Acoustics 01 00014 v2

acoustics
Review
Acoustic Black Holes in Structural Design for
Vibration and Noise Control
Chenhui Zhao and Marehalli G. Prasad *
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA;
czhao1@stevens.edu
* Correspondence: mprasad@stevens.edu; Tel.: +1-201-216-5571

Received: 2 October 2018; Accepted: 28 January 2019; Published: 25 February 2019
Abstract: It is known that in the design of quieter mechanical systems, vibration and noise control
play important roles. Recently, acoustic black holes have been effectively used for structural design in
controlling vibration and noise. An acoustic black hole is a power-law tapered profile to reduce phase
and group velocities of wave propagation to zero. Additionally, the vibration energy at the location
of acoustic black hole increases due to the gradual reduction of its thickness. The vibration damping,
sound reduction, and vibration energy harvesting are the major applications in structural design with
acoustic black holes. In this paper, a review of basic theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies
on the applications of acoustic black holes is presented. In addition, the influences of the various
geometrical parameters and the configuration of acoustic black holes are presented. The studies show
that the use of acoustic black holes results in an effective control of vibration and noise. It is seen that
the acoustic black holes have a great potential for quiet design of complex structures.
Keywords: acoustic black hole; structure design; noise and vibration control
1. Introduction
It is known that with the development of high-speed machinery, the control of unwanted vibration
and noise are very important for their stability and reliability, as well as the environmental noise
impact [1]. The two well-known methods for passive control of structural vibrations which also results
in a reduction of noise are constrained layer damping and tuned dynamic absorbers [2]. The first
method is based on using a viscoelastic layer attached to the structure and the second method needs
an attachment of additional weight [3] to the target structure. Additionally, the active vibration control
devices are also used for vibration damping [4]. However, these active methods require consistent
input energy and more complex electro-mechanical design. Thus, for the reasons of limitation of size,
budget, or weight, sometimes it is not possible, and also is not desirable, to use these above methods.
There is always a need for an effective design of structures for vibration and noise control [5].
In recent times micro-devices, such as portable electronics and wireless remote sensors,
are developed and widely used [6]. Most of these low-power electronics are powered by battery.
However, even for the long-lasting batteries, they still need to be replaced because of their limited
lifecycle. For some applications, such as sensors deployed in remote locations or inside the human
body [7], it is challenging and costly, or even impractical. Energy harvesting is the process of capturing
and converting ambient energy in the environment into usable electrical energy to extend the life of
batteries, which makes the devices self-sustainable and environmental-friendly. Piezoelectric vibration
energy harvesting (PVEH) is one of the typical energy harvesting methods. In the design of portable
micro devices, the challenge is to reduce the weight and size of the host structure. Thus, approaches to
increase the energy harvested from the vibrations of the host structures are desirable [8].
Acoustics 2019, 1, 220–251; doi:10.3390/acoustics1010014 www.mdpi.com/journal/acoustics

Acoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 29
structure. Thus, approaches to increase the energy harvested from the vibrations of the host
structures are
Acoustics 2019, 1 desirable [8]. 221
Recently, an approach for passive vibration control, acoustic black holes (ABH), has been
developed. An ABH is usually a power-law tapered profile built on structures, such as beams, plates,
Recently, an approach for passive vibration control, acoustic black holes (ABH), has been
and shells, where the vibration energy is concentrated due to the reduction of wave speed [9] (as
developed. An ABH is usually a power-law tapered profile built on structures, such as beams,
shown in Figure 1). Therefore, due to this concentration effect of the ABH, the vibration energy can
plates, and shells, where the vibration energy is concentrated due to the reduction of wave speed [9]
be absorbed by attaching small amount of damping material at the ABH location, which also results
(as shown in Figure 1). Therefore, due to this concentration effect of the ABH, the vibration energy can
in reduced sound radiation. Additionally, the performance of energy harvesting is enhanced by
be absorbed by attaching small amount of damping material at the ABH location, which also results in
attaching piezoelectric material at the ABH location [10]. An ABH is a tailing method which cuts
reduced sound radiation. Additionally, the performance of energy harvesting is enhanced by attaching
material away from the host structure, and it also decreases the usage of damping layer, so it
piezoelectric
decreases thematerial
weight of at host
the ABH location
structures. [10]. An ABH
Therefore, it is aisgood
a tailing
optionmethod which cuts
for vibration andmaterial away
noise control
from
of the host structure,
lightweight structures. and it also decreases the usage of damping layer, so it decreases the weight of
host The
structures. Therefore,
ABH effect was first it is discovered
a good option by for vibration
Pekeris in 1946and[11].
noiseHe control of lightweight
exploited the centralstructures.
physical
The ABH effect was first discovered by Pekeris in 1946 [11].
principle of ABH, namely the phase velocity of sound waves that propagate in a stratified fluidHe exploited the central physical
are
principle of ABH,
progressively namely
decreased tothe
zero phase
withvelocity
increasing of sound
depth.waves
In 1988that propagate
Mironov in a stratified
determined that a fluid are
flexural
progressively decreased to zero with increasing depth. In 1988 Mironov
wave propagates in a thin plate slows down and needs infinite time to reach a tapered edge [12]. determined that a flexural
wave Krylov
Later, propagates in a thin
first used plate “acoustic
the name slows down blackand needs
hole” infinite
to this effecttime
[13],toand
reach a tapered
applied ABH on edge [12].
beams
Later,
and Krylov
plates, alsofirst used the
indicating name
that the “acoustic
ABH approach black results
hole” to in this effect [13],
an increased and applied
amount of energy ABH on
to be
beams and plates, also indicating that the ABH approach results
absorbed by adding a small amount of material attenuation near the ABH locations [14–17]. Thenin an increased amount of energy
to be absorbed
Conlon developed by further
adding numerical
a small amount of material work
and experimental attenuation
to analyzenearthetheABH
ABHeffect locations [14–17].
on vibration
Then Conlon developed further numerical and experimental work
and sound radiation of thin plates [18–20]. Later, researchers from different countries around the to analyze the ABH effect on
vibration and sound radiation of thin plates [18–20]. Later, researchers
world worked on the ABH effect on structural vibration control, sound radiation, and vibration from different countries around
the world
energy worked on
harvesting. the ABH
Recently, effect on
a review on structural
mechanicsvibration
problem control,
of the ABH sound radiation,
structure was and vibration
presented by
energy harvesting. Recently, a review on mechanics problem of the ABH
Ji et al. [21]. This study systematically introduced the theoretical study on mechanics for 1D and 2D structure was presented by
Ji et al. [21].and
structures This study systematically
a summary of applications introduced
of ABH.the theoretical
Another reviewstudyon on
themechanics
applications for of
1DABH and 2D
on
vibration damping and sound radiation was conducted by Chong et al. [22]. Due to the increase on
structures and a summary of applications of ABH. Another review on the applications of ABH of
vibration damping
complexity and design
of structure sound radiation
with ABHwas andconducted
the limitation by Chong et al. [22].
of traditional Due to the increase
manufacturing methods, of
complexity
such of structure
as milling design with
[23], 3D printing ABH and
technology the limitation
is applied. In the of traditional
study of Chong manufacturing methods,
et al. [22], a numerical
such as milling [23], 3D printing technology is applied. In the study
and experimental study on vibration response of the 3D-printed ABH beams was also developed. of Chong et al. [22], a numerical
and experimental
Furthermore, a seriesstudy on vibration
of studies on dynamicresponse andofstatic
the 3D-printed
properties [24] ABH andbeams was alsoindeveloped.
applications vibration
Furthermore,
damping a series
[25] and of studies
energy on dynamic
harvesting [8,26] ofand static properties
3D-printed structures [24] and applications
embedded with ABH in vibration
was also
damping [25]byand
investigated energy
other harvesting [8,26] of 3D-printed structures embedded with ABH was also
researchers.
investigated
This paper by presents
other researchers.
a review of recent studies on the use of ABH in structural design. The paper
presents studiespresents
This paper a review of recent
on the applications of ABH studies on the usevibration
in structural of ABH in structural
control, noisedesign. The paper
reduction, and
vibration energy harvesting. In addition, the review particularly focusses on the influenceand
presents studies on the applications of ABH in structural vibration control, noise reduction, of
vibration energy harvesting. In addition, the review particularly
geometrical parameters of 1D ABH and the layout of the 2D ABH on the structural response in order focusses on the influence of
geometrical parameters of 1D ABH and the
to make the ABH features more efficient in structural design. layout of the 2D ABH on the structural response in
order to make the ABH features more efficient in structural design.
Figure 1.
Figure ABH concentration
1. ABH concentration effect,
effect, the
the amplitude
amplitude of
of the
the incident
incident wave
wave increases
increases significantly
significantly when
when
propagating to the end of the ABH wedge.
propagating to the end of the ABH wedge.
2. Theoretical
2. Theoretical Analysis
Analysis
Mironov [12]
Mironov [12] showed
showed that
that the
the bending
bending wave
wave speed
speed goes
goes to
to zero
zero for
for beams
beams and
and plates
plates whose
whose
thickness decreases
thickness decreases according to:
h( X ) = aX m , (1)
ℎ(𝑋) = 𝑎𝑋 , (1)
where h is the thickness, a is constant, m is exponent of the power-law curve, and X is the distance
from the tip of the ideal power-law curve.
Acoustics 2019, 1 222

where h is the thickness, 𝑎 is constant, m is exponent of the power-law curve, and X is the distance
from the tip of the ideal power-law curve.
However,
However, ininreality,
reality,due
duetotothe
the limitation
limitation of of manufacturing
manufacturing technics,
technics, it isitimpossible
is impossible to build
to build a
a zero
zero thickness,
thickness, so there
so there willa be
will be a residual
residual thickness h1 atℎtheatfree
thickness the end.
free end.
ThenThen the equation
the equation of the
of the power-
power-law
law curve
curve (1D ABH)
(1D ABH) becomes:
becomes:
m
x ) ==εx𝜀𝑥
h(ℎ(𝑥) ++h1ℎ, , (2)
(2)
where
where the
the exponent
exponent mm is
is aa positive
positive rational
rational number
number and m ≥ 2,
and 𝑚 2, parameter
parameter 𝜀ε is constant, x
is aa constant, x is
is the
the
distance from
distance from the
the tip
tip of
of the
the power-law
power-law curve
curve with
with residual
residual thickness, and the
thickness, and the scheme
scheme isis shown
shown inin
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Schematic of a 1D ABH [27].
For the specific thickness of the beam T, Parameter 𝜀 affect the length of ABH:
For the specific thickness of the beam T, Parameter ε affect the length of ABH:
r 𝑇−ℎ
𝐿 = m T − h1 , (3)
ε𝜀
L ABH = , (3)
thus:
thus:
T−h
ε = 𝑇 − ℎm1 , (4)
𝜀 =L ABH , (4)
𝐿
then the ABH power-law curve is:
then the ABH power-law curve is:
T−h
( x ) == 𝑇 − ℎm1 x m
hℎ(𝑥) +h , (5)
L𝐿ABH 𝑥 + 1ℎ , (5)
where TT is
where is the
the thickness
thickness of
ofthe beam,hℎ
thebeam, 1 isis
the
theresidual
residualthickness
thicknessof of
thethe
ABH part,
ABH part, 𝐿 is the
L ABH length
is the of
length
the ABH, and m is the exponent of the power-law profile
of the ABH, and m is the exponent of the power-law profile [27].[27].
The phase velocity C𝐶p andandgroup velocityC𝐶g are
groupvelocity aregiven
givenby:
by:
𝐸
s
E
q
C𝐶p =
= 4 𝜔ℎ(𝑥)
ωh( x ), , (6)
(6)
3𝜌(1 − ν𝜈2 ))
3ρ(1 −
s
4E
4𝐸
q
4
C𝐶g == 2
ωh( x ), ,
𝜔ℎ(𝑥) (7)
(7)
3ρ(1 −
3𝜌(1 − ν𝜈 ))
where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the Poisson’s ratio, ρ is the mass density, h(x) is the varying
where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the Poisson's ratio, ρ is the mass density, h(x) is the varying
thickness at ABH of the beams, and ω is the angular frequency of the flexural wave. When h1 = 0 and
thickness at ABH of the beams, and ω is the angular frequency of the flexural wave. When ℎ =0
x → 0 , the phase velocity and group velocity tend to zero [9,15].
and 𝑥 → 0, the phase velocity and group velocity tend to zero [9,15].
Propagation time T from x to x is shown in Figure 2:
Propagation time 𝑇0 from 𝑥ABH to 𝑥0 is shown in Figure 2:
r
Z x0
1 2
4 12ρ (1 − ν ) 1 1−m/2
T0 = dx = 12𝜌(1 − 𝜈 ) 1 x − L 1−m/2
, (8)
𝑇 = L ABH c1g 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⁄ ⁄
Eω 2 2−m 𝑥 −ABH
𝐿 , (8)
𝐸𝜔 2−𝑚
when x0 tends to 0, h1 = 0 then T0 tends to infinity, only if m ≥ 2 [12].
when 𝑥 tends to 0, ℎ = 0 then 𝑇 tends to infinity, only if 𝑚 2 [12].
Equations (6)–(8) indicate that the ABH can alter wave speed to decrease and that also result in
Equations (6)–(8) indicate that the ABH can alter wave speed to decrease and that also result in
the concentration of vibration energy at the ABH location when m ≥ 2.
the concentration of vibration energy at the ABH location when m ≥ 2.
If the host structure has a non-zero-loss factor, the reflection coefficient and wave number can be
presented as below: R x
(−2 x ABH Im k( x )dx )
R=e , (9)
s
√
4 kl
k( x) = 12 , (10)
h( x )
ρ 1 − ν2 ω 2

2
kl = , (11)
E
where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the Poisson’s ratio, ρ is the mass density, h is the thickness of the
plate, and ω is the angular frequency of flexural wave [28,29].
Equations (9)–(11) indicate that when x tends to zero, if the residual thickness h1 equal to zero,
wave numbers k(x) tend to infinity at ABH locations, and the reflection coefficient tends to zero,
which indicates that no wave can escape from the ABH location [30].
When the ABH is partially covered with a damping layer, the reflection coefficient at any point in
the damping area can be expressed as:
q
εx m
 
r r −K
εx m εx m  h1

R0 ( x ) = + +1 × exp −K2 q m (12)
h1 h1 εx
h1 + 1
 
3 × 121/4 k p 1/2 υ E2 δ
K2 = (13)
4ε1/2 E1 h0
121/4 k p 1/2 η
K= , (14)
2ε1/2
where υ is the loss factor of the material of the absorbing layer, η is the loss factor of the wedge material.
δ is the layer thickness and E2 /E1 is the ratio of Young’s moduli of the absorbing layer and the plate,
respectively [31,32].
A 2D ABH can be seen as a rotation of the 1D ABH by 360 degrees. When a wave propagates
in the 2D ABH, it deviates into the center of the ABH [17,32]. O’Boy et al. developed the theoretical
analysis for the thin plate [33]. A systematic summary of theoretical analysis containing a 2D ABH is
studied by Ji et al. [21]. When attaching the damping material on the plate, the structure can be seen as
a composite structure. The loss factor can be expressed as:
2
ηD EEDhh(Dr)
hD hD
4 h (r ) + 6 h (r ) + 3
w
ηcomp (r ) = 2 (15)
ED h D hD hD
1 + E h (r ) 4 h (r ) + 6 h (r ) + 3
w
where ED is the Young’s modulus of damping, η D is the loss factor of the damping material. Ew is the
elasticity modulus of the plate in plural form. h(r) is the thickness of the plate and hD is the thickness
of damping layer. r is the distance to the center of ABH [33]. When r decreases, the loss factor increases
which means more vibration energy is absorbed.
The reflection coefficient of ABH becomes:
( 1/4 Z )
3 × 121/4 ω 1/2 ρ 1 − ν2

