HOUSING POLICY IN NEPAL

HOUSING
Housing, or more generally, living spaces, refers to
the construction and assigned
usage of houses or buildings individually or collectively, for the
purpose of shelter. Housing ensures that members of society have
a place to live, whether it is a home or some other kind
of dwelling, lodging or shelter. Many governments have one or
more housing authorities, sometimes also called a housing
ministry or housing department.

HISTORY OF HOUSING
1. Pre urban Housing:
• Early dwelling belonging naturally to the environment
• Result of cultural, socio economic and physical forces
• Caves were accepted as dwellings
2. Ephemeral Dwellings:
• Known as transient dwelling
• Habitation is generally a matter of days.
• The African bushmen and Australia’s aborigines are
examples of this societies.
• Existence depends on an economy of hunting and food
gathering
3. Episodic Dwellings:
• Igloo and tents were accepted as dwellings
• Inhabit a dwelling for a period of weeks
• Construct communal housing
4. Periodic Dwellings:
• Defined as regular temporary dwellings
• Used by nomadic tribal societies living in a pastoral economy
• Demonstrate the next step in the evolution of housing
• Distinguished from people living in episodic dwellings by their
homogenous cultures and the beginnings of political
organization.
5. Seasonal Dwellings:
• Reflective of societies that are tribal in nature, seminomadic
• Housing used by semi nomads for several months or for a
season
• North America by the hogans and armadas of the Navajo
Indians are the example of this housing.
6. Semi-permanent Dwellings:
• Used by sedentary folk societies or hoe peasants
• Tend to live in their dwellings various amounts of time, usually
for years
• Groups in the Americas that used semi-permanent dwellings
included the Mayans with their oval houses and the Hopi, Zuni,
and Acoma Indians in the southwestern United States with their
pueblos.
7. Permanent Dwellings:
• Homes of sedentary agricultural societies, whose
political and social organizations are defined as nations
• Those who possess surplus agricultural products,
exemplify this type of dwelling.
• Surplus agricultural products allowed the division of
labor and the introduction of other pursuits aside from
food production
• Examples of early sedentary agricultural housing can be found in English cottages, such
as the Suffolk, Cornwall, and Kent cottages.
8. Urbanization:
• Permanent dwellings moved to the consideration of
comfort
• In the Western world, this was the Industrial Revolution
• Basic source of energy in the earliest phase of the
Industrial Revolution was water.
• Towns and cities grew next to the waterways
• Factory, buildings, and houses were of wood and stone.
• When basic source of factories changed from water to coal, construction materials
became brick and cast iron.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING
The different types of houses are classified as below:
1. Detached House
2. Semi-Detached House
3. Group housing
4. Terraced Housing
5. Apartment and flats

1. Detached house
• It is a free-standing residential building
• Generally found in less dense urban areas, suburbs and
rural areas
• Greater degree of privacy.
• It provides a lot of sunlight and fresh air.
• It is the best form of residence for a small village or town
where land and building material are cheap. However,
compared to other types it is not economical. Figure 1 Cornelite Architecture Structure and
Interior design, Wagon Modern Detached House
Design

Figure 2 Detached building for a

single dwelling unit
2. SEMI- DETACHED HOUSING
 Figure 3 Diego Opazo, Six Semi-
Detached Houses + Isolated House in
Rocafort, Antonio Altarriba Comes
• They consist of pairs of houses-built side by side as units. Usually, each house’s layout is
mirrored.
• This type of housing is half-way between terraced and detached housing.
• Frequently employed by developers and based on the use of identical designs.
• Also used on single-plot projects but rarely are the two halves individually designed.

Figure 4 Semi-detached housing

3. GROUP OR LINKED HOUSING

• A few houses can be grouped together. It is preferred for low-income group such as
laborers or workers.
• Usually used only by developers undertaking largescale residential projects.
• The groups of houses are built with uniform plans
and designs and can be laid out in compact or
spacious configurations.
• Garages or parking spaces can be incorporated in the
individual a separate parking area

Figure 5 Linked housing

4. TERRACED HOUSING
• A row of identical or mirror-images houses. They share side walls.
• The first and last of these houses are called an end terrace.
• Saves a great deal of space.

