Acoustics 01 00017

acoustics
Article
A High-Frequency Model of a Circular Beam with a
T-Shaped Cross Section
Andrew J. Hull * and Daniel Perez
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI 02841, USA; daniel.j.perez@navy.mil
* Correspondence: andrew.hull@navy.mil; Tel.: +1-401-832-5189

Received: 14 January 2019; Accepted: 11 March 2019; Published: 15 March 2019
Abstract: This paper derives an analytical model of a circular beam with a T-shaped cross section
for use in the high-frequency range, defined here as approximately 1 to 50 kHz. The T-shaped cross
section is composed of an outer web and an inner flange. The web in-plane motion is modeled
with two-dimensional elasticity equations of motion, and the left portion and right portion of the
flange are modeled separately with Timoshenko shell equations. The differential equations are solved
with unknown wave propagation coefficients multiplied by Bessel and exponential spatial domain
functions. These are inserted into constraint and equilibrium equations at the intersection of the
web and flange and into boundary conditions at the edges of the system. Two separate cases are
formulated: structural axisymmetric motion and structural non-axisymmetric motion and these
results are added together for the total solution. The axisymmetric case produces 14 linear algebraic
equations and the non-axisymmetric case produces 24 linear algebraic equations. These are solved to
yield the wave propagation coefficients, and this gives a corresponding solution to the displacement
field in the radial and tangential directions. The dynamics of the longitudinal direction are discussed
but are not solved in this paper. An example problem is formulated and compared to solutions from
fully elastic finite element modeling. It is shown that the accurate frequency range of this new model
compares very favorably to finite element analysis up to 47 kHz. This new analytical model is about
four magnitudes faster in computation time than the corresponding finite element models.
Keywords: curved beam; T section; ring vibrations; high frequency response
1. Introduction
The work derived herein is a direct extension of a previous effort [1,2], that modeled the dynamics
of a circular T-beam. These models accurately captured the physics of the beam up to about 8 kilohertz
(kHz) for the example problem studied. The previous beam model became inaccurate above 8 kHz
because of the limitations of the model’s flange component, which was a three-dimensional Donnell [3]
shell formulation. The assumptions of the Donnell shell formulation typically produce model results
that are too stiff, especially as frequency increases. In the new model derived here, the Donnell
shell formulation is replaced with a Timoshenko-type shell formulation [4], which includes shear
deformation and rotary inertia terms, resulting in a higher-frequency range of analysis. This work
develops an analytical model of a circular T-shaped beam and extends the frequency range of this
system compared to previous modeling efforts. It is primarily intended for use in models that have
reinforced cylindrical shells that need improved accuracy at higher frequencies. These typically consist
of: (1) target strength models of reinforced cylindrical structures which are applicable to active sonar
target discrimination, and/or (2) hull dynamic response models which are applicable to flank array
self-noise performance.
Beams are structural elements that are designed to reinforce objects against external forces.
In general, they are designed to resist loads that are normal to their neutral axis. Most T-shaped beams
Acoustics 2019, 1, 295–336; doi:10.3390/acoustics1010017 www.mdpi.com/journal/acoustics

Acoustics 2019, 1 296
consist of two parts, namely, the web which has one end attached to the object and the flange which is
attached to the other end of the web. Bernoulli and Euler [5] derived the first accurate beam model
in Cartesian coordinates and this model was extended to cylindrical coordinates. This theory uses
the assumption that all sections rotate orthogonal to the neutral axis of the beam. Timoshenko [6]
revised this work so that the rotation angle of the neutral axis of the beam was a function of the polar
inertia and shear force. Higher order displacement functions have been added to beam theory, notably
by Bickford [7] who used a third-order polynomial through the thickness of the beam to model the
in-plane displacement field and Karama, Afaq and Mistou [8] who used an exponential function to
model the shear distribution in the beam. These higher order models, while accurate at somewhat
higher frequencies than the Timoshenko beam model, are still lumped parameter models.
Ambati [9] analyzed and discussed the in-plane response of annular rings using elasticity theory.
Kirkhope [10] derived the stiffness and inertia matrices for thick circular rings using an energy method.
Hawkings [11] developed a theory of inextensional vibrations of a circular ring where the principal
axes of inertia of the cross section did not lie in the ring plane. Kirkhope, Bell and Olmstead [12]
analyzed the vibration of closed uniform rings with unsymmetrical cross sections. Bhimaraddi [13]
developed a shear deformable theory for curved beams of constant curvature by assuming a parabolic
variation for the shear strains. Lin and Lee [14] studied curved Timoshenko beams with generalized
boundary conditions. The preceding references are either elastic response for a rectangular beam or
lumped inertial and stiffness response for a beam of varying cross section.
A large number of papers have been written on the scattered pressure field of ribbed cylinders
when subjected to plane wave excitation. Konovalyuk [15] investigated the reflection of sound from a
plate with arbitrarily situated ribs. Graff, Klein and Kouyoumjian [16] analyzed mass loading on a
stiffened rib. Woolley also investigated mass loading of a single rib [17] and a finite number of ribs [18]
with an emphasis on the back-scattered field. Marcus and Sarkissian [19] reported on the rib resonances
features in the back-scattered field of a finite length shell. Tran-Van-Nhieu [20] researched the problem
with an emphasis on Bloch–Floquet wave scattering. These papers [16–20] have generally modeled
the ribs as having lumped parameter behavior. None of them incorporate the spatial dimensions of a
flange attached to a web.
In this new model, the web and flange of the T-beam are modeled independently with
two-dimensional elasticity equations accounting for the in-plane web motion and Timoshenko shell
equations that model the three-dimensional response of the flange. For the axisymmetric model, the
connection of the web and flange are modeled using three equilibrium equations and four constraint
equations and the free and forced edges of the system are modeled with seven additional force and
moment equations. For the non-axisymmetric model, the connection of the web and flange are modeled
using five equilibrium equations and seven constraint equations and the free and forced edges of the
system are modeled with twelve additional force and moment equations. Modeling the beam in this
manner allows the web and flange equations of motion to incorporate higher-order dynamic effects
and this makes the overall model much more accurate at higher frequencies.
2. Methods
The system under consideration is a circular closed beam, commonly called a ring, with a T-shaped
cross section. The outer narrow component is called the web and the inner wide component is called
the flange. The structure is excited with continuous spatial and time harmonic excitation applied
to the outer edge of the web. A schematic of this system showing the dimensions and the web
coordinate system is shown in Figure 1. The web coordinate system is a function of the independent
variables radial direction, angular direction and time. The model of the web has no spatial extent in the
longitudinal direction. The flange coordinate system has the same orientation as the web coordinate
system; however, it is a function of the independent variables angular direction, longitudinal direction,
and time. The model of the flange has no spatial extent in the radial direction. The beam is symmetric
about the mid plane of the web.
system is a function of the independent variables radial direction, angular direction and time.
The model of the web has no spatial extent in the longitudinal direction. The flange coordinate
system has the same orientation as the web coordinate system; however, it is a function of the
independent variables angular direction, longitudinal direction, and time. The model of the
flange has no spatial extent in the radial direction. The beam is symmetric about the mid plane
of the web.
bf
vw(r,,t) h
ww(r,,t)
b
a
r
z
Web
Flange
hw
bw

Figure 1. Circular beam with a T-shaped cross section showing dimensions and web coordinate system.
Figure 1. Circular beam with a T‐shaped cross section showing dimensions and web coordinate
Thesystem.
problem is analytically modeled using the two-dimensional plane stress elastic equations for
in-plane motions of the web and Timoshenko type shell equations for three-dimensional motion of
The
the flange. problem
The model can is analytically
calculate motionmodeled in theusing
radialthe andtwo‐dimensional
tangential dimensions plane when stress theelastic
beam is
equations
subjected for in‐plane
to forcing motions
in the radial and of the web directions.
tangential and Timoshenko The model type
usesshell
the equations for three‐
following assumptions:
dimensional motion of the flange. The model can calculate motion in the radial and tangential
(1) the excitation is at a fixed frequency and fixed circumferential node number, (2) the angle at the
dimensions when the beam is subjected to forcing in the radial and tangential directions. The
intersection of the web and the flange is always a right angle, (3) the material properties of the web
andmodel
flangeuses the following
are identical, and (4)assumptions: (1) the excitation
the particle motion is linear. The is at a fixed
model frequency by
is developed and fixed
analyzing
the system as three separate components: the web, the left part of the flange, and the right part ofis the
circumferential node number, (2) the angle at the intersection of the web and the flange
always a right angle, (3) the material properties of the web and flange are identical, and (4) the
flange. These model components are then combined using equilibrium and continuity equations at the
particle motion is linear. The model is developed by analyzing the system as three separate
intersection of the web and flange and boundary conditions at the edges. The longitudinal motion of
components: the web, the left part of the flange, and the right part of the flange. These model
the web is not calculated, and this is discussed in detail later in the paper.
components are then combined using equilibrium and continuity equations at the intersection
The equations modeling the radial and tangential (in-plane) motion of the web begin with the
of the web and flange and boundary conditions at the edges. The longitudinal motion of the
Navier–Cauchy [21] fully elastic equations of motion. These are reduced to two plane stress equations
web is not calculated, and this is discussed in detail later in the paper.
of motion, the first one is in the radial direction and is written as
The equations modeling the radial and tangential (in‐plane) motion of the web begin with
2
1 ∂2 ww (r, θ, t)

E ∂ ww (r, θ, t) 1 ∂ww (r, θ, t) 1 E
the Navier–Cauchy [21] fully elastic equations of motion. These are reduced to two plane stress
2 2
+ − 2
w w ( r, θ, t ) + −
1−υ ∂r r ∂r r
equations of motion, the first one is in the radial direction and is written as 2(1 + υ ) r 2 ∂θ 2
(1)
𝐸 𝜕 𝑤 E(𝑟,3− 𝜃, 𝑡υ) 11∂v𝜕𝑤w (r,𝑟,θ,𝜃,t)𝑡 1E 1 ∂2 vw (r, θ, t𝐸) 2
1∂ 𝜕ww𝑤(r, 𝑟, t) 𝑡
θ, 𝜃,
+ = ρ
2(1 − υ2 ) r 2 ∂θ − υ)𝑟,r𝜃, 𝑡 ∂r∂θ
2(1 𝑤 ∂t2
1 𝜐 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 1 𝜐 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 (1)
𝐸 3 𝜐 1 𝜕𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 𝐸 1 𝜕
and the second one is in the tangential direction and is written as 𝜌 𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 𝜕 𝑤 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡

2 1 𝜐 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 1 𝜐 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑡
E 1 ∂2 vw (r, θ, t) ∂2 vw (r, θ, t) 1 ∂vw (r, θ, t)
and the second one is in the tangential direction and is written as

E 1
+ + − v w ( r, θ, t ) +
1 − υ2 r 2 ∂θ 2 2(1 + υ ) ∂r2 r ∂r r2
(2)
E(3 − υ) 1 ∂ww (r, θ, t) E 1 ∂2 ww (r, θ, t) ∂2 vw (r, θ, t)
+ =ρ
2(1 − υ2 ) r 2 ∂θ 2(1 − υ ) r ∂r∂θ ∂t2
where ww (r,θ,t) is the web radial displacement, vw (r,θ,t) is the web tangential displacement, E is
Young’s modulus, υ is Poisson’s ratio, ρ is density, r is radius, θ is angle, t is time and the subscript w
denotes the web.
The equations modeling the three-dimensional motion of the flange are Timoshenko-type shell
equations [4] that have five degrees of freedom, namely longitudinal displacement at the shell middle
surface, longitudinal rotation, tangential displacement at the shell middle surface, tangential rotation,
and radial displacement. The equation of motion in the longitudinal direction at the middle surface of
the shell is
∂2 u f (θ, z, t)
2
∂ u f (θ, z, t) ∂2 u f (θ, z, t)

Gh I
Ep + 1 + − ρh +
∂z2 a2 ha2 ∂θ 2 ∂t2
2 2 2
D ∂ ψz (θ, z, t) GI ∂ ψz (θ, z, t) ρI ∂ ψz (θ, z, t)
− − + (3)
a ∂z2 a3 ∂θ 2 a ∂t2
E p (1 + υ) ∂2 v f (θ, z, t) υE p ∂w f (θ, z, t)

+ =0,
2a ∂z∂θ a ∂z
the equation of motion of the angle of rotation of a normal to the middle surface in the r-z cylinder
plane is
2 2 2
D ∂ u f (θ, z, t) GI ∂ u f (θ, z, t) ρI ∂ u f (θ, z, t)
− − +
a ∂z2 a3 ∂θ 2 a ∂t2
∂2 ψz (θ, z, t) GI ∂2 ψz (θ, z, t) ∂2 ψz (θ, z, t)

D + − κGhψz ( θ, z, t ) − ρI + (4)
∂z2 a2 ∂θ 2 ∂t2
D (1 + υ) ∂2 ψθ (θ, z, t) ∂w f (θ, z, t)

