materials or minerals
are used in the production process, before reaching the consumers in the form
of final products, a large portion of them is decelerated and used up. This
production-process is largely dependent on machines and energy. Hence in
order to operate it, iron in the form of machines and implements and coal for
energy are required in a large quantity. This means that in this production-
process in a way coal is consumed by the iron and iron is consumed by coal, but
the consumer does not get much out of this process.
In the economic system there is unknown, indirect, and distant,
relationship between the producer and the consumer. The producer knows the
consumer by numbers and not by names, for instance, customers having size 8,
10 or 12 of shoes and chappals or customers having size 30, 35 or 40 of shirts
and vests. In this type of system we cannot imagine the live and organic
relationships that can understand human sentiments and emotions between
producers and consumers. Hence today’s biggest challenge is to evolve a kind of
production process and mechanism which can produce the maximum with the
minimum resources (or inputs), which can have least possible deterioration of
resources and which can develop humanitarian relationship between producers

and consumers. Apart from it, we will have to give more stress on adopting that
production technique which can increase employment and also that which can
provide self-satisfaction to the working people. In short, we have to adopt
employment-oriented economical production process then only we can provide
total employment for our countrymen.
Employment is the central problem around which all other problems
rotate. It is multi-dimensional, hence for its solution we have to adopt multi-
dimensional policy framework. The present document is really prepared on the
integrated and multi-dimensional approach keeping in view Deendayalji’s
Integral Humanism. Hence it should be adopted and implemented with all
sincerity.
It is a matter of great satisfaction that “EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL” of
Mumbai under the leadership of Rajendra Koppikar and Ravindra Mahajan has
done commendable work by producing a document regarding total
employment generation in the Indian Economy.
During a long period of planned development a number of schemes have
been launched to increase employment but we could not succeed. It is perhaps
because of the reason that government has adopted piecemeal approach based
on foreign development model. In this regard Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay gave
an Integrated and Holistic Model or conceptual frame work in the name of
“Integral humanism (Ekatma Manav-vaad,एका म मानववाद). This document
“SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – The priority goal and actions” is prepared on the basis
of Upadhyay’s approach. The beauty of this document is that it suggests policy
guidelines for total (Full) employment in all sectors of the Indian economy. It
emphasises on two points (i) We must adopt employment–led growth strategy
in place of growth-led employment strategy. (ii) Emphasis and promotion to
labour intensive decentralised self-employment sector. Deendayalji was of the
opinion that we must provide job to every hand which will lead to ‘Economic
Freedom.” I earnestly appeal to all research scholars, academicians, policy
makers and Government Officials to study and implement policy directions
suggested in this document. I congratulate all the team members of Ekatma
Prabodh Mandal.
Delhi 4.11.2019 Dr. Bajrang Lal Gupta
Former Reader in Economics,
Shraddhanand College of Delhi University.
Author of ‘A New Paradigm of Development – Sumangalam’ and member of
Akhil Bharatiya Karyakari Mandal of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
INDEX
LETTER TO PRIME MINISTER
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 Introduction 9 Steps usually taken to increase employment
1.1 Why This Document? (ref.7.1 above)
1.2 issues to be Cautious about 9.1 Encourage Labour-Intensive Industries,
1.3 What is not included in the document Give More Concessions/Tax Employing
2 Present national employment scene Industry.
2.1 Unemployment on Rise 9.2 Increase Exports Particularly of Labour-
2.2 Employment Being Created Intensive Items.
2.3 New Employment Required 9.3 More Government Investment in
2.4 Central Government Schemes Infrastructure
3 Bhaarateey view of work 9.4 Stimulate Consumer Demand
4 Need for rojgar 9.5 Make Loans Easy and /or Cheaper to
5 Sampoorn rojgaar – necessary priority goal increase Consumption
5.1 PRIME IMPORTANCE OF SAMPOORN 9.6 Give Concession to Industry to Increase
ROJGAAR AS GOAL Output E.G. Tax Reduction.
5.2 SAMPOORN ROJGAAR AS GOAL ACCEPTED 9.7 Some Kind of Limited Employment
BY GOVERNMENT AND ILO Guarantee Scheme
5.3 FEASIBILITY OF SAMPOORN ROJGAAR 10 Supporting actions required to increase
5.4 CONCOMITANT OBJECTIVES employment
6 Principles of employment 10.1 Change In Development Perspective
7 Employment – desirable priority actions 10.2 Policy Orientation for Sampoorn Rojgar
7.1 Steps Usually taken to increase 10.3 Role of Employment Exchanges
Employment 10.4 Discourage Imports
7.2 New Suggestions to increase Employment 10.5 Relevant Data Base
7.3 Towards Sampoorn Rojgaar 11 Expectations from role players in
8 Discussion on new suggestions to increase employment sector
employment (ref. 7.2) 11.1 Central Government
8.1 Employment Planning by and in Village8.2 11.2 State Governments
Self-Employment in Every City Area 11.3 Industry
8.3 Tree Plantation 11.4 Role of Universities
8.4 Water Storage and Percolation 11.5 Role of Ngo
8.5 pooling of Rural Technology 11.6 Role of Farmer Organizations
8.6 Promote Household Enterprise in Rural 11.7 Role of Workers Organizations
And Semi-Rural Areas 8.7 Industry 11.8 Role of Social Organizations
Contribution – Apprenticeship 12 Sectorwise actions for employment
8.8 Industry Contribution – Manufacturing 12.1 Agriculture
Decentralization 12.2 Industry
8.9 Compulsory Social Service Cum Ncc 12.3 Services
Training for Youth 13 Areawise Actions For Employment
8.10 Security Service for Cities 14 Estimates Of Finance And Possible Sources
8.11 Student Personality Enhancement 14.1 Estimate of Financial Resources for New
Activities Employment
8.12 Levy on Industries Employing Less Than 14.2 Employment Intensity
Normal 15 Concluding Remarks
8.13 Reduce Retirement Age To 50 From 60. References:
8.14 Shifts of 6 Hours instead of 8 Hours Appendix No. 1 : EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
8.15 Other Suggestions Appendix No.2: EFFECT OF AUTOMATION ON
EMPLOYMENT – SOME GLIMPSES
Appendix No.3: AVENUES FOR SELF-
EMPLOYMENT FOR YOUTH
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF
SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS

Ekatma Prabodh Mandal (EPM), Mumbai works like a Think-Tank working on reviewing
national policies vis-a-vis the changing situation in the light of Ekatma Manav Darshan1. EPM
submitted a document ‘NEW CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – DESIRABLE PRIORITY ACTIONS’ to the
Prime Minister on 2.7.2019 which covered major fields for action by the central government. This
‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ document further expands on the issue of Employment in the submission
mentioned above.
A. Why This Document?

A1 The paramount need for SAMPOORN ROJGAAR (full employment) cannot be overstressed.
Consider the following:
1 Unemployed section of population is thrown out of normal social life and the persons are
psychologically depressed causing damage to themselves and the society
2 Unemployed persons can take to socially destructive activity even criminality.
3 Society is anyway incurring expenditure on unemployed persons but is deprived of their
contribution to national development.
4 Unemployed have been neglected by rulers, industrialists, owners of assets, and also economists
and planners. Full employment is possible and we must decide it as a central goal and display
through our actions a will to work for it.
A2 The document puts forward SEVERAL INNOVATIVE NEW SUGGESTIONS FOR INCREASING
EMPLOYMENT (see section 8 in the main document) though it also takes into account the usual
steps taken to enhance employment.
A3 It is observed that the usual steps to increase employment are not sufficient due to the
following major factors:
1 Increasing automation being resorted to by employers making employees redundant
2 Flood of imports due to which many local industrial units have closed down or have reduced
output or they have not come into being at all.
3 Reluctance of employers in general to enhance employment for various reasons like increasing
onerous compliance, enhanced possibly damaging union activity, difficulty in reducing number of
employees in case of downturn or inefficiency
4 Slowing down of economic activity in the country and also globally
5 Losing momentum of exports
6 No systematic and concerted efforts to promote entrepreneurship
7 Increasing divergence between what is taught in educational institutions and what skills and
proficiency are sought by industry.
B. Priority Actions
B1 Adopt ‘Sampoorna Rojgaar’ as a national priority. The entire developmental activity should
have this as a central theme.
B2 Government should take a bold and unprecedented step to decide that Sampoorna Rojgar is the
prime aim in economic field. Employment generation should not be a by-product of economic
growth but must be a central aim. A BJP committee should come out with its recommendations
followed by a government expert committee with a mandate of Sampoorn Rojgar.
B3 Self-effort by citizens and their organizations must be the mainstay. Government pump
priming, dole, subsidies, deficit financing, borrowing from abroad should have only very limited
role.
B4 National Employment Policy must be in place
B5 Employment Sub-committee in Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
B6 Orderly decentralization of big industries to promote household enterprises in a consensual
way.
B7 Massive engagement of youth by improving quality of education and providing opportunity for
social service and exposure to disciplined life in NCC can trigger a social transformation.
C. New Employment Required

C1 About 3.965 crore persons need jobs (Current unemployment rate considered as 6.1% of
working age population 50% of 130 cr. population x 0.061)
C2 Presuming 50 Lakhs candidates entering job market every year, rise in current unemployment
may reach new alarming levels.
C3 Thus every year net new employment for 50 lakh new entrants and also for about 80 lakhs of
earlier unemployed persons is to be generated. This is the minimum requirement. If this can be
achieved, unemployment problem can be brought under control in 5 to 10 years.
D. Need for Rojgar

D1 Rojgaar term denotes undertaking a job for living– occupational, social, seva, household etc.
The activity may provide financial or other type of gain and / or the joy of living. It includes wage
or self or other types of employment. (In this document unremunerative jobs or duties are
included in the term Rojgaar)
D2 Every living being has to have an earning source to meet its basic needs of food, clothing and
shelter.
D3 Employment is the main source of livelihood and self-fulfillment for most women and men and
gainful employment is the best development measure for a person.
D4 A human being always looks forward to a meaningful work and thus working or keeping itself
occupied in a chosen field is essential for its development.
D5 A human being has a further spiritual and psychological need to be fulfilled after basic physical,
physiological needs.
Hence the need for Rojgaar for all (Sampoorn Rojgaar) is paramount.
E. Sampoorn Rojgaar – Necessary Priority Goal