Ri 1
R0 = exp −2 ηcomp (r ) dr (16)
4ε1/2 E1/4 Rt r
where Ri is the radius of whole ABH and Rt is the truncation length which means the radius inner
hole [33]. The theoretical analysis of the flexural wave propagation in ABH with damping being
developed and more new mathematical models are currently under investigation. For example, a
semi-analytical
Acoustics 2019, 1model to analyse an Euler-Bernoulli beam with ABH and its full coupling with
224 the
semi-analytical model to analyse an Euler-Bernoulli beam with ABH and its full coupling with the
damping layers coated over its surface is presented by Tang et al. [34].
damping layers coated over its surface is presented by Tang et al. [34].
semi-analytical model to analyse an Euler-Bernoulli beam with ABH and its full coupling with the
3. Applications to Structural
damping layers
Design
coated overDesign
with
its surface
Acousticby
is presented
Black Holes
Tang Holes
et al. [34].
3. Applications to Structural with Acoustic Black
3.1. Application of ABHs
3. Applications to Vibration
to Structural Control
Design with Acoustic Black Holes
3.1. Application of ABHs to Vibration Control
3.1.1.3.1. Application
Vibration of ABHs
Control of to Vibration
Beams Control
with ABHs
3.1.1. Vibration Control of Beams with ABHs
3.1.1. Vibration
In 2003, Krylov Control of Beams
first used the with
name ABHs“acoustic black hole” [13]. The theoretical and numerical
In 2003, Krylov first used the name “acoustic black hole” [13]. The theoretical and numerical
work [29]Inon beams
2003, withfirst
Krylov a one-dimensional acousticblack
used the name “acoustic blackhole”
hole[13].
(1D ABH), as shown innumerical
Figure 3, was
work [29] on beams with a one-dimensional acoustic black hole (1D The ABH),theoretical
as shown andin Figure 3, was
developed.
work [29] Figures 4 and
on beams 5 show
with the effect of various
a one-dimensional acoustictruncation
black holelength x0 and
(1D ABH), as thickness of absorbing
shown in Figure 3,
developed. Figures 4 and 5 show the effect of various truncation length x0 and thickness of absorbing
film δ on the reflection coefficient of the ABH. First, it can be observed from0 the behavior of the
was developed. Figures 4 and 5 show the effect of various truncation length x and thickness of
film δ on the reflection coefficient of the ABH. First, it can be observed from the behavior of the
absorbing
reflection film δ onfor
coefficient thethe
reflection coefficient
uncovered wedgeof the ABH.curve)
(solid First, itthat
can be observed
a small from the behavior
truncation can resultof in a
reflection
the
coefficient
reflection
for the
coefficient for
uncovered
the uncovered
wedgewedge
(solid
(solid
curve)
curve)
that
that
aa small
small
truncationcan
truncation
canresult
result
in
in a
large increase of the refection coefficient. Second, it can be observed that the reflection coefficient
largea increase
large of the
increase of refection
the refectioncoefficient.
coefficient.Second,
Second, itit can
can be observed
be observedthat that
thethe reflection
coefficient
increases with the increase of truncation length. Third, damping layers with higher relative stiffness
increases with the increase of truncation length. Third, damping layers with higher
increases with the increase of truncation length. Third, damping layers with higher relative stiffness relative stiffness
can decrease the reflection coefficient further. Finally, the reflection coefficient decreases with the
can decrease
can decrease thethe
reflection
reflectioncoefficient
coefficientfurther.
further. Finally,
Finally, the thereflection
coefficient decreases
decreases withwith
the the
increase of excitation frequency. These two figures indicate that the presence of thin absorbing layers
increase of excitation
increase frequency.
of excitation frequency.These
Thesetwo
two figures indicatethat
figures indicate thatthethe presence
presence of thin
of thin absorbing
absorbing layers
layers
on theon surfaces
the surfacesof ABH
of ABH wedges
wedges can
canresult
resultinin very low reflection
reflection coefficients of flexural waves
fromfrom
on the surfaces of ABH wedges can result in very low
low reflectioncoefficients
coefficientsof flexural waves
of flexural waves from
theirtheir
edges.edges.
their edges.
Figure 3. Truncated quadratic wedges covered by thin damping layers. x0 is the truncation length.
Figure 3. Truncated
Figure quadratic
3. Truncated quadraticwedges
wedges covered by thin
covered by thindamping
dampinglayers.
layers. is the
x0 xis0 the truncation
truncation length.
length.
Reprinted with permission from [29]. Copyright Elsevier, 2004.
Figure 4. Reflection
Figure 4. Reflectioncoefficient
coefficient forforthe
thewedge
wedge covered
covered by byaathick
thickabsorbing
absorbingfilm.film.
TheThe
solidsolid curve
curve
Figure 4. Reflection coefficient for the wedge covered by a thick absorbing film. The solid curve
corresponds to an uncovered wedge, and dotted and dashed curves correspond
corresponds to an uncovered wedge, and dotted and dashed curves correspond to wedges covered by to wedges covered
corresponds to an uncovered wedge, and dotted and dashed curves correspond to wedges covered
by thin
thinabsorbing
absorbing films withthe
films with thevalues
valuesofof relative
relative stiffness
stiffness E2 /EE12/E =2/30and
= 12/30 andE E/E
2/E =2/3,
1 1= 2/3,respectively;
respectively; the
by thin absorbing films with the values of relative stiffness E2/E1=2/30 and2E2/E 1=2/3, respectively; the
film the film material
material lossν factor
loss factor is 0.2,
is 0.2, νand theand
filmthe film thickness
thickness δ isReprinted
δ is 5 μm. 5 µm. Reprinted with permission
with permission from [29].
film from
material
[29].
loss factor Elsevier,
Copyright
ν is 0.2, and
2004.
the film thickness δ is 5 μm. Reprinted with permission from [29].
Copyright Elsevier, 2004.
Acoustics 2019,
2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of225
29
Figure 5.
5. Frequency dependence of of the
the reflection
reflection coefficientR: R: x0 = 1.5 and 2.5 cm (thicker and thinner
Figure
Figure Frequency dependence
5. Frequency dependence of the coefficient R: xx00 ==1.5
reflection coefficient 1.5and
and2.5
2.5cm
cm(thicker
(thickerandandthinner
thinner
curves, respectively);
curves, respectively); solid
respectively); solid and
solid and dotted
and dotted curves
dotted curves correspond
curves correspond
correspond to to wedges
to wedges
wedges with with absorbing
with absorbing films
absorbing films and to
films and
and to
curves, to
uncovered wedges;
uncovered wedges; the
wedges; the film
the film material
film material loss
material loss factor
loss factor ν is
factor νν is 0.2,
is 0.2, and
0.2, and the
and the film
the film thickness
film thickness δ is
thickness δδ is 5 μm.
is 55 μm. Reprinted
Reprinted
µm. Reprinted
uncovered
with permission
with permission from
from [29].
[29]. Copyright
Copyright Elsevier,
Elsevier, 2004.
2004.
with permission from [29]. Copyright Elsevier, 2004.
A numerical study of beams with a spiral ABH was developed by Jeon et al. [35,36]. The spiral
A numerical
A numerical study
study of
of beams
beams with
with aa spiral
spiral ABH
ABH waswas developed
developed by by Jeon
Jeon et
et al.
al. [35,36]. The
The spiral
spiral
ABH is a compact and curvilinear shape by using an Archimedean spiral with a uniform gap-distance
ABH is
ABH is aa compact
compact and
and curvilinear
curvilinear shape
shape by
by using
usingan anArchimedean
Archimedean spiral
spiral with
with aauniform
uniformgap-distance
gap-distance
between adjacent baselines of the spiral as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the driving point
between adjacent
between adjacent baselines
baselines ofof the
the spiral
spiral as
as shown in Figure 6. Figure Figure 77 shows
shows the the driving
driving point
point
mobility of the beam with a 720 mm spiral ABH compared with reference uniform beam (black line).
mobility of the beam with a 720 mm spiral ABH compared with reference uniform
mobility of the beam with a 720 mm spiral ABH compared with reference uniform beam (black line). beam (black line).
The beam with the ABH is 10% lighter than the reference beam, but it reduces the resonant peak
The beam
The beam withwith the
the ABH
ABH is is 10%
10% lighter
lighter than
than the
the reference
reference beam,
beam, butbut itit reduces
reduces thethe resonant
resonant peak
peak
levels to 90% without additional damping. This indicates that the spiral ABH has great potential for
levels to
levels to 90%
90% without
without additional
additional damping.
damping. This
This indicates
indicates that
that the
the spiral
spiral ABH
ABH hashas great
great potential
potential for
for
vibration damping.
vibration damping.
vibration damping.
Figure 6. Shape of the beam with a spiral ABH. The length of the ABH is 720 mm. Reprinted with
Figure 6.
6. Shape
Shape of the beam
beam with aa spiral ABH.
ABH. The length
length of the
the ABH
ABH is 720 mm.
mm. Reprinted
Reprinted with
Figure
permission from of theCopyright
[36]. withAcoustic
spiralSociety The
of America,of2017. is 720 with
permission from [36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of America,
permission from [36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of America, 2017. 2017.
Figure 7. Driving point mobility of the beam with a 720 mm spiral ABH (grey line) and the reference
uniform beam (black line). Reprinted with permission from [36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of
uniform beam (black line). Reprinted with permission from [36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of
America, 2017.
America, 2017.
Figure 6. Shape of the beam with a spiral ABH. The length of the ABH is 720 mm. Reprinted with
Acoustics 2019, 1 from [36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of America, 2017.
permission 226
Figure 7.
beam (black
uniform beam (black line).
line). Reprinted with permission
permission from
from [36].
[36]. Copyright Acoustic Society of
of
America, 2017.
America, 2017.
Recently, Zhou
Recently, Zhouand
andCheng
Chengproposed
proposed a numerical
a numerical and experimental
and work
experimental to develop
work an ABH
to develop that
an ABH
featured
that a resonant
featured beam beam
a resonant damper, as shown
damper, in Figure
as shown in8Figure
(ABH-RBD) [37]. Figure
8 (ABH-RBD) 9 shows
[37]. Figurethe measured
9 shows the
driving and cross point mobility of the host beam with and without ABH-RBD. It can
measured driving and cross point mobility of the host beam with and without ABH-RBD. It can be be observed that
a significant
observed thatvibration reduction
a significant is obtained
vibration with
reduction mountingwith
is obtained the ABH-RBD.
mounting theThis study shows
ABH-RBD. Thisastudy
great
damping
shows treatment
a great of ABH-RBD
damping treatmenttoofcontrol
ABH-RBDthe vibration
to controlofthe
thevibration
host structure.
of the host structure.
Figure 8. Schematics of the host beam with an ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37].
Figure 8. Schematics of the host beam with an ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37].
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. Measured (a) driving and (b) cross-point mobility of the primary host beam with and
without ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37]. Copyright Elsevier, 2018.
3.1.2. Vibration Damping of Plates with ABH

Figure
Acoustics 2019, 8.
1 Schematics of the host beam with an ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37]. 227
(a)
(b)
Figure 9.9.Measured
Figure Measured(a)(a) driving
driving andand
(b) (b) cross-point
cross-point mobility
mobility of theofprimary
the primary hostwith
host beam beamandwith and
without
without ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37]. Copyright
ABH-RBD. Reprinted with permission from [37]. Copyright Elsevier, 2018. Elsevier, 2018.

The vibration performance of the plates with various 1D ABH slots was studied by Bowyer [38].
The vibration performance of the plates with various 1D ABH slots was studied by Bowyer [38].
One of the samples is shown in Figure 10a. From the experimental result of this sample, it can be
One of the samples is shown in Figure 10a. From the experimental result of this sample, it can be
observed that a substantial reduction of acceleration is obtained in comparison with the reference
observed that a substantial reduction of acceleration is obtained in comparison with the reference
plate. The experimental results of other steel plates and composite plates with various slots also show
plate. The experimental results of other steel plates and composite plates with various slots also
acceptable damping performance. The composite plates have good damping performance even
show acceptable damping performance. The composite plates have good damping performance even
without
Acoustics the
2018, 1, xdamping
FOR PEERlayer attached due to the large material loss factor.
REVIEW 8 of 29
without the damping layer attached due to the large material loss factor.
(a) (b)
Figure 10.10.
Figure (a) Carbon fiber composite
(a) Carbon samplesample
fiber composite and longitudinal cross-section
and longitudinal of the sample;
cross-section of theand (b)
sample;
Acceleration for the plate
and (b) Acceleration for with ABH
the plate slotABH
with (solidslot
line) andline)
(solid reference plate (dashed
and reference line). Reprinted
plate (dashed from
line). Reprinted
[38] under a CC BY 4.0 license. Copyright Bowyer, E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2016.
from [38] under a CC BY 4.0 license. Copyright Bowyer, E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2016.
Experimental investigation on damping flexural vibrations using two-dimensional acoustic

black holes (2D ABHs) was developed by Bowyer et al. [3]. Figure 11 shows the schematics of the
black holes (2D ABHs) was developed by Bowyer et al. [3]. Figure 11 shows the schematics of
experimental samples. The forced excitation was applied to the center of the plate via shaker over a
the experimental samples. The forced excitation was applied to the center of the plate via shaker over
frequency range of 0–9 kHz. The experimental results show that, in comparison with the reference
plate, the plate embedded with single 2D ABH with a damping layer provides little damping below
3 kHz. In the region of 3.8–9 kHz, damping varies between 3–8 dB, and maximum damping occurs
at 6.6 kHz. Due to the long wave length, the damping performance of the ABH is not evident at low
frequency, but it has better damping performance for higher frequencies. It is also indicated by this
study that the plates with multiple holes in the current random layout does not significantly improve
Figure 10. (a) Carbon fiber composite sample and longitudinal cross-section of the sample; and (b)
Acceleration for the plate with ABH slot (solid line) and reference plate (dashed line). Reprinted from

