Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 Week 5 Module 5
Gas Stoichiometry
and Effusion
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 Week 5 Module 5: Gas Stoichiometry and Effusion
2nd Edition 2021

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – Gas Stoichiometry
• Lesson 2 – Rate of Effusion
After going through this module, you should demonstrate understanding of:
1. quantitative relationships of reactants and products in gaseous reactions and
2. the behavior and the properties of gases at the molecular level
and should be able to:
1. apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts of gaseous
reactants and products (STEM_GC11GS-Ii-j-48);

What I Know
I. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Assuming that the oxygen gas is collected at P = 755 mm Hg and T = 305 K with
the chemical equation 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g), how many liters of oxygen gas
are produced when 294 g of KClO3 completely react as used in the ignition of
fireworks? Solve to get the correct answer.
A. 3.60 L B. 10.0 L C. 22.4 L D. 90.7 L
2. What did Thomas Graham found about the relationship between that the rate of
effusion of a gas to the square root of the mass of its particles? He found out that
they are ________.
A. equal C. directly proportional
B. not related D. inversely proportional
3. An unidentified gaseous substance of 8.278 x 10-4 mol effuses through a tiny hole
in 86.9 s. Under identical conditions, 1.740 x 10-4 mol of argon gas takes 81.3 s to
effuse. What is the molar mass of the unidentified substance in g/mol?
A. 1.02 g/mol B. 1.92 g/mol C. 4.0 g/mol D. 81.3 g/mol
4. What is the rate of effusion for a gas that has a molar mass twice that of a gas
that effuses at a rate of 4.2 mol/min?
A. 2.97 mol/min C. 8.91 mol/min
B. 5.94 mol/min D.11.88 mol/min
5. It takes 110 seconds for a sample of carbon dioxide to effuse through a porous
plug and 275 seconds for the same volume of an unknown gas to effuse under the
same conditions. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas in g/mol?
A. 4 g/mol B. 20.18 g/mol C. 131 g/mol D. 275 g/mol
6. In the reaction 2Ag2O → 4Ag + O2, 4.58 L of O2 were formed at 745 mm Hg
and 308 K. How many grams of Ag2O decomposed?
A. 0.177 g B. 0.354 g C. 82.0 g D. 231.74 g
7. How do you describe effusion? It is ______________.
A. the occurrence after diffusion
B. described as the combustibility of a gas
C. the ability of a gas to mix with other gases
D. the ability of a gas to escape through a tiny opening
8. How many liters of fluorine gas can be produced when 0.67 L of HF reacts with
excess O2 at STP? Solve for your answer using this equation: 4HF + O2 → 2F2 + 2H2O
A. 0.31 L B. 0.67 L C. 1.3 L D. 2.7 L
9. How much O2 at STP will react with 8.7 grams of C2H4 to form CO2 and H2O, Solve
for your answer using this equation: C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O?
A. 2.3 L B. 6.5 L C. 21 L D. 22.4 L
10. What factor determines the rate of effusion for different molecules at a given
temperature?
A. size of molecules C. polarity of molecules
B. pressure of the gas D. molar mass of the gas
11. If it takes 243 s for 4.46 x 10-5 mol of Xe to effuse through a tiny hole, how long
will it take for 4.46 x 10-5 mol Ne to effuse under the same temperature and pressure?
A. 0.392 s B. 50 s C. 95 s D. 100 s
12. Magnesium and nitrogen gas react in a combination reaction to produce
magnesium nitride as shown by the balanced chemical reaction:
3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s)
In a particular experiment, a 7.40 L sample of N 2 reacts completely at STP. What is
the mass of Mg consumed in the reaction?
A. 8.04 g B. 13.9 g C. 16.1 g D. 24.1 g
13. The reaction of coal and water at a high temperature produces a mixture of
hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases as shown by the balanced chemical equation:
C(s) + H2O(g) → H2(g) + CO(g)
This mixture is known as synthesis gas (syngas). How many liters of hydrogen gas
can be formed from the reaction of 51.3 g of carbon with excess water?
A. 4.32 L B. 8.64 L C. 17.2 L D. 95.8 L
14. A 190 g sample of iron (II) iron (III) oxide (FeO•Fe2O3 or Fe3O4) reacts with 3.00 L
of O2 at 150 atm and 35.0⁰C to produce Fe2O3 according to the balanced chemical
equation:
4Fe3O4(s) + O2(g) → 6Fe2O3(s)
What is the maximum amount of Fe 2O3 that could be produced under these
conditions?
A. 20.0 g B. 34.1 g C. 197 g D. 350 g
15) Calcium carbide (CaC2) is used for ripening fruits at a faster rate. If it reacts with
water, it will produce acetylene (C2H2) as shown in the following balanced chemical
equation:
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(g) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
How much water vapor, H2O(g), is consumed in the production of 13 g of C 2H2?
A. 4.5 g B. 9.0 g C. 18 g D. 480 g