E1. Prime Importance of Sampoorn Rojgaar as Goal
Since the need for rojgaar is paramount, SAMPOORN ROJGAAR needs to be a necessary
priority goal for national development. The following additional reasons for it may be noted:
E1.1 Failure to get gainful and meaningful employment for self-sustenance may take the person to
unlawful/ criminal activity, inimical to himself and society.
E 5.1.2 Even if a person remains unemployed, the society has to feed & clothe him & also incur
expenditure for health, housing etc. out of the earnings of others. He is a financial burden on
family and society.
E 5.1.3 Providing an employment of some kind can keep the person on even keel. It is obvious
that, if work is not provided to the willing working hands, to that extent national output is lost.
Also by doing socially useful and productive work he can add to the national wealth and wellbeing.
E 5.1.4 The hiatus between the employed and the unemployed gives rise to social inequity and
tensions.
E2. Feasibility of Sampoorn Rojgaar

E2.1 Sampoorn rojgaar, though desirable, may in practice mean lowest possible unemployment.
Then with further sustained efforts, the progress towards the goal of Sampoorn Rojgaar can be
made. ----------------------------------------------------------------slide
E2.2 This is practically possible in case of household enterprise system where temporary
unemployment / unemployment due to unavoidable causes like sickness or physical/ psychological
ailment compelling inability to work is taken care of.
E2.3 The potential of agriculture sector including horticulture, sericulture, bee-keeping etc. along
with food processing can be utilized.
E2.4 Unskilled individuals can be employed at gram panchayat level for forestation and similar low
skilled jobs.
E2.5 There is a huge scope in the water storage and utilization sector for new work with proper
planning and sustained proper implementation
E2.6 Education quality improvement area has unlimited scope to work as a supplementary system
in schools and colleges with private initiatives with skills for a balanced development of student.
E2.7 Demand for talent with digital skills will be increasing at least for next decade. This will create
job opportunities. Some of the avenues are: Web development, Designing mobile apps, Updating
IT systems, User interface designing, Analytics Developing, artificial intelligence systems for
products and services, Cloud computing, Cybersecurity etc.
Capgemini digital transformation institute survey suggests that there was 20% gap between
demand and supply in the year 2017. With the development in the digitization the increase in
demand will offer more job opportunities8.
E2.8 With advances in information technology and technologies like 3D-manufacturing
decentralization of industry to household enterprises is possible without loss of quality and
timeliness.
Thus the goal of Sampoorn Rojgaar is achievable if we strive and commit nationally to it.
F. Principles of Employment
F1 Productive employment
F2 Self-employment
F3 One Rojgaar per Family
F4.4Human Orientation
F5 Poornatv
F6 Dignity of Labour
F7 Work within sustainable limits
F8 Household Enterprises
F9 Appropriate Technology
F10Employment by Enterprises
G Employment – Desirable Priority Actions

G1 Steps Usually Taken to Increase Employment
G1.1 Encourage labour-intensive industries, give more concessions/tax exemption to such
industries.
G1.2 Increase exports particularly of labour-intensive items.
G1.3 More government investment in infrastructure.
G1.4 Stimulate consumer demand by spending more, increasing wages, giving tax concessions to
increase economic activity which in turn will increase employment.
G1.5 Make loans easy and /or cheaper to increase consumption.
G1.6 Give concession to industry to increase output e.g. tax reduction.
G1.7 Some kind of limited employment guarantee scheme
These actions are discussed later under point no.9.
G2 New Suggestions to Increase Employment

G2.1 Employment Planning by and in Village
G2.2 Self-employment in every village and city area as referred under 5.3 amd 5.4 above.
G2.3 Tree Plantation
G2.4 Water Storage and Percolation
G2.5 Pooling of Rural Technology
G2.6 Promote Family Enterprises in Rural and semi-Rural Areas
G2.7 Industry Contribution – Apprenticeship
G2.8 Industry Contribution – manufacturing decentralization
G2.9 Compulsory Social Service cum NCC training for youth
G2.10 A security service for cities is necessary to guard crucial places to improve traffic, fend off
encroachments by hawkers, and maintain cleanliness. This can provide jobs to the extent of few
lakhs and improve city discipline, cleanliness and life in general.
G2.11 Schools can undertake STUDENT PERSONALITY ENHANCEMENT activities by employing
domain experts and this will give a boost to quality of education too.
G2.12 A levy on industries employing less than proportionate employees due to automation.
G2.13 Reduce retirement age to 50 from 60.
G2.14 The shift of 8 hours should be reduced to 6 hours for extra employment generation
The above suggestions are detailed below.
H. Employment and Finance

H1. Yearwise Possible Employment Increase
Yearwise Possible Employment Increase

– in lakh persons
SL SUGGESTION YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL Av./yr
Employment Planning by and in 9
8.1 5 10 15 10 5 45
Village - nos. for new work
Additional Self-employment in city 12
8.2 5 10 15 15 15 60
area
8.3 Tree Plantation – additional work 5 15 15 15 15 65 13
Water storage & percolation – 14
8.4 10 15 15 15 15 70
additional work
8.5 Pooling of rural technology 5 5 4 3 3 20 4
Promote household enterprise in 10
8.6 5 10 10 10 15 50
rural & semirural areas - new
Industry contribution - 10
8.7 5 10 10 10 15 50
Apprenticeship
8.8 3 10 12 15 20 60
Manufacturing decentralization
Compulsory social service cum 4
8.9 3 5 5 4 3 20
NCC training for youth
8.10 Security service for cities 3 5 5 4 3 20 4
Student personality enhancement 14
8.11 10 15 15 15 15 70
activities
8.13 Reduction in retirement age 10 10 10 5 5 40 8
8.14 Shifts of 6 hours instead of 8 hrs 5 10 10 5 5 35 7
GRAND TOTAL 74 130 141 126 134 605 121
H2. Estimates of Finance And Possible Sources

Funds planning for possible employment increase (L) persons
Av cases Fund Rs lakh Funds/Yr
Pt. Heading
(L)/yr Resource /case/Yr (Cr)
8.1 Village (NREGA) Govt. 0.9 8100
Self employment in every village 12 Banks / Fin.
8.2 and city area Inst. 1 12000
13 Govt / Ind /
Tree Plantation
8.3 Pvt 0.9 11700
14 Govt / Ind /
8.4 Water storage & percolation Pvt 0.9 12600
4 Govt / Ind /
8.5 Pooling of rural technology Pvt 1.5 6000
Promote household enterprise in 10 Govt /
8.6 rural & semirural areas Industry/Pvt 1.5 15000
8.7 Apprenticeship Industry 3.6 36000
8.8 Manufacturing decentralisation Industry 0.5 6000
Compulsory social service cum NCC 4
8.9 training for youth Govt. 7.3 29000
4
8.1 Security service for cities Govt. 1.8 7200
8.11 activities Pvt. 1.8 25200
8
8.13 Reduction in retirement age Industry 1.8 12800
7 Govt /
8.14 Shifts of 6 hours instead of 8 hrs Industry 1.5 10500
GRAND TOTAL 121 1,92,100

The estimate is based on judgment and can vary. This gives an idea of resources that may be
necessary.
I. Concluding Remarks
I1 Government should take a bold and unprecedented step to decide that Sampoorna Rojgar is the
followed by a government expert committee with a mandate of Sampoorn Rojgar. THIS IS
POSSIBLE.
I2 Man needs fruitful work for his full development and is one of the best means of integrating
individual and social good.
I3 Employment generation cannot be left to the automatic process of economic development but
specific measures for increasing employment need to be taken while proceeding with economic
development.
I4 Job creation is not a government job. Individuals and private entrepreneurs must create the
most of the employment. What government can and must do is to put employment-friendly
policies in place.
I5 Work towards a national resolve ‘SAMPOORN ROJGAAR IS POSSIBLE AND WE SHALL HAVE IT’
This theme will lead to prosperous, happy citizens and also to all-round development of the
country.
(full document text)

SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS
1. Introduction
Ekatma Prabodh Mandal (EPM), Mumbai works like a Think-Tank working on reviewing
national policies vis-a-vis the changing situation in the light of Ekatma Manav Darshan1. EPM
submitted a document ‘NEW CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – DESIRABLE PRIORITY ACTIONS’ to the
Prime Minister on 2.7.2019 which covered major fields for action by the central government. This
‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ document further expands on the issue of Employment in the submission
mentioned above.
1.1 Why This Document?