black holes (2D ABHs) was developed by Bowyer et al. [3]. Figure 11 shows the schematics of the
experimental samples. The forced excitation was applied to the center of the plate via shaker over a
afrequency
frequencyrange
rangeof of 0–9
0–9 kHz.
kHz. The
The experimental results show that, in in comparison
comparison with withthe
thereference
reference
plate,the
plate, theplate
plateembedded
embeddedwith withsingle
single2D
2DABHABHwith
withaadamping
dampinglayer
layerprovides
provideslittle
littledamping
dampingbelow
below
3 kHz. In the region of 3.8–9 kHz, damping varies between 3–8 dB, and maximum
3 kHz. In the region of 3.8–9 kHz, damping varies between 3–8 dB, and maximum damping occurs damping occurs
atat6.6
6.6kHz.
kHz.Due
Dueto tothe
thelong
longwave
wavelength,
length,the
thedamping
dampingperformance
performanceof ofthe
theABH
ABHisisnot notevident
evidentatatlow
low
frequency,but
frequency, butitithas
hasbetter
betterdamping
dampingperformance
performancefor forhigher
higherfrequencies.
frequencies.ItItisisalso
alsoindicated
indicatedbybythis
this
study that the plates with multiple holes in the current random layout does not significantly
study that the plates with multiple holes in the current random layout does not significantly improve improve
thedamping
the dampingperformance
performanceofofthe the2D
2DABHs
ABHsinincomparison
comparisonwith
withthe
theplate
platewith
withaasingle
single2D2DABH.
ABH.
(a) (b)
Figure11.
Figure 11.(a)(a)
AA singular
singular 2D 2D
ABHABH
withwith a center
a center hole,
hole, and (b)and (b)2Dthree
three ABH2D ABH
with with
central central
holes. holes.
Adapted
Adapted from [3] under a CC BY 3.0 license. Copyright Bowyer, E.P. and
from [3] under a CC BY 3.0 license. Copyright Bowyer, E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2010.Krylov, V.V., 2010.
Later, another experimental investigation of damping flexural vibrations in plates was also
Later, another experimental investigation of damping flexural vibrations in plates was also
developed by Bowyer et al. [39]. Figure 12 shows the steel plate containing an array of six 2D ABH.
developed by Bowyer et al. [39]. Figure 12 shows the steel plate containing an array of six 2D ABH.
Figure 13 clearly shows that, compared with the reference plate without ABH, the acceleration of the
Figure 13 clearly shows that, compared with the reference plate without ABH, the acceleration of
plate with six ABHs attaching damping layers sharply decreases. Additionally, it shows that the
the plate with six ABHs attaching damping layers sharply decreases. Additionally, it shows that the
minimum frequency of effective damping performance is about 1.5 kHz. These two experimental
minimum frequency of effective damping performance is about 1.5 kHz. These two experimental
investigations indicate that ABHs with damping layers can decrease the vibration of plates and the
investigations indicate that ABHs with damping layers can decrease the vibration of plates and the
number and configuration of ABHs affect the performance of vibration damping. The increase in the
number and configuration of ABHs affect the performance of vibration damping. The increase in the
number of ABHs can expand the effective frequency of damping performance of the plate with a 2D
number of ABHs can expand the effective frequency of damping performance of the plate with a 2D
ABH and damping layer.
ABH Acoustics
and damping layer.
2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 29
Figure 12. Manufactured steel plate containing an array of six 2D ABHs. Reprinted with permission
Figure 12. Manufactured steel plate containing an array of six 2D ABHs. Reprinted with permission
from [39]. Copyright Elsevier, 2013.
Figure 13. Measured acceleration for a plate containing six 2D ABHs with 14 mm central holes and
additional damping layers (solid line) and a reference plate (dashed line). Reprinted with permission
Other shapes of plates with ABH are also studied. Mobilities for a circular plate with a central
ABH with a thin damping layer and a constrained layer are studied by O’Boy and Krylov [40]. The
Figure
Acoustics 112.Manufactured
2019,12.
Figure Manufacturedsteel
steelplate
platecontaining
containingan
anarray
arrayofofsix
six2D
2DABHs.
ABHs.Reprinted
Reprintedwith
withpermission
permission 229
from[39].
from [39].Copyright
CopyrightElsevier,
Elsevier,2013.
2013.
Figure 13.Measured
Figure Measured accelerationfor for a platecontaining
containing six2D2D ABHswithwith 14mm
mm centralholes
holes and
Figure 13.
13. Measured acceleration
acceleration for aa plate
plate containing six
six 2D ABHs
ABHs with 14 14 mm central
central holes and
and
additional
additional damping
damping layers
layers (solid
(solid line)
line) and
and a a reference
reference plate
plate (dashed
(dashed line).
line). Reprinted
Reprinted with
with permission
permission
additional damping layers (solid line) and a reference plate (dashed line). Reprinted with permission
from [39].Copyright
from Copyright Elsevier,2013.
2013.
from [39].
[39]. Copyright Elsevier,
Elsevier, 2013.
Othershapes
Other shapesofofplates
plateswith
withABHABHare arealso
alsostudied.
studied.Mobilities
Mobilitiesfor foraacircular
circularplateplatewith
withaacentral
central
ABHOther
ABH withashapes
with athin of plates with
thindamping
damping layer
ABH
layer andare
and
also studied.layer
aaconstrained
constrained Mobilities
layer are
for a circular
arestudied
studied byO’Boy
by O’Boy plateand
with a central
Krylov
and Krylov
ABH
[40].
[40]. The
The
with a thin
point-and damping layer
andcross-mobilities and
cross-mobilitiesshow a constrained
showaasuppression layer are
suppressionofofresonant studied
resonantpeaks by O’Boy
peakswhich and
whichisisup Krylov
uptoto17[40].
17dB The point-
dBcompared
compared
point-
and
withcross-mobilities
thereference
referenceplate.show A
plate. a suppression
numericaland of resonant
and experimentalpeaksstudy
which isthe up acoustic
to 17 dB black
compared with
effectthe
with the A numerical experimental study ofofthe acoustic black holeeffect
hole for
for
reference
vibration plate.
damping A numerical
in and
elliptical experimental
plates has been study
studied of the
by acoustic
Georgiev black
et al. hole
[41]. effect
Ellipticalfor vibration
plates with
vibration damping in elliptical plates has been studied by Georgiev et al. [41]. Elliptical plates with
damping
ABHand andin elliptical
without ABHplates hastested.
were been studied by Georgiev
Anelliptical
elliptical platewith et al.
with [41].ofElliptical
disks resinplaced platesatwith
placed ABH andof
thelocation
location
ABH without ABH were tested. An plate disks of resin at the of
without
theABHs ABH
ABHsand were
andan tested.
anelliptical An elliptical
ellipticalplate plate
platecompletely with
completelycovered disks
coveredby of resin
byresin placed
resinwere at
werealso the location
alsotested. of
tested.Figurethe
Figure14ABHs
14showsand
shows
the
an elliptical
velocity plateofcompletely
fields withcovered
plateswith ABH(b) by and
(b) resinwithout
were also tested.
ABH Figure
(a).The 14 showsforce
Theexcitation
excitation velocity fields
wasapplied of plates
applied
velocity fields of plates ABH and without ABH (a). force was totothe
the
with ABH
leftfocus (b)
focuswhereas and
whereasthewithout
theABH ABH (a).
ABHisisininthe The excitation
theright
rightone. force
one.ItItcan
canbe was applied
beobserved
observedthat to the
thatthe left
theplate focus
platewith whereas
withABHABH(b) the ABH
(b)has
hasaa
left
islower
in theamplitude
right one. It can be observed
Figurethat the platethewith ABH (b) hasmeasured
a lower amplitude of vibration.
lower amplitude ofofvibration.
vibration. Figure 1515shows
shows the point
point mobility
mobility measured atatthe theleft
leftfocus
focus ofofthe
the
Figure 15
plate.ItItcanshows
canbe the point
beobserved
observedthat mobility
thatthe measured
thepoint
pointmobility at the
mobilityofofthe left focus
theplate of
platewith the
withABH plate.
ABHwith It
withthe can be observed
thedamping
dampingmaterial that the
materialatat
plate.
point mobility
itslocation
location of the
was plate over
reduced with ABHkHz.with the damping material at its location was reduced over 2 kHz.
its was reduced over 22kHz.
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure14.
Figure
Figure 14.Velocity
14. Velocityfields
Velocity fields
fields ofof
of anan
an elliptical
elliptical
elliptical plate
plate
plate (a)
(a)
(a) without
without
without ABH ABH
ABH at8671
at at
86718671 Hz,
Hz,
Hz, and
and
and (b)with
(b)(b)
withwith
ABH ABH
ABH atat8117
at 8117 8117
Hz.
Hz.
Hz. Reprinted
Reprinted
Reprinted with
withwith permission
permission
permission from
fromfrom [41].
[41].[41]. Copyright
Copyright
Copyright Elsevier,
Elsevier,
Elsevier, 2011.
2011.2011.
Figure 15. Measured point mobilities of the elliptical plate. The black line shows the plate with ABH
Figure
Figure
by attachingMeasured
15. Measured
15. point
damping mobilities
mobilities
material of
ofthe
at its theelliptical
location, theplate.
elliptical plate.
dashedThe
The black
black
line line
lineshows
shows shows
the the plate
the
plate with
plate
withoutwith
ABH ABHby
by
attaching
by
attaching damping
attaching
damping material
damping
at the at its
material
same atlocation, thethe
its location,
location, and dashed
the line
lineshows
dashed
green line the
shows theplate
shows without
the
plate plate ABH
without ABHby
withoutbyattaching
ABH by
covering
damping
attaching
the dampingat the
damping same
material location,
at the same
over and the
thelocation,
whole green
and
plate. the line
green
Reprintedshows
line the
withshows plate without
the plate
permission from ABH
without
[41]. by covering
ABH by covering
Copyright the
Elsevier,
damping
the material over the whole plate. Reprinted with permission from [41]. Copyright
damping material over the whole plate. Reprinted with permission from [41]. Copyright Elsevier,
2011. Elsevier, 2011.
2011.
Not only
Not only were
were plates
plates with
withABH
ABHwith withdamping
dampingmaterial,
material, but
but also
alsoABH
ABHwithwithdynamic
dynamicvibration
vibration
Not
absorbersonly were
(DVA) plates
were with
studied ABH
by with
Jia et damping
al., as shownmaterial,
in but
Figure also
16 ABH
[42]. It with
can be
absorbers (DVA) were studied by Jia et al., as shown in Figure 16 [42]. It can be observed fromdynamic
observed vibration
from the
the
absorbers
simulation(DVA)
simulation resultswere
results thatstudied
that there isby
there is Jia et al., of
aareduction
reduction as shown
over1010in
ofover dB Figure
dBatat 16 response
major
major [42]. It can
response be
peaksobserved
peaksover 1from
1 kHz
over kHzforthe
the
for
simulation
plate with results
ABH that
with there
DVA. is a reduction
This result of
showsover 10
greatdB at major
potential response
of combiningpeaks
the plate with ABH with DVA. This result shows great potential of combining ABHs and DVAs for over
ABHs 1 kHz
and for
DVAs the
for
plate with
vibration ABH with
control.
vibration control. DVA. This result shows great potential of combining ABHs and DVAs for
vibration control.
(b)
(b)
(a) (c)
(a) (c)
Figure 16. Cross-section of the plate structure considered in the FE model and the experiments: (a) a
Figure 16. Cross-section of the plate structure considered in the FE model and the experiments: (a) a
Figure 16. of
top-view Cross-section of the
platestructure
structure plate
with structure
twoABHs,
ABHs, considered
(b) a plate in the FEwith
embedded model andand
ABH thedamping
experiments:
layer,(a) a
top-view of plate with two (b) a plate embedded with ABH and damping layer, andand
(c)
top-view
(c) a ofembedded
plate plate structure
with with
ABH two
and ABHs,
DVA. (b) a platewith
Adapted embedded withfrom
permission ABH[42].
and Copyright
damping layer, and
American
a plate embedded with ABH and DVA. Adapted with permission from [42]. Copyright American
(c) a plate
Society
Society ofembedded
of Mechanicalwith
Mechanical ABH and
Engineers,
Engineers, DVA. Adapted with permission from [42]. Copyright American
2015.
2015.
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015.
Since the structures with multiple ABHs have great damping effect for vibration and sound,
Since the
Since the structures
structures with
with multiple
multiple ABHs
ABHs have
have great
great damping
damping effect
effect for
for vibration
vibration andand sound,
such structures can be considered as metamaterials [43]. Semperlotti and Zhu developed asound,
meta-
such structures
such structures canbebeconsidered
considered as as metamaterials [43].[43]. Semperlotti and developed
Zhu developed meta-a
structure basedcan on the concept of ABH metamaterials
[44]. This load-bearing Semperlotti andstructure
thin-wall Zhu elementaenables
meta-structure
structure based
on theon
basedcharacteristicsthe concept
concept of ABHof[44].
ABHThis[44]. This load-bearing
load-bearing thin-wallthin-wall
structure structure element
propagation comparable with resonant metamaterials withoutelement enables
the fabrication
enables propagation
propagation characteristics
characteristics comparable
comparable with with resonant
resonant metamaterials
metamaterials without
without the fabrication
the fabrication
complexity. The experimental work shows that the ABH treatments can significantly improve the
complexity. The
complexity. The experimental work shows that the ABH treatments can significantly improve the
damping effect. experimental work shows that the ABH treatments can significantly improve the
damping
damping effect.
effect.
A waveguide is designed to observe travelling waves by Foucaud et al. [45], which is inspired
A waveguide
A waveguide is
is designed
designed to
toobserve
observetravelling
travelling waves
waves by Foucaud et al.al.
[45], which is inspired by
by artificial cochlea. The experimental study (shown in by Foucaud
Figure 17) et
uses [45], which
a varying is inspired
width plate
artificial
by cochlea.
artificial The The
experimental studystudy
(shown in Figurein 17) uses17)
a varying a width plate immersed
immersed incochlea.
fluid and experimental
terminated with an ABH. (shownIt shows Figure
that an usesused
ABH varying width
as an anechoic plate
end
in fluid
immersed andin terminated
fluid and with an
terminatedABH.
withIt shows
an ABH.that It an ABH
shows used
that as
an an
ABH anechoic
used as end
an improves
anechoic the
end
improves the quality of measurements and the accuracy of tonotopic maps due to the attenuation of
quality of the
improves measurements and the accuracy
quality of measurements andofthe
tonotopic
accuracy maps due to themaps
of tonotopic attenuation of reflected
due to the waves.
attenuation of
reflected waves.
reflected waves.
Figure 17. The photo for the assembled experimental setup. Reprinted with permission from [45].
Figure 17. The photo for the assembled experimental setup. Reprinted with permission from [45].
Copyright Elsevier,
FigureElsevier,
2014.
17. The photo
Copyright 2014. for the assembled experimental setup. Reprinted with permission from [45].
3.1.3. Vibration Damping of Turbofan Blades with ABH
An experimental work of damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades using ABH was
An experimental
AnBowyer
experimentalworkworkof of
damping
damping ofofflexural
flexural vibrations
vibrations inin turbofan
turbofan blades
blades using
using ABHABH wasABHwas
studied by and Krylov [46]. Figure 18a shows the fan blade profile with a tapered
studied by
studied Bowyer and
byexperimental Krylov
Bowyer and Krylov [46]. Figure
[46]. Figure 18a shows
18a shows the the fan blade
fan blade profile with a tapered ABH
geometry. The setup with four experimental samples areprofile
shownwith a tapered
in Figure ABH 20
19. Figure
geometry. The experimental
geometry. The experimental setup
setup with
withfour
fourexperimental samplesare
experimental samples areshown
shown in Figure
in Figure 19. Figure
19. Figure 20 20
shows the measurement of acceleration for a twisted reference blade (dashed line) compared to a
showsshows
the measurement
the measurement of acceleration for afortwisted
of acceleration reference
a twisted blade
reference blade(dashed
(dashed line) compared
line) comparedtotoa ablade
blade with a 1D ABH and damping layer (solid line). It can be observed that the acceleration has
with ablade with and
1D ABH a 1Ddamping
ABH and layer
damping(solidlayer (solid
line). line).
It can be Itobserved
can be observed
that thethat the acceleration
acceleration has 50%
has about
aboutabout
50% reduction
50%
at 60
reduction at
Hz
60
and
Hz and
360
360
Hz.Hz.
This
This
indicates
indicates
thatthe
that
thetrailing
trailing edges
edges of
of the
the 1D
1D ABH
ABH with
with
reduction at 60 Hz and 360 Hz. This indicates that the trailing edges of the 1D ABH with appropriate
appropriate damping
appropriate layers
damping are
layers efficient
arereduction in
efficient in the reduction of airflow-excited vibrations of the fan
damping layers are efficient in the of the reduction of vibrations
airflow-excited airflow-excited of thevibrations of the
fan blades. fanstudy
This
blades. This study shows the great potential of the ABH in jet engine design
blades. This study shows the great potential of the ABH in jet engine design to reduce flexural to reduce flexural
shows the great potential of the ABH in jet engine design to reduce flexural vibration in the blades,
vibration in the
vibration in blades, thus
the blades, reducing
thus reducinginternal
internalstresses in the
stresses in theblades
bladesand and increasing
increasing their
their fatigue
fatigue life life
thus reducing internal stresses in the blades and increasing their fatigue life cycle.
cycle.cycle.
(a) (a)
(b)
(b)
Figure 18. (a) Fan blade profile with tapered ABH geometry. (b) Experimental setup. Reprinted from
Figure 18. (a) Fan blade profile with tapered ABH geometry. (b) Experimental setup. Reprinted
from [46] under a CC BY 3.0 license. Copyright Bowyer, E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2014.
Figure 19. Experimental