− κGh =0,
2a ∂z∂θ ∂z
the equation of motion in the tangential direction at the middle surface of the shell is
E p (1 + υ) ∂2 u f (θ, z, t) ∂2 v f (θ, z, t) Ep D ∂2 v f (θ, z, t)

+ Gh + + −
2a ∂z∂θ ∂z2 a2 a4 ∂θ 2
∂2 v f (θ, z, t)

κG I
h + v f ( θ, z, t ) − ρh +
a2 a2 ∂t2
2 2 (5)
GI ∂ ψθ (θ, z, t) D ∂ ψθ (θ, z, t) κG I
− + h + ψθ (θ, z, t)−
a ∂z2 a3 ∂θ 2 a a2
2
Ep ∂w f (θ, z, t)

ρI ∂ ψθ (θ, z, t) D κG I
2
+ 2
+ 4
+ 2
h + 2
=0,
a ∂t a a a a ∂θ
the equation of motion of the angle of rotation of a normal to the middle surface in the r-θ cylinder
plane is
2 2
D (1 + υ) ∂2 ψz (θ, z, t) GI ∂ v f (θ, z, t) D ∂ v f (θ, z, t)

+ 2
− +
2a ∂z∂θ a ∂z a3 ∂θ 2
2
ρI ∂ v f (θ, z, t)

κG I
h + 2 v f (θ, z, t) − +
a a a ∂t2
(6)
∂2 ψθ (θ, z, t)
2
D ∂ ψθ (θ, z, t) I
GI + − κG h + 2 ψθ (θ, z, t)−
∂z2 a2 ∂θ 2 a
2 −D f ( θ, z, t )

∂ ψθ (θ, z, t) κG I ∂w
ρI 2
+ 3
− h+ 2 =0
∂t a a a ∂θ
and the equation of motion in the radial direction anywhere in the shell is
− E p υ ∂u f (θ, z, t)

∂ψz (θ, z, t)
+ κGh +
a ∂z ∂z
−κG Ep ∂v f (θ, z, t)

I D
2
h + 2
− 2
+ 4
+
a a a a ∂θ
(7)
∂2 w f (θ, z, t)

D κG I ∂ψθ (θ, z, t)
G 3+ h+ 2 + κGh +
a a a ∂θ ∂z2
2
∂ w f (θ, z, t) Ep ∂2 w f (θ, z, t)

κG I D
h + − + w f ( θ, z, t ) − ρh =0.
a2 a2 ∂θ 2 a2 a4 ∂t2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝜕𝜃
𝐷 𝜅𝐺 𝐼 𝜕𝜓 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕 𝑤 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡
𝐺 3 ℎ 𝜅𝐺ℎ
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜅𝐺 𝐼 𝜕 𝑤 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝐸 𝐷 𝜕 𝑤 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡
ℎ 𝑤 𝜃, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜌ℎ 0 .
𝑎 𝑎 𝜕𝜃 𝑎 𝑎 𝜕𝑡
In Equations (3) to (7), uf(z,t) is the mid‐plane shell displacement in the longitudinal
direction, z(z,t) is the shell rotation in the longitudinal direction, vf(z,t) is the mid‐plane
In Equations
shell displacement in uthe
(3) to (7), f (θ,z,t) is the mid-plane
tangential shelldisplacement
direction, (z,t) is the in the longitudinal
shell direction,
rotation in the
circumferential direction, wf(z,t) is the shell displacement in the radial direction, the subscript
ψz (θ,z,t) is the shell rotation in the longitudinal direction, v f (θ,z,t) is the mid-plane shell displacement in
tangential direction, ψθ (θ,z,t) is the shell rotation in the circumferential direction, wf (θ,z,t) is the shell
the f denotes the flange, z is the longitudinal coordinate of the shell, G is the shear modulus, h is
displacement in the radial direction, the subscript f denotes the
the shell thickness, a is the shell radius at the mid‐plane,  is the shear correction factor, and E
flange, z is the longitudinal coordinate
p
of the shell, G is the shear modulus, h is the shell
is the plate compressional modulus and is expressed as thickness, a is the shell radius at the mid-plane, κ is
the shear correction factor, and Ep is the plate compressional modulus and is expressed as
𝐸ℎ
𝐸 , (8)
1Eh 𝜐2
Ep = , (8)
(1 − υ2 )
I is the axial moment of inertia of the cross section and is written as
ℎ3 is written as
I is the axial moment of inertia of the cross section and
𝐼 (9)
h12
3
I= (9)
and D is the plate flexural modulus expressed as 12
3
and D is the plate flexural modulus expressed as 𝐸ℎ
𝐷 . (10)
12 1 𝜐2
Eh 3
D= .
Later in the paper, the subscript f will be further delineated to fl to denote the left flange (10)
12(1 − υ2 )
and fr to denote the right flange, as these are modeled independently.
Later in the paper, the subscript f will be further delineated to fl to denote the left flange and fr to
The complete solution to the web in‐plane displacement field in the frequency domain is
denote
[22] right flange, as these are modeled independently.
the
The complete solution to the web in-plane displacement field in the frequency domain is [22]
𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑉 𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃 exp i𝜔𝑡 (11)
n=+∞ n=+∞
∑ n =1 ∑ n =1
(n)
and vw (r, θ, t) = vw (r, θ, t) = Vn (r ) sin(nθ ) exp(−iωt) (11)
and 𝑤 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑤 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑊 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃 exp i𝜔𝑡 (12)

n=+∞ (n) n=+∞
ww (r, θ, t) =n ∑
where  is frequency, is nthe ww (r, θ, t) = ∑
=0 circumferential node Wn (r ) cos
n=0 number and (nθ ) exp
i is (−
the iωt) root of −1.
square (12)
Equations (11) and (12) contain all of the terms of the web solution set, i.e., the solution is
where ω is frequency, n is the circumferential node number and i is the square root of −1. Equations (11)
complete. (Similarly, the flange solutions could also be written out as complete expansions).
and (12) contain all of the terms of the web solution set, i.e., the solution is complete. (Similarly, the
However, to numerically solve the problem, the component field has to be broken down into
flange solutions could also be written out as complete expansions). However, to numerically solve
the individual axisymmetric (n = 0) and non‐axisymmetric (n > 0) parts. This is accomplished
the problem, the component field has to be broken down into the individual axisymmetric (n = 0)
below. Figure 2 is a plot of the first four circumferential n‐indexed node shapes. In this figure,
and non-axisymmetric (n > 0) parts. This is accomplished below. Figure 2 is a plot of the first four
the undeformed shape is shown in light gray and the deformed mode shape is depicted in dark
circumferential n-indexed node shapes. In this figure, the undeformed shape is shown in light gray
gray.
and the deformed mode shape is depicted in dark gray.
n = 0 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3

Figure 2. Magnitude of the first four circumferential mode shapes.
Figure 2. Magnitude of the first four circumferential mode shapes.
The axisymmetric solution component is now formulated. This is typically called the n = 0
solution. Because the tangential displacement components and their slopes are identically zero for
this case, they need to be eliminated from the equations of motion before a problem solution is
generated. Additionally, any other component differentiated with respect to the angular coordinate θ
is zero and these terms are also condensed from the original equations of motion, Equations (1) to (7).
Equation (1) becomes
2
∂2 ww (r, t)

E ∂ ww (r, t) 1 ∂ww (r, t) 1
+ − w w ( r, t ) = ρ (13)
1 − υ2 ∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂t2
and the solution in the frequency domain is
(0)
ww (r, t) = W0 (r ) exp(−iωt) (14)
where
(0) (0)
W0 (r ) = −C1 k p J1 k p r − C2 k p Y1 k p r (15)
with the plate wavenumber kp equal to

ω
kp = (16)
cp
and the plate wave speed cp equal to
s
E
cp = (17)
ρ (1 − υ2 )
where C1 (0) and C2 (0) are wave propagation constants determined below, J1 is a first-kind, first-order
Bessel function, and Y1 is a second-kind, first-order Bessel function.
The flange or shell equations are reformulated for the n = 0 response, Equation (3) becomes
∂2 u f (z, t) ∂2 u f (z, t)
2
D ∂ ψz (z, t)
Ep − ρh +
∂z2 ∂t2 a ∂z2
2 (18)
υE p ∂w f (z, t)

ρI ∂ ψz (z, t)
2
+ =0,
a ∂t a ∂z
and Equation (4) becomes
∂2 u f (z, t) ∂2 u f (z, t)
∂2 ψz (z, t)

D ρI
− +D
a ∂z2 ∂t2 a ∂z2
(19)
∂2 ψz (z, t) ∂w f (z, t)
−κGhψz (z, t) − ρI 2
− κGh =0.
∂t ∂z
Equations (5) and (6) are identically zero, and Equation (7) becomes
− E p υ ∂u f (z, t) ∂2 w f (z, t)

∂ψz (z, t)
+ κGh + κGh +
a ∂z ∂z ∂z2
(20)
Ep ∂2 w f (z, t)

D
− 2 + 4 w f (z, t) − ρh =0.
a a ∂t2
The solution set to Equations (18) to (20) on the left flange is written as [23]

j =6
∑ j =1 C j +2 M j
(0) (0) (0)
u f l (z, t) = exp λ j z exp(−iωt) , (21)

j =6
∑ j=1 Cj+2 Nj
(0) (0) (0)
ψ f l,z (z, t) = exp λ j z exp(−iωt) (22)
and
j =6
∑ j=1 Cj+2 exp
(0) (0)
w f l (z, t) = λ j z exp(−iωt) . (23)
Similarly, the solution set to Equations (18) to (20) on the right flange is written as

j =6
∑ j =1 C j +8 M j
(0) (0) (0)
u f r (z, t) = exp λ j z exp(−iωt) , (24)

j =6 (0)
∑
(0) (0)
ψ f r,z (z, t) = C N exp
j =1 j +8 j
λ j z exp(−iωt) (25)
and
j =6
∑ j=1 Cj+8 exp
(0) (0)
w f r (z, t) = λ j z exp(−iωt) . (26)
where λj are the spatial eigenvalues, Ci (0) ’s are wave propagation constants determined below, and the
terms Mj and Nj are constants that properly scale the displacement and slope variables to one another.
The solutions to the spatial eigenvalues are now determined. This begins by inserting
Equations (21) to (23)—or (24) to (26)—into Equations (18) to (20), which results in the matrix
Dλ2 Iω 2 ρ E p υλ
 
E p λ2 + hω 2 ρ a + a a
Dλ2 Iω 2 ρ
 
B0 = 
 a + a Dλ2 − κGh + Iω 2 ρ −κGhλ .

(27)
− E p υλ Ep
a κGhλ κGhλ2 + hω 2 ρ − aD4 + a2
The eigenvalues are found by setting the determinant of B0 to zero which yields the
characteristic equation
a6 λ6 + a4 λ4 + a2 λ2 + a0 = 0 (28)
and solving this equation produces the six eigenvalues for the n = 0 case. The formulas for the constants
a6 , a4 , a2 and a0 are listed in Appendix A. Once the individual i-indexed eigenvalues are known, the
two constants Mi and Ni each have six i-indexed values and are solved individually by using the first
two rows of Equation (27), which results in
  −1 
(0) 2

(0) 2 D ( λi ) Iω 2 ρ (0)
( )
(0) −υE p λi
Mi E p (λi ) + hω 2 ρ a + a
 
= a . (29)
 
(0) (0) 2  κGhλ(0) 
(0) 2

Ni D ( λi ) 2
a + Iωa ρ D ( λi 2
) − κGh + Iω ρ i
For the axisymmetric case, three flange stress resultants are needed for the continuum balance
with the web. The first is the normal force in the z direction and is written as [4]
du f (z) D dψz (z) υE p

Nzz (z) = E p + + w f (z) , (30)
dz a dz a
(0) (0)
!
i =6 (0) υE p DNi λi
∑
(0) (0) (0)
Nzz (z) = C exp(λi z)
i =1 i +2
+ E p Mi λ i + , (31)
a a
the second is the bending moment with respect to the z direction and is written as [4]
D du f (z) dψz (z)

Mzz (z) = +D , (32)
a dz dz
(0) (0)
!
i =6 (0) DMi λi
∑
(0) (0) (0)
Mzz (z) = C exp(λi z)
i =1 i +2
+ DNi λi (33)
a
and the third is the shear force with respect to the z direction and is written as [4]
dw f (z)

Qz (z) = κGh ψz (z) + , (34)
dz

i =6
∑i=1 Ci+2 exp(λi
(0) (0) (0) (0)
Qz (z) = z)κGh λi + Ni . (35)
Note that in Equations (30) to (35), and all equations hereafter, the frequency harmonic terms
and corresponding time dependence are implicit. The constants in Equations (31), (33), and (35) are
written for the left flange. If the constants on the right flange are desired, then the term i + 2 should be
replaced with i + 8. The normal radial force in the web is [16]