1.1.1 All of those who are engaged in Nation-Rebuilding effort in their own way continuously
monitor the situation in the country and try to gauge and suggest the right strategy. The time is
again opportune when new Lok Sabha is in place and a new Central Government has assumed
office.
The ideas presented herein, if pondered over by all, and particularly by the political and
administrative personnel at the helm of government affairs, industry and social leaders can
profitably be used for reaching the goal of Sampoorn Rojgar over a period of 5 to 10 years.
1.1.2 The paramount need for SAMPOORN ROJGAAR (full employment) cannot be overstressed.
Consider the following:
1. Unemployed section of population is thrown out of normal social life and the persons are
psychologically depressed causing damage to themselves and the society
2. Unemployed persons can take to socially destructive activity even criminality.
3. Society is anyway incurring expenditure on unemployed persons but is deprived of their
contribution to national development.
4. Unemployed have been neglected by rulers, industrialists, owners of assets, and also
economists and planners. Full employment is possible and we must decide it as a central goal and
display through our actions a will to work for it.
1.1.3 The document puts forward SEVERAL INNOVATIVE NEW SUGGESTIONS FOR INCREASING
EMPLOYMENT (see section 8 in the main document) though it also takes into account the usual
steps taken to enhance employment.
1.1.4 It is observed that the usual steps to increase employment are not sufficient due to the
following major factors:
1. Increasing automation being resorted to by employers making employees redundant
2. Flood of imports due to which many local industrial units have closed down or have reduced
output or they have not come into being at all.
3. Reluctance of employers in general to enhance employment for various reasons like increasing
onerous compliance, enhanced possibly damaging union activity, difficulty in reducing number of
employees in case of downturn or inefficiency
4. Slowing down of economic activity in the country and also globally

5. Losing momentum of exports
6. No systematic and concerted efforts to promote entrepreneurship
7. Increasing divergence between what is taught in educational institutions and what skills and
proficiency are sought by industry.
8. Increasing population
9. In the new product areas the tendency of large number of Bharatiya industrialists is to import
the items and market it with rebranding, if feasible or import in SKD/CKD kits and assemble it here
thus foregoing the employment that would have been generated for manufacture.
This document discusses these and other reasons and tries to suggest some novel steps to
provide work to all desiring to work. It also discusses all related issues in relation to the objective
of SAMPOORN ROJGAAR (full employment). EPM has been working on this theme of Sampoorna
Rojgaar and had arranged a seminar to discuss a document on 2.10.2010 in Thane. That document
duly modified is partly included as one chapter in the book by EPM2.
Importance of Sampoorn Rojgaar is self-evident and we should heed wise

words of Deendayal Upadhyay दीनदयाल जी ने प प से कहा था क “ येक को वोट जैसे
राजिनितक जातं का िनकष है वैसे ही येक को काम” यह आ थक जातं का मापदंड है| इस संबंध म
वे आगे कहते है क येक ि को ऐसा काम िमलना चिहए िजससे उसक ठीक से जीिवकोपाजन हो
सके , उसे अपना काम चुनने क वतं ता हो तथा उसे अपने काम के बदले यायोिचत पा र िमक िमले|
इसके िलए रोज़गार–के ि त उ पादन, िनवेश एवं िवकास–रणनीित बननी चािहए|(‘दीनदयाल जी का एका म
अथिच तन - डॉ. बजरं गलाल गु ा’ आलेख से) In short Employment to All is as important
as an individual vote is a very important yardstick of democracy.
1.2 Issues to be Cautious about

1. Not to promote wrong kind of activity just to create jobs. Productive jobs should be created.
Export of meat should not be encouraged.
2. Giving uncalled stimulus leading to price rise and increase in loan defaults
3. Government assuming risks of private enterprises
4. Exceeding the agreed deficit norms
5. Creating excessive loans
6. Dole or subsidy should not kill will to work and earn living.
7. Not to promote demand of luxury goods
8. Only sustainable development without damaging environment should be aimed at.
1.3 What is not included in the document

1. Labour reforms
2. Employability issues like skill
3. Contract labour
4. Full employment should not be another doled out social security scheme. We believe in
Purusharthee Samaj, advancing through own efforts taking help of government /social schemes
and affirmative actions. We should carefully avoid doles, dependency syndrome and permanent
government support. The schemes for disadvantaged sections are necessary but should stress self-
reliance.
2. Present National Employment Scene

A lot of good work has been done by the central government during 2014-19 in the
various sectors of economy3. But the expectations on the employment front have not been
fulfilled in spite of the intention, efforts and various schemes to provide one crore jobs per year.
Employment in manufacturing industry (13.7%) will keep thinning due to automation and
AI. Major share of Service Industry (37.5%) is already occupied by foreign establishments. The
Agriculture sector (49%) is in flux for various reasons including drought in some areas, piecemeal
actions by government agencies.
There is no agency in government which can or is tasked to take a comprehensive view of
Employment in the country. As a result the government is trying to take various actions to increase
employment but the philosophical and policy clarity and thrust is not visible.
2.1 Unemployment on Rise

2.1.1 Unemployment rate in the country rose to 4.9 per cent in 2013-14, mainly on account of
increase in joblessness in rural areas4. In 2012-13, it was 4.7 per cent.
2.1.2 Unemployment rate at 6.1 pc in 2017-18, as confirmed by government data, is the highest in
45 years. It also mentioned that in June 2019, 7.8 per cent of all employable urban youth were
jobless, while the percentage for the rural youth was 5.3 per cent. The joblessness among male on
all India basis was 6.2 per cent, while it was 5.7 per cent in case of females.5
2.1.3 There could be some disguised unemployment also which is not disclosed or covered by
surveys. On the other hand persons engaged in informal jobs may be reporting as unemployed.
Overall the unemployment is assuming a serious proportion.
2.2 Employment Being Created

2.2.1 Complete and clear data on new employment being created in the country is available in bits
and pieces. Government agencies are now trying to present this data but it will take time.
2.2.2 This data should also include the jobs lost and a figure of net jobs created. Some data is
available in the Appendix. E.g. As per CSO new 1.37 crore jobs were created in 2018-19. Around 1.22
million people joined the workforce in the country in June 2019, about 5% less than 1.29 million jobs
created in May 2019, according to the latest payroll data from the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation
(ESIC).
2.3 New Employment Required

2.3.1 About 3.965 crore persons need jobs (Current unemployment rate considered as 6.1% of
working age population 50% of 130 cr. population x 0.061)
2.3.2 Presuming 50 Lakhs candidates entering job market every year, rise in current
unemployment may reach new alarming levels.
2.3.3 Thus every year net new employment for 50 lakh new entrants and also for about 80 lakhs
of earlier unemployed persons is to be generated. This is the minimum requirement. If this can be
achieved, unemployment problem can be brought under control in 5 to 10 years.
2.4 Central Government Schemes

2.4.1 Employment Schemes
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA), Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-
GKY) and National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM).
2.4.2 Central government initiatives – helping more employment
a) StartUp India b) Skills India
2.4.3 Central government initiatives – indirectly helping more employment
a) Yuva Sahakar-Cooperative Enterprise Support and Innovation Scheme
b) Loans for MSME in 59 minutes - 12 measures to boost the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSME) sector
c) Task Force For Closing Skills Gap
3. Bhaarateey View Of Work

Bhaarateey view of life is always samagra (holistic) and ekatma (integral). Important
aspects of its view of work in relation to the individual and society can be mentioned as below:
3.1 Bhaarateeya view treats the labor as an integral part of the business. Business itself was
basically expected to be run with family ethos ensuring the interests of stakeholders in
harmonized manner to ensure success of business and at the same time give justice to the
contributors. A sympathetic view was expected for individual difficulties.
3.2 A person should prefer self-employment over wage employment which gives him more
freedom and opportunity to develop his personality.
3.3 It is demeaning for a person to live on doles and he must try utmost for the work to earn his
livelihood. Also he must choose some work out of available choices and once work is accepted he
must try to do it with devotion even though that work may not be his first choice.
3.4 Activities which were ancillary to the business were treated with due importance.
3.5 Social responsibility and accountability were an integral part of duty of those who were in a
position of controlling the business activities. This was evident from incidents which mention
opening up of a foodgrain godown to public free of cost during famines.
3.6 Amount of mutual trust between individuals was evident by entrusting stocks at places of
convenience belonging to others.
3.7 Work was rewarded both in terms of cash and kind.
3.8 One’s duty should not be shunned even though it may not be after one’s liking or may appear
to be less important or with some lacunae. (सहजं कम क तेय सदोषमिप न यजेत्)
3.9 For an individual ‘work is worship’.
3.10 Whatever work an individual does, excellence and perfection should be pursued. ‘Striving
for Poornatv’ in every activity undertaken should be the philosophy of life.
4. Need For Rojgar

4.1 Rojgaar term denotes undertaking a job for living– occupational, social, seva, household etc.
The activity may provide financial or other type of gain and / or the joy of living. It includes wage
or self or other types of employment. (In this document unremunerative jobs or duties are
included in the term Rojgaar)
4.2 Every living being has to have an earning source to meet its basic needs of food, clothing and
shelter.
4.3 Employment is the main source of livelihood and self-fulfillment for most women and men
and gainful employment is the best development measure for a person.
4.4 A human being always looks forward to a meaningful work and thus working or keeping itself
occupied in a chosen field is essential for its development.
4.5 A human being has a further spiritual and psychological need to be fulfilled after basic
physical, physiological needs.
Hence the need for Rojgaar for all (Sampoorn Rojgaar) is paramount.
5. Sampoorn Rojgaar – Necessary Priority Goal

5.1 Prime Importance of Sampoorn Rojgaar as Goal
Since the need for rojgaar is paramount, SAMPOORN ROJGAAR needs to be a necessary
priority goal for national development. The following additional reasons for it may be noted:
5.1.1 Failure to get gainful and meaningful employment for self-sustenance may take the person
to unlawful/ criminal activity, inimical to himself and society.
5.1.2 Even if a person remains unemployed, the society has to feed & clothe him & also incur
expenditure for health, housing etc. out of the earnings of others. He is a financial burden on
family and society.
5.1.3 Providing an employment of some kind can keep the person on even keel. It is obvious that,
if work is not provided to the willing working hands, to that extent national output is lost. Also by
doing socially useful and productive work he can add to the national wealth and wellbeing.
5.1.4 The hiatus between the employed and the unemployed gives rise to social inequity and
tensions.
5.2 Sampoorn Rojgaar As Goal Accepted By Government And ILO