Experimental setup
setup of closed-circuit
closed-circuit wind tunnel and samples of the test. test. Experimental
samples:
samples: Flow
Flow visualization
visualization diagram
diagram for:
for: (a)
(a)reference
reference fan
fan blade,
blade, (b)
(b) fan
fan blade
blade with
with aa power-law
power-law
wedge, (c) fan blade having
having a power-law
power-law wedge with a single
single damping
damping layer,
layer, and (d) fan
fan blade
blade having
having
a power-law
power-law wedge
wedge with
with aa shaped
shaped damping
damping layer.
layer. Reprinted
Reprintedfrom
from [46]
[46] under
under aa CC
CC BYBY 3.0
3.0 license.
license.
Copyright Bowyer, E.P.
E.P. and
and Krylov,
Krylov,V.V.,
V.V.,2014.
2014.
Figure 20. Acceleration for a twisted reference

reference blade
blade(dashed
(dashedline)
line)compared
comparedtotoaatwisted
twistedblade
bladewith
witha
a1D
1DABH
ABHandanddamping
dampinglayer
layer(solid
(solidline).
line).Reprinted
Reprintedfrom
from[46]
[46]under
under aa CC
CC BY
BY 3.0
3.0 license.
license. Copyright
Bowyer, E.P.
E.P. and
and Krylov,
Krylov,V.V.,
V.V.,2014.
2014.
3.2.
3.2. Application
Application of
of ABH
ABH to
to Sound
Sound Reduction
Reduction
An
An experimental work was
experimental work was developed
developedby byBowyer
Bowyerand andKrylov
Krylov[47].
[47].AA300
300×× 400
400 mm
mm × × 5-mm
5-mm thick
thick
plate embeddedwith
plate embedded withsixsix
2D2DABHsABHs (Figure
(Figure 21) damping
21) with with damping at theofcenter
at the center each ABH of each ABH was
was suspended
suspended vertically.
vertically. The The excitation
excitation force was force wascentrally
applied applied centrally on the
on the plate. plate.
The The compare
results results compare
the sound the
sound radiation power level of a plate containing six 2D ABHs with a damping layer
radiation power level of a plate containing six 2D ABHs with a damping layer with the sound radiationwith the sound
radiation
power levelpower level
of the of the plate,
reference reference plate,
which arewhich
shownare shown 22.
in Figure in Figure
Below 22. Below
1 kHz there1 kHz there
is little is little
reduction
reduction
in the sound power level. Between 1 and 3 kHz, the sound power level is reduced by 10–18by
in the sound power level. Between 1 and 3 kHz, the sound power level is reduced dB10–in
18 dB in comparison with the reference plate, and the maximum reduction in the
comparison with the reference plate, and the maximum reduction in the sound radiation occurs at 1.6 sound radiation
occurs at 1.6 3kHz.
kHz. Above kHz,Above
almost3 all
kHz, almost all
responses responses
in sound in sound
radiation are radiation
absorbed.are
Thisabsorbed.
indicatesThis
thatindicates
the plate
that the plate with ABHs having damping layers effectively reduce the sound
with ABHs having damping layers effectively reduce the sound radiation of the steel plate. radiation of the steel
plate.
Figure 21. Sample of the plate with six 2D ABHs. Reprinted from [47] under a CC BY license.
Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2012.
sound radiation power level of a plate containing six 2D ABHs with a damping layer with the sound
radiation power level of the reference plate, which are shown in Figure 22. Below 1 kHz there is little
reduction in the sound power level. Between 1 and 3 kHz, the sound power level is reduced by 10–
18 dB in comparison with the reference plate, and the maximum reduction in the sound radiation
occurs at 1.6 kHz. Above 3 kHz, almost all responses in sound radiation are absorbed. This indicates
Acoustics
that the1plate with ABHs having damping layers effectively reduce the sound radiation of the steel
2019, 233
plate.
Figure 21. Sample of the plate with six 2D ABHs. Reprinted from [47] under a CC BY license.
Figure 21. Sample of the plate with six 2D ABHs. Reprinted from [47] under a CC BY license. Copyright
Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2012.
Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2012.
Figure 22.
Figure 22. Sound
Sound power
power level
level comparison
comparison for
for aa plate
plate containing
containing six
six indentations
indentations of
of power-law
power-law profile
profile
with a damping layer (black line) compared to a reference plate (grey line). Reprinted from
with a damping layer (black line) compared to a reference plate (grey line). Reprinted from [47]
[47] under
under
aa CC
CC BY
BY license.
license. Copyright
Copyright Bowyer
Bowyer E.P. and Krylov,
E.P. and Krylov,V.V.,
V.V.,2012.
2012.
Feurtado and Conlon developed a numerical and experimental investigation of sound power of
Feurtado and Conlon developed a numerical and experimental investigation of sound power
a plate with an array of ABH [48]. A 4 × 5 array of 10-cm diameter 2D ABHs, which is shown in Figure
of a plate with an array of ABH [48]. A 4 × 5 array of 10-cm diameter 2D ABHs, which is shown in
23, was machined into a 6.35-mm thick, 61 cm × 91 cm aluminum plate. The ABH with various
Figure 23, was machined into a 6.35-mm thick, 61 cm × 91 cm aluminum plate. The ABH with various
diameters of damping layers was tested to assess the effects of the amount of damping layer on ABH
diameters of damping layers was tested to assess the effects of the amount of damping layer on ABH
performance. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 24. The plate was mounted on a frame and
performance. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 24. The plate was mounted on a frame and
excited with band-limited white noise. Figure 25 shows one-third octave band radiated sound power
excited with band-limited white noise. Figure 25 shows one-third octave band radiated sound power
tested by an intensity probe for a uniform plate and ABH plate with various diameters of damping
material. It can be observed that an ABH with a damping layer effectively reduced the radiated sound
power over 1.5 kHz compared with the reference plate (blue line). It can also be observed that sound
radiation of the plate with the diameters of the damping layer of 6.75 cm and 10 cm have almost the
same performance, namely higher radiated sound power. The 3.5 cm diameter damping layer shows
comparable performance to the larger damping diameters.
(a) (b)
Figure 23. (a) FEA model and (b) cross-section of an aluminum plate (green) with a 2D ABH attached
damping layer (yellow). Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 2015.
(a) (b)
Figure 24. Aluminum plate with a 4 × 5 array of embedded ABHs with full-diameter damping layers
Figure
Figure 24. Aluminum
24. with
Aluminum plate
plate with
with aa 44 ×
× 55 array
array of
of embedded
embedded ABHs
ABHs with
with full-diameter
full-diameter damping
damping layers
layers
in a frame a mechanical point drive. Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright American
in
in aa frame
frame with
with aa mechanical
mechanical point
point drive.
drive. Reprinted
Reprinted with
with permission
permission from
from [48].
[48]. Copyright
Copyright American
American
Society
Society ofof Mechanical
Mechanical Engineers,
Engineers, 2015.
2015.
Figure 25. One-third octave band radiated sound power for a uniform plate and ABH plate with
Figure 25.
Figure
varying 25. One-third
One-third
diameters octave band
octave
of dampingband radiated
radiated
material. sound power
sound
Reprinted power for aa uniform
for uniform
with permission plate
fromplate and ABH
[48]. and ABH plate
Copyright plate with
with
American
varying
varyingof
Society diameters
diameters of damping
of damping
Mechanical material.
material.
Engineers, Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright American
2015. Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright American
Society of
Society of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineers,
Engineers, 2015.
2015.
A practical experiment is studied by Bowyer and Krylov to investigate the effect of ABH on
sound A radiation
practical of
experiment is studied
engine cover [49].ThebyABH
Bowyer
wereand Krylov on
machined to two
investigate
plates andthe then
effectbonded
of ABHintoon
sound radiation of engine cover [49].The ABH were machined on two plates and
the engine cover with glue as shown in Figure 26. Figure 27 shows the sound radiation from a then bonded into
the engine
reference covercover
engine with(dashed
glue as line)
shown in Figure 26.
in comparison Figure
with 27 shows
the engine coverthe sound radiation
attaching plates withfrom
ABHa
reference
(black line)engine
at 2100cover (dashed
rpm with the line)
bonnetin closed.
comparison with
A total the engine
average cover
reduction attaching
from plates with
the reference ABH
specimen
(black line) at 2100 rpm with the bonnet closed. A total average reduction from the reference
of 6.5 dB was recorded. This indicates that engine covers with ABHs can decrease the sound radiation specimen
of 6.5the
from dB vehicle
was recorded.
engine.This indicates that engine covers with ABHs can decrease the sound radiation
from the vehicle engine.
Figure 25. One-third octave band radiated sound power for a uniform plate and ABH plate with
Acousticsvarying
2019, 1 diameters of damping material. Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright American 235
AA practical
practicalexperiment
experimentis studied
is studiedby by
Bowyer andand
Bowyer Krylov
Krylovto investigate the the
to investigate effect of ABH
effect on sound
of ABH on
radiation of engineofcover
sound radiation [49].The
engine cover ABH were
[49].The ABHmachined on two plates
were machined on twoand thenand
plates bonded
then into
bondedthe engine
into
the with
cover engine cover
glue with glue
as shown as shown
in Figure in Figure
26. Figure 26. Figure
27 shows 27 shows
the sound the sound
radiation fromradiation
a referencefrom a
engine
reference
cover (dashedengine cover
line) (dashed line)with
in comparison in comparison
the enginewith
covertheattaching
engine cover attaching
plates with ABHplates(black
with ABH
line) at
(black
2100 rpm line) at 2100
with rpm with
the bonnet the bonnet
closed. closed.
A total A total
average average reduction
reduction from the from the reference
reference specimen specimen
of 6.5 dB
of 6.5 dB was recorded. This indicates that engine covers with ABHs can decrease the sound
was recorded. This indicates that engine covers with ABHs can decrease the sound radiation from the radiation
from the
vehicle vehicle engine.
engine.
(a) (b)
Figure 26. Engine cover attaching two plates with ABHs (a) and reference cover (b). Reprinted from
Figure 26. Engine cover attaching two plates with ABHs (a) and reference cover (b). Reprinted
[49] under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2015.
from
Acoustics [49]
2018, 1, xunder a CC REVIEW
FOR PEER BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2015. 15 of 29
Figure 27.
Figure Sound radiation
27. Sound radiation from
from aa reference
reference engine
engine cover
cover (dashed
(dashed line)
line) compared
compared with
with the
the engine
engine
cover attaching plates with ABH (black line) at 2100 rpm with the bonnet closed. Reprinted from
cover attaching plates with ABH (black line) at 2100 rpm with the bonnet closed. Reprinted from [49] [49]
under aa CC
under CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov,
Krylov, V.V.,
V.V.,2015.
2015.
An
An experimental
experimental study
study onon sound
sound absorption
absorption in in air
air of
of ABH
ABH based
based inhomogeneous
inhomogeneous acoustic
acoustic
waveguides [50] was developed by Azbaid et al. [51,52]. The inner
waveguides [50] was developed by Azbaid et al. [51,52]. The inner radius of theradius of thestructures
structures
asas shown
shown in
in Figure 28 are built following the linear function (exponent m = 1) and power-law
Figure 28 are built following the linear function (exponent m = 1) and power-law function (exponent m function
(exponent m = 2), Using
= 2), respectively. respectively. Using twotransfer
two microphone microphone transfer
function function
methods, methods, the
the experiment experiment
results show a
results show
substantial a substantial
reduction in thereduction in the reflection
reflection coefficient. coefficient.
The adding The adding
of absorbing porous of materials
absorbingresults
porous
in
materials results in a further reduction of the
a further reduction of the reflection coefficient. reflection coefficient.
(a) (b)
An experimental study on sound absorption in air of ABH based inhomogeneous acoustic
An experimental
waveguides study on
[50] was developed by sound
Azbaidabsorption in The
et al. [51,52]. air inner
of ABH based
radius inhomogeneous
of the acoustic
structures as shown
in waveguides
Figure 28 are [50]built
was developed by Azbaid
following the linear et al. [51,52].
function The inner
(exponent m radius of the
= 1) and structuresfunction
power-law as shown
in Figurem 28
(exponent arerespectively.
= 2), built following
Usingthe
two linear function transfer
microphone (exponent m = 1)
function and power-law
methods, function
the experiment
(exponent
results 2019,m
show
Acoustics = 2), respectively.
a1 substantial Using
reduction tworeflection
in the microphone transferThe
coefficient. function
addingmethods, the experiment
of absorbing porous236
results show
materials resultsainsubstantial reductionofinthe
a further reduction thereflection
reflectioncoefficient.
coefficient. The adding of absorbing porous
materials results in a further reduction of the reflection coefficient.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 28. Photo of a linear ABH (exponent m = 1) and a quadratic ABH (exponent m = 2). Reprinted
Figure 28. Photo of (a) a linear ABH (exponent m = 1) and (b) a quadratic ABH (exponent m = 2).
Figure
from [51] 28. PhotoCC
under of aBY-NC-ND
linear ABH 4.0
(exponent m = 1) and aAzbaid
quadratic ABH (exponent m = 2).V.V.
Reprinted
Reprinted froma[51] license.4.0
under a CC BY-NC-ND Copyright ElAzbaid
license. Copyright Ouahabi, A., Krylov,
El Ouahabi, andV.V.
A., Krylov,
fromD.J.,
O'Boy, [51] 2015.
under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Copyright Azbaid El Ouahabi, A., Krylov, V.V. and
and O’Boy, D.J., 2015.
O'Boy, D.J., 2015.
A numerical study on Helmholtz resonators (HR) using ABH to enhance the energy absorption
A
A numerical
numerical study
study on
on Helmholtz
Helmholtz resonators
resonators (HR) using
(HR)[53].
usingTheABH
ABH to enhance the
the energy absorption
performance was developed by Zhou and Semperlotti HRtocavity
enhanceshown energy absorption
in Figure 29 is
performance
performance was developed by Zhou and Semperlotti [53]. The HR cavity shown in Figure 29
29 is
partitioned by awas developed
flexible by Zhou ABH
plate-embedded and Semperlotti [53]. The
and the numerical HR show
results cavitya shown in Figure
great increase in the is
partitioned
partitioned by a flexible
by a flexible plate-embedded
plate-embedded ABH
ABH and the numerical results show a great increase in the
and the numerical results show a great increase in the
energy absorption of the HR system.
energy
energy absorption
absorption ofof the
the HR
HR system.
system.
Figure 29. Schematic of the HR system with ABH. Adapted from [53]. Copyright Noise Control
Figure 29.
29.2016.
Foundation,
Figure Schematic
Schematic of the HR
of the HR system
system with
with ABH.
ABH. Adapted
Adapted from
from [53].
[53]. Copyright
Copyright Noise
Noise Control
Control
Foundation, 2016.
Foundation, 2016.
3.3. Application of ABH to Vibration Energy Harvesting

