MANTLE’S FOLD; A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON OBESITY OF THE

MANDAYAN ADULTS

A Senior High Research

Presented to the Faculty of Cateel Vocational High School
Senior High School
Cateel, Davao Oriental

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research)
2nd Semester, SY 2017-2018

ANDRADE, Crisvil
CABUEÑAS, Isa Mae C.
CARILLA, Denver
OLAÑA, Lj Mae
TARZONA, Jamaica
VITOR, Alphonse Jemer C.

December 2017
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

There are many types of malnourishment that is known today, and Obesity

is the type. Obesity is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation

and storage of fat in the body, in line of this case also is having an overweight,

Overweight is used in two different ways. In one sense it is a way of saying

imprecisely that someone is heavy, the other sense is more precise and

designates a state between normal weight and obesity. (MedicineNet, n.d.)

Obesity problem can be solve by having a proper diet, it is a regimen of

eating and drinking sparingly so as to reduce one’s weight. (Merriam Dictionary)

There are many factors that may come in an obese person, they can be

affected physically, mentally, morally, and psychologically by the people around

them.

In the Local settings, the said issue don’t just happen in a certain place,

but it is also being faced by other tribes of the world particularly the Mandayan

tribe, especially the adult one they play a big role in the said issue.

It is in this point that we are highly convinced to uncover more about the

obesity on mandayan adults and to provide more knowledge or ideas that could

help them with the issue mentioned about.

Research Question

What is most difficult thing you encounter being an obese person at your age?
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Delimitations and Limitations

In this phenomenological study, we choose to include three (3)

participants came from different sitios and barangays of Cateel. These

participants are adults who are obese at the age of 20 and above, all of them are

occupants of the different barangays and sitios of Cateel.

We delimited the study of qualitative phenomenological study as our

research design.

Significance of the Study

The result of this research can be beneficial to the following:

Students: The result of this study could help students to gain knowledge

and could also help them to be aware of the causes and effects of Obesity.

Parents: The result of this study can also help parents to educate their

children about Obesity.

Adults: The result of this study can be helpful to the adults, to make them

realize the side effects of being an obese person.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The overall goal of this chapter will be discussing the relevant literature

connected with the study of the meaning of Obesity. This part of the study

accounts the works that has been published on a topic by a credible scholars and

researchers. Furthermore, this part of the study justifies the reason for research.

Symptoms

Obesity is diagnosed when your body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher.

Your body mass index is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms (kg) by

your height in meters (m) squared.

BMI Weight status

Below 18.5 Underweight

18.5-24.9 Normal

25.0-29.9 Overweight

30.0-34.9 Obese (Class I)

35.0-39.9 Obese (Class II)

40.0 And higher Extreme obesity (Class III)

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For most people, BMI provides a reasonable estimate of body fat.

However, BMI doesn't directly measure body fat, so some people, such as

muscular athletes, may have a BMI in the obese category even though they don't

have excess body fat. Ask your doctor if your BMI is a problem. (MayoClinicStaff,

2017)

When to see a Doctor

If you think you may be obese, and especially if you're concerned about

weight-related health problems, see your doctor or health care provider. You and

your provider can evaluate your health risks and discuss your weight-loss

options.

Prevention

Whether you're at risk of becoming obese, currently overweight or at a

healthy weight, you can take steps to prevent unhealthy weight gain and related

health problems. Not surprisingly, the steps to prevent weight gain are the same

as the steps to lose weight: daily exercise, a healthy diet, and a long-term

commitment to watch what you eat and drink.

• Exercise regularly. You need to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-

intensity activity a week to prevent weight gain. Moderately intense physical

activities include fast walking and swimming.

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• Follow a healthy eating plan. Focus on low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods,

such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat and limit sweets

and alcohol. Eat three regular meals a day with limited snacking. You can still

enjoy small amounts of high-fat, high-calorie foods as an infrequent treat. Just be

sure to choose foods that promote a healthy weight and good health most of the

time.

• Know and avoid the food traps that cause you to eat. Identify situations

that trigger out-of-control eating. Try keeping a journal and write down what you

eat, how much you eat, when you eat, how you're feeling and how hungry you

are. After a while, you should see patterns emerge. You can plan ahead and

develop strategies for handling these types of situations and stay in control of

your eating behaviors.

• Monitor your weight regularly. People who weigh themselves at least

once a week are more successful in keeping off excess pounds. Monitoring your

weight can tell you whether your efforts are working and can help you detect

small weight gains before they become big problems.

• Be consistent. Sticking to your healthy-weight plan during the week, on

the weekends, and amidst vacation and holidays as much as possible increases

your chances of long-term success. (MayoClinicStaff, 2017)

Risk factors

Obesity usually results from a combination of causes and contributing

factors, including:
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• Genetics - Your genes may affect the amount of body fat you store, and

where that fat is distributed. Genetics may also play a role in how efficiently your

body converts food into energy and how your body burns calories during

exercise.