Lesson 1 Gas Stoichiometry

What’s In
Module 4 describes how the coefficients in chemical equations can be used as
conversion factors between moles of reactants and moles of products in a chemical
reaction. These conversion factors could be used to determine, for example, the
amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction based on a given amount of
reactant or the amount of one reactant needed to completely react with a given
amount of another reactant. The general solution map for these kinds of calculations
is
Moles A → Moles B
where A and B are two different substances involved in the reaction and the
conversion factor between them comes from the stoichiometric coefficients in the
balanced chemical equation. In this module, such concepts will be used to solve gas
stoichiometry problems.

What’s New
Though we have limited our discussion of stoichiometry to grams and
moles, we can also do stoichiometric calculations for gases using volume. Study the
following diagram:

Grams of Moles of Moles of Grams of

1 mole, Mole Product 1 mole, Product
Reactant Reactant
Molar Ratio Molar
mass of PV=nRT PV=nRT mass of
Reactant Product

Liters of Liters of
Reactant Product
(if a gas) Mole
(if a gas)
Ratio
Figure 5.1 Gas Stoichiometry Solution Map
(Source: https://www.factmonster.com/math-science/chemistry/chemistry-gas-stoichiometry)

What Is It

In reactions involving gaseous reactants or products, the amount of gas is

often specified in terms of its volume at a given temperature and pressure. In cases
like this, we can use the ideal gas law to convert pressure, volume, and temperature
to moles.

wherein P = pressure
V = volume
R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 L•atm/ mol•K)
T = temperature
n = number of moles

We can then use the stoichiometric coefficients to convert to other quantities

in the reaction. For example, consider the reaction for the synthesis of ammonia as
shown in the balanced chemical equation below

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)

How many moles of NH3 are formed by the complete reaction of 2.5 L of
hydrogen at 381 K and 1.32 atm? Assume that there is more than enough N2.
We begin by sorting the information in the problem statement.

Given: V = 2.5 L
T = 381 K
P = 1.32 atm (of H2)
Find: mol NH3
Solution Map:

Relationships Used:
PV = nRT
3 mol H2 : 2 mol NH3 (from balanced equation given in problem)
Solution:
We first solve the ideal gas equation for n.

Next, we convert mol H2 to mol NH3 using the mole ratio given in the balanced
chemical equation

There is enough H2 to form 0.070 mol NH3.

Molar Volume

It is worth noting that at standard temperature (0⁰C) and pressure (1 atm),

the volume of an ideal gas can be converted directly to moles of gas with the unit
equality: 1 mol = 22.4 L. The volume occupied by 1 mol of any gas at standard
temperature and pressure (STP) is called the molar volume.

What’s More

Solve the following problems following the steps indicated above. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Consider the balanced chemical equation:

C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g)
If hydrogen gas is collected at a pressure of 1.0 atm and temperature of 315
K, how many liters of hydrogen gas are formed from the complete reaction of
1.07 mol of C?
 2. In the balanced chemical equation 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g), how much of
H2O in moles are required to form 1.3 L of O2 at a temperature of 325 K and
a pressure of 0.988 atm?
3. Methanol, CH3OH, can be synthesized by making carbon monoxide react with
hydrogen gas as shown in the chemical equation below:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
(a) How many liters of H2 gas, measured at 748 mm Hg and 86⁰C, are required
to synthesize 0.55 mol of CH3OH?
(b) How many liters of CO gas, measured under the same conditions, are
required?

Lesson 2 Gas Effusion

What’s In
The movement of gases, either through one another or into regions of very low
pressure, has many important applications. One of these processes is effusion which
will be taken up in this lesson.

What’s New

One of the early triumphs of the kinetic-molecular theory was an explanation

of effusion, the process by which a gas escapes from its container through a tiny
hole into an evacuated space.
One of the most important applications of effusion is the enrichment of nuclear
reactor fuel: separating nonfissionable, more abundant 238U from fissionable 235U to
increase the proportion of 235U in the mixture. Since the two isotopes have
identical chemical properties, they are separated by differences in the effusion
rates of their gaseous compounds.