(w) E dww (r ) Eυ 1
Trr (r ) = + w w (r ), (36)
1 − υ2 dr 1 − υ2 r
Ek2p
" #
(w) Ek p (0)
Trr (r ) = J kpr − J0 k p r C1 +
r (1 + υ ) 1 (1 − υ2 )
(37)
Ek2p
" #
Ek p (0)
Y kpr − Y0 k p r C2
r (1 + υ ) 1 (1 − υ2 )
where J0 is a first-kind, zero-order Bessel function and Y0 is a second-kind, zero-order Bessel function.
The solution to the constants C1 (0) –C14 (0) are found using equilibrium and continuity expressions
from the system. Figure 3 is a free body diagram that shows the 14 individual generalized forces that
are present on the boundaries of the system. Note that although these are called generalized forces,
they all have units other than force. The boundary condition at the outer edge of the web (r = b) is
(w)
Trr (b) = P0 (38)
where P0 is the magnitude of the radial external pressure for the n = 0 axisymmetric load applied to
the outer edge of the web. The three boundary conditions at the free edge of the left flange (z = zL ) are
( f l) ( f l) ( f l)
Nzz (z L ) = Mzz (z L ) = Qz (z L ) = 0 (39)
where it is noted that zL < 0. Similarly, the three boundary conditions at the free edge of the right
flange (z = zR ) are
( f r) ( f r) ( f r)
Nzz (z R ) = Mzz (z R ) = Qz (z R ) = 0 . (40)
𝑁 𝑧 𝑀 𝑧 𝑄 𝑧 0 (39)
where it is noted that zL < 0. Similarly, the three boundary conditions at the free edge of the
right flange (z = zR) are
Acoustics 2019, 1 𝑁 𝑧 𝑀 𝑧 𝑄 𝑧 0 . (40) 303
T (w)
rr
Q(fl)
z
Q(fl)
z
Q(fr)
z
Q(fr)
z
T (w)
rr
N(fl)
zz
N(fl)
zz
N(fr)
zz
N(fr)
zz
M(fl)
zz
M(fl)
zz
M(fr)
zz
M(fr)
zz
z = zL z = 0 z = zR

Figure 3. Free body diagram illustrating the generalized force components for the
axisymmetric problem.
There are two force balances at the intersection of the web and flange (r = a and z = 0). The
There are two force balances at the intersection of the web and flange (r = a and z = 0). The force
force balance in the radial direction is
balance in the radial direction is
(w) ( f l) ( f r)
bw Trr ( a) − Qz (0) + Q z (0) = 0 (41)
and the force balance in the longitudinal direction is
( f l) ( f r)
− Nzz (0) + Nzz (0) = 0 . (42)
Additionally, there is a bending moment balance at this location and this equation is
( f l) ( f r)
− Mzz (0) + Mzz (0) = 0 . (43)
There are three displacement continuity equations at the intersection of the web and the flange
and these are written as
u f l (0) = u f r (0) , (44)
w w ( a ) = w f l (0) (45)
and
w w ( a ) = w f r (0) , (46)
and one slope continuity equation written as
ψ f l,z (0) = ψ f r,z (0) . (47)
Equations (21) to (26), (30), (32), and (34) are inserted into Equations (38) to (47), and this results
in an algebraic matrix equation given by
A0 x0 = b0 , (48)
where the entries of A0 are in Appendix B as Equations (A5) to (A120), the vector x0 is
n oT
(0) (0) (0) (0)
x0 = C1 C2 · · · C13 C14 , (49)
and the vector b0 is

n oT
b0 = P0 0 ··· 0 0 . (50)
The solution to the wave propagation coefficients Ci (0) ’s in Equation (48) is found using
x0 = A0−1 b0 , (51)
and once these are known, they can be inserted back into Equation (15) to calculate the displacement
of the web, Equations (21) and (23) to calculate the displacements of the left flange, or Equations (24)
and (26) to calculate the displacements of the right flange. For this analysis, the pertinent displacement
field is the web outer surface. To integrate this beam model into a reinforced structural model, the
dynamic stiffness components of the beam are typically calculated and used as parameters in the
structural model. For a symmetric T beam where n = 0, there is one nonzero term and this is written as
(0) −bw P0
Krr = , (52)
W0 (b)
where the units of Equation (52) are stiffness per unit length.
The non-axisymmetric solution component is now formulated. This solution is valid for any value
of n > 0. The solutions to Equations (1) and (2) in the frequency domain are
(n)
vw (r, θ ) = Vn (r ) sin(nθ ) (53)
and
(n)
ww (r, θ ) = Wn (r ) cos(nθ ) (54)
where
(n) n (n) n

Vn (r ) = −C1 Jn k p r − C2 Yn k p r +
h n r i h r n i (55)
(n) (n)
C3 k s Jn+1 (k s r ) − Jn (k s r ) + C4 k s Yn+1 (k s r ) − Yn (k s r ) ,
r r
(n)
h n i (n)
h n i
Wn (r ) = −C1 k p Jn+1 k p r + Jn k p r − C2 k p Yn+1 k p r + Yn k p r +
h n r i h n i r (56)
(n) (n)
C3 Jn (k s r ) + C4 Yn (k s r ) ,
r r
with the shear wavenumber ks equal to
ω
ks = (57)
cs
and the shear wave speed cs equal to
s s
G E
cs = = (58)
ρ ρ2(1 + υ)
where C1 (n) , C2 (n) , C3 (n), and C4 (n) are wave propagation constants determined below, Jn is a first kind,
nth order Bessel function, and Yn is a second kind, nth order Bessel function.
The solution set to Equations (3) to (7) on the left flange is written as [23]
n=∞
h i
j=10
∑ n =1 ∑ j =1
(n) (n) (n)
u f l (z, θ ) = C j +4 M j exp λ j z cos(nθ ) , (59)
n=∞
h i
j=10
∑ n =1 ∑ j =1
(n)(n) (n)
ψ f l,z (z, θ ) = Cj+4 Nj
exp λ j z cos(nθ ) , (60)

j=10 (n) (n)
v f l (z, θ ) = ∑ j=1 Cj+4 Pj exp λ j z sin(nθ ) ,
(n)
(61)

j=10 (n) (n)
ψ f l,θ (z, θ ) = ∑ j=1 Cj+4 Q j exp λ j z sin(nθ )
(n)
(62)
and
j=10
∑ j =1
(n) (n)
w f l (z, θ ) = Cj+4 exp λ j z cos(nθ ) . (63)
Similarly, the solution set to Equations (3) to (7) on the right flange is written as

j=10
∑ j =1
(n) (n) (n)
u f r (z, θ ) = Cj+14 M j exp λ j z cos(nθ ) , (64)

j=10
∑ j =1
(n) (n)
(n)
ψ f r,z (z, θ ) = Cj+14 Nj
exp λ j z cos(nθ ) , (65)

j=10 (n)
v f r (z, θ ) = ∑ j=1 Cj+14 Pj exp λ j z sin(nθ ) ,
(n) (n)
(66)

j=10 (n)
ψ f r,θ (z, θ ) = ∑ j=1 Cj+14 Q j exp λ j z sin(nθ )
(n) (n)
(67)
and
j=10 (n)
∑
(n)
w f r (z, θ ) = j =1
Cj+14 exp λ j z cos(nθ ) (68)
where λj (n) are the spatial eigenvalues, Ci (n) ’s are wave propagation constants determined below, and
the terms Mj (n) , Nj (n) , Pj (n) and Qj (n) are constants that properly scale the displacement and slope
variables to one another.
The solutions to the spatial eigenvalues are now determined. This begins by inserting
Equations (59) to (63)—or (64)–(68)—into Equations (3) to (7), performing an orthogonalization in the
tangential (θ) direction, which results in the matrix
 
b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 0 b1,5

 b2,1 b2,2 0 b2,4 b2,5 

Bn =  b3,1 0 b3,3 b3,4 b3,5 , (69)
 
 
 0 b4,2 b4,3 b4,4 b4,5 
b5,1 b5,2 b5,3 b5,4 b5,5
where
Ghn2

I
b1,1 = E p λ2 + hω 2 ρ − +1 , (70)
a2 a2 h
Dλ2 GIn2 Iω 2 ρ
b1,2 = + 3 + , (71)
a a a
E p n (1 + υ ) λ
b1,3 = , (72)
2a
E p υλ
b1,5 = , (73)
a
Dλ2 GIn2 Iω 2 ρ
b2,1 = + 3 + , (74)
a a a
GIn2
b2,2 = Dλ2 − κGh + Iω 2 ρ − , (75)
a2
Dn(1 + υ)λ
b2,4 = , (76)
2a
b2,5 = −κGhλ , (77)
− E p n (1 + υ ) λ
b3,1 = , (78)
2a
Ep

2 2 D 2 κG I
b3,3 = Ghλ − n + 2 + hω ρ − 2 h + 2 , (79)
a4 a a a
GIλ2 Dn2 Iω 2 ρ κG

I
b3,4 = + 3 + + h+ 2 , (80)
a a a a a
Ep

D κG I
b3,5 = −n 4 + 2 + 2 h + 2 , (81)
a a a a
− Dn(1 + υ)λ
b4,2 = , (82)
2a
GIλ2 Dn2 Iω 2 ρ κG

I
b4,3 = + 3 + + , h+ (83)
a a a a a2
Dn2

I
b4,4 = GIλ2 + Iω 2 ρ − 2 + κG h + 2 , (84)
a a

D κG I
b4,5 = n 3 + h+ 2 , (85)
a a a
− E p υλ
b5,1 = , (86)
a
b5,2 = κGhλ , (87)
Ep

D κG I
b5,3 = −n 4 + 2 + 2 h + 2 , (88)
a a a a

D κG I
b5,4 = n 3 + h+ 2 (89)
a a a
and
Ep κGn2

D I
b5,5 = κGhλ2 + hω 2 ρ − + 2 − h + . (90)
a 4 a a2 a2
The eigenvalues are found by setting the determinant of Bn to zero, which yields the
characteristic equation
a10 λ10 + a8 λ8 + a6 λ6 + a4 λ4 + a2 λ2 + a0 = 0 (91)
and solving this equation produces the 10 eigenvalues for the n > 0 case. The formulas for the constants
a10 , a8 , a6 , a4 , a2 , and a0 are listed in Appendix C. Once the individual i-indexed eigenvalues are known,
the four constant terms Mi (n) , Ni (n) , Pi (n) , and Qi (n) each have 10 i-indexed values and are solved
individually by
 M (n) 
    −1  

 i

 b1,1 b1,2 b1,3 0 
 −b1,5 
 N (n) 
   b b 0 b    −b 

i 2,1 2,2 2,4 2,5
= , (92)
 
( n )  b3,1

0 b3,3 b3,4  

−b3,5 


 Pi 

 
 

 (n) 

Qi
 0 b4,2 b4,3 b4,4

−b4,5 
where it is noted that λ is replaced with 10 individual λi (n) in Equation (92).

For the non-axisymmetric case, five flange stress resultants [4] are needed for the continuum
balance with the web. The first is the normal force in the z direction and is written as
du f (θ, z) ∂v f (θ, z)

D dψz (θ, z) υE p
Nzz (θ, z) = E p + + w f (θ, z) + , (93)
dz a dz a ∂θ
(n) (n)

∞ i =10 (n) (n) Ep (n) (n) DNi λi nυE p (n)
Nzz (θ, z) = ∑nn=
υE p
=1 ∑ i =1 Ci +4 exp ( λ i z ) a + a Mi λ i + a + a Pi cos(nθ ) , (94)
the second is the bending moment in the z direction with respect to the z axis and is written as
D du f (θ, z) dψz (θ, z) υD dψΘ (θ, z)

Mzz (θ, z) = +D + , (95)
a dz dz a dθ

n=∞ i =10 (n) D
Mzz (θ, z) = ∑n=1 ∑i=1 Ci+4 exp(λi z)
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
Mi λi + aNi λi + nυQi cos(nθ ) , (96)
a
the third is the shear force in the z direction with respect to the circumferential direction and is written
as
dv f (θ, z) GI dψθ (θ, z) Gh du f (θ, z)
Nzθ (θ, z) = Gh + + , (97)
dz a dz a dθ
h i
∞ i =10 (n) (n) − Ghn M (n) + GhP(n) λ(n) + GI (n) (n)
Nzθ (θ, z) = ∑nn=
=1 ∑i =1 Ci +4 exp( λi z ) a i i i a Qi λi sin(nθ ) , (98)
the fourth is the twisting moment in the axial direction with respect to the circumferential direction
and is written as
GI dv f (θ, z) dψ (θ, z) GI dψz (θ, z)
Mzθ (θ, z) = + GI θ + , (99)
a dz dz a dθ
h i
∞ i =10 (n) (n) −nGI N (n) + GI (n) (n) (n) (n)
Mzθ (θ, z) = ∑nn=
=1 ∑i =1 Ci +4 exp( λi z ) a i a Pi λi + GIQi λi sin(nθ ) (100)
and the fifth is the shear force in the axial direction and is written as
dw f (θ, z)

Qz (θ, z) = κGh ψz (θ, z) + , (101)
dz
n=∞
h i
i =10
∑ n =1 ∑ i =1
(n) (n) (n) (n)
Qz (θ, z) = Ci+4 exp(λi z)κGh Ni + λi cos(nθ ) . (102)
The constants in Equations (94), (96), (98), (100) and (102) are written for the left flange. If the
constants on the right flange are desired, then the term i + 4 should be replaced with i + 10. The normal
radial force in the web is [22]