• Family lifestyle - Obesity tends to run in families. If one or both of your

parents are obese, your risk of being obese is increased. That's not just because

of genetics. Family members tend to share similar eating and activity habits.

• Inactivity - If you're not very active, you don't burn as many calories.

With a sedentary lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than

you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. Having medical problems,

such as arthritis, can lead to decreased activity, which contributes to weight gain.

• Unhealthy diet - A diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and

vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized

portions contributes to weight gain.

• Medical problems - In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical

cause, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and other conditions.

Medical problems, such as arthritis, also can lead to decreased activity, which

may result in weight gain.

• Certain medications - Some medications can lead to weight gain if you

don't compensate through diet or activity. These medications include some

antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, diabetes medications, antipsychotic

medications, steroids and beta blockers.

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• Social and economic issues - Research has linked social and

economic factors to obesity. Avoiding obesity is difficult if you don't have safe

areas to exercise. Similarly, you may not have been taught healthy ways of

cooking, or you may not have money to buy healthier foods. In addition, the

people you spend time with may influence your weight — you're more likely to

become obese if you have obese friends or relatives.

• Age - Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you

age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity. In

addition, the amount of muscle in your body tends to decrease with age. This

lower muscle mass leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also

reduce calorie needs, and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you

don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you

age, you'll likely gain weight.

• Pregnancy - During pregnancy, a woman's weight necessarily

increases. Some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born.

This weight gain may contribute to the development of obesity in women.

• Quitting smoking - Quitting smoking is often associated with weight

gain. And for some, it can lead to enough weight gain that the person becomes

obese. In the long run, however, quitting smoking is still a greater benefit to your

health than continuing to smoke.

• Lack of sleep - Not getting enough sleep or getting too much sleep can

cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite. You may also crave

foods high in calories and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain.
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Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn't mean that you're

destined to become obese. You can counteract most risk factors through diet,

physical activity and exercise, and behavior changes.

Consequences of Obesity

People who have obesity, compared to those with a normal or healthy

weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions,

including the following:

• All-causes of death (mortality) - Obesity can lead to early death

because there are many side effects of having a large amount of fats in our body,

it may cause many health consequences in our body.

• High blood pressure (Hypertension) - Obesity is associated with

hypertension, and hypertension is associated with numerous other diseases that

can affect overall health and life expectancy. Anti-hypertension medications

should be started if hypertension is diagnosed. But, with weight-loss, a significant

fall in blood pressure may permit a decrease in the number of medications taken

or decrease the amount of medication taken.

• High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of

triglycerides (Dyslipidemia) - Obesity increases heart disease risk by

increasing LDL-cholesterol levels (bad cholesterol) and reducing HDL-cholesterol

levels (good cholesterol). This produces atherosclerosis (hardening of the heart

arteries), which can cause myocardial infarction (heart attacks).

 9

• Type 2 diabetes - Obesity also increases the risk of diabetes by

diminishing glucose tolerance and predisposing to the development of left

ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart). It is a well-known fact that if

you are overweight or obese, you are at greater risk of developing type 2

diabetes, particularly if you have excess weight around your tummy (abdomen).

• Coronary heart disease - Coronary heart disease risk factors are

conditions or habits that raise your risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and

heart attack. These risk factors also increase the chance that existing CHD will

worsen.

CHD, also called coronary artery disease, is a condition in which a waxy

substance called plaque (plak) builds up on the inner walls of the coronary

arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle.

Plaque narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to your heart muscle.

Reduced blood flow can cause chest pain, especially when you're active.

Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). This causes a blood clot

to form on the surface of the plaque.

If the clot becomes large enough, it can block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the

portion of heart muscle fed by the artery. Blocked blood flow to the heart muscle

causes a heart attack.

• Stroke - Obesity can increase the risk of stroke due to inflammation

caused by excess fatty tissue. This can lead to difficulty in blood flow and an

increased risk of blockage, both of which can cause strokes.

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• Gallbladder disease - Overweight and obesity affects the normal

function of the sac under the liver, the gallbladder, increasing the probability of

developing gallbladder function impairment and gallbladder disease. There a

series of gallbladder diseases, including cholecystitis, which is an inflammation of

the organ, choletihiasis, also known as gallstones, gallbladder polyps and

gallbladder cancer. The gallbladder is responsible for the storage and

concentration of the bile that is produced in the liver and is released in response

of food, particularly fats, into the small intestine.

• Osteoarthritis – Obesity causes an increase in mechanical stress and

pressure on joints, which wears away the cartilage that normally protects the

joints and causes pain and inflammation. Weight loss reduces the stress and the

load on the hips, knees and lower back, thereby preventing or slowing the

development of osteoarthritis in those joints.