Figure 5.2 Gas Effusion

(Source: http://www.differencebetween.net/science/the-difference-between-effusion-and-diffusion/)

What is It

In 1846, Thomas Graham studied the effusion process and concluded that the
effusion rate was inversely proportional to the square root of the gas density. The
effusion rate is the number of moles (or molecules) of gas effusing per unit time.
Since density is directly proportional to molar mass, we state Graham’s law of
effusion as follows: the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square
root of its molar mass,

where = molar mass

= proportionality symbol

Argon (Ar) is lighter than krypton (Kr), so it effuses faster, assuming equal pressures
of the two gases. Thus, the ratio of the rates is

The kinetic-molecular theory explains that, at a given temperature and pressure, the
gas with the lower molar mass effuses faster because the most probable speed of its
molecules is higher; therefore, more molecules escape per unit time.

Graham’s law is also used to determine the molar mass of an unknown gas.
By comparing the effusion rate of gas X with that of a known gas, such as He,
we can solve for the molar mass of X:

Squaring both sides and solving for the molar mass of X gives

2
Rate 2
(Rate X ) = (√ He
)
He X

(RateX )2 He
(RateHe )2
=
X
Sample Problem:
A mixture of helium (He) and methane (CH 4) is placed in an effusion apparatus.
Calculate the ratio of their effusion rates.

Plan:
The effusion rate is inversely proportional to , so we find the molar mass of
each substance from the formula and take its square root. The inverse of the
ratio of the square roots is the ratio of the effusion rates.

Solution:

Calculating the ratio of the effusion rates:

Check:
A ratio >1 makes sense because the lighter He should effuse faster than the
heavier CH4. Because the molar mass of He is about one-fourth that of CH4, He
should effuse about twice as fast (the inverse of √(1/4) ).

Sample Problem:
An unknown gas composed of homonuclear diatomic molecules effuses at a rate
that is only 0.355 times that of O2 at the same time temperature. Calculate the
molar mass of the unknown gas and identify it.

Plan:
We can use Graham’s law of effusion to determine the molar mass of the
unknown gas. We let RateX and X represent the rate of effusion and molar
mass of the unknown gas.

Solution:
RateX O2
= √
RateO2 X
RateO 2
X = O2 ( Rate 2 )
X
1 2
X = 32.0 g/mol (0.355)
X = 254 g/mol

Because we are told that the unknown gas is composed of homonuclear diatomic
molecules, it must be an element. The molar mass must represent twice the
atomic mass of the atoms in the unknown gas. We conclude that the unknown
gas is I2.
 What’s More

Solve and show your solution of the following problems on a separate sheet of paper.
1. On the average, CO2 travels at 410 m/s at 25⁰C. Find the average rate of Cl 2
at 25⁰C.
2. At a certain temperature fluorine gas travels at 585 m/s and a noble gas
travels at 394 m/s. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas? What is it?
3. What is the ratio of the rate of effusion of helium and neon?

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s).

Stoichiometric calculations involving gases are like those that do not involve
gases in the same way that the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation provide
conversion factors among moles of reactants and products in the reaction. For gases,
the amount of a reactant or product is often specified by the (1) ________of reactant
or product at a given temperature and pressure. The (2) _________ is then used to
convert from these quantities to moles of reactant or product. Alternatively, at
standard temperature and pressure, volume can be converted directly to moles with
the equality: 1 mol = (3)________ L (at STP).
The rate of effusion of a gas is (4) _________ to the square root of its molar mass. The
gas with the (5) ___________ effuses faster because the most probable speed of its
molecules is higher; therefore, more molecules escape per unit time.

What I Can Do
Consider the following situation and answer the question on another sheet
of paper.

A balloon inflated with helium gas will rise to the ceiling of a room. However,
after a certain period of time, the balloon will descend to the floor. Why does the
balloon eventually descend?

Figure 5.3 Balloons with Helium

(Source: https://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/2019/10/16/balloon-ban-doesnt-float-as-good-idea/)
 Assessment