(w) Eυ 1 ∂vw (r, θ ) E ∂ww (r, θ ) Eυ 1
Trr (r, θ ) = + + ww (r, θ ) , (103)
1 − υ2 r ∂θ 1 − υ2 ∂r 1 − υ2 r
 h i 
2 (1 − υ ) + k 2 r 2

E n − n
*
n=∞
 Ek p p 
Trr (r, θ ) = ∑n=1 C1
(w) (n)
Jn+1 k p r − Jn k p r +
 r (1 + υ ) r 2 (1 − υ2 ) 
 h i 
2 (1 − υ ) + k 2 r 2

(n)
 Ek
p E n − n p  (104)
C2 Yn+1 k p r − Yn k p r +
 r (1 + υ ) r 2 (1 − υ2 ) 
− Enk s En(n − 1) − Enk s En(n − 1)

(n) (n)
C3 Jn+1 (k s r ) + 2 Jn (k s r ) + C4 Yn+1 (k s r ) + 2 Yn (k s r ) i cos(nθ )
r (1 + υ ) r (1 + υ ) r (1 + υ ) r (1 + υ )
and the shear force in the web is

(w) ∂vw (r, θ ) G G ∂ww (r, θ )
Trθ (r, θ ) = G − vw (r, θ ) + , (105)
∂r r r ∂θ
2Gnk p 2Gn(n − 1)

n=∞
∑
(w) (n)
Trθ (r, θ ) = C1 Jn +1 pk r − Jn pk r +
n =1 r r2
(n) 2Gnk p 2Gn(n − 1)

C2 Yn+1 k p r − Y n pk r +
r r2
(106)
( )
G k2s r2 − 2 n2 − n

(n) −2Gk s
C3 Jn+1 (k s r ) + Jn (k s r ) +
r r2
( )
G k2s r2 − 2 n2 − n

(n) −2Gk s
C4 Yn+1 (k s r ) + Yn (k s r ) i sin(nθ )
r r2
The solutions to the constants C1 (n) –C24 (n) are found using equilibrium and continuity expressions
from the system. Figure 4 is a free body diagram that shows the 24 individual generalized forces
Acoustics 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW
that
14 of 41
are present on the boundaries of the system. The boundary conditions at the outer edge of the web
(r = b) are 𝑤 𝑎, 𝜃 𝑤 𝜃, 0 (119)
n=∞
Trr (b, θ ) = ∑n=1 Pn cos(nθ )
(w)
(107)
and
and
(w) 𝑤 𝑎, 𝜃 n𝑤
=∞ 𝜃, 0 , (120)
Trθ (b, θ ) = ∑n=1 Fn sin(nθ ) (108)
and two slope continuity equations written as
where Pn is the magnitude of the radial external pressure and Fn is the magnitude of the circumferential
𝜓 , 𝜃, 0
external pressure for the n-indexed, non-axisymmetric 𝜓 , load
𝜃, 0 applied to the outer edge of the(121)
web.
The five boundary conditions at the free edge of the left flange (z = zL ) are
and
Nzz (θ, z L ) = Mzz (θ, z L )𝜓= ,Nzθ

(𝜃,
f l )0
(θ, z L𝜓) =, M
𝜃,(0f l ) (. θ, z L ) = Q(z f l ) (θ, z L ) = 0 .
( f l) ( f l) (122)
zθ (109)
T (w)
rr T (w)
r Q(fr)
Q(fl)
z
Q(fl)
z z
Q(fr)
z
T (w)
rr
N(fl)
z
N(fr)
z
M(fl)
z
M(fl)
z
M(fr)
z
M(fr)
z
N(fl) N(fl)
z N
(fl) T (w)
r N(fr) N(fr)
z N
(fr)
zz zz zz zz
M(fl)
zz
M(fl)
zz
M(fr)
zz
M(fr)
zz
z = zL z = 0 z = zR

Figure 4. Free body diagram illustrating the generalized force components for the non‐
non-axisymmetric problem.
Similarly, the five

Equations (53), boundary
(54) and conditions
(59) to (68) atare
theequilibrium
free edge ofand the right (z = zR ) arethey are
flangeequations,
continuity
orthogonalized
( f r ) in the circumferential
( f r) direction,
( f r) and this
( f r ) results in a
( f rdecoupled
) n‐indexed
Nzz (θ, z R ) = Mzz (θ, z R ) = Nzθ (θ, z R ) = Mzθ (θ, z R ) = Qz (θ, z R ) = 0 . (110)
algebraic matrix equation given by
𝐀 𝐱 𝐛 , (123)
where the entries of An are in Appendix D as Equations (A147) to (A478), the vector xn is
𝐱 𝐶 𝐶 ⋯ 𝐶 𝐶 , (124)
and the vector bn is
There are three force balances at the intersection of the web and flange (r = a and z = 0). The force
balance in the radial direction is
(w) ( f l) ( f r)
bw Trr ( a, θ ) − Qz (θ, 0) + Qz (θ, 0) = 0 , (111)
the force balance in the circumferential direction is

(w) ( f l) ( f r)
bw Trθ ( a, θ ) − Nzθ (θ, 0) + Nzθ (θ, 0) = 0 (112)
and the force balance in the longitudinal direction is
( f l) ( f r)
− Nzz (θ, 0) + Nzz (θ, 0) = 0 . (113)
Additionally, there are two moment balances at this location. The first is the bending moment in
the longitudinal direction with respect to the longitudinal direction written as
( f l) ( f r)
− Mzz (θ, 0) + Mzz (θ, 0) = 0 (114)
and the second is the twisting moment in the longitudinal direction with respect to the circumferential
direction written as
( f l) ( f r)
− Mzθ (θ, 0) + Mzθ (θ, 0) = 0 . (115)
There are five displacement continuity equations at the intersection of the web and the flange,
and these are written as
u f l (θ, 0) = u f r (θ, 0) , (116)
vw ( a, θ ) = v f l (θ, 0) , (117)
vw ( a, θ ) = v f r (θ, 0) , (118)
ww ( a, θ ) = w f l (θ, 0) (119)
and
ww ( a, θ ) = w f r (θ, 0) , (120)
and two slope continuity equations written as
ψ f l,z (θ, 0) = ψ f r,z (θ, 0) (121)
and
ψ f l,θ (θ, 0) = ψ f r,θ (θ, 0) . (122)
Equations (53), (54) and (59) to (68) are equilibrium and continuity equations, they are
orthogonalized in the circumferential direction, and this results in a decoupled n-indexed algebraic
matrix equation given by
An xn = bn , (123)
where the entries of An are in Appendix D as Equations (A147) to (A478), the vector xn is
n oT
(n) (n) (n) (n)
xn = C1 C2 · · · C23 C24 , (124)
and the vector bn is

n oT
bn = Pn Fn ··· 0 0 . (125)
The solution to the wave propagation coefficients Ci (n) ’s in Equation (123) is found using
xn = A− 1
n bn , (126)
and once these are known, they can be inserted back into Equations (53) and (54) to calculate the
displacement of the web, Equations (59), (61), and (63) to calculate the displacements of the left flange
or Equations (64), (66), and (68) to calculate the displacements of the right flange. The four dynamic
stiffness components of the beam calculated from the model are
(n) −bw Pn
Krr = , (127)
Wn (b)
(n) (n) −bw Fn −bw Pn

Krθ = Kθr = = (128)
Wn (b) Vn (b)
and
(n) −bw Fn
Kθθ = . (129)
Vn (b)
(n)
The longitudinal stiffness term Kzz is not calculated in this model. The previous curved beam
model [1,2] utilized the Love–Kirchhoff plate equation for the out of plane motion of the web and
(n)
the stiffness term Kzz could be calculated. For the geometry modeled here, this previous equation
is accurate to about 5 kHz and then becomes too stiff. It is possible to include a higher-order plate
model [24,25] to make this stiffness term more accurate. This plate model, however, includes terms
that are extremely unstable when evaluated numerically, and even using extended precision analysis
with a 256-bit word length only allowed numerical convergence up to about 6 kHz. Furthermore,
most shell designs are very stiff in the longitudinal direction and an additional stiffness term in this
direction does not affect the dynamic response. Thus, this term is not calculated and is set equal to
zero in the reinforced shell model.
3. Results
The model was analyzed using an example problem where the beam had material and geometric
properties that were consistent with an application to underwater structures. The model of the curved
T beam had the following physical dimensions: height of the web hw = 0.244 m (9.60 in), width of
the web bw = 0.0140 m (0.550 in), height of the flange h = hf = 0.0333 m (1.30 in), and width of the
flange bf = 0.198 m (7.80 in), which results in the left flange free end at zL = − bf /2 = −0.0991 m and
the right flange free end at zR = bf /2 = 0.0991 m. The outer radius of the beam is b = 3.00 m and the
intersection of the flange and beam is at a = 2.76 m. The beam was made of steel, which had the
following mechanical properties: Young’s modulus E = 200 × 109 N m−2 , shear modulus G = 76.9 ×
109 N m−2 , Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.30 and density ρ = 7800 kg m−3 . The value for the shear correction
factor was κ = 0.8333. Although any location of the beam can be chosen for displacement output, the
web’s outer surface was investigated here because this location is pertinent to the analysis of reinforced
cylindrical shells. This allowed the dynamic stiffness of the beam to be calculated and subsequently
used in analysis of beams attached to shells or curved elastic bodies. To ensure the analytical model is
accurate, the displacements were compared to results from a finite element model. The finite element
displacements were produced using the COMSOL finite element program and the model consisted of
3400 quadratic serendipity axisymmetric solid elements which resulted in 32,523 degrees of freedom.
For the axisymmetric model, the beam was loaded on its outer surface with a radial (normal)
pressure, commonly called a ring load. The output of this model is radial displacement divided by
normal pressure at the web’s outer surface. Figure 5 is a comparison of normal displacement divided
by normal pressure versus frequency for the n = 0 mode in the decibel scale referenced to m/Pa (or
m/(N/m2 )). The top plot is the analytical model compared to a fully elastic finite element solution, the
middle plot is the analytical model compared to the previous analytical model [1,2] and the bottom
plot is the analytical model compared to Bernoulli–Euler curved beam theory [22]. For this particular
beam geometry, there was broad based agreement between the analytical model derived here and
the finite element results up to approximately 47 kHz, while the previous analytical model is valid to
about 8 kHz and the Bernoulli-Euler theory is valid to about 1.5 kHz.
Higher order circumferential mode shapes (n > 0) were also investigated. For the
non-axisymmetric model, the beam was loaded on its outer surface with a radial (normal) pressure and
a tangential pressure, both corresponding to the circumferential mode number under investigation.
The output of this model is radial displacement divided by normal pressure, radial displacement
divided by tangential pressure (equal to tangential displacement divided by radial pressure) and
tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure at the web’s outer surface. Figure 6 is a
comparison of normal displacement divided by normal pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode,
Figure 7 is a comparison of tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure versus frequency
for the n = 3 mode, and Figure 8 is a comparison of tangential displacement divided by radial pressure
versus frequency for the n = 3 mode. The dropout of the analytical model in Figure 7 around 40 kHz is
most likely a frequency bin where the tangential displacement did not converge. This was the only
location where this behavior was observed. The normal displacement divided by normal pressure was
in agreement with the finite element results to about 47 kHz, the tangential displacement divided by
radial pressure was in agreement with the finite element results to about 34 kHz, and the tangential
displacement divided by tangential pressure was in agreement with the finite element results to about
47 kHz. Other values of n compared similarly. It is noted that by far the most important output of
the model is normal displacement divided by normal pressure because this corresponds to the most
compliant direction of a shell reinforced with a circular beam. The run time of the COMSOL finite
element model was 1320 s versus 0.22 s for the analytical model, which makes the analytical model
about four orders of magnitude faster than this finite element model.
Acoustics 2019, 1 17 of 41 312
Acoustics 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 41
‐200
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
(a)
(dB ref m/Pa)
(a)
‐220
‐220
‐240
‐240
00
PP
b ) /
‐260
(b() /
‐260
00
WW
‐280
‐280 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
‐200
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
(b)
(dB ref m/Pa)
(b)
‐220
‐220
‐240
‐240
00
PP
b ) /
‐260
(b() /
‐260
00
WW
‐280
‐280 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
‐200
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
(c)
(dB ref m/Pa)
(c)
‐220
‐220
‐240
‐240
00
PP
b ) /
‐260
(b() /
‐260
00
WW
‐280
‐280 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)