• Sleep Apnea - In adults, the most common cause of obstructive sleep

apnea is excess weight and obesity, which is associated with soft tissue of the

mouth and throat. During sleep, when

throat and tongue muscles are more relaxed, this soft tissue can cause the

airway to become blocked. But many other factors also are associated with the

condition in adults.

• Cancer - many types of cancer are more common in people who are

overweight or obese, including cancers of the breast (in women after the

menopause), bowel, womb, esophageal (food pipe), pancreatic, kidney, liver,

 11

upper stomach (gastric cardia), gallbladder, ovarian, thyroid, myeloma (a type of

blood cancer), and meningioma (a type of brain tumor).

• Low quality of life - When you're obese, your overall quality of life may

be diminished. You may not be able to do things you used to do, such as

participating in enjoyable activities. You may avoid public places. Obese people

may even encounter discrimination.

• Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other

mental disorders - Obesity develops from a combination of environmental

effects and genotype, both of which can present as heightened risk factors in

people with mental illness. People with mental illness die 25 years earlier than

those without mental illness due to obesity-related conditions. Several studies

have found that a disproportionate number of patients with mental illness are

obese compared to the general population.

• Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning - A slew of chronic

conditions that cause pain are also more common in people who are overweight

and obese. Those conditions include arthritis, fibromyalgia, and back pain.So the

assumption has been that being obese makes a person more likely to have

multiple medical problems, and many of these conditions may cause pain.

• Heart disease - Obesity increases the risk for heart disease and stroke.

But it harms more than just the heart and blood vessel system. It's also a major

cause of gallstones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems.

• Erectile dysfunction and sexual health issues - Risk factors for

erectile dysfunction include age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension

 12

and high blood pressure. What is still unknown, though, is whether obesity and

being overweight are also cause of ED or simply tied to risk factors associated

with it.

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - A condition in which fat builds up in

the liver and can cause inflammation or scarring. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

(NAFLD) is the term for a range of conditions caused by a build-up of fat in the

liver. It's usually seen in people who are overweight or obese. A healthy liver

should contain little or no fat.

Early-stage NAFLD doesn't usually cause any harm, but it can lead to

serious liver damage, including cirrhosis, if it gets worse.

Having high levels of fat in your liver is also associated with an increased risk of

problems such as diabetes, heart attacks and strokes. If detected and managed

at an early stage, it's possible to stop NAFLD getting worse and reduce the

amount of fat in your liver.

Economic and Societal Consequences

Obesity and its associated health problems have a significant economic

impact on the U.S. health care system. Medical costs associated with overweight

and obesity may involve direct and indirect costs. Direct medical costs may

include preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to obesity. Indirect

costs relate to morbidity and mortality costs including productivity. Productivity

measures include ‘absenteeism’ (costs due to employees being absent from

work for obesity-related health reasons) and ‘presenteism’ (decreased

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productivity of employees while at work) as well as premature mortality and

disability.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This section presents the assumptions and rationale for a qualitative

design, type of design, participants, instruments, data gathering procedures, data

analysis, and role the researchers.

Research Design

In this study, we used qualitative phenomenological study as our research

design. The purpose of this research design is to dive deeper on the experiences

of people and on how they overcome the difficulties they encounter.

Research Participants and Sampling Method

In this study, we included three (3) participants by the means of purposive

sampling method. The participants in this study are obese Cateeleños aged from

20 and above.

Research Instrument

For this research, to have credible and reliable results, we used the In-

depth Interview (IDI) as our research instrument.

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Data Gathering Procedures

The first thing we did in gathering data, we had to ask permission to the

participants and after that is the approval of the key informants. Then we

conducted the interview with the participants and then, the data we gathered

undergoes transcription and translation process. Before the study started we

prepared a consent form for them to agree their voluntary participation and also

to keep them secured that their participation is very confidential. To gather the

data, smartphone are used to record the responses, but it will be done after they

signed the consent form and also with their cooperation.

Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, we used the Miles and Huberman framework,

because this type of data analysis is considered applicable for this study. This

framework consists of three (3) components, which is the Data Reduction, Data

Display, and Conclusion Drawing and Verification.

Data Reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,

abstracting, and transforming the data that appears in written up field notes or

transcription.

Data Display is a way of presenting researcher’s conclusion from a mass

of data, it allows the analyst to explorate from the data enough to begin to

discern systematic patterns and interrelationships.

Conclusion Drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyze

means and to assess their implications for the questions at hand. Verification,
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integrally linked to conclusion drawing, entails revisiting data as many times as

necessary to cross-check or verify these emerging conclusions. (Frechtling et al.,

n.d.)

Role of the Researcher

We are the Grade 11 Senior High School students of Cateel Vocational

High School under the field of Academic Track in Humanities and Social

Sciences (HUMSS) in conducting the said study. By these reasons, we are highly

competent and strong enough to conduct the study.

Of course, we had the role as participants-observer, that says we are the

ones who shall conduct the study. We prepared the In-Depth Interview (IDI) as a

research instrument for our participants.

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