5.2.1 Central government had published a draft National Employment Policy on 1.8.2008 stating
its main objective as “The objective of the NEP is to provide a framework towards the goal of
achieving remunerative and decent employment for all women and men in the labour force.” This
can be construed as an objective of SAMPOORNA ROJGAR.
5.2.2 But this stated goal of employment for all was not followed up seriously. The government
or the planning commission has never publicly talked about a goal of full employment. Also no
public debate is taking place on such a priority objective. It is notable that in the last 72 years, no
commission or committee has been appointed to work on a goal of Sampoorn Rojgaar.
5.2.3 Government of Bharat has ratified the ILO’s Employment Policy Convention, No. 122. This
Convention promotes full, productive and freely chosen employment to all women and men who
are seeking work.
5.2.4 But the development paradigms and plans so far had not taken employment as main
objective but it was just a desirable outcome of economic activity, though emphasis on
employment has been progressively increasing. Aiming & promoting full employment, though
given a lip sympathy, rarely appears at the center of policy-making A time has come to view
employment as one of the main objectives and work on a development paradigm accordingly.
5.2.5 By global definition6 & 7 full employment refers to a situation in which people who are willing to
work at existing wages are able to get jobs readily and quickly move from one job to another if they so
wish. However, full employment is not necessarily represented by wage paid activities. Human
beings occupied in activities that provide psychological and social satisfaction in return are also
treated as employed people. There are no wages paid as remuneration. Their livelihood is taken
care of in kind. These individuals work for constructive development of a family, society and
nation. E.g. gruhini or gruhasth devoting solely to family and not accepting outside work for
remuneration, social workers not accepting any remuneration etc.
5.3 Feasibility of Sampoorn Rojgaar

5.3.1 Sampoorn rojgaar, though desirable, may in practice mean lowest possible unemployment.
Then with further sustained efforts, the progress towards the goal of Sampoorn Rojgaar can be
made.
5.3.2 This is practically possible in case of household enterprise system where temporary
unemployment / unemployment due to unavoidable causes like sickness or physical/ psychological
ailment compelling inability to work is taken care of.
5.3.3 The potential of agriculture sector including horticulture, sericulture, bee-keeping etc. along
with food processing can be utilized.
5.3.4 Unskilled individuals can be employed at gram panchayat level for forestation and similar
low skilled jobs.
5.3.6 There is a huge scope in the water storage and utilization sector for new work with proper
planning and sustained proper implementation
5.3.7 Education quality improvement area has unlimited scope to work as a supplementary
system in schools and colleges with private initiatives with skills for a balanced development of
student.
5.3.8 Demand for talent with digital skills will be increasing at least for next decade. This will
create job opportunities. Some of the avenues are: Web development, Designing mobile apps,
Updating IT systems, User interface designing, Analytics Developing, artificial intelligence systems
for products and services, Cloud computing, Cybersecurity etc.
Capgemini digital transformation institute survey suggests that there was 20% gap between
demand and supply in the year 2017. With the development in the digitization the increase in
demand will offer more job opportunities8.
5.3.9 With advances in information technology and technologies like 3D-manufacturing
decentralization of industry to household enterprises is possible without loss of quality and
timeliness.
Thus the goal of Sampoorn Rojgaar is achievable if we strive and commit nationally to it.
5.4 Related Objectives

With Sampoorn Rojgaar as one major priority GOAL, inter alia, the following ancillary objectives
are desirable:
1 Creation of infrastructure facilities in tier B cities and further to towns
2 Arresting migration of persons from villages to larger towns and cities.
3 Establishing employment data collection system from village upwards
4 Establishing ‘Employment Information Grid’ which is able to continuously provide up to date
information ‘availability of employment to needy persons’ and also ‘availability of needy persons
for employment’ with details like place, skill etc.
5 Persuading at least 50% large and medium industries to decentralize output to household
enterprises in a planned manner over a period of 3 years.
6 Creating and managing a pool of mentors and trainers for household and micro enterprises for
each district in about 2 years
7 Establishing a system to minimize divergence in the skills desired from and available with
technical graduates, diploma-holders and technicians
8 Create viable models for enterprises to be concurrently run with farm work particularly by small
farm holders
6 Principles of Employment
6.1 Productive employment
Productive employment is ultimately the primary guarantee of satisfying human needs and
aspirations. National planning needs to target at making such employment available to all eligible
and desiring persons.
6.2 Self-employment
Remunerative work opportunities include self-employment. Making self-employment the most
preferred type of employment over salary or wage paid employment.
6.3 One Rojgaar per Family

Initial effort should start with providing at least one Rojgaar per family and then cover all eligible
individuals seeking work.
6.4 Human Orientation

Rojgaar is not only an economic aspect but also social & cultural aspect that shapes society.
6.5 Poornatv
Poornatv must become a national motto. Poornatv, inter alia, means industriousness being a way
of life, continuous innovation and striving for perfection in work. This includes modern terms of
productivity, efficiency and effectiveness.
6.6 Dignity of Labour

Emphasis on dignity of labour. That means every essential work is considered as important and no
work is condemned as low of dirty though division of labour may be required when warranted.
e.g. cleaning drives in our own factories, offices, localities by all etc.
6.7 Work within sustainable limits

Employment must adhere to judicious use of natural resources.
6.8 Household Enterprises

Making home the centre of production than factories to avoid factory-related social evils, increase
participation and ownership of women and protect families from stresses and strains of modern
business.
6.9 Appropriate Technology

Only appropriate technology shall be used. Uncalled for automation shall be avoided to preclude
adverse effect on employment. Employment oriented technologies shall be preferred which
enhance skills, quality & output of individual workers instead of removing men and using machine.
6.10 Employment by Enterprises

Generally, government should encourage, create atmosphere, provide facilities and incentivize
individuals, organizations, industry etc. to create employment. Direct employment by government
should be minimal. Government should set an example of an ideal employer.
7. Employment – Desirable Priority Actions

7.1 Steps Usually Taken to Increase Employment
7.1.1 Encourage labour-intensive industries, give more concessions/tax exemption to such
industries.
7.1.2 Increase exports particularly of labour-intensive items.
7.1.3 More government investment in infrastructure.
7.1.4 Stimulate consumer demand by spending more, increasing wages, giving tax concessions to
increase economic activity which in turn will increase employment.
7.1.5 Make loans easy and /or cheaper to increase consumption.
7.1.6 Give concession to industry to increase output e.g. tax reduction.
7.1.7 Some kind of limited employment guarantee scheme
These actions are discussed later under point no.9.
7.2 New Suggestions to Increase Employment

7.2.1 Employment Planning by and in Village
7.2.2 Self-employment in every village and city area as referred under 5.3 and 5.4 above.
7.2.3 Tree Plantation
7.2.4 Water Storage and Percolation
7.2.5 Pooling of Rural Technology
7.2.6 Promote Family Enterprises in Rural and semi-Rural Areas
7.2.7 Industry Contribution – Apprenticeship
7.2.8 Industry Contribution – manufacturing decentralization
7.2.9 Compulsory Social Service cum NCC training for youth
7.2.10 A security service for cities is necessary to guard crucial places to improve traffic, fend off
lakhs and improve city discipline, cleanliness and life in general.
7.2.11 Schools can undertake STUDENT PERSONALITY ENHANCEMENT activities by employing
7.2.12 A levy on industries employing less than proportionate employees due to automation.
7.2.13 Reduce retirement age to 50 from 60.
7.2.14 The shift of 8 hours should be reduced to 6 hours for extra employment generation
The above suggestions are detailed below.
7.3 Towards Sampoorn Rojgaar

7.3.1 Governments have been taking steps to increase employment opportunities but results are
not commensurate with requirements, mainly for the following reasons:
1 Employment is not a declared primary goal of development process and focus is on projects
where the employment generation is only incidental.
2 All aspects regarding employment are not considered in a comprehensive way (lack of samagra
approach) to optimize resources and efforts to obtain best possible increase in employment e.g.
we spend on education but neglect employability of youth, we try to help agriculturists with
cheaper tractors but neglect lakhs of agricultural workers who lose jobs and have no immediate
alternative to earn living
3 We allow a flood of imported items no better than local ones and kill our own industries and
employment under the specious pleas of ‘total liberalization’, ‘red carpet for foreign businessmen’
etc. which only serves vested interests in government, of middlemen / importers and petty service
providers to foreign enterprises.
7.3.2 There is a generation of new employment due the efforts of government (ref.7.1) but this is
not far above the loss of employment in the economy. Hence the net addition to employment is
minimal. We have not estimated possible additions.
7.3.3 Some ways of increasing employment for new entrants to the labour force have to be
explored which is the focus for suggestions in section 7.2. The additional generation of
employment due to these can help covering the backlog and cater to the new entrants.
8. Discussion on New Suggestions to Increase Employment (ref. 7.2)
8.1 Employment Planning by and in Village (additional emplt in NREGA 9 lakhs /year)
8.1.1 Employment scheme to be prepared by villagers for that particular village including
components of self-employment, skilled village profession, manual work under NREGA etc. to
provide employment to all the unemployed and underemployed in a phased manner.
8.1.2 A special fund should be directly given to Gram Panchayat for identifying priority work
which is not taken up by normal schemes and then can now be taken up with these special funds.
8.1.3 Beginning should be made with efforts to provide employment to at least one person from
family.
8.1.4 Then persons with partial employment can be provided with full employment.
8.1.5 Take few villages from every district to start with as pilot project.
8.1.6 Where necessary establishment of more ITIs (Industrial Training Institutes) with relevant
courses for the area should be considered.
8.1.7 The figure in the chart is for new employment with this measure and is in addition with the
present employment.
8.2 Self-Employment in Every City Area (additional 12 lakhs emplt every year)
8.2.1 Atmosphere of self-employment to be created with efforts from governmental and non-
governmental agencies
8.2.2 Registration with DIC or similar organization for starting industry. Nominal fee and
automatic.
8.2.3 Providing ‘Entrepreneur number’ which will be permanent with him unless he surrenders.
(surrendering and taking new one can be checked with Aadhar card)
8.2.3 Loans upto Rs 1 lakh without property back up but after fulfilling the following:
i. Viable project okayed by at least 2 businessman / established consultants
ii. Guaranteed by 2 relatives and 1 person with repute from his area (idea is
social/moral check)
8.2.4 Larger enterprise loans with property back up or established skills or with guarantors
8.2.5 Lender to assign mentor for 1 year (volunteers or industry representative)
8.2.6 Scheme for ENTREPRENEURIAL MENTOR either by volunteers (experienced person) or from
industry associations under a scheme. Appeal to industries to adopt 1crore enterprises
8.3 Tree Plantation (13 lakhs emplt per year)