Figure 5. Comparison of analytical model (solid line) to (a) finite element model (square
Figure 5. Comparison
Figure of analytical
5. Comparison modelmodel
of analytical (solid(solid
line) to (a) finite
line) to (a) element model (square
finite element markers),
model (square
markers), (b) previous analytical model [1,2] (circular markers) and (c) Bernoulli‐Euler model
(b) previous analytical model [1,2] (circular markers) and (c) Bernoulli-Euler model [22] (diamond
markers), (b) previous analytical model [1,2] (circular markers) and (c) Bernoulli‐Euler model
[22] (diamond markers) for radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency
markers) for radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency for the n = 0 mode.
[22] (diamond markers) for radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency
for the n = 0 mode.
for the n = 0 mode.
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
‐220
‐220
‐240
‐240
33
PP
b ) /
‐260
(b() /
‐260
33
WW
‐280
‐280 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)

Figure 6. Comparison of analytical model (solid line) to finite element model (square markers)
Figure 6. Comparison of analytical model (solid line) to finite element model (square markers) for
for radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
for radial displacement divided by radial pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
Acoustics 2019, 1
Acoustics 2019, 2 FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of
18 313
of 41
41
‐200
‐200
(dB ref m/Pa)
) / FF33 (dB ref m/Pa)
‐220
‐220
‐240
‐240
‐260
VV33((bb) /
‐260
‐280
‐280
00 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
for tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
for tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
‐220
‐220
(dB ref m/Pa)
) / PP33 (dB ref m/Pa)
‐240
‐240
‐260
‐260
‐280
‐280
VV33((bb) /
‐300
‐300
‐320
‐320
00 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
for tangential
for tangential
tangential displacement
displacement divided
divided divided
displacement by
by radialby radial pressure
pressure
radial pressure (or equivalently
equivalently
(or equivalently
(or radial displacement
displacement
radial displacement
radial divided by
divided by tangential pressure) versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
tangential pressure) versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
divided by tangential pressure) versus frequency for the n = 3 mode.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
A high
A
A high high frequency
frequency
frequency analytical
analytical
analytical model
modelmodel for a
for
for a circulara circular
circular
T-shaped T‐shaped
T‐shaped
beam was beam
beam was derived
was
derived derived and
and
and compared
compared to results obtained from a fully elastic finite element model, a previous analytical
compared to results obtained from a fully elastic finite element model, a previous analytical
to results obtained from a fully elastic finite element model, a previous analytical model and
model and Bernoulli‐Euler curved beam theory. This new model was constructed with two‐
model and Bernoulli‐Euler curved beam theory. This new model was constructed with two‐
Bernoulli-Euler curved beam theory. This new model was constructed with two-dimensional elastic
dimensional
dimensional
equations elastic
for theelastic equations
equations
web motion for
and for the web
the web motion
Timoshenko motion and Timoshenko
and
shell equations Timoshenko shell motion.
shell
for the flange equations
equations for the
for
Adding the
the
flange motion.
flange
Timoshenko motion. Adding the
Adding
shell equations the Timoshenko
Timoshenko
to this shell in
shell
model resulted equations
equations
additionalto degrees
to this model
this model resulted which
resulted
of freedom in additional
in additional
produced
much degrees
degrees
more of of freedom
freedom
accurate which
which
results produced
atproduced much more
much
higher frequencies. more accurate
accurate
The outputs results
results at
of at
this higher
higher frequencies.
new frequencies.
model are normal The
The
outputs of this
outputs of divided
displacement new
this new model
bymodel are
normalare normal displacement
normal normal
pressure, displacement divided by
divided divided
displacement normal
by normal pressure, normal
pressure, normal
by tangential pressure,
displacement
displacement divided
divided by
by tangential
tangential pressure,
pressure, tangential
tangential displacement
displacement
tangential displacement divided by normal pressure and tangential displacement divided by tangential divided
divided by
by normal
normal
pressure and tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure. It is noted that by far the
pressure and tangential displacement divided by tangential pressure. It is noted that by far the
pressure. It is noted that by far the most important output is normal displacement divided by normal
most important output is normal displacement divided by normal pressure, as this corresponds
most important output is normal displacement divided by normal pressure, as this corresponds
pressure, as this corresponds to the design objective of almost all beams. The resultant normal and
to the design objective of almost all beams. The resultant normal and tangential circular beam
to the design objective of almost all beams. The resultant normal and tangential circular beam
tangential circular beam stiffness terms were also derived. The longitudinal stiffness term of the beam
stiffness
wasstiffness terms were
terms
briefly discussed. were also
Thisalso derived.
newderived. The longitudinal
The
model allows longitudinal stiffness
for an almoststiffness term response
term
total elastic of the
of the beam
beam was
of thewas briefly
briefly
entire system
discussed. This new model allows for an almost total elastic response of the entire system for
discussed. This new model allows for an almost total elastic response of the entire system for
for the frequency ranges studied, and for the beam example problem presented here, the analytical
modelthe frequency ranges studied, and for the beam example problem presented here, the analytical
the frequency ranges studied, and for the beam example problem presented here, the analytical
and the finite element models compared favorably up to 47 kHz for normal displacement
model
model
divided and the
and
by normal the finite element
finite
pressure. element
The models
valid models
frequency compared
compared
ranges of the favorably
favorably up to
up
Bernoulli–Euler to 47
47 kHz
andkHz for normal
for
pervious normal
analytical
modeldisplacement divided by normal pressure. The valid frequency ranges of the Bernoulli–Euler
displacement divided by normal pressure. The valid frequency ranges of the Bernoulli–Euler
are depicted in a comparison of mode n = 0 response and were 1.5 kHz and 8 kHz respectively.
and pervious analytical model are depicted in a comparison of mode n = 0 response and were
The and pervious analytical model are depicted in a comparison of mode n = 0 response and were
application of this model to a reinforced structure for target strength and hull response modeling
1.5 kHz
1.5 kHz and
is discussed. and
This8 8 new
kHz
kHz respectively.
respectively.
analytical model The
The application
application
was approximately of this
of this model
model
four to of
to
orders a reinforced
a reinforced structure
magnitudestructure
faster thanfor
for
the
target
target strength
strength and
and hull
hull response
response modeling
modeling is
is discussed.
discussed. This
This new
new
finite element model for the example problem presented in this paper, and thus can be used in the analytical
analytical model
model was
was
approximately four orders of magnitude faster than the finite element model for the example
approximately four orders of magnitude faster than the finite element model for the example
design phase of structures where rapid analysis is needed. Typically, finite element analysis is too slow
for analyzing numerous designs.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.J.H. and D.P.; analytical software, A.J.H.; finite element software,
D.P.; validation, A.J.H. and D.P.; writing—original draft preparation, A.J.H.; writing—review and editing, A.J.H.
and D.P.; and funding acquisition, A.J.H.
Funding: This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Naval Undersea Research Program
(NURP).
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank Maria Medeiros of ONR Sea Platforms and Weapons Division.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Additionally, “the funding sponsors had no role
in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript,
and in the decision to publish the results”.
Appendix
The constants from Equation (28) are listed in this appendix.
−1

2
a6 = DκGh − E p a + D , (A1)
a2
D3

1 h 2 2 2 2 2
i
a4 = − D E p − E p υ + Dhω ρ − 2E p κGhυ + 2κGIhω ρ +
a6 a2 (A2)
hω 2 ρ DE p + E p κGI + DκGh ,

1
D 2 2
a2 = E p Iω ρ − Dhω ρ + E p κGh − (− E2p Iυ2 ω 2 ρ+
a4 a2
E2p Iω 2 ρ + κGhE2p υ2 − κGhE2p − 2κGhE p Iυω 2 ρ + DhE p ω 2 ρ+
(A3)
κGhI 2 ω 4 ρ2 + 2DhIω 4 ρ2 ) + hω 2 ρ( E p Iω 2 ρ + Dhω 2 ρ − κGhE p +

1
κGhIω 2 ρ) + 2D2 Iω 2 ρ
a6
and
1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 4 2

a0 = ω ρ ω ρI − ω ρIa h + κGa h − ω ρha + E p a + D . (A4)
a6
Appendix
The non-zero entries to the A0 matrix in Equation (48) are listed in this appendix.
Ek p Ek2p
a1,1 = J1 k p b − J0 k p b , (A5)
b (1 + υ ) (1 − υ2 )
Ek p Ek2p
a1,2 = Y1 k p b − 2
Y0 k p b , (A6)
b (1 + υ ) (1 − υ )
bw Ek p bw Ek2p
a2,1 = J1 k p a − 2
J0 k p a , (A7)
a (1 + υ ) (1 − υ )
bw Ek p bw Ek2p
a2,2 = Y1 k p a − Y0 k p a , (A8)
a (1 + υ ) (1 − υ2 )

(0) (0)
a2,3 = −κGh λ1 + N1 , (A9)

(0) (0)
a2,4 = −κGh λ2 + N2 , (A10)

(0) (0)
a2,5 = −κGh λ3 + N3 , (A11)

(0) (0)
a2,6 = −κGh λ4 + N4 , (A12)

(0) (0)
a2,7 = −κGh λ5 + N5 , (A13)

(0) (0)
a2,8 = −κGh λ6 + N6 , (A14)

(0) (0)
a2,9 = κGh λ1 + N1 , (A15)

(0) (0)
a2,10 = κGh λ2 + N2 , (A16)

(0) (0)
a2,11 = κGh λ3 + N3 , (A17)

(0) (0)
a2,12 = κGh λ4 + N4 , (A18)

(0) (0)
a2,13 = κGh λ5 + N5 , (A19)

(0) (0)
a2,14 = κGh λ6 + N6 , (A20)
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN1 λ1
a3,3 = − E p M1 λ1 − , (A21)
a a
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN2 λ2
a3,4 = − E p M2 λ2 − , (A22)
a a
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN3 λ3
a3,5 = − E p M3 λ3 − ,. (A23)
a a
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN4 λ4
a3,6 = − E p M4 λ4 − , (A24)
a a
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN5 λ5
a3,7 = − E p M5 λ5 − , (A25)
a a
(0) (0)
−υE p (0) (0) DN6 λ6
a3,8 = − E p M6 λ6 − , (A26)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN1 λ1
a3,9 = + E p M1 λ1 + , (A27)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN2 λ2
a3,10 = + E p M2 λ2 + , (A28)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN3 λ3
a3,11 = + E p M3 λ3 + , (A29)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN4 λ4
a3,12 = + E p M4 λ4 + , (A30)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN5 λ5
a3,13 = + E p M5 λ5 + , (A31)
a a
(0) (0)
υE p (0) (0) DN6 λ6
a3,14 = + E p M6 λ6 + , (A32)
a a
(0) (0)
− DM1 λ1 (0) (0)
a4,3 = − DN1 λ1 , (A33)
a
(0) (0)
− DM2 λ2 (0) (0)
a4,4 = − DN2 λ2 , (A34)
a
(0) (0)
− DM3 λ3 (0) (0)
a4,5 = − DN3 λ3 , (A35)
a
(0) (0)
− DM4 λ4 (0) (0)
a4,6 = − DN4 λ4 , (A36)
a
(0) (0)
− DM5 λ5 (0) (0)
a4,7 = − DN5 λ5 , (A37)
a
(0) (0)
− DM6 λ6 (0) (0)
a4,8 = − DN6 λ6 , (A38)
a
(0) (0)
DM1 λ1 (0) (0)
a4,9 = + DN1 λ1 , (A39)
a
(0) (0)
DM2 λ2 (0) (0)
a4,10 = + DN2 λ2 , (A40)
a
(0) (0)
DM3 λ3 (0) (0)
a4,11 = + DN3 λ3 , (A41)
a
(0) (0)
DM4 λ4 (0) (0)
a4,12 = + DN4 λ4 , (A42)
a
(0) (0)
DM5 λ5 (0) (0)
a4,13 = + DN5 λ5 , (A43)
a
(0) (0)
DM6 λ6 (0) (0)
a4,14 = + DN6 λ6 , (A44)
a
(0)
a5,3 = M1 , (A45)
(0)
a5,4 = M2 , (A46)
(0)
a5,5 = M3 , (A47)
(0)
a5,6 = M4 , (A48)
(0)
a5,7 = M5 , (A49)
(0)
a5,8 = M6 , (A50)
(0)
a5,9 = − M1 , (A51)
(0)
a5,10 = − M2 , (A52)
(0)
a5,11 = − M3 , (A53)
(0)
a5,12 = − M4 , (A54)
(0)
a5,13 = − M5 , (A55)
(0)
a5,14 = − M6 , (A56)

a6,1 = −k p J1 k p a , (A57)

a6,2 = −k p Y1 k p a , (A58)
a6,3 = −1 , (A59)
a6,4 = −1 , (A60)
a6,5 = −1 , (A61)
a6,6 = −1 , (A62)
a6,7 = −1 , (A63)
a6,8 = −1 , (A64)

a7,1 = −k p J1 k p a , (A65)

a7,2 = −k p Y1 k p a , (A66)
a7,9 = −1 , (A67)
a7,10 = −1 , (A68)
a7,11 = −1 , (A69)
a7,12 = −1 , (A70)
a7,13 = −1 , (A71)
a7,14 = −1 , (A72)
(0)
a8,3 = N1 , (A73)
(0)
a8,4 = N2 , (A74)
(0)
a8,5 = N3 , (A75)
(0)
a8,6 = N4 , (A76)
(0)
a8,7 = N5 , (A77)
(0)
a8,8 = N6 , (A78)
(0)
a8,9 = − N1 , (A79)
(0)
a8,10 = − N2 , (A80)
(0)
a8,11 = − N3 , (A81)
(0)
a8,12 = − N4 , (A82)
(0)
a8,13 = − N5 , (A83)
(0)
a8,14 = − N6 , (A84)
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN1 λ1
a9,3 = exp λ1 z L + E p M1 λ1 + , (A85)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN2 λ2
a9,4 = exp λ2 z L + E p M2 λ2 + , (A86)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN3 λ3
a9,5 = exp λ3 z L + E p M3 λ3 + , (A87)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN4 λ4
a9,6 = exp λ4 z L + E p M4 λ4 + , (A88)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN5 λ5
a9,7 = exp λ5 z L + E p M5 λ5 + , (A89)
a a
(0) (0)
" #
υE
(0) p (0) (0) DN6 λ6
a9,8 = exp λ6 z L + E p M6 λ6 + , (A90)
a a