Zhao and Conlon developed a numerical study to investigate the structures tailored with ABHs
to enhance vibration energy harvesting under both steady state and transient excitation [10]. Figure 30
shows the schematic of the plate with five equally spaced 1D ABH grooves attached with transducers.
The plate is excited on the right side by a 400 N force sweeping from 0 to 10 kHz. The external
resistance is 1 Ω. The numerical results of this study show the performance of the energy harvesting
under steady state excitation and transient excitation. It can be observed that, by comparing with the
flat plate, the normalized energy ratio of the plate with ABH increases drastically up to 80% in the
5–10 kHz frequency band at all the five ABH locations, and it increases most at Location 2. This study
shows that the structure with ABH can drastically increase the efficiency of the energy harvesting.
Later, another numerical and experimental investigation of a plate with three 2D ABHs (as shown in
Figure 31) was also studied by Zhao and Conlon [54]. The ABHs effectively focus broadband energy to
the center of the ABH. This also indicates that the focusing ability of the ABH is independent of the
spectral and spatial characteristics of the external mechanical load.
comparing with the
transducers. Theflat plate,
plate the normalized
is excited on the right energy
side by ratio
a 400 of the plate
N force with from
sweeping ABH0increases
to 10 kHz.drastically
The
up toexternal
80% inresistance
the 5–10 iskHz1 Ω.frequency
The numericalband at allofthe
results thisfive
studyABH
showlocations, and it of
the performance increases
the energymost at
harvesting
Location 2. Thisunder
studysteady
showsstatethat excitation and with
the structure transient
ABH excitation. It can be
can drastically observed
increase thethat, by
efficiency of
comparing
the energy with the Later,
harvesting. flat plate, the normalized
another numerical energy
andratio of the plateinvestigation
experimental with ABH increases drastically
of a plate with three
up to 80% in the 5–10 kHz frequency band at all the five ABH locations, and it increases most at
2D ABHs (as shown in Figure 31) was also studied by Zhao and Conlon [54]. The ABHs effectively
2019,Location
Acousticsfocus 1
broadband
2. This study shows that the structure with ABH can drastically increase the efficiency of
energy to the center of the ABH. This also indicates that the focusing ability of the 237
the energy harvesting. Later, another numerical and experimental investigation of a plate with three
ABH 2D is independent
ABHs (as shown of the spectral
in Figure 31) and
was spatial characteristics
also studied by Zhao andofConlon
the external mechanical
[54]. The load.
ABHs effectively
focus broadband energy to the center of the ABH. This also indicates that the focusing ability of the
ABH is independent of the spectral and spatial characteristics of the external mechanical load.
Figure 30. A schematic of the plate with five equally spaced 1D ABH grooves, and one of the ABH
Figure 30. A schematic
Figure of theofplate
30. Amounted
schematic with
the plate five
with equally
five spaced
equally spaced 1D 1D
ABH ABH grooves,
grooves, one and
of theone
andPublishing, ABHof the ABH
with the surface piezo-transducer. Adapted from [10]. Copyright IOP 2014.
with the surface mounted piezo-transducer. Adapted from [10]. Copyright IOP Publishing,
with the surface mounted piezo-transducer. Adapted from [10]. Copyright IOP Publishing, 2014. 2014.
Figure 31. A schematic of the plate with three equally-spaced 2D ABHs. Adapted from [54]. Copyright
31. A
FigureFigure schematic
31. of the
A schematic plate
of the
IOP Publishing, 2015.
with
plate withthree
threeequally-spaced 2DABHs.
equally-spaced 2D ABHs. Adapted
Adapted fromfrom
[54]. [54]. Copyright
Copyright
IOP Publishing,
IOP Publishing, 2015.2015.
An experimental study on vibration energy harvesting using a cantilever beam with a modified
An
ABH experimental study onby
cavity was developed vibration
Zhao andenergy
Prasadharvesting using abeam
[8]. The cantilever cantilever beam
is designed with
with an aABH
modified
AnABHexperimental
cavity
cavitynear
wasthe study
fixed end
developed on by
vibration
due to theand
Zhao energy
presence
Prasadofharvesting
higher
[8]. Thestrain using
energy.abeam
cantilever cantilever
The experimental beam
is designed with
setup
with ofana aABH
modified
ABH cavity
cavity near the fixed end due to the presence of higher strain energy. The experimental setup ofan
was
cantileverdeveloped
beam with by Zhao
modified and
ABH Prasad
cavity [8].
attaching aThe
piezo cantilever
sensor is beam
shown in is designed
Figure 32. Figure with
33 a ABH
shows
cavitycantilever
near the beam the energy
fixedwith concentration
endmodified
due to the effect
ABH of
presencethe ABH cavity
of higher
cavity attaching at 2000 Hz.
strain
a piezo Figure
energy.
sensor 34
is shownshows the experimental
Theinexperimental
Figure 32. Figure setup
33 of a
results of the voltage power spectra. The vertical axis presents the decibel value referring to 1 volt. It
shows
cantilever the energy
beam with concentration
modified ABHeffect of theattaching
cavity ABH cavity a at 2000sensor
piezo Hz. Figureis 34 shows
shown in the experimental
Figure 32. Figure 33
can be observed that the beam with ABH cavity (red line) has a higher voltage output level within
results
shows the energyof the voltage power
concentration
the frequency
spectra.
effect of
range from 900–500
The
Hz,the
vertical
theABH
axis
voltagecavity
presents
outputat 2000
is 10
the decibel
Hz. Figure
dB higher
value
than the34
referring
shows
beam
to
thethe
without
1 volt. It
experimental
resultscan
of be
ABH
the observed
voltage that
(blue line). theincreases
The
power beam with
spectra. ABH
dueThe
to the cavity (red
ABH cavity
vertical line)
axisare has a higher
substantial,
presents the even voltage output
withoutvalue
decibel level
considering thewithin
referring to 1 volt.
the frequency range from
neutralization 900–500 Hz, the voltage aoutput is 10 dB higher thanless
thepiezoelectrical
beam without the
It can be observed thatofthe the piezo material.
beam with ABH Embedding
cavity (red modified
line) ABH
has acavity
higher uses
voltage output level within
ABH material
(blue line).
and The increases
decreases due to
the weight of the host
ABHstructure.
cavity are substantial,
Tunability can beeven
achievedwithout considering
by adjusting the the
the frequencylengthrange
neutralization of from
of the ABH 900–500
cavity.
the piezo Thus,Hz, the
ABHEmbedding
material. voltage
cavity output
designainto isABH
structures
modified 10hasdBgoodhigher
cavity usesthan
potential the beam without
in increasing
less piezoelectrical
the ABH (blue line).
the energy
material and The increases
harvested.
decreases the weightdue to the
of the hostABH cavity
structure. are substantial,
Tunability can be achievedeven without
by adjusting considering
the
the neutralization
length of the ABH of thecavity.
piezoThus,material. Embedding
ABH cavity design intoa modified
structures ABH cavity
has good uses less
potential piezoelectrical
in increasing
material
theand
energydecreases
harvested. the weight of the host structure. Tunability can be achieved by adjusting the
length of the ABH cavity. Thus, ABH cavity design into structures has good potential in increasing the
energyAcoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW
harvested. 17 of 29
(a) (b)
Figure 32. (a) The experimental setup of a cantilever beam with modified ABH cavity with an attached
piezo sensor. (b) Schematic of a 3D-printed beam with an ABH cavity [8].
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
piezo 2019,
Acoustics sensor.
1 (b) Schematic of a 3D-printed beam with an ABH cavity [8]. 238
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure33.33. Numerical results
Numerical results for the energy of (a)(a)
thethe
cantilever beam without an ABHABH
cavitycavity
and (b)
Figure
Figure 33. Numerical results forfor
the the energy
energy of (a)ofthe cantilever
cantilever beam
beam withoutwithout
an ABHancavity and (b)
with
and (b) an ABH cavity at 2000 Hz [8].
with an with
ABHan ABHatcavity
cavity at 2000
2000 Hz [8]. Hz [8].
Figure 34. Experimental result for the voltage power spectrum. The blue line is for the beam without
Figure 34.
34. Experimental
Experimental result
result for the
forfor voltage
thethe
voltage power spectrum. The blue
blue line
line is
is for
for the
the beam
beam without
Figure
the ABH cavity and red line is beam power spectrum.
with the The[8].
ABH cavity without
the ABH cavity and red line is for the beam with the ABH cavity
the ABH cavity and red line is for the beam with the ABH cavity [8]. [8].
A numerical study on energy harvesting using multiple ABH cavities as shown in Figure 35 was
A numerical study on energy harvesting using multiple ABH cavities as shown in Figure 35 was
studied by Liang
A numerical et al.on
study [26]. The size
energy of piezoelectric
harvesting patches
using multiple ABHis designed to shown
cavities as be relatively smaller
in Figure than
35 was
studied by Liang et al. [26]. The size of piezoelectric patches is designed to be relatively smaller than
the wavelengths
studied by Liang etof al.ABH
[26]. features,
The size avoiding neutralization
of piezoelectric ofdesigned
patches is the electric
to charge. Figure
be relatively 36 shows
smaller thanthe
the wavelengths of ABH features, avoiding neutralization of the electric charge. Figure 36 shows the
thenumerical
wavelengthsresult of power
of ABH harvested.
features, Theneutralization
avoiding results show of
that
thethe beamcharge.
electric with ABH cavities
Figure are the
36 shows more
numerical result of power harvested. The results show that the beam with ABH cavities are more
effective result
numerical for vibration
of power energy harvesting
harvested. The than uniform
results show structures.
that the beam with ABH cavities are more
effective for vibration energy harvesting than uniform structures.
stics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER
effective REVIEWenergy harvesting than uniform structures.
for vibration 1
Figure 35. Experimental result for the voltage power spectrum. The blue line is for the beam withou
the ABH cavity and red line is for the beam with the ABH cavity. Reprinted with permission from [26].
the ABH cavity Copyright
and redIEEE,line is for the beam with the ABH cavity. Reprinted with permission from
2018.
[26]. Copyright IEEE, 2018.

the2019,
Acoustics ABH1 cavity and red line is for the beam with the ABH cavity. Reprinted with permission from 239
the ABH cavity and red line is for the beam with the ABH cavity. Reprinted with permission from
Figure 36.
36. Harvested power
Harvestedpower spectra from
powerspectra
spectra from the
the beam
beam with
withand
andwithout
withoutABHs,
ABHs, whenRR== 11 Kω.
Kω. Reprinted
Figure
Figure 36. Harvested from the beam with and without ABHs, when Reprinted
when R = 1 Kω. Reprinted
with permission
with permission from
permission from [26].
from [26]. Copyright
[26]. Copyright IEEE,
Copyright IEEE, 2018.
IEEE, 2018.
2018.
with
3.4. Discussion
3.4. Discussion
3.4. Discussion
Applications of ABH for vibration control, sound radiation and vibration energy harvesting are
Applications of
Applications of ABH
ABH for
for vibration
vibration control,
control, sound
sound radiation
radiation and
and vibration
vibration energy
energy harvesting
harvesting are
are
presented. Generally, 1D ABH edges or grooves on beams and multiple 2D ABHs on plates with
presented. Generally,
presented. Generally, 1D1D ABH
ABH edges
edges or
or grooves
grooves onon beams
beams and
and multiple
multiple 2D
2D ABHs
ABHs onon plates
plates with
with
damping materials or piezo transducers are the major methods for the design of structures to enhance
damping materials
damping materials or
or piezo
piezo transducers
transducers are
are the
the major
major methods
methods for
for the
the design
design of
ofstructures
structures to
toenhance
enhance
the vibration damping, sound reduction, and energy harvesting. Some specific structures embedding
the vibration
the vibration damping,
damping, sound
sound reduction,
reduction, and
and energy
energy harvesting.
harvesting. Some
Somespecific
specificstructures
structuresembedding
embedding
ABHs for practical applications, such as turbo fan blades, engine covers, etc., are also reviewed.
ABHs for
ABHs for practical
practical applications, such as turbo fan blades, engine covers, etc., are also reviewed.
4. Design
4. of
Design of Structures
of Structures Using Acoustic
Structures Using
Using Acoustic Black
Black Holes
Holes
4. Design Acoustic Black Holes
4.1. Design of 1D ABH