8.3.1 Further intensive tree planting plots for unemployed with onus to see that trees survive for
5 to 10 years – individual and /or group plots.
8.3.2 Identify 10 lakh new plots progressively (2 per village). Each plot 5 persons.
8.4 Water Storage and Percolation (14 lakhs emplt per year)
8.4.1 Though awareness regarding need to store rain water is increasing and works are initiated
in many states there is huge scope to increase the speed and amount of this work. Additional
employment can be created through this work and also water table can be raised.
8.4.2 Standard water storage and /or percolation tanks to be built on voluntary or compulsory
basis all over country - both on farm and suitable sites in the village.
8.4.3 Revive old wells and tanks at least as percolating storage
8.4.4 Such an activity can be either under a scheme of the government or can be supported by
private sector.
8.5 Pooling of Rural Technology (4 lakhs emplt per year)

8.5.1 Over a period of 70 years lot of technology and gadgets have been developed for various
facets of farm work, these have not reached all the potential users for various reasons like lack of
commercialization of technology and / or gadgets, lax extension services, neglect by institutions
doing research and government officials etc.
8.5.2 Display of information about all rural technologies available on a central and state websites
through technical institutions is a priority job. This information should be prominently displayed at
all religious and village festivals and fairs.
8.5.3 Then entrepreneurs can be encouraged to productionize the gadgets E.g. Small agro-
machinery which can be manufactured by MSME at rural locations with improvisation in
traditional machines.
8.5.4 Plan processing of food grains and fruits in the village or in panchayat itself fully or at least
partially through resident rural entrepreneurs.
8.5.5 This activity of pooling all aspects of rural technology including making gadgets on hire can
be a very beneficial activity generating large number of jobs for rural youth with some training.
8.5.6 KVIC/ CAPART have been handling the rural technology activity on behalf of government for
the past 40-50 years. There are also specialty boards like Choir Board, Coconut Board, Coffee
Boards etc. All the rural technology activity should be under one promotional agency with an
empowered CEO with a clear quality and quantity mandate to promote entrepreneurship in the
rural areas.
8.6 Promote Household Enterprise in Rural and Semi-Rural Areas (10 lakhs emplt / year)
8.6.1 Government schemes do exist for self-employment but these are not actively promoted and
youth in both rural and urban areas are not fully aware of the opportunities that exist for
manufacture, craft and service outfits. Hence a semi-government Entrepreneurship Promotion
Agency needs to be established to
-take the existing opportunities and existing government schemes to the youth
-to guide them for project planning snd helping in choice of items, technology, finance and
markets
8.6.2 Medium scale entrepreneurs can be encouraged to establish agro-processing centres with
machineries which can be given on hire to household and other entrepreneurs for processing their
produce. Even government can establish such a centre for hire on pilot basis in few districts/ tehsil
places. Alternatively agencies like KVIC can be asked to examine and implement this with traials.
8.6.3 Agro-processing entrepreneurs should be persuaded to outsource some activities to the
unskilled workers in the villages or at Tehsil level. With all the efforts for education some unskilled
workers would remain for the foreseeable future.
8.6.4 One crore start-ups should be the target for five years
8.6.5 Help of voluntary and local agencies can be harnessed
8.6.6 Appendix no.3 gives an illustrative list of areas open for self-employment
8.7 Industry Contribution – Apprenticeship (10 lakhs emplt per year)

8.7.1 Apprenticeship scheme must be substantially increased by making it obligatory for medium
and large industries.
8.7.2 Apprenticeship needs to relate to work inside the organization for the products
manufactured or services offered.
8.7.3 Employing unit needs to create entreprenuers / make the apprentices employable after at
the end of the apprenticeship
8.7.4 Apprentices may be encouraged to return to their hometown to engage in self-employment.
8.7.5 If self-employed activity can be used by the parent concern, well & good. Else, it can be
treated as eligibility for incentive under suitable schemes from government.
8.8 Industry Contribution – Manufacturing Decentralization (12 lakhs emplt per year)
8.8.1 Household enterprises
1 Bhaarateey philosophy of family enterprise necessarily implies these activities are run by family
or group of families independently and cater to the general needs of livelihood of entire society.
2 Examples of traditional family enterprise may be seen as Gurukuls, Agriculture, Aqua and
animal Farming, Handycraft, Grocery shops, Flour mills, Bakery, Spices, Cattle raring and milk
dairy, Shoe manufacture, Repair workshops, Priests, Pottery, Apparel and so on.
3 Onset of modern technology, which has increasingly resulted in to extinction of certain
manufacturing processes and services, needs to be adapted in a modernized manner to ensure
continuation of family businesses but to match increasing demand.
8.8.2 Decentralizing Industry in Family Household Units

1 Initiate an informal discussion with leading industrialists of the county and then appoint a task
force to decentralize existing big units over a period of time and thus promote genuine family
household enterprises. We should aim at getting, say 60-70% manufacturing output from such
enterprises.
2 With advancement of manufacturing technology including nano-tech, 3D printing etc. coupled
with IT, genuine family owned and operated household enterprises can be given a great boost.
The mother industry can take initiative to foster such family units provide them work and guidance
and coordinate their work through IT networks. This will usher in not only an industrial revolution
but a social revolution too by dismantling that baneful crowded factory system and empowering
gruhinis.
3 Government has to take initiative to call major Bharatiya industrial leaders to persuade them
to decentralize industry production in household industries on a massive scale retaining mother
units for assembly, monitoring and facilitation. The quality manufacture is economically possible
with new technologies like 3D-manufacture and development in communication and digital tech.
This will give a tremendous boost to rural areas and small towns and empower women leading to
a dispersal of entrepreneurship and prosperity with very positive social benefits.
4 With rapid strides in the Information technology and communication sector it is today realistic
to think of a national grid of decentralized industries all over the country that are networked. This
will blend high technology with traditional skills and thereby set up an industrial base, which
would be best suited to our concept of development. Where necessary, infrastructure will need to
be built up.
5 Such a process of industrialization will sustain environment, utilize local skills and resources. As
an added advantage, the industry will move out of the confines of a few urban centers.
6 Existing centers of decentralized production offer a good starting point for initiating efforts in
this direction.
7 The large class of artisans as well as operators of traditional technology can be co-opted, with
due training where required.
8 In fact the aim should be to make household as basic operating unit as far as possible. With
rapid strides in computing, nanotech and flexible operating systems this should be possible to a
large extent.
9 The mother industry can take initiative to foster such household units provide them work and
guidance and coordinate their work through IT networks.
8.9 Compulsory Social Service Cum NCC Training For Youth (4 lakhs emplt per year)
8.9.1 Compulsory Social Service cum NCC training for youth. Beginning can be made with 10 lakhs
youth per year.
8.9.2 This trained youth contingent will be available to the nation in case of emergent situation
such as disaster or festival management.
8.9.3 These personnel can double up as home-guards or paramilitary force if the need arises
8.9.4 Such a training to a large number of youth will help them in personality development,
enhance discipline in civic matters and help in general improvement in social behavior.
8.10 Security Service for Cities (4 lakh jobs/year)

Security service for cities is necessary to guard crucial places to improve traffic, fend off
lakhs and improve city discipline, cleanliness and city life in general.
8.11 Student Personality Enhancement Activities (14 lakh jobs/year)

8.11.1 Schools can undertake STUDENT PERSONALITY ENHANCEMENT activities by employing
8.11.2 Trainers and coaches for this will be necessarily from respective industries because applied
skills develop and keep changing through actual experience. This will provide an additional earning
opportunity for those who have retired from services at the age of 50 yrs.(ref. point no. 8.13 )
8.11.3 Skill development, training, apprenticeship, retraining

1 Scope for skill development is huge largely untapped. Skill Training Institutes to be
established to train and prepare individuals in confirmation with those skills desired by various
sectors of industries.
2 Skills sets are to be listed in consultation with different industries by actually visiting them.
8.12 Levy on Industries Employing Less Than Normal

8.12.1 Levy on industries employing Less Than Proportionate Employees due to automation (To
pay Employment Deficiency Levy in lieu of less employment).
8.12.2 Incentivize new employment in industry
8.12.3 Declare norms of employment per unit of investment and those with less employment for
each sector.
8.13 Reduce Retirement Age to 50 from 60. (8 lakh jobs/ yr)

8.13.1 Bring down retirement age to 50 years in government and private employments. Contract
employment can be offered thereafter for some of them as needed by employers and also
considering distress cases. Where possible, they can work from home.
8.13.2 Tenure of such work from home will be limited to reaching present day retirement age
norms by the respective employee/s.
8.13.3 Retirement at 50 years of age will create opportunities for unemployed educated youth.
Persons above 50 also find difficult to adjust to the changing technology and recruitment of youth
will help. There are exceptions and these as well as distress cases have to be dealt systematically
and sympathetically.
8.13.4 Experience of early retirees can be used as ‘mentors’ and also for enhancement of quality
of education with due remuneration.
8.14 Shifts of 6 Hours Instead of 8 Hours (7 lakh jobs/ yr)

8.14.1 Present shifts of 8 hours working can be reduced to 6 hours to create more job
opportunities
8.14.2 Remuneration adjustment has to be done over a period of time.
8.14.3 In new establishments this can be immediately introduced with proportionate adjustment
in remuneration.
8.14.4 If choice is given, many from existing employees may adopt 6 hour shift with
proportionate adjustment in remuneration.
8.15 Other Suggestions