(0) (0) (0)
a10,3 = exp λ1 z L κGh λ1 + N1 , (A91)

(0) (0) (0)
a10,4 = exp λ2 z L κGh λ2 + N2 , (A92)

(0) (0) (0)
a10,5 = exp λ3 z L κGh λ3 + N3 , (A93)

(0) (0) (0)
a10,6 = exp λ4 z L κGh λ4 + N4 , (A94)

(0) (0) (0)
a10,7 = exp λ5 z L κGh λ5 + N5 , (A95)

(0) (0) (0)
a10,8 = exp λ6 z L κGh λ6 + N6 , (A96)
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 1 1 (0) (0)
a11,3 = exp λ1 z L + DN1 λ1 , (A97)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 2 2 ( 0 ) ( 0 )
a11,4 = exp λ2 z L + DN2 λ2 , (A98)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 3 3 (0) (0)
a11,5 = exp λ3 z L + DN3 λ3 , (A99)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 4 4 (0) (0)
a11,6 = exp λ4 z L + DN4 λ4 , (A100)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 5 5 ( 0 ) ( 0 )
a11,7 = exp λ5 z L + DN5 λ5 , (A101)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 6 6 (0) (0)
a11,8 = exp λ6 z L + DN6 λ6 , (A102)
a
(0) (0)
" #
υE
(0)p (0) (0) DN1 λ1
a12,9 = exp λ1 z R + E p M1 λ1 + , (A103)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN2 λ2
a12,10 = exp λ2 z R + E p M2 λ2 + , (A104)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN3 λ3
a12,11 = exp λ3 z R + E p M3 λ3 + , (A105)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN4 λ4
a12,12 = exp λ4 z R + E p M4 λ4 + , (A106)
a a
(0) (0)
" #

(0)
υE
p (0) (0) DN5 λ5
a12,13 = exp λ5 z R + E p M5 λ5 + , (A107)
a a
(0) (0)
" #
υE
(0) p (0) (0) DN6 λ6
a12,14 = exp λ6 z R + E p M6 λ6 + , (A108)
a a

(0) (0) (0)
a13,9 = exp λ1 z R κGh λ1 + N1 , (A109)

(0) (0) (0)
a13,10 = exp λ2 z R κGh λ2 + N2 , (A110)

(0) (0) (0)
a13,11 = exp λ3 z R κGh λ3 + N3 , (A111)

(0) (0) (0)
a13,12 = exp λ4 z R κGh λ4 + N4 , (A112)

(0) (0) (0)
a13,13 = exp λ5 z R κGh λ5 + N5 , (A113)

(0) (0) (0)
a13,14 = exp λ6 z R κGh λ6 + N6 , (A114)
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 1 1 (0) (0)
a14,9 = exp λ1 z R + DN1 λ1 , (A115)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 2 2 (0) (0)
a14,10 = exp λ2 z R + DN2 λ2 , (A116)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 3 3 ( 0 ) ( 0 )
a14,11 = exp λ3 z R + DN3 λ3 , (A117)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 4 4 (0) (0)
a14,12 = exp λ4 z R + DN4 λ4 , (A118)
a
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 5 5 (0) (0)
a14,13 = exp λ5 z R + DN5 λ5 (A119)
a
and
DM(0) λ(0)
" #

(0) 6 6 ( 0 ) ( 0 )
a14,14 = exp λ6 z R + DN6 λ6 . (A120)
a
Appendix
The constants from Equation (91) are listed in this appendix.

2 2
a10 = b29 −b03 + b01 b09 −b16 + b14 b22 , (A121)
2 2 2 2 2 2
a8 = (b12 b14 b22 − b12 b16 + b11 b14 b29 − b09 b16 b30 − b10 b16 b29 − 2b09 b16 b17 b29 +
2 2
b09 b14 b22 b30 + b09 b14 b23 b29 + b09 b15 b22 b29 + b10 b14 b22 b29 )b01 + b03 b16 b30 −
2 2 2 2 2 2
b06 b09 b16 + 2b03 b06 b12 b16 + b06 b09 b14 b22 + 2b03 b04 b16 b29 − b02 b09 b16 b29 + (A122)
2 2 2 2 2
2b03 b16 b17 b29 + b05 b09 b22 b29 − b03 b14 b22 b30 − b03 b14 b23 b29 − b03 b15 b22 b29 −
2b03 b06 b12 b14 b22 + 2b03 b05 b11 b16 b29 − 2b03 b04 b14 b22 b29 + b02 b09 b14 b22 b29 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
a6 = (b12 b14 b23 − b09 b14 b24 − b09 b18 b22 − 2b12 b16 b17 + b12 b15 b22 − b09 b17 b29 +
2 2 2
b11 b14 b30 + b11 b15 b29 − b10 b16 b30 + 2b11 b12 b16 b18 − 2b11 b12 b14 b24 +
2b09 b16 b18 b24 − 2b09 b16 b17 b30 − 2b10 b16 b17 b29 + b09 b14 b23 b30 + b09 b15 b22 b30 +
2 2
b09 b15 b23 b29 + b10 b14 b22 b30 + b10 b14 b23 b29 + b10 b15 b22 b29 )b01 + b06 b11 b14 −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b02 b12 b16 − b06 b10 b16 + b05 b12 b22 + b03 b14 b24 + b03 b18 b22 + b05 b11 b29 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b03 b17 b29 + b04 b16 b29 + 2b04 b06 b12 b16 − 2b06 b09 b16 b17 + b02 b12 b14 b22 +
2 2 2 2 2
b06 b09 b14 b23 + b06 b09 b15 b22 + b06 b10 b14 b22 + 2b03 b04 b16 b30 + b02 b11 b14 b29 −
2 2 2 2 2
b02 b09 b16 b30 − b02 b10 b16 b29 − 2b03 b16 b18 b24 + 2b03 b16 b17 b30 + b05 b09 b22 b30 + (A123)
2 2 2 2 2
b05 b09 b23 b29 + b05 b10 b22 b29 − b04 b14 b22 b29 − b03 b14 b23 b30 − b03 b15 b22 b30 −
2
b03 b15 b23 b29 + 2b05 b06 b11 b12 b16 − 2b03 b06 b11 b16 b18 + 4b03 b06 b12 b16 b17 +
2b03 b06 b11 b14 b24 − 2b03 b06 b12 b14 b23 − 2b03 b06 b12 b15 b22 − 2b04 b06 b12 b14 b22 −
2b03 b05 b12 b16 b24 + 2b03 b05 b12 b18 b22 + 2b05 b06 b09 b16 b24 − 2b05 b06 b09 b18 b22 +
2b03 b05 b11 b16 b30 + 2b03 b05 b11 b17 b29 + 2b04 b05 b11 b16 b29 + 4b03 b04 b16 b17 b29 −
2b02 b09 b16 b17 b29 − 2b03 b04 b14 b22 b30 − 2b03 b04 b14 b23 b29 − 2b03 b04 b15 b22 b29 +
b02 b09 b14 b22 b30 + b02 b09 b14 b23 b29 + b02 b09 b15 b22 b29 + b02 b10 b14 b22 b29 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a4 = (b12 b15 b23 − b12 b17 − b09 b15 b24 − b10 b14 b24 − b09 b18 b23 − b10 b18 b22 −
2 2 2 2 2
b11 b18 − b09 b17 b30 − b10 b17 b29 + b11 b15 b30 + 2b11 b12 b17 b18 − 2b11 b12 b15 b24 +
2b09 b17 b18 b24 + 2b10 b16 b18 b24 − 2b10 b16 b17 b30 + b09 b15 b23 b30 + b10 b14 b23 b30 +
2 2 2 2 2 2
b10 b15 b22 b30 + b10 b15 b23 b29 )b01 + b06 b11 b15 − b06 b09 b17 − b05 b09 b24 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b05 b12 b23 + b03 b15 b24 + b03 b18 b23 + b05 b11 b30 + b03 b17 b30 + b04 b16 b30 +
2 2 2 2 2
2b03 b06 b12 b17 − 2b05 b06 b11 b18 + 2b03 b04 b14 b24 − 2b02 b12 b16 b17 + 2b03 b04 b18 b22 −
2 2 2 2 2
−b02 b09 b14 b24 − 2b06 b10 b16 b17 − b02 b09 b18 b22 + b02 b12 b14 b23 + b02 b12 b15 b22 −
2 2 2 2 2
2b05 b11 b12 b24 + 2b03 b04 b17 b29 + b06 b09 b15 b23 + b06 b10 b14 b23 + b06 b10 b15 b22 −
2 2 2 2 2
b02 b09 b17 b29 + b02 b11 b14 b30 + b02 b11 b15 b29 − b02 b10 b16 b30 − 2b03 b17 b18 b24 +
2 2 2 2 2
2b04 b16 b17 b29 + b05 b09 b23 b30 + b05 b10 b22 b30 + b05 b10 b23 b29 − b04 b14 b22 b30 −
2 2 2
(A124)
b04 b14 b23 b29 − b04 b15 b22 b29 − b03 b15 b23 b30 + 2b05 b06 b11 b12 b17 −
2b03 b06 b11 b17 b18 − 2b04 b06 b11 b16 b18 + 4b04 b06 b12 b16 b17 + 2b02 b11 b12 b16 b18 +
2b03 b06 b11 b15 b24 − 2b03 b06 b12 b15 b23 + 2b04 b06 b11 b14 b24 − 2b04 b06 b12 b14 b23 −
2b04 b06 b12 b15 b22 − 2b03 b05 b11 b18 b24 − 2b03 b05 b12 b17 b24 + 2b03 b05 b12 b18 b23 −
2b04 b05 b12 b16 b24 + 2b04 b05 b12 b18 b22 + 2b05 b06 b09 b17 b24 − 2b05 b06 b09 b18 b23 +
2b05 b06 b10 b16 b24 − 2b05 b06 b10 b18 b22 − 2b02 b11 b12 b14 b24 − 4b03 b04 b16 b18 b24 +
2b03 b05 b11 b17 b30 + 2b04 b05 b11 b16 b30 + 2b04 b05 b11 b17 b29 + 2b02 b09 b16 b18 b24 +
4b03 b04 b16 b17 b30 − 2b02 b09 b16 b17 b30 − 2b02 b10 b16 b17 b29 − 2b03 b04 b14 b23 b30 −
2b03 b04 b15 b22 b30 − 2b03 b04 b15 b23 b29 + b02 b09 b14 b23 b30 + b02 b09 b15 b22 b30 +
b02 b09 b15 b23 b29 + b02 b10 b14 b22 b30 + b02 b10 b14 b23 b29 + b02 b10 b15 b22 b29 ,
2 2 2
a2 = (−b10 b30 b17 + 2b10 b17 b18 b24 − b10 b23 b18 − b10 b15 b24 +b10 b15 b23 b30 )b01 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b04 b14 b24 − b02 b12 b17 − b06 b10 b17 − b05 b10 b24 − b02 b11 b18 + b04 b18 b22 +
2 2 2 2 2 2
b04 b17 b29 + 2b04 b06 b12 b17 + 2b03 b04 b15 b24 + 2b03 b04 b18 b23 − b02 b09 b15 b24 −
2 2 2 2 2
b02 b10 b14 b24 − b02 b09 b18 b23 − b02 b10 b18 b22 + b02 b12 b15 b23 + 2b03 b04 b17 b30 +
2 2 2 2 2
b06 b10 b15 b23 − b02 b09 b17 b30 − b02 b10 b17 b29 + b02 b11 b15 b30 − 2b04 b16 b18 b24 +
2 2 2 2 2
2b04 b16 b17 b30 + b05 b10 b23 b30 − b04 b14 b23 b30 − b04 b15 b22 b30 − b04 b15 b23 b29 − (A125)
2b04 b06 b11 b17 b18 + 2b02 b11 b12 b17 b18 + 2b04 b06 b11 b15 b24 − 2b04 b06 b12 b15 b23 −
2b04 b05 b11 b18 b24 − 2b04 b05 b12 b17 b24 + 2b04 b05 b12 b18 b23 + 2b05 b06 b10 b17 b24 −
2b05 b06 b10 b18 b23 − 2b02 b11 b12 b15 b24 − 4b03 b04 b17 b18 b24 + 2b04 b05 b11 b17 b30 +
2b02 b09 b17 b18 b24 + 2b02 b10 b16 b18 b24 − 2b02 b10 b16 b17 b30 − 2b03 b04 b15 b23 b30 +
b02 b09 b15 b23 b30 + b02 b10 b14 b23 b30 + b02 b10 b15 b22 b30 + b02 b10 b15 b23 b29
and
2 2 2 2
a0 = − −b04 + b02 b10 )(b30 b17 − 2b17 b18 b24 + b23 b18 + b15 b24 − b15 b23 b30 , (A126)
where
b01 = E p , (A127)