4.1. Design of 1D ABH
of the
The length of the ABH
ABH (L (LABH),), the
the exponent
exponent m, m, and
and the residual thickness h11 are the three
The length of the ABH (LABH ABH), the exponent m, and the residual thickness h1 are the three
geometrical parameters that affect the shape of 1D ABHs. Exponent m affects the depth of the ABH
geometrical parameters that affect the shape of 1D ABHs. Exponent m affects the depth of the ABH
curve when the length of the the ABH
ABH and and residual
residual thickness
thickness are
are fixed.
fixed. Figure 37a shows the various
curve when the length of the ABH and residual thickness are fixed. Figure 37a shows the various
power-law profiles
shapes of power-law profiles with
with different
differentvalues
valuesof ofexponent
exponentm.m.m m == 0 means the beam is of uniform
shapes of power-law profiles with different values of exponent m. m = 0 means the beam is of uniform
thickness (no ABH). L
(no ABH). LABH affects the length of ABH part when mfixed
ABH affects the length of ABH part when m is as shown
is fixed in Figure
as shown 37b. 37b.
in Figure For
thickness (no ABH). LABH affects the length of ABH part when m is fixed as shown in Figure 37b. For
2D ABH,
For LABHLrepresents
2D ABH, the radius
ABH represents of outer
the radius circlecircle
of outer abstracting the radius
abstracting of inner
the radius hole.hole.
of inner
2D ABH, LABH represents the radius of outer circle abstracting the radius of inner hole.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
Figure 37. (a) Shapes of power law profiles with various m, and (b) shapes of power law profiles with
Figure
Figure 37. (a) Shapes
Shapesof
(a)(in). ofpower
powerlaw
lawprofiles
profileswith
withvarious
variousm,
m,and
and(b)
(b)shapes
shapesof
ofpower
powerlaw
lawprofiles
profiles with
with
various37.
LABH
various L
various LABH(in).
(in).
ABH
In the study by Krylov, which is mentioned in Section 3.1.1 [29], the concept of “truncation”
is applied. For a given value of exponent m, the truncation length is controlled by two variables,
the length of the ABH LABH and the residual thickness h1 . In this numerical study, it can be observed
that when the truncation length is larger than about 0.01 m the reflection coefficient of the beam with
ABH (the solid line in Figure 4) increases sharply. This indicates that even a small truncation length
results in a large increase in the reflection coefficient, which weakens the ABH effect. Thus, a sharp
In the study by Krylov, which is mentioned in Section 3.1.1 [29], the concept of “truncation” is
applied. For a given value of exponent m, the truncation length is controlled by two variables, the
length of the ABH LABH and the residual thickness h1. In this numerical study, it can be observed that
when the
Acoustics truncation
2019, 1 length is larger than about 0.01 m the reflection coefficient of the beam with ABH 240
(the solid line in Figure 4) increases sharply. This indicates that even a small truncation length results
in a large increase in the reflection coefficient, which weakens the ABH effect. Thus, a sharp end of
end of an isABH
an ABH is critical
critical for structural
for structural design.
design. It isItnoted
is noted
thatthat a small
a small amountofofdamping
amount dampingmaterial
material can
can
effectively restrain the increase of reflection coefficient.
effectively restrain the increase of reflection coefficient.
A
A numerical
numerical and and experimental
experimental study study onon sound
sound radiation
radiation ofof aa beam
beam with
with aa 1D
1D ABH
ABH is developed
is developed
by Li and Ding [55]. In Figure 38, it can be seen that the increase of the truncation
by Li and Ding [55]. In Figure 38, it can be seen that the increase of the truncation thickness results thickness results
in
in decrease of radiated sound power in the frequency from 43 to 160 Hz
decrease of radiated sound power in the frequency from 43 to 160 Hz and increase from 626 Hz to and increase from 626 Hz6
to 6 kHz.
kHz. The The reason
reason for for
thisthis phenomenon
phenomenon was
was discussedand
discussed andexplained.
explained.The Theincrease
increase ofof truncation
truncation
thickness
thickness causes added mass and equivalent stiffness effects, which makes an enhancement of
causes added mass and equivalent stiffness effects, which makes an enhancement of the
the
low
low frequency
frequency bandwidth.
bandwidth. On On the
the other
other hand,
hand, anan increase
increase of
of truncation
truncation thickness
thickness causes
causes an
an increase
increase
of
of the
the reflection
coefficient andand aa decrease
decrease of of the
the degree
degree of
of wave
wave concentration
concentration in in the
the ABH, therefore
ABH, therefore
weakening noise suppression at high frequencies. This indicates that an
weakening noise suppression at high frequencies. This indicates that an optimization of the optimization of the truncation
thickness
truncationisthickness
required is forrequired
the bestfor
performance of noise reduction.
the best performance of noise reduction.
Figure 38.
Figure 38. Sound
Sound radiation from the
radiation from the beams
beams with
with various
various truncation
truncation thicknesses.
thicknesses. Reprinted
Reprinted with
with
permission from [55]. Copyright Elsevier, 2019.
permission from [55]. Copyright Elsevier, 2019.
A wavelet-decomposed energy model is developed and investigated by Tang and Cheng [56].
A wavelet-decomposed energy model is developed and investigated by Tang and Cheng [56].
A new type of beam structure to achieve broad attenuation bands in relatively low frequencies is
A new type of beam structure to achieve broad attenuation bands in relatively low frequencies is
proposed. The model can be used to predict the frequency bounds of the band gaps. A parametric
proposed. The model can be used to predict the frequency bounds of the band gaps. A parametric
analysis is also illustrated. The increase of m and decrease of the truncation thickness h0 would
analysis is also illustrated. The increase of m and decrease of the truncation thickness h0 would
decrease the lower band gaps so as to enhance the ABH effect.
decrease the lower band gaps so as to enhance the ABH effect.
A numerical study on the influence of geometrical parameters of ABHs on vibration of cantilever
A numerical study on the influence of geometrical parameters of ABHs on vibration of cantilever
beams was studied by Zhao and Prasad [57]. Figure 39 shows the 3rd mode shape simulation results
beams was studied by Zhao and Prasad [57]. Figure 39 shows the 3rd mode shape simulation results
of the beam without ABH [58] and beams with 1D ABH with various m values. It can be observed
of the beam without ABH [58] and beams with 1D ABH with various m values. It can be observed
that the amplitude of displacement increases at the ABH location (with the increase of m value) and
that the amplitude of displacement increases at the ABH location (with the increase of m value) and
decreases at other locations of nodes.
decreases at other locations of nodes.
The numerical study on the sound radiation from vibrating cantilever aluminum beams with
The numerical study on the sound radiation from vibrating cantilever aluminum beams with
various exponent m, which are 10 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 1/8 inch thick, with various shapes
various exponent m, which are 10 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 1/8 inch thick, with various shapes
of ABHs at the free end, and the residual thickness h1 equal to 1/64 inch is developed by Zhao and
of ABHs at the free end, and the residual thickness h1 equal to 1/64 inch is developed by Zhao and
Prasad [27]. The results show that, in this group of beams with given residual thickness and length
Prasad [27]. the
of the ABH, Theconcentration
results show that,effectinperforms
this group of beams
better when with given
m is less residual
than thickness
5. However, andmlength
when of
is larger
the ABH, the concentration effect performs better when m is less than 5. However,
than 5, the ABH loses its concentration effect. Figure 40b shows how the logarithmic ratio of near when m is larger
than 5, the ABH
field sound losesatitsthe
radiation concentration
free end andeffect. Figure
the other three40b shows how
anti-node the logarithmic
locations changes with ratio of near
various m
field sound
values, which radiation at the
essentially free end
shows howand the the other three
m values affectanti-node locationseffect.
the concentration changes with
This various
indicates m
that
values, which
the m value hasessentially
a maximum shows how the
limitation. m values
Another affect theand
theoretical concentration effect.on
numerical study This indicates
vibration that
energy
the m value has a maximum limitation. Another theoretical and numerical study
concentration of the 1D ABH was developed by Li and Ding [59]. The length of the edge part with on vibration energy
concentration
comparativelyof the deflection
large 1D ABH was developed
deformation Le,by Li andinDing
as show [59].
Figure 41,The
waslength of the edge
investigated. With part with
the given
comparatively large deflection deformation Le , as show in Figure 41, was investigated. With the given
parameters of the ABH, the results show that more than 80% strain energy and 96% kinetic energy are
trapped within a small area (Le ) from the wedge tip, which shows the energy concentration effect. For a
parameters of the ABH, the results show that more than 80% strain energy and 96% kinetic energy
are trapped within a small area (Le) from the wedge tip, which shows the energy concentration effect.
For a fixed value
Acoustics 2018,of
1, xL e, the
FOR PEERpeak ratio of energy occurs in the range of m from 2.5–3.020for
REVIEW of 29this case.
This study also indicates that the exponent m has an optimum value to provide the best concentration
parameters
Acoustics 2019, of
1 the ABH, the results show that more than 80% strain energy and 96% kinetic energy
241
effect. are trapped within a small area (Le) from the wedge tip, which shows the energy concentration effect.
For a fixed value of Le, the peak ratio of energy occurs in the range of m from 2.5–3.0 for this case.
This value of Leindicates
fixedstudy , the peak ratio ofexponent
energy occurs inan
the range of m from 2.5–3.0 for
thethis case. This study
parametersalso
of the ABH, that the
the results m has
show that more optimum
than 80%value
straintoenergy
provide and best
96% concentration
kinetic energy
also indicates
effect. that the exponent m has an optimum value to provide the best concentration effect.
are trapped within a small area (Le) from the wedge tip, which shows the energy concentration effect.
For a fixed value of Le, the peak ratio of energy occurs in the range of m from 2.5–3.0 for this case.
This study also indicates that the exponent m has an optimum value to provide the best concentration
effect.
Figure 39. Third model shape simulation results. The bottom is the fixed end, and the top is the free
Figure 39.
Figure Third model
39. Third model shape
shape simulation
simulation results.
results. The
The bottom
bottom is
is the
the fixed
fixed end,
end, and
and the
the top
top is
is the
the free
free
end. Blueend.
color
Blueshows the locations
color shows of of
the locations nodes
nodesand
and red colorshows
red color shows the the
peakpeak
valuevalue locations
locations [57]. [57].
end. Blue color shows the locations of nodes and red color shows the peak value locations [57].
Figure 39. Third model shape simulation results. The bottom is the fixed end, and the top is the free
(a) shows
end. Blue color
(a)
the locations of nodes and red color shows the peak value locations [57].
(b)
(b) (a)
(b)
Figure 40. (a) The fourth mode of cantilever beam [58]. (b) The logarithmic ratio of displacement at
free end and other three anti-nodes along with the various m values in Group 1 with excitation of
1600 Hz [57].
Figure 40. (a) The
Figure fourth
40. (a) mode
The fourth
fourth of cantilever
mode
mode of cantileverbeam
of cantilever beam [58].(b)
beam [58].
[58]. (b)The
The
The logarithmic
logarithmic
logarithmic ratio
ratio of of displacement
displacement
displacement at at
free endfree
andend
other threethree
and other anti-nodes
anti-nodesalong
alongwith
with the variousmm
the various values
values in Group
in Group 1 with1excitation
with excitation
of of
1600
1600 Hz [57].Hz
Hz [57].
[57].
Figure 41. Schematic in 1D shows the ABH length of the edge part with a comparatively large
deflection deformation Le. Adapted from [59]. Copyright SAGE Publications, 2018.
One possible
Figure 41. explanation
41.Schematic
Schematic inin1D1D of the
shows
shows thephenomenon
the ABH
ABH lengthlengthis that
of the of
edge when
the edge
part the
with am
part value
with a is larger,
large the
comparatively
comparatively ABH
large part
deflection
becomes so thin
deformation
deflection that the
Le . Adapted
deformation uniform
.from part
[59]. of the
Copyright beam and ABH
SAGE Publications, part
2018.becomes two isolated vibration
Figure 41. Schematic in 1DLeshowsAdapted thefrom
ABH[59]. Copyright
length ofSAGE Publications,
the edge 2018. a comparatively
part with large
systems and it loses the pattern of the response of the beam vibration, the ABH part performs as a
deflection
untuned deformation Le. Adapted from [59]. Copyright canSAGE Publications, 2018.
Onedynamic
One possible absorber
possible explanation
explanation
of the
of uniform
of the
part,
the phenomenon
phenomenon is
whichthat be seenthe
is that when
when the m
in Figure
m value
39, the
value is
beam
is larger, thewith
larger, the ABH
ABH
m part
= 10
part
generated
becomes so an extra
so thin
thin that node
that the at the
the uniform ABH
uniform part location.
part of
of the A
the beamprevious
beam and and ABHstudy
ABH part developed
part becomes by
becomes two Feurtado
two isolated and Conlon
isolated vibration
vibration
becomes
One[9]possible
applied
systems and explanation
another
it loses assumption.
the of theof
pattern Inphenomenon
this response
the study, it is of is that
shown
the beam when
that the m
the violation
vibration, the value is larger,
of smoothness
ABH part theasABH
criterion
performs part
systems and it loses the pattern of the response of the beam vibration, the ABH part performs as aa
becomesis so thindynamic
untuned thatdesign
a significant
untuned dynamic the uniform
problem
absorber
absorber of the
of thepart
for of the
ABHs.
uniform
uniform beam
part,
part, whichand
Smoothness
which can
can ABH
criterion
be
be seen
seen
is part
in
in becomes
anFigure
assumption
Figure 39, the
39, twothewith
thethat
beam
beam isolated
change
with m
ofvibration
m == 10
10
generated
systems generated
and it losesan extra
an extra node
thenode atatthe
pattern theofABH
ABH location.
thelocation.
response AAprevious
previous
of the study study
beam developed
vibration,
developed byby theFeurtado
ABH
Feurtado and
part
and Conlon
performs
Conlon [9] as a
[9] applied another assumption. In this study, it is shown that the
untuned dynamic absorber of the uniform part, which can be seen in Figure 39, the beam with m = 10 violation of smoothness criterion
is a significant design problem for ABHs. Smoothness criterion is an assumption that the change of
generated an extra node at the ABH location. A previous study developed by Feurtado and Conlon
[9] applied another assumption. In this study, it is shown that the violation of smoothness criterion
is a significant design problem for ABHs. Smoothness criterion is an assumption that the change of

applied another assumption. In this study, it is shown that the violation of smoothness criterion is a
the local wave
significant designnumber
problemis small enough
for ABHs. over distances
Smoothness to make
criterion is anthethe ABH perform
assumption better,
that the change which
of theis
the local wave number is small enough over distances to make ABH perform better, which is
stated
local waveby Mironov [12].
number [12]. Wave
is small number
enough variation
overvariation (NWV)
distances(NWV) is
to makeisthe investigated
ABH perform to assess the
better,the validity
which of
is stated the
by
stated by Mironov Wave number investigated to assess validity of the
smoothness
Mironov [12].criterion.
Wave Equation
number (17) shows
variation (NWV) that
is NWV is a function
investigated to assess ofthe
frequency
validity and
of position
the smoothness and
smoothness criterion. Equation (17) shows that NWV is a function of frequency and position and
need to be much less
criterion. than 1.
need to beEquation
much less (17) shows
than 1. that NWV is a function of frequency and position and need to be much
less than 1. 𝑑𝑘(𝑥) 1 1 𝐸 /
1 𝑑ℎ
/
x ) 1 1 =1 1
dk (𝑑𝑘(𝑥) E𝐸 11 𝑑ℎ
1/4
dh ≪ 1 , (17)
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 = = 2 𝜌𝜔2 12(1 − 𝜐2 ) ℎ // 𝑑𝑥 ≪ 11,, (17)
(17)
dx𝑑𝑥k2 𝑘 2 2 ρω𝜌𝜔 12 (1 −−υ𝜐 ))
12(1 ℎh1/2 𝑑𝑥
dx
where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the Poisson’s ratio, ρ is the density, h is the varying thickness at
where EE is
where is the
theYoung’s
Young’s modulus,
modulus, νν is is the
thePoisson’s
Poisson’sratio,
ratio,ρρisisthe density, hh is
thedensity, is the
the varying
varyingthickness
thicknessat at
the ABH of the beams, and ω is the angular frequency of the flexural wave. According to this theory,
the
theABHABHof ofthe
thebeams,
beams,andandωωisisthe theangular
angularfrequency
frequencyofofthe theflexural
flexuralwave.
wave.According
Accordingtotothis thistheory,
theory,
an increased m value increases the NWV and the smoothness criterion is violated for a greater range
an
anincreased
increased m mvalue
valueincreases
increases the the NWV
NWVand andthe
thesmoothness
smoothnesscriterion
criterionisisviolated
violatedforforaagreater
greaterrange
range
of frequencies. For m = 10, the NWV is above one for the frequency range of study, which is shown
of
of frequencies.
frequencies. For For m == 10,
10, the NWV is above above one
one forforthe
thefrequency
frequencyrange rangeofofstudy,
study,which
which is is shown
shown in
in Figure 42. Further work investigates that NWV < 0.4 is a good rule for designing ABHs [60].
in Figure
Figure 42.42. Further
Further work
work investigates
investigates that
that NWVNWV < 0.4
< 0.4 is is a good
a good rule
rule forfor designing
designing ABHs
ABHs [60].
[60].
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 42. (a) Reflection coefficients and NWV for 5-cm long ABHs with m = 2, 4, 10. (b) Increased m
Figure 42. (a) Reflection coefficients and NWV for 5-cm long ABHs with m = 2, 4, 10. (b) Increased m
(a) NWV
Figure 42.the
increases Reflection
and coefficients
violates theand NWV for 5-cm
smoothness long Reprinted
criterion. m = 2,
ABHs withwith 4, 10. (b) Increased
increases
m thethe
increases NWVNWV and
andviolates thethesmoothness
violates criterion.
smoothness Reprinted
criterion. Reprintedwith
withpermission
permission from
from[9].
[9].
Copyright Acoustic Society of America, 2014.
In the study of Denis et al. which investigated ABH as a vector for energy transfer from the low
In the study of Denis et al. which investigated ABH as a vector for energy transfer from the low
In the study
frequencies to high of frequencies
Denis et al. inwhich investigated
the framework of ABH as a vector
nonlinear for energy
vibration, transfer
a parametric fromonthe
study a
frequencies to high frequencies in the framework of nonlinear vibration, a parametric study on a
low frequencies
number of beams to shown
high frequencies
in Figure in 43the
wasframework
developed of [61].
nonlinear
Longervibration, a parametric
additional study
termination, on a
which
number of beams shown in Figure 43 was developed [61]. Longer additional termination, which
numberlonger
means of beamsLABHshown in Figurethe
, can improve 43 efficiency
was developed [61]. transfer.
of energy Longer additional termination,
It is also noted which
that a 2D ABHmeans
can
means longer LABH, can improve the efficiency of energy transfer. It is also noted that a 2D ABH can
longer L
present larger
ABH , can improve the efficiency of energy transfer. It is also noted that a 2D
LABH with minimal thickness and obtains larger modal density in the low-frequency ABH can present
present larger LABH with minimal thickness and obtains larger modal density in the low-frequency
larger LABH with minimal thickness and obtains larger modal density in the low-frequency range.
range.
range.
Figure 43.
Figure 43. Beams with
Beams with
43. Beams various
with various lengths
various lengths of
lengths of ABHs
of ABHs and
ABHs and various lengths
and various
various lengths of
of damping.
damping. Reprinted with
Reprinted with
with
Figure lengths of damping. Reprinted
permission from
from [61]. Copyright
[61]. Copyright Elsevier,
Elsevier, 2017.
2017.
permission
The effect of the length of ABH is also investigated by Zhao and Prasad [8,27]. For a given beam
Theeffect
The effect of
of the
the length
length of
of ABH
ABH isis also
alsoinvestigated
investigated by
by Zhao
Zhao and
and Prasad
Prasad [8,27].
[8,27]. For
Foraagiven
givenbeam
beam
at a given excitation frequency there are specific optimum values of LABH. The simulation results of
at aa given
at given excitation
excitation frequency there are specific optimum values of LLABH
frequency there ABH. . The
Thesimulation
simulationresults
resultsof
of
total energy at the ABH location of beams with the ABH cavity (shown in Figure 32b) is shown in
Figure 44. It is seen that the beam with LABH of 19 mm has maximum energy output. This indicates
that the ABH is tunable by changing LABH to obtain a higher concentration of vibration energy [8].
that the ABH is tunable by changing LABH to obtain a higher concentration of vibration energy [8].
that the2018,
Acoustics ABH1, is tunable
x FOR PEER by changing LABH to obtain a higher concentration of vibration energy 22
REVIEW [8].
of 29
Figure 44. Simulation