8.15.1 On a trial basis in one district, allow a new class of manufacturing units where workers can
be removed or added at will with, inter alia, the following conditions:
i) Payment to workers shall be 15% more than minimum wages
ii) A levy will be paid into Workers Relief Fund from day one.
iii) The removed worker will be paid salary of 3 months on removal without notice.
iv) Removed workers will retain a lien on new recruitment for a year
The experiment can be evaluated after 3 years if this has generated more employment without
reduction in the average remuneration.
8.15.2 Operation & Maintenance of the existing and created assets is many a times gets
overlooked. This can generate good amount of employment.
Yearwise Possible Employment Increase –

in lakh persons
Yr Av./yr
SL SUGGESTION Yr 1 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Total
2
8.1 5 10 15 10 5 45
Village - nos. for new work
Additional Self-employment in city 12
8.2 5 10 15 15 15 60
area
8.3 Tree Plantation – additional work 5 15 15 15 15 65 13
Water storage & percolation – 14
8.4 10 15 15 15 15 70
additional work
8.5 Pooling of rural technology 5 5 4 3 3 20 4
Promote household enterprise in 10
8.6 5 10 10 10 15 50
rural & semirural areas - new
8.7 5 10 10 10 15 50
Apprenticeship
8.8 3 10 12 15 20 60
Manufacturing decentralization
8.9 3 5 5 4 3 20
training for youth
8.10 Security service for cities 3 5 5 4 3 20 4
8.11 10 15 15 15 15 70
activities
8.13 Reduction in retirement age 10 10 10 5 5 40 8
8.14 Shifts of 6 hours instead of 8 hrs 5 10 10 5 5 35 7
GRAND TOTAL 74 130 141 126 134 605 121
9. Steps Usually Taken to Increase Employment (ref.7.1 above)

9.1 Encourage labour-intensive industries, give more concessions/tax employing industry.
9.1.1 Food processing, industrial machinery, leather and leather products, jewellery, footwear,
jute and mesta textiles, readymade garments, coir and furniture, among others, are labour-
intensive sectors. Government has already focused on these but what is required is a complete
review tailoring incentives to specific sub-sectors.
9.1.2 Some clusters like at Tirupur need to be encouraged without interference
9.2 Increase Exports Particularly of Labour-Intensive Items.

9.2.1 We have not been able to have a firm grip on the large export market for the above labour-
intensive sectors due to delays in taking steps as per changing steps. Also some quid-pro-quo tie-
ups are required with large scale retailers.
9.2.2 Our export promotion councils have not been very effective in ensuring a steady export
demand. These institutions need overhaul
9.2.3 Some parts of export promotion zones (EPZ) should be exclusively developed for these
labour-intensive items. But the units in EPZ should normally be not allowed to sell in domestic
market as it defeats the very purpose of forming EPZ.
9.3 More Government Investment in Infrastructure

9.3.1 Laying out infrastructure through own or private efforts is a major task of government. We
must strive for this but this should be done to the extent possible within the constraints of
budgetary resources.
9.3.2 Gigantic schemes which have a local reasonable alternative, should not be undertaken with
foreign loans as we generate business and employment for foreigners and usually pay a higher
price than warranted. General experience is that enough net revenue is not generated to pay back
loans and finally governments may take more foreign loans to pay back old loans.
9.3.3 There should be monitoring mechanism to continuously follow the usage of existing
infrastructure and its practical utility vis-à-vis the initial projections as well as actual potential.
9.4 Stimulate Consumer Demand by Spending More, Increasing Wages, Giving

Tax Concessions to Increase Economic Activity Which in Turn Will Increase
Employment.
9.4.1 This a capitalist way of increasing economic activity at any cost.
9.4.2 The bad effects are loss of revenue for government, promoting consumption of non-merit
goods too, generates habit of expecting such dole-like action
9.4.3 Also many time artificial demand for unnecessary goods is created by producing first and
then creating demand
9.4.4 As far as possible purchasing power should be directed to those with lower incomes and
priority areas like remote inaccessible area, cattle rearing, asset creation etc.
9.5 Make Loans Easy and /or Cheaper to Increase Consumption

9.5.1 This is what the businessmen clamour for but this is not a measure above reproach.
9.5.2 Loans should be made cheaper for essential goods and services. e.g. education loans, new
affordable houses, factories for essentials etc. But they should not be made cheaper for luxuries
and affluent houses etc.
9.6 Give Concession to Industry to Increase Output E.G. Tax Reduction.

Some tax incentive scheme should be devised which can relate to actual increase in employment.
9.7 Some Kind of Limited Employment Guarantee Scheme

9.7.1 NREGA is serving a purpose with all its imperfections. What is necessary is physical progress
against expenditure has to be assessed and ensured, prior homework to undertake productive
work of asset creation,
9.7.2 Running of scheme should be a temporary measure in case of special conditions like
drought, floods, lean season etc.
9.7.3 MNREGA scheme should not be extended to urban areas since rural areas should get boost
and urbanization should not be promoted but reversed.
10. Supporting Actions Required to Increase Employment

10.1 Change in Development Perspective
10.1.1 ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ to be focused upon as main theme by Finance and other ministries and
also NITI Aayog.
10.1.2 Household businesses to be prioritaised under ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’.
10.1.3 Small and micro industry to be given special push by establishing the same strategically in
villages and taluka / tehsil locations where agriculture is a major activity.
10.1.4 Agriculture is the most productive enterprise. A compressive view of rural life including
agriculture, processing enterprises by agricultural community, reorienting administration including
educational system to the realities and needs of rural life etc. needs to be taken which will open
up productive employment opportunities without disrupting rural life. producers themselves
10.1.5 Need to identify society’s unfulfilled needs. Priority for this and not creating demand for
luxury or aspirational products.
10.1.6 Enough focus on imbibing entrepreneurship is necessary. Bhaarateey way of living life
includes gradual training of individuals right from childhood with suitable participation of
activities related to household chore, agriculture or household enterprise which plays an
important role in transforming an unskilled individual in to an entrepreneurial individual as one
approaches adulthood.
10.2 Policy Orientation for Sampoorn Rojgar

In the present circumstances, a national policy should be declared to
10.2.1 Introduce 100% productive employment as the central theme of national development
10.2.2 Stop all employment and aid schemes which do not build up productive capabilities or
assets and accordingly a review of all central and state schemes should be done immediately.
10.2.3 Make employment generation as a major criterion for any new scheme.
10.2.4 Approve new schemes only after yearly employment generation is worked out. Actual
annual achievement should be published on website for the presently running and new schemes.
10.2.5 We should therefore prioritise policies that link GDP growth with job growth
10.3 Role of Employment Exchanges

10.3.1 Connect each and every employment exchange digitally to a central server at an
appropriate ministry, for daily data collection and monitoring of the performance of the
employment exchanges.
10.3.2 Connect District Industrial Centers with employment exchanges.
10.3.3 Employment exchange staff must interact with the industry every quarter to find
employment situation in terms of
i. Likely to retire employees
ii. Replacements
iii. Job description and skills requirements of every post existing in the respective industry.
iv. Expected change in skills requirement vis-à-vis expected technology upgradation
v. Implementation of government policies related to employment (please refer pt. (d)
under ‘Employment Guarantee Scheme)
10.4 Discourage Imports with Swadeshi Manufacture

No Bharatiy central government since 1984 has made sincere efforts to discourage efforts and
encourage Swadeshi manufacture. If we want to increase employment import of those items
which can be manufactured in the country by Bharatiya-owned industries should not be imported.
If this foresight is there and will is there then there efficacious ways to stop import and promote
manufacture within the country. The lobbies of economists, bureaucrats, politicians, importers
and even some Bharatiy traders and industrialists have been successful to prevent this so far.
Conviction and determined efforts are needed to overcome these lobbies and promote local
manufacture.
10.5 Relevant Data Base

For the meaningful policy and well-directed action plan on employment, a reliable data base of
Unemployed linked to Aadhar (computerized village wise, listing skills etc.) needs to be generated
at the earliest.
11. Expectations from Role Players in Employment Sector

11.1 Central Government
11.1.1 A Sampoorna Rozgar Samiti should be announced by the central government for working
towards 100% employment (self-employment, wage-employment, all kinds of work schemes)
which is productive and Nation-Building and not just a dole.
11.1.2 The supportive role of government, inter alia, includes to
1 Create a separate ministry for employment
2 Create an appreciative & encouraging environment for local initiative through arousal of
Janachetana.
3 Provide a policy & legal framework
4 Promote decentralization of industrial manufacture by persuading the large and medium
manufacturers by providing supporting policies and incentives
11.1.3 Provision of appropriate technologies for operation by household enterprises should be

coordinated through technological universities for industry and through agricultural universities
for agricultural sector.
11.1.4 A ‘Cabinet Sub-Committee on Employment’ should be constituted within Cabinet

Committee on Economic Affairs. National Employment Advisor post to be created in PMO with a
mandate to monitor employment activity in the country in all aspects.
11.1.5 We need ‘National Employment Policy’ to be published which is a work-in-process for more
than a decade.
11.2 State Governments

11.2.1 To support policies and strategy of the central government. Implement the same.
11.2.2 Create a supportive atmosphere for Sampoorn Rojgaar as per specific needs of the state.
11.3 Industry
11.3.1 Own the theme of ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ enthusiastically as a national requirement
11.3.2 Voluntary retirement scheme may be made available for individuals at 50 years age.
11.3.3 Devise own Apprenticeship Scheme and take in maximum of apprentices for the the
required period of one to 3 years. This will help in generating workforce conforming to future
needs and will be a positive contribution instead of blaming educational institutes for not
providing ‘employable’ candidates.
11.3.4 Conceive overall operations with a view to decentralize manufacturing operations to
household enterprises to the maximum possible extent subject to needs of quality and timeliness.
11.3.5 Business / commerce organizations should extend consultation / mentoring facility to local
small and household industry, educational institutions etc. in their area of operation.
11.3.6 Consider re-employing individuals from retired (50 years ) experienced employees as
‘Mentors’ to the MSME / unorganized sector business enterprise.
11.3.7 The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on Sunday recommended the creation of a
National Employment Board consisting of members from key Union Ministries, all state
governments, industry experts and trade unions, among others, to look into and address issues
faced in employment creation in the country. Such an initiative is welcome from industrial
federations.
11.3.8 The enlightened industrialists should meet and chalk out R&D plans to create innovative,
socially useful products without asking for government dole. Such products can give them a bigger
market within and outside country and also adding to quality employment.
11.4 Role of Universities