1 I
b02 = hω 2 ρ − Ghn 2
+ 1 , (A128)
a2 a2 h
D
b03 = , (A129)
a
GIn2 Iω 2 ρ
b04 = + , (A130)
a3 a
E p n (1 + υ )
b05 = , (A131)
2a
Ep υ
b06 = , (A132)
a
b09 = D , (A133)
GIn2
b10 = −κGh + Iω 2 ρ − , (A134)
a2
Dn(1 + υ)
b11 = , (A135)
2a
b12 = −κGh , (A136)
b14 = Gh , (A137)
Ep

D κG I
b15 = −n2 + + hω 2
ρ − h + , (A138)
a4 a2 a2 a2
GI
b16 = , (A139)
a
Dn2 Iω 2 ρ κG

I
b17 = + − h + , (A140)
a3 a a a2
Ep

D κG I
b18 = −n 4 + 2 + 2 h + 2 , (A141)
a a a a
b22 = GI , (A142)
Dn2

I
b23 = Iω 2 ρ − 2
− κG h + 2 , (A143)
a a

D κG I
b24 = n + h + , (A144)
a3 a a2
b29 = κGh (A145)
and
Ep κGn2

D I
b30 = hω 2 ρ − + 2 − h + . (A146)
a4 a a2 a2
Appendix
The non-zero entries to the An matrix in Equation (123) are listed in this appendix.
E n − n2 (1 − υ) + k2p b2

Ek p
a1,1 = Jn+1 k p b − 2 2
Jn k p b , (A147)
b (1 + υ ) b (1 − υ )
E n − n2 (1 − υ) + k2p b2

Ek p
a1,2 = Y kpb − Yn k p b , (A148)
b (1 + υ ) n +1 b2 (1 − υ2 )
− Enk s En(n − 1)
a1,3 = J (k s b) + 2 Jn (k s b) , (A149)
b (1 + υ ) n +1 b (1 + υ )
− Enk s En(n − 1)
a1,4 = Y (k s b) + 2 Yn (k s b) , (A150)
b (1 + υ ) n +1 b (1 + υ )
2Gnk p −2Gn(n − 1)
a2,1 = Jn+1 k p b + Jn k p b , (A151)
b b2
2Gnk p −2Gn(n − 1)
a2,2 = Yn+1 k p b + 2
Yn k p b , (A152)
b b
G k s b − 2 n2 − n
2 2
−2Gk s
a2,3 = Jn+1 (k s b) + Jn (k s b) , (A153)
b b2
G k2s b2 − 2 n2 − n

−2Gk s
a2,4 = Yn+1 (k s b) + Yn (k s b) , (A154)
b b2
h i
2 (1 − υ ) − k 2 a2

bw Ek p b w E n − n p
a3,1 = J kpa − Jn k p a , (A155)
a (1 + υ ) n +1 a2 (1 − υ2 )
h i
2 (1 − υ ) − k 2 a2

bw Ek p b w E n − n p
a3,2 = Yn+1 k p a − 2 2
Yn k p a , (A156)
a (1 + υ ) a (1 − υ )
−bw Enk s bw En(n − 1)
a3,3 = J (k s a) + 2 Jn (k s a) , (A157)
a (1 + υ ) n +1 a (1 + υ )
−bw Enk s bw En(n − 1)
a3,4 = Y (k s a) + Yn (k s a) , (A158)
a (1 + υ ) n +1 a2 (1 + υ )

(n) (n)
a3,5 = −κGh λ1 + N1 , (A159)

(n) (n)
a3,6 = −κGh λ2 + N2 , (A160)

(n) (n)
a3,7 = −κGh λ3 + N3 , (A161)

(n) (n)
a3,8 = −κGh λ4 + N4 , (A162)

(n) (n)
a3,9 = −κGh λ5 + N5 , (A163)

(n) (n)
a3,10 = −κGh λ6 + N6 , (A164)

(n) (n)
a3,11 = −κGh λ7 + N7 , (A165)

(n) (n)
a3,12 = −κGh λ8 + N8 , (A166)

(n) (n)
a3,13 = −κGh λ9 + N9 , (A167)

(n) (n)
a3,14 = −κGh λ10 + N10 , (A168)

(n) (n)
a3,15 = κGh λ1 + N1 , (A169)

(n) (n)
a3,16 = κGh λ2 + N2 , (A170)

(n) (n)
a3,17 = κGh λ3 + N3 , (A171)

(n) (n)
a3,18 = κGh λ4 + N4 , (A172)

(n) (n)
a3,19 = κGh λ5 + N5 , (A173)

(n) (n)
a3,20 = κGh λ6 + N6 , (A174)

(n) (n)
a3,21 = κGh λ7 + N7 , (A175)

(n) (n)
a3,22 = κGh λ8 + N8 , (A176)

(n) (n)
a3,23 = κGh λ9 + N9 , (A177)

(n) (n)
a3,24 = κGh λ10 + N10 , (A178)
bw 2Gnk p −bw 2Gn(n − 1)

a4,1 = Jn+1 k p a + 2
Jn k p a , (A179)
a a
bw 2Gnk p −bw 2Gn(n − 1)
a4,2 = Yn+1 k p a + 2
Yn k p a , (A180)
a a
bw G k s a − 2 n 2 − n
2 2
−bw 2Gk s
a4,3 = Jn+1 (k s a) + Jn (k s a) , (A181)
a a2
bw G k s a − 2 n 2 − n
2 2
−bw 2Gk s
a4,4 = Yn+1 (k s a) + Yn (k s a) , (A182)
a a2
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,5 = −nhM1 + ahP1 λ1 + IQ1 λ1 , (A183)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,6 = −nhM2 + ahP2 λ2 + IQ2 λ2 , (A184)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,7 = −nhM3 + ahP3 λ3 + IQ3 λ3 , (A185)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,8 = −nhM4 + ahP4 λ4 + IQ4 λ4 , (A186)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,9 = −nhM5 + ahP5 λ5 + IQ5 λ5 , (A187)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,10 = −nhM6 + ahP6 λ6 + IQ6 λ6 , (A188)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,11 = −nhM7 + ahP7 λ7 + IQ7 λ7 , (A189)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,12 = −nhM8 + ahP8 λ8 + IQ8 λ8 , (A190)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,13 = −nhM9 + ahP9 λ9 + IQ9 λ9 , (A191)
a
−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,14 = −nhM10 + ahP10 λ10 + IQ10 λ10 , (A192)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,15 = −nhM1 + ahP1 λ1 + IQ1 λ1 , (A193)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,16 = −nhM2 + ahP2 λ2 + IQ2 λ2 , (A194)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,17 = −nhM3 + ahP3 λ3 + IQ3 λ3 , (A195)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,18 = −nhM4 + ahP4 λ4 + IQ4 λ4 , (A196)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,19 = −nhM5 + ahP5 λ5 + IQ5 λ5 , (A197)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,20 = −nhM6 + ahP6 λ6 + IQ6 λ6 , (A198)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,21 = −nhM7 + ahP7 λ7 + IQ7 λ7 , (A199)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,22 = −nhM8 + ahP8 λ8 + IQ8 λ8 , (A200)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,23 = −nhM9 + ahP9 λ9 + IQ9 λ9 , (A201)
a
G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a4,24 = −nhM10 + ahP10 λ10 + IQ10 λ10 , (A202)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,5 = −nN1 + P1 λ1 + aQ1 λ1 , (A203)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,6 = −nN2 + P2 λ2 + aQ2 λ2 , (A204)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,7 = −nN3 + P3 λ3 + aQ3 λ3 , (A205)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,8 = −nN4 + P4 λ4 + aQ4 λ4 , (A206)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,9 = −nN5 + P5 λ5 + aQ5 λ5 , (A207)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,10 = −nN6 + P6 λ6 + aQ6 λ6 , (A208)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,11 = −nN7 + P7 λ7 + aQ7 λ7 , (A209)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,12 = −nN8 + P8 λ8 + aQ8 λ8 , (A210)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,13 = −nN9 + P9 λ9 + aQ9 λ9 , (A211)
a
GI (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,14 = −nN10 + P10 λ10 + aQ10 λ10 , (A212)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,15 = −nN1 + P1 λ1 + aQ1 λ1 , (A213)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,16 = −nN2 + P2 λ2 + aQ2 λ2 , (A214)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,17 = −nN3 + P3 λ3 + aQ3 λ3 , (A215)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,18 = −nN4 + P4 λ4 + aQ4 λ4 , (A216)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,19 = −nN5 + P5 λ5 + aQ5 λ5 , (A217)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,20 = −nN6 + P6 λ6 + aQ6 λ6 , (A218)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,21 = −nN7 + P7 λ7 + aQ7 λ7 , (A219)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,22 = −nN8 + P8 λ8 + aQ8 λ8 , (A220)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,23 = −nN9 + P9 λ9 + aQ9 λ9 , (A221)
a
− GI
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a5,24 = −nN10 + P10 λ10 + aQ10 λ10 , (A222)
a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a6,5 = υE p + aE p M1 λ1 + DN1 λ1 + nυE p P1 , (A223)
a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
−1
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,5 = M1 λ1 + aN1 λ1 + nυQ1 , (A243)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,6 = M2 λ2 + aN2 λ2 + nυQ2 , (A244)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,7 = M3 λ3 + aN3 λ3 + nυQ3 , (A245)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,8 = M4 λ4 + aN4 λ4 + nυQ4 , (A246)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,9 = M5 λ5 + aN5 λ5 + nυQ5 , (A247)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,10 = M6 λ6 + aN6 λ6 + nυQ6 , (A248)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,11 = M7 λ7 + aN7 λ7 + nυQ7 , (A249)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,12 = M8 λ8 + aN8 λ8 + nυQ8 , (A250)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,13 = M9 λ9 + aN9 λ9 + nυQ9 , (A251)
a
D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,14 = M10 λ10 + aN10 λ10 + nυQ10 , (A252)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,15 = M1 λ1 + aN1 λ1 + nυQ1 , (A253)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,16 = M2 λ2 + aN2 λ2 + nυQ2 , (A254)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,17 = M3 λ3 + aN3 λ3 + nυQ3 , (A255)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,18 = M4 λ4 + aN4 λ4 + nυQ4 , (A256)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,19 = M5 λ5 + aN5 λ5 + nυQ5 , (A257)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,20 = M6 λ6 + aN6 λ6 + nυQ6 , (A258)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,21 = M7 λ7 + aN7 λ7 + nυQ7 , (A259)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,22 = M8 λ8 + aN8 λ8 + nυQ8 , (A260)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,23 = M9 λ9 + aN9 λ9 + nυQ9 , (A261)
a
− D (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

a7,24 = M10 λ10 + aN10 λ10 + nυQ10 , (A262)
a
(n)
a8,5 = M1 , (A263)
(n)
a8,6 = M2 , (A264)
(n)
a8,7 = M3 , (A265)
(n)
a8,8 = M4 , (A266)
(n)
a8,9 = M5 , (A267)
(n)
a8,10 = M6 , (A268)
(n)
a8,11 = M7 , (A269)
(n)
a8,12 = M8 , (A270)
(n)
a8,13 = M9 , (A271)
(n)
a8,14 = M10 , (A272)
(n)
a8,15 = − M1 , (A273)
(n)
a8,16 = − M2 , (A274)
(n)
a8,17 = − M3 , (A275)
(n)
a8,18 = − M4 , (A276)
(n)
a8,19 = − M5 , (A277)
(n)
a8,20 = − M6 , (A278)
(n)
a8,21 = − M7 , (A279)
(n)
a8,22 = − M8 , (A280)
(n)
a8,23 = − M9 , (A281)
(n)
a8,24 = − M10 , (A282)
(n)
a9,5 = Q1 , (A283)
(n)
a9,6 = Q2 , (A284)
(n)
a9,7 = Q3 , (A285)
(n)
a9,8 = Q4 , (A286)
(n)
a9,9 = Q5 , (A287)
(n)
a9,10 = Q6 , (A288)
(n)
a9,11 = Q7 , (A289)
(n)
a9,12 = Q8 , (A290)
(n)
a9,13 = Q9 , (A291)
(n)
a9,14 = Q10 , (A292)
(n)
a9,15 = − Q1 , (A293)
(n)
a9,16 = − Q2 , (A294)
(n)
a9,17 = − Q3 , (A295)
(n)
a9,18 = − Q4 , (A296)
(n)
a9,19 = − Q5 , (A297)
(n)
a9,20 = − Q6 , (A298)
(n)
a9,21 = − Q7 , (A299)
(n)
a9,22 = − Q8 , (A300)
(n)
a9,23 = − Q9 , (A301)
(n)
a9,24 = − Q10 , (A302)
−n