Figure 44. Simulation results
results of
of total
total energy
energy output
output of 3D-printed beams
of 3D-printed beams with ABH cavities
with ABH cavities with
with
various LABH [8].
various LABH [8].
From previous studies in this section, it can be seen that, all the three geometrical parameters
From previous studies in this section, it can be seen that, all the three geometrical parameters
need an optimization design to get a best performance on vibration damping and sound reduction.
need an optimization design to get a best performance on vibration damping and sound reduction.
An investigation of the optimization design and position of an embedded 1D ABH is studied by
An investigation of the optimization design and position of an embedded 1D ABH is studied by
McCormick [62]. This study is on a thin simply-supported beam with a 1D ABH at some position
McCormick [62]. This study is on a thin simply-supported beam with a 1D ABH at some position along
along the beam. The relevant design variables are shown in Figure 45, which are the length of the
the beam. The relevant design variables are shown in Figure 45, which are the length of the ABH LABH ,
ABH LABH, the portion of the damped taper Ld, the thickness of the damping layer hd, the drive point
the portion of the damped taper Ld , the thickness of the damping layer hd , the drive point location D,
location D, and the offset between the center of the beam and the center of the ABH B. The
and the offset between the center of the beam and the center of the ABH B. The optimization result
optimization result is shown in Figure 46. Comparing with the uniform beam, the simple damped
is shown in Figure 46. Comparing with the uniform beam, the simple damped beam can decrease
beam can decrease the surface-averaged velocity, but increases the mass by 5%. The optimized design
the surface-averaged velocity, but increases the mass by 5%. The optimized design can decrease the
can decrease the total mass of the beam by 15% and decreases the total surface-averaged velocity
total mass of the beam by 15% and decreases the total surface-averaged velocity response by 12 dB,
response by 12 dB, which has more reduction than a simple damped beam. The aim of the study is
which has more reduction than a simple damped beam. The aim of the study is to figure out the
to figure out the ABH design that minimizes the total mass of the beam and, at the same time,
ABH design that minimizes the total mass of the beam and, at the same time, minimizes the total
minimizes the total surface-averaged velocity response. This benefits the design of ABHs for
surface-averaged velocity response. This benefits the design of ABHs for vibration reduction without
vibration reduction without adding mass.
adding mass.
As shown in the studies on vibration of beams and plates with ABH in Section 3.1, there is a
As shown in the studies on vibration of beams and plates with ABH in Section 3.1, there is a
minimum effective frequency, below which the ABH damping performance is not evident. A
minimum effective frequency, below which the ABH damping performance is not evident. A numerical
numerical and experimental study on the investigation of disappearance of the ABH effect is
and experimental study on the investigation of disappearance of the ABH effect is presented by Tang
presented by Tang and Cheng [63]. It shows that cut-on frequency bands close to the low-order local
and Cheng [63]. It shows that cut-on frequency bands close to the low-order local resonant frequencies
resonant frequencies of the beam exist and the ABH effect failure in these frequency bands. The
of the beam exist and the ABH effect failure in these frequency bands. The failure frequencies of the
failure frequencies of the beam are delimited by the excitation point in order to avoid the
beam are delimited by the excitation point in order to avoid the phenomenon in the structural design.
phenomenon in the structural design.
Figure 45. Schematic of the simple supported beams with the relevant design variables: Length of
ABH LABH, the portion of the damped taper Ld, the thickness of the damping layer hd, the drive point
location D, and the offset between the center of the beam and the center of the ABH B. Reprinted with
permission from [62]. Copyright McCormick, C.A.; Shepherd, M.R., 2018.
minimum effective frequency, below which the ABH damping performance is not evident. A
numerical and experimental study on the investigation of disappearance of the ABH effect is
presented by Tang and Cheng [63]. It shows that cut-on frequency bands close to the low-order local
resonant frequencies of the beam exist and the ABH effect failure in these frequency bands. The
failure frequencies of the beam are delimited by the excitation point in order to avoid the
phenomenon in the structural design.
Figure
Figure 45.45. Schematic
Schematic of of the
the simple
simple supported
supported beams
beams with the relevant
with the relevant design
design variables:
variables: Length
Length of
of
ABH L ABH , the portion of the damped taper L d , the thickness of the damping layer h d , the
ABH LABH , the portion of the damped taper Ld , the thickness of the damping layer hd , the drive point drive point
location
location D,D, and
and the
the offset
offset between
between the
the center
center of
of the
the beam
beam and
and the
the center
center of
of the
the ABH
ABH B.B. Reprinted
Reprinted with
with
permission from [62]. Copyright McCormick, C.A.; Shepherd,
permission from [62]. Copyright McCormick, C.A.; Shepherd, M.R., 2018. M.R., 2018.
Figure 46. Approximate Pareto front (black curve) after 10,000 evaluations. Objective function
Figure 46. Approximate Pareto front (black curve) after 10,000 evaluations. Objective function
evaluations for a sample of designs are denoted by red dots. The black × shows the function evaluation
evaluations for a sample of designs are denoted by red dots. The black × shows the function evaluation
for an unmodified beam. The black circle shows the optimization. The black + shows the evaluation
for an unmodified beam. The black circle shows the optimization. The black + shows the evaluation of
of a uniform beam with the same damping. Reprinted with permission from [62]. Copyright
a uniform beam with the same damping. Reprinted with permission from [62]. Copyright McCormick,
McCormick, C.A.; Shepherd, M.R., 2018.
C.A.; Shepherd, M.R., 2018.
4.2. Design of a 2D ABH

4.2. Design of a 2D ABH
For a 2D ABH, it is to be noted that, besides geometrical parameters, the spatial layout of the
For a 2D ABH, it is to be noted that, besides geometrical parameters, the spatial layout of the
ABH, the material of the host structure and damping material, the diameter of center hole, and the
number of ABH also affect the performance of the ABH.
A numerical analysis of flexural ray trajectories in 2D ABH is developed by Huang et al. [32].
Figure 47 shows that for a given value of exponent m, the 2D ABH with thinner residual thickness
(h1 = 0.0002 m) absorbs more propagation energy than the one with residual thickness of h1 = 0.001 m.
In this study, the results also show the ratio of the rays converging to the center is 99.69% in the ideal
In this study, the results also show the ratio of the rays converging to the center is 99.69% in the ideal
ABH. The wave focalization can be enhanced with a larger m and a small h1.
ABH. The wave focalization can be enhanced with a larger m and a small h1 .
Acoustics In this1 study, the results also show the ratio of the rays converging to the center is 99.69% in the ideal
2019, 245
ABH. The wave focalization can be enhanced with a larger m and a small h1.
(a) (b)
Figure 47. Numerical analysis of flexural ray trajectories in 2D ABH with various geometrical analysis
Figure 47. Numerical analysis of flexural ray trajectories in 2D ABH with various geometrical analysis
(a) m = 2; and (b) m = 3. Reprinted with permission from [32]. Copyright Elsevier, 2018.
(a) m = 2; and (b) m = 3. Reprinted with permission from [32]. Copyright Elsevier, 2018.
A study on various layout of ABH on glass fiber composite plates with 1D and 2D ABH was
A study on various layout of ABH on glass fiber composite plates with 1D and 2D ABH was
studied by Bowyer and Krylov [16]. In this study, the glass fiber composite honeycomb sandwich
studied by Bowyer and Krylov [16]. In this study, the glass fiber composite honeycomb sandwich
panels with two 2D ABHs with various configurations (shown in Figure 48a) are investigated and
panels with two 2D ABHs with various configurations (shown in Figure 48a) are investigated and
the experimental results of acceleration are compared with a reference sandwich panel without ABH
the experimental results of acceleration are compared with a reference sandwich panel without ABH
plates. The results show that theoretically the structure in Figure 48b should be the optimum layout to
plates. The results show that theoretically the structure in Figure 48b should be the optimum layout
perform with the best vibration damping.
to perform with the best vibration damping.
(a)
(b)
Figure 48. Cross-section of (a) various configurations of ABHs and (b) optimum configurations of
Figure 48. Cross-section of (a) various configurations of ABHs and (b) optimum configurations of
ABHs. Reprinted from [16] under a CC BY 3.0 license. Copyright Bowyer E.P. and Krylov, V.V., 2014.
Due to the limitation of manufacturing, the ABH may not be perfect. A study on the wave energy
Due to the
focalization in alimitation of imperfect
plate with manufacturing,
2D ABH the ABH may not by
is developed be Huang
perfect. et
A al.
study
[64].onThe
the imperfect
wave energy
2D
focalization in a plate with imperfect 2D ABH is developed by Huang et al. [64]. The imperfect
ABH uses a polynomial profile instead of a power-law profile. The results still show drastic increases 2D
ABH uses adensity
in energy polynomial
aroundprofile instead area.
the tapered of a power-law
Chong alsoprofile. Thethat
indicates results
the still showand
smooth drastic increases
stepped ABH
in energy density around the tapered area. Chong also indicates that the smooth and stepped
beams are slightly different [22]. Denis et al. also find that the controlled imperfection of the tip of ABH
the
1D ABH causes a decrease of the reflection coefficient, which indicates that imperfect extremities are
not detrimental to the performance of the ABH effect [65]. These two studies lower the stringent
requirement of the ideal power-law thickness variation of ABH.
A numerical study on the influence of number of ABHs on a plate in vibration is carried out by
Conlon et al. [66,67]. The space averaged acceleration and total radiated sound power results for the
(a)
(b)
Acoustics 2019, 1 Figure 48. Cross-section of (a) various configurations of ABHs and (b) optimum configurations of 246
beams are slightly