11.4.1 Relevant departments of universities, particularly economics and commerce, should
incorporate the theme ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ in syllabus, seminars, research work etc.
11.4.2 Due importance should be given to ‘create entrepreneurs’.
11.4.3 Continuous interaction with industry to incorporate the needs of present and future in the
curriculum suitably.
11.4.4 A proper balance of ‘Man Making’ education and introduction to realities of the field
should be maintained through suitable practical training stints for both faculty and students.
11.4.5 New courses, including short ones, should be introduced from time to time in keeping with
changes in the society and particularly in technology
11.4.6 Offer research labs to entrepreneurs and start-ups for their experimentation.
11.4.7 Agricultural universities should take lead in compiling all relevant technologies applicable
to small entities in the agricultural centre. They can take these to villages through extension
programmes with help of KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendras).
11.4.8 Identify countries in which there is a shortage of skilled persons and train persons to get
those jobs or provide services
11.4.9 We need better institutions to train teachers.
11.5 Role of NGO

11.5.1 The NGO should work on ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ theme by studying its implementation in its
chosen sector / area and bringing out deficiencies and suggest better ways.
11.5.2 They can try to offer attitudinal training for budding entrepreneurs, mentors and
administrators w.r.t. all relevant aspects of Sampoorn Rojgar and particularly about social aspects.
11.6 Role of Farmer Organizations

11.6.1 To play a role of educator to the farming community in its chosen area.
11.6.2 To work as link between local farmers and government / business agencies to understand
new employment opportunities in rural areas related to farming and provide information to its
members and other agriculturists.
11.6.3 To develop and maintain sense of cooperative work culture among local farmers.
11.7 Role of Workers Organizations

11.7.1 Work as link between workers and employer, government agencies to ensure sustainable
growth of employment.
11.7.2 Work as facilitator to workers to cultivate responsible attitude towards work, employment
and integrity, effective implementation of labour welfare schemes and reforms.
11.7.3 Larger unions should seriously explore possibility of running industry as a labour
cooperative to aid fellow workers under the threat of retrenchment. Even a new independent
manageable unit could be thought of.
11.8 Role of Social Organizations

11.8.1 Own the theme of ‘Sampoorn Rojgaar’ and take to society through suitable awareness
programmes.
11.8.2 Work towards imbibing a sense of dignity of labour by all.
11.8.3 Institute social audit of employment programmes and provide evaluation with suggestions
for betterment.
12 Sectorwise Actions for Employment

12.1 Agriculture
12.1.1 Agriculture is the most important economic activity as well as most productive one. It is a
very basis of our survival. Hence efforts are needed to look at it comprehensively (samagr
approach) including the stability of society.
12.1.2 Serious and continuous efforts should be made to make agriculture sufficiently
remunerative and profitable.
12.1.3 Effort should be to connect agricultural and processing activities on a household or small
scale and retain them in villages. Suitable appropriate technologies should made available, if
necessary, through new appropriate tech development.
12.1.4 Selling of agricultural land to corporate sector or leasing to it should be barred to retain
ownership of farmers and in the interest of higher employment.
12.1.5 Socially and economically the best place to create new employment is rural area. Also
enough potential exists. The major actions, inter alia, can pertain to water harvesting on a massive
scale (like Jalyukt Shivar), agricultural produce processing (at least some preliminary steps), cow
rearing for A2 milk, plantation to boost tree cover, intensive cultivation on small plots, building
schools, rejuvenating old wells and tanks, projects to deepen rivers etc.
12.2 Industry
12.2.1 Incentivize new employment in industry
12.2.2 Incentivizing employers for employing unskilled workers who are worst affected due to
automation.
12.2.3 Declare norms of employment per unit of investment and those with less employment will
have to pay Employment Deficiency Levy in lieu of less employment.
12.2.4 Establish industries (Large and MSME) coupled with modern logistics facilities in different
parts of the country.
12.2.5 Put more emphasis on labour intensive manufacturing sectors like food processing,
tobacco, textiles, apparel, leather, footwear, wood and furniture etc.
12.2.6 Pooling of Rural Technology by making it available by displaying information of all rural
technologies on a central and state websites through technical institutions.
12.2.7 Apprenticeship scheme must be substantially increased by making it obligatory for medium
and large industries.
12.2.8 On a trial basis in one district, allow a new class of manufacturing units where workers can
be removed or added at will with, inter alia, the following conditions:
i. Payment to workers shall be 15% more than minimum wages
ii. A levy will be paid into Workers Relief Fund from day one.
iii. The removed worker will be paid salary of 3 months on removal without notice.
iv. Removed workers will retain a lien on new recruitment for a year.
12.2.9 Reducing compliance issues, inspector raj
12.2.10 Review restrictive labour laws and see what can be done without adversely affecting
workers’ basic interests
12.3 Services
12.3.1 Bhaarat can benefit from available populace if training in skills required for various services
is given as required by business enterprises.
12.3.2 At present mainly IT sector has been in focus. Tourism, Ayurvedic treatment and more can
be considered for intensive work to generate large employment.
12.3.3 Yoga, Homeopathy, Naturopathy/Alternative Medicine introductory courses can be useful for rural
population. Short term training for medical technicians, nursing, midwifery and in First Aid can be
increased.
13 Areawise Actions for Employment

At present employment opportunities are concentrated in and around Metro and tier ‘B’ cities.
This results in to migration of human capital from tier ‘C’ cities and villages to Metro and tier ‘B’
cities. Therefore, Opportunities of employment are required to be created and established at tier
‘C’ cities and villages where agriculture and cottage industries are still operational.
14 Estimates of Finance and Possible Sources

14.1 Estimate of Financial Resources for New Employment
Funds planning for possible employment increase (L) persons
Av cases Fund Rs lakh Funds/Yr
Pt. Heading
(L)/yr Resource /case/Yr (Rs Cr)
8.1 Village (NREGA) Govt. 0.9 8100
Self employment in every village 12 Banks / Fin.
8.2 and city area Inst. 1 12000
13 Govt / Ind /
Tree Plantation
8.3 Pvt 0.9 11700
14 Govt / Ind /
8.4 Water storage & percolation Pvt 0.9 12600
4 Govt / Ind /
8.5 Pooling of rural technology Pvt 1.5 6000
Promote household enterprise in 10 Govt /
8.6 rural & semirural areas Industry/Pvt 1.5 15000
Industry contribution – 10
8.7 Apprenticeship Industry 3.6 36000
8.8 Manufacturing decentralization Industry 0.5 6000
8.9 training for youth Govt. 7.3 29000
4
8.1 Security service for cities Govt. 1.8 7200
8.11 activities Pvt. 1.8 25200
8
8.13 Reduction in retirement age Industry 1.8 12800
7 Govt /
8.14 Shifts of 6 hours instead of 8 hrs Industry 1.5 10500
GRAND TOTAL 121 1,92,100

The estimate is based on judgment and can vary. This gives an idea of resources that may be
necessary.
14.2 Employment Intensity

(ET 24.3.2010, pp13) Assocham study “Sectoral Analysis of Direct and Indirect Employment
Potential” says that the food processing and beverages sector creates about 120 new (direct and
indirect) jobs on investment of Rs 10 lakhs. Textile, wood, paper and leather segments generate
about 60 new jobs on similar investment, while agriculture creates 51 jobs for the same
investment.
(ET 26.3.2010, pp16) Food processing industry is employment intensive. For every Rs 1 crore
invested, it creates 18 jobs directly and 64 jobs indirectly in the organized sector and 20 jobs in the
unorganized sector across the supply chain. That means, it creates 102 jobs per Rs 1 crore of
investment.
Since there will be a shortage of resources, employment intensity studies should be conducted
and resources should be deployed to create maximum employment for the given investment.
15 Concluding Remarks
15.1 Priority Actions
1 Adopt ‘Sampoorna Rojgaar’ as a national priority. The entire developmental activity should
have this as a central theme.
2 Government should take a bold and unprecedented step to decide that Sampoorna Rojgar is the
followed by a government expert committee with a mandate of Sampoorn Rojgar.
3 Self-effort by citizens and their organizations must be the mainstay. Government pump
priming, dole, subsidies, deficit financing, borrowing from abroad should have only very limited
role.
4 National Employment Policy must be in place
5 Employment Sub-committee in Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
6 Orderly decentralization of big industries to promote household enterprises in a consensual
way.
7 Massive engagement of youth by improving quality of education and providing opportunity for
social service and exposure to disciplined life in NCC can trigger a social transformation.
15.2 Man needs fruitful work for his full development and is one of the best means of integrating
individual and social good.
15.3 Employment generation cannot be left to the automatic process of economic development
but specific measures for increasing employment need to be taken while proceeding with
economic development.
15.4 Job creation is not a government job. Individuals and private entrepreneurs must create the
most of the employment. What government can and must do is to put employment-friendly
policies in place.
15.5 Work towards a national resolve ‘SAMPOORN ROJGAAR IS POSSIBLE AND WE SHALL HAVE
IT’ This theme will lead to prosperous, happy citizens and also to all-round development of the
country.
References:
1. Ekatma Manav Darshan is a basic national philosophy expounded by Deendayal Upadhyay for national life as a
whole and particularly for social, governance and economic walks of national life.
2. Book ‘NATIONAL POLICY STUDIES in the light of Ekatma Manav Darshan’ published by Centre for Integral
Studies & Research, Pune.
3. Covered by the report ‘Evaluation of Performance of NDA-II Government 2014-19’ published by Rashtriya
Matadata Manch, a sister organization of EPM
4. NewsOnAir dated 8.1.2015
5. PTI report on 31.5.2019
6. What is Meant by Full Employment? http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/full-employment/what-is-meant-
by-full-employment-economics/26068
7. Payment-in-kind Wages Law and Legal Definition https://definitions.uslegal.com/p/payment-in-kind-wages/
8. https://www.capgemini.com/resources/digital-talent-gap/#
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India -demography of India - population
Appendix No. 1 : Employment Statistics
1 (TOI 17.9.2015, p.1) Reflecting the grim employment situation an employment advertisement by UP
government on 11.8.2015 has attracted 23 lakh applications for the 368 posts of peons. Applicants include
255 persons with Phd and 2 lakh persons with graduate and post-grad degrees like B.Tech, M.Sc,
M.Com.(TOI 23.12.2015) Census 2011 data shows that nearly 120 million persons were “seeking or
available for work” i.e. nearly 11% of population excluding under-5 children. Slightly half of these were not
working at all while the others were marginal workers i.e. working for less than 6 months in a year. 24% of
those aged 20 to 24 were seeking jobs.
2 (Newsbharati 10.9.2018) Goa has prepared a draft Employment Policy to ensure job for everybody and
hopes that unemployment will be wiped out in 1 to 2 years
3 (FPJ 15.10.2015)
COUNTRY India USA UK Germany Japan South Korea
SKILLED 5% 50% 68% 76% 80% 96%
WORKFORCE
4 (TOI 6.6.2019, Hema Ramakrishnan) The latest National Sample Survey Office reveals that that
unemployment has risen to 6.1% in 2017-18, against 2.2% in 2011-12,
5 (Sakal 21.6.2019, p.4 Prof. J.F.Patil) UNEMPLOYMENT
i. About 40% youth coming out of educational institutions is unemployable.