a10,1 = Jn k p a , (A303)
a
−n

a10,2 = Yn k p a , (A304)
a
n
a10,3 = k s Jn+1 (k s a) − Jn (k s a) , (A305)
a
n
a10,4 = k s Yn+1 (k s a) − Yn (k s a) , (A306)
a
(n)
a10,5 = − P1 , (A307)
(n)
a10,6 = − P2 , (A308)
(n)
a10,7 = − P3 , (A309)
(n)
a10,8 = − P4 , (A310)
(n)
a10,9 = − P5 , (A311)
(n)
a10,10 = − P6 , (A312)
(n)
a10,11 = − P7 , (A313)
(n)
a10,12 = − P8 , (A314)
(n)
a10,13 = − P9 , (A315)
(n)
a10,14 = − P10 , (A316)
−n

a11,1 = Jn k p a , (A317)
a
−n

a11,2 = Yn k p a , (A318)
a
n
a11,3 = k s Jn+1 (k s a) − Jn (k s a) , (A319)
a
n
a11,4 = k s Yn+1 (k s a) − Yn (k s a) , (A320)
a
(n)
a11,15 = − P1 , (A321)
(n)
a11,16 = − P2 , (A322)
(n)
a11,17 = − P3 , (A323)
(n)
a11,18 = − P4 , (A324)
(n)
a11,19 = − P5 , (A325)
(n)
a11,20 = − P6 , (A326)
(n)
a11,21 = − P7 , (A327)
(n)
a11,22 = − P8 , (A328)
(n)
a11,23 = − P9 , (A329)
(n)
a11,24 = − P10 , (A330)
n
a12,1 = −k p Jn+1 k p a + Jn k p a , (A331)
a
n
a12,2 = −k p Yn+1 k p a + Yn k p a , (A332)
a
n
a12,3 = Jn (k s a) , (A333)
a
n
a12,4 = Yn (k s a) , (A334)
a
a12,5 = −1 , (A335)
a12,6 = −1 , (A336)
a12,7 = −1 , (A337)
a12,8 = −1 , (A338)
a12,9 = −1 , (A339)
a12,10 = −1 , (A340)
a12,11 = −1 , (A341)
a12,12 = −1 , (A342)
a12,13 = −1 , (A343)
a12,14 = −1 , (A344)
n
a13,1 = −k p Jn+1 k p a + Jn k p a , (A345)
a
n
a13,2 = −k p Yn+1 k p a + Yn k p a , (A346)
a
n
a13,3 = Jn (k s a) , (A347)
a
n
a13,4 = Yn (k s a) , (A348)
a
a13,15 = −1 , (A349)
a13,16 = −1 , (A350)
a13,17 = −1 , (A351)
a13,18 = −1 , (A352)
a13,19 = −1 , (A353)
a13,20 = −1 , (A354)
a13,21 = −1 , (A355)
a13,22 = −1 , (A356)
a13,23 = −1 , (A357)
a13,24 = −1 , (A358)
(n)
a14,5 = − N1 , (A359)
(n)
a14,6 = − N2 , (A360)
(n)
a14,7 = − N3 , (A361)
(n)
a14,8 = − N4 , (A362)
(n)
a14,9 = − N5 , (A363)
(n)
a14,10 = − N6 , (A364)
(n)
a14,11 = − N7 , (A365)
(n)
a14,12 = − N8 , (A366)
(n)
a14,13 = − N9 , (A367)
(n)
a14,14 = − N10 , (A368)
(n)
a14,15 = N1 , (A369)
(n)
a14,16 = N2 , (A370)
(n)
a14,17 = N3 , (A371)
(n)
a14,18 = N4 , (A372)
(n)
a14,19 = N5 , (A373)
(n)
a14,20 = N6 , (A374)
(n)
a14,21 = N7 , (A375)
(n)
a14,22 = N8 , (A376)
(n)
a14,23 = N9 , (A377)
(n)
a14,24 = N10 , (A378)
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a15,5 = exp λ1 z L υE p + aE p M1 λ1 + DN1 λ1 + nυE p P1 , (A379)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a16,5 = exp λ1 z L M1 λ1 + aN1 λ1 + nυQ1 , (A389)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a17,5 = exp λ1 z L −nhM1 + ahP1 λ1 + IQ1 λ1 , (A399)
a
G h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a18,5 = exp λ1 z L −nN1 + P1 λ1 + aQ1 λ1 , (A409)
a
GI h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

(n) (n) (n)
a19,5 = exp λ1 z L κGh λ1 + N1 , (A419)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,6 = exp λ2 z L κGh λ2 + N2 , (A420)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,7 = exp λ3 z L κGh λ3 + N3 , (A421)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,8 = exp λ4 z L κGh λ4 + N4 , (A422)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,9 = exp λ5 z L κGh λ5 + N5 , (A423)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,10 = exp λ6 z L κGh λ6 + N6 , (A424)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,11 = exp λ7 z L κGh λ7 + N7 , (A425)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,12 = exp λ8 z L κGh λ8 + N8 , (A426)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,13 = exp λ9 z L κGh λ9 + N9 , (A427)

(n) (n) (n)
a19,14 = exp λ10 z L κGh λ10 + N10 , (A428)
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a20,15 = exp λ1 z R υE p + aE p M1 λ1 + DN1 λ1 + nυE p P1 , (A429)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
1 h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a21,15 = exp λ1 z R M1 λ1 + aN1 λ1 + nυQ1 , (A439)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
D h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a22,15 = exp λ1 z R −nhM1 + ahP1 λ1 + IQ1 λ1 , (A449)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
G h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a23,15 = exp λ1 z R −nN1 + P1 λ1 + aQ1 λ1 , (A459)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h
i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a
GI h i
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
a

(n) (n) (n)
a24,15 = exp λ1 z R κGh λ1 + N1 , (A469)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,16 = exp λ2 z R κGh λ2 + N2 , (A470)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,17 = exp λ3 z R κGh λ3 + N3 , (A471)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,18 = exp λ4 z R κGh λ4 + N4 , (A472)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,19 = exp λ5 z R κGh λ5 + N5 , (A473)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,20 = exp λ6 z R κGh λ6 + N6 , (A474)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,21 = exp λ7 z R κGh λ7 + N7 , (A475)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,22 = exp λ8 z R κGh λ8 + N8 , (A476)

(n) (n) (n)
a24,23 = exp λ9 z R κGh λ9 + N9 , (A477)
and
(n) (n) (n)
a24,24 = exp λ10 z R κGh λ10 + N10 . (A478)
References
1. Hull, A.J.; Perez, D.; Cox, D.L. An Analytical Model of a Curved Beam with a T-Shaped Cross Section; NUWC-NPT
Technical Memorandum 17-054; Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division: Newport, RI, USA, 13 June 2017.
2. Hull, A.J.; Perez, D.; Cox, D.L. An analytical model of a curved beam with a T-shaped cross section.
J. Sound Vib. 2018, 416, 29–54. [CrossRef]
3. Donnell, L.H. Stability of Thin-Walled Tubes Under Torsion; National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) Report Number 479; NACA: Washington, DC, USA, 1933.
4. Mirsky, I.; Herrmann, G. Nonaxially symmetric motions of cylindrical shells. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1957, 29,
1116–1123. [CrossRef]
5. Han, S.M.; Benaroya, H.; Wei, T. Dynamics of transversely vibrating beams using four engineering theories.
J. Sound Vib. 1999, 225, 935–988. [CrossRef]
6. Timoshenko, S.P. On the transverse vibrations of bars of uniform cross-section. Philos. Mag. 1922, 43, 125–131.
[CrossRef]
7. Bickford, W.B. A Consistent Higher Order Beam Theory. In Proceedings of the 11th Southeastern Conference
on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Huntsville, AL, USA, 8–9 April 1982; pp. 137–150.
8. Karama, M.; Afaq, K.S.; Mistou, S. Mechanical behavior of laminated composite beam by new multi-layered
laminated composite structures model with transverse shear stress continuity. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2003, 40,
1525–1546. [CrossRef]
9. Ambati, G.; Bell, J.F.W.; Sharp, J.C.K. In-plane vibrations of annular rings. J. Sound Vib. 1976, 47, 415–432.
[CrossRef]
10. Kirkhope, J. In-plane vibration of a thick circular ring. J. Sound Vib. 1977, 50, 219–227. [CrossRef]
11. Hawkings, D.L. A generalized analysis of the vibration of circular rings. J. Sound Vib. 1977, 54, 67–74.
[CrossRef]
12. Kirkhope, J.; Bell, R.; Olmstead, J.L.D. The vibration of rings of unsymmetrical cross-section. J. Sound Vib.
1984, 96, 495–504. [CrossRef]
13. Bhimaraddi, A. Generalized analysis of shear deformable rings and curved beams. Int. J. Solids Struct. 1988,
24, 363–373. [CrossRef]
14. Lin, S.M.; Lee, S.Y. Closed-form solutions for dynamic analysis of extensional circular Timoshenko beams
with general elastic boundary conditions. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2001, 38, 227–240. [CrossRef]
15. Konovalyuk, I.P. Diffraction of a plane sound wave by a plate reinforced with stiffness members.
Sov. Phys. Acoust. 1969, 14, 465–469.
16. Graff, K.F.; Klein, C.A.; Kouyoumjian, R.G. On the Effect of Mass Loading on a Stiffening Rib; The Ohio State
University Research Foundation Technical Report, Project 4409-A1, Report Number 1; The Ohio State
University: Columbus, OH, USA, 10 January 1977.
17. Woolley, B.L. Acoustic scattering from a submerged plate. I. one reinforcing rib. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1980, 67,
1642–1653. [CrossRef]
18. Woolley, B.L. Acoustic scattering from a submerged plate. II. finite number of reinforcing ribs. J. Acoust.
Soc. Am. 1980, 67, 1654–1658. [CrossRef]
19. Marcus, M.H.; Sarkissian, A. Rib resonances resent in the scattering response of a ribbed cylindrical shell.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1998, 103, 1864–1866. [CrossRef]
20. Tran-Van-Nhieu, M. Scattering from a ribbed finite cylindrical shell. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2001, 110, 2858–2866.
[CrossRef]
21. Cauchy, A.-L. On the pressure or tension in a solid body. Exerc. Math. 1827, 2, 42–56.
22. Graf, K.F. Wave Motion in Elastic Solids; Dover Publications, Inc.: Mineola, NY, USA, 1975; pp. 464–480.
ISBN 0-486-66745-6.
23. Vinson, J.R. The Behavior of Shells Composed of Isotropic and Composite Materials; Kluwer Academic Publishers:
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1993; pp. 65–80.
24. Mindlin, R.D.; Deresiewicz, H. Thickness-shear and flexural vibrations of a circular disk. J. Appl. Phys. 1954,
25, 1329–1332. [CrossRef]
25. Rao, S.S.; Prasad, A.S. Vibrations of annular plates including the effects of rotary inertia and transverse shear
deformation. J. Sound Vib. 1975, 21, 305–324. [CrossRef]
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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acoustics

Keywords: curved beam; T section; ring vibrations; high frequency response

Acoustics 2019, 1, 295–336; doi:10.3390/acoustics1010017 www.mdpi.com/journal/acoustics

E p (1 + υ) ∂2 u f (θ, z, t) ∂2 v f (θ, z, t) Ep D ∂2 v f (θ, z, t)

and 𝑤 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑤 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑡 ∑ 𝑊 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃 exp i𝜔𝑡 (12)

n = 0 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3

and the solution in the frequency domain is

with the plate wavenumber kp equal to

and Equation (4) becomes

du f (z) D dψz (z) υE p

D du f (z) dψz (z)

Acoustics 2019, 1 𝑁 𝑧 𝑀 𝑧 𝑄 𝑧 0 . (40) 303

z = zL z = 0 z = zR

and the force balance in the longitudinal direction is

and one slope continuity equation written as

ψ f l,z (0) = ψ f r,z (0) . (47)

and the vector b0 is

where it is noted that λ is replaced with 10 individual λi (n) in Equation (92).

D du f (θ, z) dψz (θ, z) υD dψΘ (θ, z)

− Enk s En(n − 1) − Enk s En(n − 1)

Nzz (θ, z L ) = Mzz (θ, z L )𝜓= ,Nzθ

z = zL z = 0 z = zR

Similarly, the five

the force balance in the circumferential direction is

and the force balance in the longitudinal direction is

and two slope continuity equations written as

ψ f l,z (θ, 0) = ψ f r,z (θ, 0) (121)

and the vector bn is

(n) (n) −bw Fn −bw Pn

bw 2Gnk p −bw 2Gn(n − 1)

−G  (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

− D  (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

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−G (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

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