Due todifferent
the limitation [22]. Denis et al. the
of manufacturing, also
ABH find
maythat the
not be controlled
perfect. A study imperfection
on the wave energy of the tip of
the 1D ABH focalization
causes aindecrease
a plate with ofimperfect 2D ABHcoefficient,
the reflection is developedwhich by Huang et al. [64].
indicates Theimperfect
that imperfect 2D extremities
ABH uses a polynomial profile instead of a power-law profile. The results still show drastic increases
are not detrimental to the performance of the ABH effect [65]. These two studies lower the stringent
in energy density around the tapered area. Chong also indicates that the smooth and stepped ABH
requirementbeams are slightlypower-law
of the ideal different [22]. thickness variation
Denis et al. also find thatof theABH.
controlled imperfection of the tip of the
A numerical studya on
1D ABH causes the influence
decrease of number
of the reflection ofwhich
coefficient, ABHs on a plate
indicates in vibration
that imperfect is carried
extremities are out by
not detrimental to the performance of the ABH effect [65]. These two
Conlon et al. [66,67]. The space averaged acceleration and total radiated sound power results for thestudies lower the stringent
requirement of the ideal power-law thickness variation of ABH.
5 × 5 ABH (shown in Figure 49a) and uniform plates are compared in Figure 50. This shows that
A numerical study on the influence of number of ABHs on a plate in vibration is carried out by
the plate with
Conlon the ABH
et al. array
[66,67]. has very
The space effective
averaged results
acceleration and on totalvibration
radiated soundandpower
noiseresults
reduction.
for the Another
comparison 5 ×of total(shown
5 ABH radiated sound
in Figure power
49a) response
and uniform platesofare
ABH panel in
compared between
Figure 50.theThispanel
shows with
that a 5 × 5 ABH
the
plate 49a)
array (Figure with and
the ABH array has
the panel withvery13effective
ABHsresults
(Figure on 49b)
vibration and noise
is shown in reduction.
Figure 51. Another
It can be seen
comparison of total radiated sound power response of ABH panel between the panel with a 5 × 5
that for higher frequencies (over 5 kHz) increasing of the number of ABHs results in more sound
ABH array (Figure 49a) and the panel with 13 ABHs (Figure 49b) is shown in Figure 51. It can be seen
reduction,that
butforinhigher
lowerfrequencies
frequency this
(over effectincreasing
5 kHz) can only of be
the observed
number of ABHs in a few areas.
results in moreThis type of ABH
sound
array wasreduction,
also applied on the
but in lower phononic
frequency crystals
this effect (PC)
can only by Zhu inand
be observed a few Semperlotti [68]
areas. This type to investigate
of ABH
array was also
peculiar dispersion applied on the phononic crystals (PC) by Zhu and Semperlotti [68] to investigate
characteristics.
peculiar dispersion characteristics.
(a) (b)
Figure 49. (a) Schematic of a panel with 5 × 5 ABH and (b) a panel with 13 ABHs. Reprinted with
(a) Schematic
Figure 49.permission of Copyright
from [66]. a panel with 5×
Conlon, 5 ABH
S.C.; and
Fahnline, J.B.;(b) a panel
Shepherd, with
M.R.; 13 ABHs.
Feurtado, Reprinted with
P.A., 2015.
permission from [66]. Copyright
Acoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Shepherd, M.R.; Feurtado, P.A., 2015. 25 of 29
Figure 50.
Figure 50. The
Thespace
spaceaveraged
averagedacceleration
acceleration(bottom)
(bottom)and
and total radiated
total sound
radiated soundpower (top)
power results
(top) for
results
the 5 × 5 ABHs (read line) and uniform plates (black line). Reprinted with permission from
for the 5 × 5 ABHs (read line) and uniform plates (black line). Reprinted with permission from [66]. [66].
Copyright Conlon,
Copyright Conlon, S.C.;
S.C.; Fahnline,
Fahnline, J.B.;
J.B.; Shepherd,
Shepherd, M.R.;
M.R.; Feurtado,
Feurtado, P.A.,
P.A.,2015.
2015.
Figure 51. Total radiated sound power results for the panel with 5 × 5 ABHs and panel with 13 ABHs.
Reprinted with permission from [66]. Copyright Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Shepherd, M.R.;
Feurtado, P.A., 2015.
Figure 50. The space averaged acceleration (bottom) and total radiated sound power (top) results for
the 2019,
Acoustics 5 × 51 ABHs (read line) and uniform plates (black line). Reprinted with permission from [66]. 247
Copyright Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Shepherd, M.R.; Feurtado, P.A., 2015.
Figure
Figure 51.
51. Total
Total radiated
radiated sound
sound power
power results
results for
for the
the panel
panel with
with 55 ××55ABHs
ABHsand andpanel
panelwith
with13
13ABHs.
ABHs.
Reprinted withpermission
Reprinted with permissionfrom
from
[66].[66]. Copyright
Copyright Conlon,
Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline,
S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Shepherd,
J.B.; Shepherd, M.R.;
M.R.; Feurtado,
Feurtado,
P.A., 2015.P.A., 2015.
4.3.
4.3. Design
Design of of Damping
Damping LayerLayer
The
The study
study Feurtado
Feurtadoand andConlon
Conlon[48] [48]mentioned
mentioned in in
Section 3.23.2
Section indicates thatthat
indicates the the
radius of the
radius of
damping layer has an optimum value. When the diameter is larger
the damping layer has an optimum value. When the diameter is larger than the optimum value, than the optimum value, the
damping
the damping effect increases
effect increases slightly. A time
slightly. A time domain
domain experimental
experimentalstudystudybased
basedon onaalaser
laservisualization
visualization
system is developed by Ji et al. [31]. The wave propagation and attenuation
system is developed by Ji et al. [31]. The wave propagation and attenuation in a plate-embedded in a plate-embedded 1D
ABH
1D ABH is investigated.
is investigated. It isItalso noted
is also that
noted there
that thereexists
exists ananoptimal
optimalthickness
thicknessfor forthe
thedamping
dampinglayer.layer.
Krylov
Krylov indicate that the damping material with higher material loss factor makes the damping effect
indicate that the damping material with higher material loss factor makes the damping effect
of
of the
the ABH
ABH havehave better
better performance
performance [29]. [29]. Denis
Denis et et al.
al. indicate
indicatethat
thataagood
goodcompromise
compromise has has been
been found
found
by using a long additional termination with a moderate length of the damping
by using a long additional termination with a moderate length of the damping layer in the framework layer in the framework
of
of nonlinear
nonlinear vibration,
vibration, which
which can can develop
develop intointo aa turbulent
turbulent regime
regime [61].
[61]. An
An optimization
optimization study study was
was
developed by Lee et al. [69] and indicates that the damping performance
developed by Lee et al. [69] and indicates that the damping performance can be enhanced by treatingcan be enhanced by treating
the
the tip
tip with
with anan appropriate
appropriate size size of
of damping
damping layer.
layer. Another
Another study
study developed
developed by by Tang
Tang etet al.
al. [34]
[34] shows
shows
that
that the stiffness of the damping layer plays is more critical than mass for a better dampingeffect
the stiffness of the damping layer plays is more critical than mass for a better damping effectbut,
but,
meanwhile,
meanwhile, the effect of the added mass still needs to be accurately designed especially when the
the effect of the added mass still needs to be accurately designed especially when the
thickness
thickness of of damping
damping is is considerable
considerable to to the
the tip
tip of
of the
the ABH
ABH wedge.
wedge.
4.4.
4.4. Studies
Studies on
on 3D-Printed
3D-Printed Structures
Structures with
with ABH
ABH
Due
Due to
to the
the limitation
limitation of
of traditional
traditional manufacturing
manufacturing methods,
methods, aa power-law
power-law curve
curve is
is difficult
difficult to
to
manufacture.
manufacture. Bowyer
Bowyerandand Krylov
Krylov indicate
indicatethat
that milling
milling isis not
not aa practical
practical way
way to
to machine
machine structures
structures
with 2D ABH
with 2D ABH and
andsuggest
suggestthat
that3D3Dprinting
printing technology
technology cancanbe be applied
applied to produce
to produce these
these structures
structures [23].
[23]. Due to the well-known advantages of 3D printing [70], vibration and sound radiation
Due to the well-known advantages of 3D printing [70], vibration and sound radiation of 3D-printed of 3D-
structures are investigated by researchers. Zhou et al. developed a numerical study to investigate the
dynamic and static properties of 3D-printed double-layered compound structures with ABHs [24].
Due to small residual thickness of the ABH profile, the structure with ABHs has low local stiffness and
high stress concentration. The double-layered compound structure shows good damping performance
and also significantly improves the static properties in structural stiffness and strength. Zhao and
Prasad developed an experimental case study of vibration energy harvesting of a 3D-printed beam
with a modified ABH cavity [8]. Liang et al. developed a numerical simulation for vibration energy
harvesting of a 3D-printed beam with multiple ABH cavities [26]. Chong et al. numerically and
experimentally studied the dynamic responses of 3D-printed beam with damped ABH grooves [22].
Rothe et al. investigated the dynamic behavior of the 3D-printed beams using a 3D- hexahedron
finite element and an isotropic linear elastic homogenized material model [25]. A cantilever beam
is embedded with the ABH at its free ends and fully fills the ABH area with flexible thermoplastic
polyurethane (TPU) to make the overall thickness uniform. In comparison with the uniform beam,
the beam-embedded ABH with TPU shows good damping performance.
5. Concluding Remarks
This review has presented the recent theoretical and numerical studies on ABH. Applications of
ABH on beam- and plate-type structures have been demonstrated. It is shown that the use of ABH
in structural design is effective in controlling vibration and noise without adding additional mass.
This is particularly important for the design of lightweight structures, such as aircraft panels. ABH has
also shown good promise in vibration energy harvesting, however, its practical application is still
under research.
The current studies show that for 1D ABH, the geometric parameters are critical for the ABH effect.
For 2D ABH, besides geometrical parameters, additional variables, such as the diameter of the center
hole, the spatial layout of ABH array, and the number of ABHs, influence the performance of the ABH
effect. Additionally, the material of the host structure and damping material are important for both 1D
and 2D ABH. Optimization of the geometric parameters can significantly improve the damping effect
of ABH. The number of ABHs and their spatial layout can expand the effective frequency range of ABH.
A higher loss factor for both the host structure and damping layer can further improve the damping
effect of ABH using less additive damping. However, there is a need for research efforts to further
understand the interdependence of various geometrical parameters so that structural optimization
studies can be carried out in designing structures with ABHs for better performance in vibration and
noise control.
3D printing technology makes the manufacturing of more complex structures possible, and it is
being applied in structures with ABH features. Further studies are required to apply ABH widely to
real-life structures and carry out the application for more complex structures. Thus, it is observed from
this review of various studies that the use of ABH in structural design for vibration and noise control
is significantly effective and has great potential for research and industrial applications.
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments: The first author thanks the support from Department of Mechanical Engineering of Stevens
Institute of Technology.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Rao, M.D. Recent applications of viscoelastic damping for noise control in automobiles and commercial
airplanes. J. Sound Vib. 2003, 262, 457–474. [CrossRef]
2. Denis, V. Vibration Damping in Beams Using the Acoustic Black Hole Effect. Ph.D. Thesis, Universit´e du
Maine, Le Mans, France, 2014.
3. Bowyer, E.P.; O’Boy, D.J.; Krylov, V.V.; Gautier, F. Experimental investigation of damping flexural vibrations
using two-dimensional Acoustic ‘Black Holes’. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Noise and
Vibration Engineering (ISMA 2010), Leuven, Belgium, 20–22 September 2010.
4. Nishimura, I.; Kobori, T.; Sakamoto, M.; Koshika, N.; Sasaki, K.; Ohrui, S. Active tuned mass damper. Smart
Mater. Struct. 1992, 1, 306. [CrossRef]
5. Mead, D.J. Passive Vibration Control; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1999.
6. Li, H.; Tian, C.; Deng, Z. Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials.
Appl. Phys. Rev. 2014, 1, 041301. [CrossRef]
7. Sojan, S.; Kulkarni, R. A Comprehensive Review of energy harvesting techniques and its potential
applications. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2016, 139, 14–19. [CrossRef]
8. Zhao, C.; Prasad, M.G. Studies on vibration energy harvesting using a cantilever beam with a modified
Acoustic Black Hole cavity. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2018, Chicago, IL, USA, 26–29 August 2018.
9. Feurtado, P.A.; Conlon, S.C.; Semperlotti, F.A. Normalized wave number variation parameter for Acoustic
Black Hole design. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2014, 136, 148–152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Zhao, L.; Conlon, S.C.; Semperlotti, F. Broadband energy harvesting using Acoustic Black Hole structural
tailoring. Smart Mater. Struct. 2014, 23, 065021. [CrossRef]
11. Pekeris, C.L. Theory of propagation of sound in a half-space of variable sound velocity under conditions of
formation of a shadow zone. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1946, 18, 295–315. [CrossRef]
12. Mironov, M.A. Propagation of a flexural wave in a plate whose thickness decreases smoothly to zero in a
finite interval. Sov. Phys. Acoust. 1988, 34, 318–319.
13. Krylov, V.V.; Bowyer, E.P. Acoustic Black Holes: A new approach to vibration damping in light-weight
structures. Proc. Inst. Acoust. 2003, 35, 184–191.
14. Krylov, V.V.; Shuvalov, A.L. Propagation of localised flexural vibrations along plate edges described by a
power law. Proc. Inst. Acoust. 2000, 22, 263–270.
15. Krylov, V.V. Acoustic Black Holes and their applications for vibration damping and sound absorption.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA 2012), Leuven,
Belgium, 17–19 September 2012; pp. 933–944.
16. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Experimental investigation of damping flexural vibrations in glass fiber composite
plates containing one- and two-dimensional Acoustic Black Holes. Compos. Struct. 2014, 107, 406–415.
[CrossRef]
17. Krylov, V.V. Acoustic Black Holes: Recent developments in the theory and applications. IEEE Trans. Ultrason.
Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2014, 61, 1296–1306. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.; Semperlotti, F. Numerical analysis of the vibroacoustic properties of plates with
embedded grids of Acoustic Black Holes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2015, 137, 447. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Conlon, S.C.; Semperlotti, F. Passive control of vibration and sound transmission for vehicle structures via
embedded Acoustic Black Holes. In Proceedings of the Noise-Con 2013, Denver, CO, USA, 26–28 August
2013.
20. Conlon, S.C.; Feurtado, P.A. Progressive phase trends in plates with embedded Acoustic Black Holes.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2018, 143, 921. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Ji, H.; Huang, W.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L. Mechanics problems in application of Acoustic Black Hole structures.
Adv. Mech. 2017, 47, 201710.
22. Chong, B.M.P.; Tan, L.B.; Lim, K.M.; Lee, H.P. A review on Acoustic Black-Holes (ABH) and the experimental
and numerical study of ABH-featured 3D printed beams. Int. J. Appl. Mech. 2017, 9, 1750078. [CrossRef]
23. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Acoustic Black Hole manufacturing for practical applications and the effect
of geomatical and material imperfections. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2016, Hamburg, Germany,
21–24 August 2016.
24. Zhou, T.; Tang, L.; Ji, H.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L. Dynamic and static properties of double-layered compound
Acoustic Black Hole structures. Int. J. Appl. Mech. 2017, 9, 1750074. [CrossRef]
25. Rothe, S.; Blech, C.; Watschke, H.; Vietor, T.; Langer, S.C. Numerical modelling of additively manufactured
Acoustic Black Holes. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2018, Chicago, IL, USA, 26–29 August 2018.
26. Liang, Y.; Ji, H.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, C. Enhancement of piezoelectric energy harvesting using
ABH structural tailoring. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced
Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM), Auckland, New Zealand, 9–12 July 2018.
27. Zhao, C.; Prasad, M.G. Studies on influence of geometrical parameters of an Acoustic Black Hole.
In Proceedings of the Noise-Con 2017, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, 12–14 June 2017.
28. O’Boy, D.J.; Krylov, V.V.; Kralovic, V. Damping of flexural vibrations in rectangular plates using the Acoustic
Black Hole effect. J. Sound Vib. 2010, 329, 4672–4688. [CrossRef]
29. Krylov, V.V.; Tilman, F.J.B.S. Acoustic ‘Black Holes’ for flexural waves as effective vibration dampers. J. Sound
Vib. 2004, 274, 605–619. [CrossRef]
30. Zhao, L. Passive vibration control based on embedded Acoustic Black Holes. J. Vib. Acoust. 2016, 138, 041002.
[CrossRef]
31. Ji, H.; Luo, J.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L. Investigations on flexural wave propagation and attenuation in a modified
one-dimensional Acoustic Black Hole using a laser excitation technique. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 2018, 104,
19–35. [CrossRef]
32. Huang, W.; Ji, H.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L. Analysis of ray trajectories of flexural waves propagation over generalized
Acoustic Black Hole indentations. J. Sound Vib. 2018, 417, 216–226. [CrossRef]
33. O’Boy, D.J.; Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Damping of flexural vibrations in thin plates using one and two
dimensional Acoustic Black Hole Effect. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Recent
Advances in Structural Dynamics (RASD 2010), Southampton, UK, 12–14 July 2010.
34. Tang, L.; Cheng, L.; Ji, H.; Qiu, J. Characterization of Acoustic Black Hole effect using a one-dimensional
fully-coupled and wavelet-decomposed semi-analytical model. J. Sound Vib. 2016, 374, 172–184. [CrossRef]
35. Jeon, W. Vibration damping using a spiral Acoustic Black Hole. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2016,
Hamburg, Germany, 21–24 August 2016.
36. Lee, J.Y.; Jeon, W. Vibration damping using a spiral Acoustic Black Hole. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2017, 141, 1437.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Zhou, T.; Cheng, L. A resonant beam damper tailored with Acoustic Black Hole features for broadband
vibration reduction. J. Sound Vib. 2018, 430, 174–184. [CrossRef]
38. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Slots of power-law profile as Acoustic Black Holes for flexural waves in metallic
and composite plates. Structures 2016, 6, 48–58. [CrossRef]
39. Bowyer, E.P.; O’Boy, D.J.; Krylov, V.V.; Gautier, F. Experimental investigation of damping flexural vibrations
in plates containing tapered indentations of power-law profile. Appli. Acoust. 2013, 74, 553–560. [CrossRef]
40. O’Boy, D.J.; Krylov, V.V. Damping of flexural vibrations in circular plates with tapered central holes. J. Sound
Vib. 2011, 330, 2220–2236. [CrossRef]
41. Georgiev, V.B.; Cuenca, J.; Gautier, F.; Simon, L.; Krylov, V.V. Damping of structural vibrations in beams and
elliptical plates using the Acoustic Black Hole effect. J. Sound Vib. 2011, 330, 2497–2508. [CrossRef]
42. Jia, X.; Du, Y.; Zhao, K. Vibration Control of variable thickness plates with embedded Acoustic Black Holes
and dynamic vibration absorbers. In Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Noise Control and Acoustics Division
Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 9–12 August 2015.
43. Krylov, V.V. Acoustic black holes as elements of metamaterials. In Proceedings of the IOP Physical Acoustics
Group Tutorial Day, Loughborough, UK, 17 September 2015.
44. Semperlotti, F.; Zhu, H. Acoustic meta-structures based on periodic Acoustic Black Holes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
2015, 137, 2265. [CrossRef]
45. Foucaud, S.; Michon, G.; Gourinat, Y.; Pelat, A.; Gautier, F. Artificial Cochlea and Acoustic Black Hole
travelling waves observation: Model and experimental results. J. Sound Vib. 2014, 333, 3428–3439. [CrossRef]
46. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades using the Acoustic Black Hole
effect. Appl. Acoust. 2014, 76, 359–365. [CrossRef]
47. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. Sound Radiation of rectangular plates containing tapered indentations of power-law
profile. In Proceedings of the 164th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Kansas City, MO, USA,
22–26 October 2012.
48. Feurtado, P.A.; Conlon, S.C. Experimental analysis of vibration and radiated sound power reduction using an
array of Acoustic Black Holes. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA, 9–12 August
2015.
49. Bowyer, E.P.; Krylov, V.V. A review of experimental investigations into the Acoustic Black Hole effect and its
applications for reduction of flexural vibrations and structure-borne sound. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise
2015, The 44th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, San Francisco, CA,
USA, 9–12 August 2015.
50. Mironov, M.A.; Pislyakov, V.V. One-dimensional acoustic waves in retarding structures with propagation
velocity tending to zero. Acoust. Phys. 2002, 48, 347–352. [CrossRef]
51. Azbaid, E.; Krylov, V.V.; O’Boy, D.J. Experimental investigation of the Acoustic Black Hole for sound
absorption in air. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Florence, Italy,
12–16 July 2015.
52. Azbaid, E.; Krylov, V.; O’Boy, D.J. Investigation of the Acoustic Black Hole termination for sound waves
propagating in cylindrical waveguides. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA,
9–12 August 2015.
53. Zhou, X.; Semperlotti, F. The energy absorption properties of Helmholtz resonators enhanced by Acoustic
Black Holes. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2016, Hamburg, Germany, 21–24 August 2016.
54. Zhao, L.; Conlon, S.C.; Semperlotti, F. An experimental study of vibration based energy harvesting in
dynamically tailored structures with embedded Acoustic Black Holes. Smart Mater. Struct. 2015, 24, 065039.
[CrossRef]
55. Li, X.; Ding, Q. Sound radiation of a beam with a wedge-shaped edge embedding Acoustic Black Hole
feature. J. Sound Vib. 2019, 439, 287–299. [CrossRef]
56. Tang, L.; Cheng, L. Broadband locally resonant band gaps in periodic beam structures with embedded
Acoustic Black Holes. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 121, 194901. [CrossRef]
57. Zhao, C.; Prasad, M.G. Studies on sound radiation from beam with Acoustic Black Hole. In Proceedings of
the Noise-Con 2016, Providence, RI, USA, 13–15 June 2016.
58. Mustakerov, I.; Borissova, D. Multi-criteria model for optimal number and placement of sensors for structural
health monitoring: lexicographic method implementation. Adv. Model. Optim. 2014, 16, 103–112.
59. Li, X.; Ding, Q. Analysis on vibration energy concentration of the one-dimensional wedges-shaped Acoustic
Black Hole structure. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 2018, 29, 2137–2148. [CrossRef]
60. Feurtado, P.A.; Conlon, S.C. Investigation of boundary-taper reflection for Acoustic Black Hole design. Noise
Control Eng. J. 2015, 63, 460–466. [CrossRef]
61. Denis, V.; Pelat, A.; Touzé, C.; Gautier, F. Improvement of the Acoustic Black Hole effect by using energy
transfer due to geometric nonlinearity. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 2017, 94, 134–145. [CrossRef]
62. McCormick, C.A.; Shepherd, M.R. Optimal design and position of an embedded one-dimensional Acoustic
Black Hole. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2018, Chicago, IL, USA, 26–29 August 2018.
63. Tang, L.; Cheng, L. Loss of Acoustic Black Hole effect in a structure of finite size. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109,
014102. [CrossRef]
64. Huang, W.; Ji, H.; Qiu, J.; Cheng, L. Wave energy focalization in a plate with imperfect two-dimensional
Acoustic Black Hole indentation. J. Vib. Acoust. 2016, 138, 061004. [CrossRef]
65. Denis, V.; Pelat, A.; Gautier, F. Scattering effects induced by imperfections on an Acoustic Black Hole placed
at a structural waveguide termination. J. Sound Vib. 2016, 362, 56–71. [CrossRef]
66. Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Shepherd, M.R.; Feurtado, P.A. Vibration control using grids of Acoustic Black
Holes: How many is enough? In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA, 9–12 August
2015.
67. Conlon, S.C.; Fahnline, J.B.; Semperlotti, F.; Feurtado, P.A. Enhancing the low frequency vibration reduction
performance of plates with embedded Acoustic Black Holes. In Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2014,
Melbourne, Australia, 16–19 November 2014.
68. Zhu, H.; Semperlotti, F. Phononic thin plates with embedded Acoustic Black Holes. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91,
104304. [CrossRef]
69. Lee, J.; Jeon, W. An optimal design of 1D Acoustic Black Hole with damping layer for plate geometry.
In Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Sound and Vibration, Athens, Greece, 10–14 July 2016;
pp. 99–104.
70. Kamran, M.; Saxena, A.A. Comprehensive study on 3D printing technology. MIT Int. J. Mech. Eng. 2016, 6,
63–69.
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Acoustics 01 00014 v2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acoustics 01 00014 v2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

acoustics

Acoustics 2019, 1, 220–251; doi:10.3390/acoustics1010014 www.mdpi.com/journal/acoustics

Acoustics 2019, 1 222

Figure 2. Schematic of a 1D ABH [27].

3.1.2. Vibration Damping of Plates with ABH

3.1.2. Vibration Damping of Plates with ABH

Experimental investigation on damping flexural vibrations using two-dimensional acoustic

Experimental investigation on damping flexural vibrations using two-dimensional acoustic

Acoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 29

Acoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 29

Figure 19. Experimental

Figure 20. Acceleration for a twisted reference

3.3. Application of ABH to Vibration Energy Harvesting

[26]. Copyright IEEE, 2018.

4.1. Design of 1D ABH

Acoustics 2018, 1, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 29

Figure 44. Simulation

4.2. Design of a 2D ABH

beams are slightly

Funding: This research received no external funding.

You might also like