Read the following word problems carefully and answer them to the best of your
ability. Show your solutions.
1. Oxygen gas reacts with powdered aluminum according to the balanced chemical
reaction:
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
How many liters of O2 gas, measured at 782 mm Hg and 25⁰C, are required to
completely react with 2.4 mol of Al?
A. 25.3 L B. 30.2 L C. 41.2 L D. 42.8 L
2. Nitrogen reacts with powdered aluminum according to the balanced chemical
reaction:
2Al(s) + N2(g) → 2AlN(s)
How many liters of N2 gas, measured at 892 torr and 95⁰C, are required to completely
react with 18.5 g of Al?
A. 3.17 L B. 8.85 L C. 10.4 L D. 15.7 L
3. Sodium reacts with chlorine gas according to the balanced chemical reaction:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
What volume of Cl2 gas, measured at 687 torr and 35⁰C, is required to form 28 g of
NaCl?
A. 3.13 L B. 6.00 L C. 6.71 L D. 10.2 L
4. What is the molar mass of a gas that diffuses about 4.45 faster than argon (Ar)
gas?
A. 1 g/mol B. 2 g/mol C. 3 g/mol D. 4 g/mol
5. A molecule of oxygen gas (O2) has an average speed of 12.3 m/s at a given
temperature and pressure. What is the average speed of hydrogen molecules (H2) at
the same conditions?
A. 35 m/s B. 40 m/s C. 49 m/s D. 53 m/s
6. Automobile air bags inflate following a
serious impact. The impact triggers the
balanced chemical reaction:
2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
If an automobile air bag has a volume of 11.8
L, how much NaN3 in grams is required to
fully inflate the air bag upon impact? Assume
STP (standard temperature and pressure)
conditions.
A. 10.31 g C. 26.16 g Figure 5.4 Automobile Air Bag
B. 21.78 g D. 30.45 g (Source: Tro, Nivaldo J. (2012). Introductory
7. Which among hydrogen (H2), ammonia Chemistry 4th ed. USA: Prentice Hall Inc.)
(NH3), chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) gases
will effuse most slowly under the same physical conditions? Why?
A. hydrogen gas B. ammonia C. chlorine gas D. bromine gas
8. Why would O2 effuse faster than CO2 in the same room?
A. O2 has a lesser molar mass than CO2
B. CO2 has a lesser mass than O2
C. O2 possesses lesser potential energy than CO2
D. CO2 possesses greater potential energy than O2
9. Using Graham’s Law, how fast O2 will effuse compared to Cl2?
A. O.5 times slower C. 0.5 times faster
B. 1.5 times slower D. 1.5 times faster
10. An unknown gas diffuses 0.25 times as fast as helium gas (He). What is the molar
mass of the unknown gas?
A. 4 g/mol B. 16 g/mol C. 32 g/mol D. 64 g/mol
11. Lead (II) carbonate decomposes to give lead (II) oxide and carbon dioxide as shown
in the balanced chemical equation: PbCO3(s) → PbO(s) + CO2(g)
How many grams of lead (II) oxide will be produced by the decomposition of 2.50 g of
lead (II) carbonate?
A. 2.09 g B. 2.50 g C. 2.61 g D. 2.97 g
12. Water can be formed from the synthesis reaction of hydrogen with oxygen as
shown by the balanced chemical equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
How much H2O(g) is formed by the complete reaction of 5.12 g of O2 with excess
hydrogen?
A. 1.44 g B. 2.88 g C. 5.77 g D. 11.53 g
13. Which statement is CORRECT?
A. The rate of effusion does not depend on mass.
B. Lighter gases have a faster rate of effusion than heavy gases.
C. Lighter gases have a slower rate of effusion than heavy gases.
D. Gases have the same rate of effusion if they have the same amount.
14. The rate of effusion of a unknown gas is 0.251 m/s and the rate of effusion of
water vapor is 0.391 m/s at the same temperature and pressure. What is the molar
mass of the unknown gas?
A. 0.37 g/mol B. 6.63 g/mol C. 28.2 g/mol D. 43.7 g/mol
15. Under the appropriate conditions, nitrogen and hydrogen undergo a combination
reaction to yield ammonia as shown by the balanced chemical equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
What is the amount of H2 consumed for the complete reaction of 7.1 g sample of N2?
A. 0.51 g B. 0.76 g C. 1.2 g D. 1.5 g

References
Brown, T. et al. (2009). Chemistry The Central Science 11 ed. USA: Pearson Prentice
Hall
Silberberg, Martin S. (2009). Chemistry the Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 5
ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Tro, Nivaldo J. (2012). Introductory Chemistry 4th ed. USA: Prentice Hall Inc.

https://www.gardencity.k12.ny.us/cms/lib/NY01913305/Centricity/Domain/586
/H%20Chem%20Grahams%20Law%20of%20Effusion%202017.pdf
https://www.stcharles.k12.la.us/cms/lib/LA01906411/Centricity/Domain/1865/
Practice%20Stoich%20test.pdf
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c4402e505095a001ab543dc/grahams-law
https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Graham.html
https://www.lacitycollege.edu/Departments/Chemistry-Earth
Sciences/documents/Chemistry-101-Experiments-
Documents/E05_grahamsLaw2016
https://www.kentschools.net/ccarman/cp-chemistry/
https://people.uwec.edu/bhattas/assn_9.pdf
https://people.uwec.edu/carneymj/Assignments/Chem%20103_Assignment%208.
pdf
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/9-4-effusion-and-diffusion-of-gases/
Answer Key
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