ii. Employment is not increasing with increase in industrialization and investment. Between 1980
and 2007 the sensitivity of production w.r.t. employment has come down from 0.3 to 0.15.
iii. Unemployment at the end of 2017-18 was 6.1% and in 2019 it has become 7%.
iv. No political party has been able to suggest any effective programme for substantial increase in
employment.
v. The uneducated accept any job that comes their way and hence their unemployment is less.
vi. Unemployment is more in educated youth. One estimate puts that in youth upto 29years at
23.7%.
vii. As per CSO new 1.37 crore jobs were created in 2018-19.
viii. For increasing skills, supplementary educational system has to be encouraged
6 (TOI 2.7.2019, p.15) Indian workforce employed in industry 1991-15.3%, 2000-16.3%, 2018-24.7%
7 (HT, Jul 24, 2019, Santosh Mehrotra and J Parida ) Unemployment rate, the highest in 45 years: from
2.2% in 2011-12 (NSSO) to 3.4% in 2015-16 (Labour Bureau), to 3.9% in 2016-17 (LB), and now 6.1% in
2017-18 (NSS-PLFS).
8 (ET 24.8.2019, p.7) Around 1.22 million people joined the workforce in the country in June 2019, about
5% less than 1.29 million jobs created in May 2019, according to the latest payroll data from the
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC).
Appendix No.2: Effect of Automation on Employment – Some Glimpses
a) (HT 3.2.2016, NKSingh) According to an Oxford University study (2013) titled ‘The Future of
Employment’, disruptive technological innovations, like robotics and artificial intelligence, could
leave up to 35% of workers in the UK and 47% of workers in the US at risk of being displaced by
technology over the next 20 years.
b) (TOI 24.2.2016, p.22) White House Council of Economic Advisers, US has warned about loss of jobs
due to automation…. Manufacturing jobs have declined by more than 7.2 million or 37% since
employment in manufacturing peaked in 1979. In 1965 manufacturing accounted for 53% of US
economy, 39% in 1988 and in 2014 only 9%..... University of Oxford researchers Carl Benedikt Frey
and Michael Osborne estimated in 2013 that 47% of total US jobs could be automated and taken
over by computers by 2033.
c) (ET 29.4.2016, p.1) AUTOMATION DRIVING EFFICIENCY IT needed 16,055 engineers in 2015-16 vs
31,846 in 2009-10 to earn every $1b of export revenue.
d) Jochelle Mendonca & Neha Alawadhi| ET Bureau | Jul 5, 2016 MUMBAI | DELHI: A US-based
research firm HfS is predicting that India's IT services industry will lose 6.4 lakh "low-skilled" jobs
to automation in the next five years, quantifying the extent of likely pain for the first time
Appendix No.3: Avenues for Self-Employment for Youth

a) Teaching -Technical instructors
b) Vocational training centers
c) Mid-day meals manufacturing and supply complying regulations laid down by govt. This will create
local market for the ingredients, leading to cultivation wherever absent at present.
d) Services including logistics / transportation of food to schools, Food Serving and management of
utensils required.
e) Administrative and commercial office for point no. (c ) & (d) for a cluster of villages can be
established at a centrally located small town.
f) Use of newer and nano technologies like 3D-mfg, E-marketing to promote family enterprises.
g) Digital services e.g. Digital apps development, Retail management, Storage facility management
etc.
h) Onset of electric vehicles will need abundant battery charging facilities. Such charging points on
roads at short distances will be a new avenue of earning source.
i) Roadside mechanics business which is an unorganized sector today, can be converted in to
organized sector.
j) Modern methods of farming (aeroponics & aquaponics) which needs negligible amount of soil as
well as water to be introduced on large scale, where feasible.
k) Loan recovery system helping banks as outsourced agents, Government scheme benefits
monitoring,
l) Regional produce processing industry reserved under MSME category
e.g Coastal region –Coconut, Rice processing, Drying and packing of seasonal farm produce, Sea-
food,
1. Coconut Husk – Coir, Mattress, Cocopeat (alternate to soil), Fuel
2. Coconut shell – Artifacts, Fuel (replacement to charcoal), products requiring to withstand
moist atmosphere
3. Coconut water – Alternative to unhealthy soft drinks, Medicinal us against dehydration,
Promotion to such industry will arrest water table depletion.
4. Coconut kernel –Oil extraction for consumption as food and for medicinal use, Coconut
milk.
5. Tree Leavers – Natural raw material as filling to replace cement in the form of woven layers
as water-proof material for roofs and walls in construction, Hats, Baskets, Mats.
6. Veins of leaves – Brooms, artifacts for interior asthetics,
7. Trunk – Planks for construction.
8. Roots – Medicinal purpose to treat gall bladder, urinary infections, kidney-related diseases,
heartburn and eczema.
9. Sap from the leaves and roots to process for toddy (Only if revenue from alchohol
consumption is inevitable for government).
10. Regional crafts industry– Coconut, Sea shells – for artifacts, fertilizer, pharma (calcium)
11. Many more can be applicable for Banana, Citrus family fruits, Jackfruit,
m) All other regions can be made employment oriented conducting similar exercise.
n) Considering grade of soil, including suitability for rooting of plants / produce /trees. (Deep rooted,
shallow rooted etc.) certain products can be cultivated and processed round the year in planned
manner.
(Rajendra Koppikar) M-9004111576

Kaaryavaah
EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL (Activity of Ekatma Vikas Samiti, Public Trust) B105 Vatsalyadeep, Krantiveer Phadke
Marg, Mulund East, Mumbai 400081
Tel: 25639654, Email: ekatmaprabodh@gmail.com
(EPM Chairman: Ashok Bhide, Karyavah: Rajendra Koppikar, Members: Dr.S.D.Kulkarni, Nana Lele, Dilip Kelkar, Anil Javalekar,
Pramod Kshirsagar, Ravindra Mahajan)

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Ekatma Prabodh Mandal Date:.28.8.

2019 1 Sampoorna Rojgar-Priority Goal & Actions

SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL &

A SUBMISSION TO HON’BLE PRIME MINISTER

EKATMA PRABODH MANDAL

Sub: SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS

Encl: document as above (Rajendra Koppikar) 9004111576 Karyavaah

Jobless development means that here is a fast increase in the Gross

Employment for all

resources and which can develop humanitarian relationship between producers

SAMPOORN ROJGAAR – THE PRIORITY GOAL & ACTIONS

A. Why This Document?

C. New Employment Required

D. Need for Rojgar

E. Sampoorn Rojgaar – Necessary Priority Goal

E2. Feasibility of Sampoorn Rojgaar

G Employment – Desirable Priority Actions

G2 New Suggestions to Increase Employment

H. Employment and Finance

Yearwise Possible Employment Increase

GRAND TOTAL 74 130 141 126 134 605 121

H2. Estimates of Finance And Possible Sources

GRAND TOTAL 121 1,92,100

(full document text)

1.1 Why This Document?

4. Slowing down of economic activity in the country and also globally

Importance of Sampoorn Rojgaar is self-evident and we should heed wise

1.2 Issues to be Cautious about

1.3 What is not included in the document

2. Present National Employment Scene

2.1 Unemployment on Rise

2.2 Employment Being Created

2.3 New Employment Required

2.4 Central Government Schemes

3. Bhaarateey View Of Work

4. Need For Rojgar

5. Sampoorn Rojgaar – Necessary Priority Goal

5.2 Sampoorn Rojgaar As Goal Accepted By Government And ILO

5.3 Feasibility of Sampoorn Rojgaar

5.4 Related Objectives

6.3 One Rojgaar per Family

6.4 Human Orientation

6.6 Dignity of Labour

6.7 Work within sustainable limits

6.8 Household Enterprises

6.9 Appropriate Technology

6.10 Employment by Enterprises

7. Employment – Desirable Priority Actions

These actions are discussed later under point no.9.

7.2 New Suggestions to Increase Employment

7.3 Towards Sampoorn Rojgaar

8. Discussion on New Suggestions to Increase Employment (ref. 7.2)

8.3 Tree Plantation (13 lakhs emplt per year)

8.5 Pooling of Rural Technology (4 lakhs emplt per year)

8.7 Industry Contribution – Apprenticeship (10 lakhs emplt per year)

8.8.2 Decentralizing Industry in Family Household Units

8.10 Security Service for Cities (4 lakh jobs/year)

8.11 Student Personality Enhancement Activities (14 lakh jobs/year)

8.11.3 Skill development, training, apprenticeship, retraining

8.12 Levy on Industries Employing Less Than Normal

8.13 Reduce Retirement Age to 50 from 60. (8 lakh jobs/ yr)

8.14 Shifts of 6 Hours Instead of 8 Hours (7 lakh jobs/ yr)

8.15 Other Suggestions