Figure 6 Richard Burton, Review:

Creating contemporary streets of
 Figure 7 Terraced
housing
5. APARTMENT HOUSING
• Consists of no. of storey where accommodation is provided in
an independent room.
• Many subtypes depending on no. of units: -
a. Small apartment: - 2-3 Floors, 4-16 Units/Building
b. Low-rise apartment: - 3-4 Floors, 12-40
Units/Building
c. Midrise apartment: - 5-8 Floors, 60-240 Units/
Building
d. Apartment over commercial: -3-5 Floors, 25-100 Figure 8 De Halve Maen
Units/ Building Apartment,2014, Amsterdam,
Mecanoo
e. High-rise apartment: - 8+ Floors, 60-300 Units/ Building

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 8 Sub-types of Apartment

Housing

GATED COMMUNITY
STATUS OF HOUSING IN NEPAL
A. Rural housing situation
i. Rural Terai Region
As per the NLSS 2003/04,

Roof type % Water supply %

thatch roofing 30% Piped water supply 2%

CGI sheets 16% Public tap stand 10%

concrete 15% Wells/tube well 78%

30% -access to the electricity

about 2% access to telephone
25%- and toilet facilities
For cooking purposes more than 62% of the families uses wood.
 Building construction materials %

stone wall in mud mortar 21%

bamboo, timber and other 62%

temporary structures

cement mortar structures 17%

ii. The Mid-Hills and Himalayan Region

As per the NLSS 2003/04

Roof type % Water supply %

straw roofing 40% Piped water supply 11%

CGI sheets 20% Public tap stand 55%

concrete 3% Wells/tube well 5%

25% -access to the electricity

Less than 2% -access to telephone
37%- and toilet facilities
For cooking purposes more than 93%of the families uses wood.

Building construction materials %

stone wall in mud mortar 83%

bamboo, timber and other temporary structures 10%

cement mortar structures 7%

RURAL HOUSING SITUATION
Shelter Conditions of the Squatter Families:
• Increasing tendency to encroach upon the public land
(’Ailani Parti’) of the urban and rural areas of Nepal by a
growing number of the squatting families.
• Build temporary ’kachhi’ sheds
• Despite the governmental efforts to address the problem
through the formation of the various commissions, no viable
solution is yet at sight.

Shelter Conditions of the Landless People and other Deprived

Groups:
• Abolition of the ‘kamiya’ (forced labour) system
• Resettlement freed kamaiya, activities handed over to the
district level land reform offices
• A need of special provision in the shelter policy to cater
to their housing needs for economically weak and physically disabled people
• Group consists of landless and marginalized people (e.G., Agriculture labourers -
‘kamaiya’, ‘hali’, ‘charuwa’, ‘haruwa’etc), the victims of natural disasters, physically
impaired and sick persons, very elderly people and destitute women

B. Urban Housing Situation

Characterized by haphazard urbanization, environmental problems, inadequate physical
infrastructures, and facilities.
As per the NLSS 1995/96,
72 % - live in their own houses
23.5% - rental accommodation (35%in Kathmandu)
Building construction materials % Roof Type %

Stone wall in mud mortar 27% Thatch roofing 8%

Bamboo, timber & other 8% CGI sheets 32.8%

temporary structures

Cement mortar structures 57% Concrete 48.4%

Roof tiles 10%

Urban housing situation

• Participation of the private sector in housing sector
• Common practice of owner-built system
• Role of the private sector is minimal in the urban areas
outside the Kathmandu valley.
• Inability of land development programs to pick up to a
sufficient extent in the urban centers outside
Kathmandu valley.
Presently,
• Increased migrationary pressure from the various parts of the country owing to social,
economic, and political reasons.
• Upsurge in the demand of residential plots and dwelling units
• Key roles of organized private sector and some individuals in the supply of developed
residential plots at the wider scale.
HOUSING TYPES IN URBAN AREAS IN NEPAL

EXISTING HOUSING CONDITIONS IN NEPAL

TOTAL DWELLING UNIT NEEDS
SHELTER ISSUES, CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
• Shelter provision as a basic need
A need for creating a conducive environment and make shelter
provision as a basic need for all.
• Poverty alleviation programs
Shelter provision for poverty alleviation programs targeted
towards the poor and marginalized people below poverty level.
• Shelter as economic assets.
, Shelter as an integral component of nation’s economic productivity
• Financial self-reliance
Achieving the shelter related goals and objectives calls for adopting the principles of financial
self-reliance.
• GON as enabler and facilitator
To encourage and promote the private sector for providing shelter to the families belonging to
the various income categories.
• Provision of minimal shelter
Shelter needs to the displaced families due to natural disasters and execution of the large-scale
projects.

POLICY
A set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has
been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business
organization, a government, or a political party.

SHELTER POLICY
Basic Concept or Principles of National Shelter Policy:
• Make proper arrangement and create favorable atmosphere in order to fulfill need of
dwelling units as basic need of entire people.
• Need to recognize importance of dwelling unit to alleviate poverty and economic
development as to level up living standard of people.
 • Shelter as integral part of economic productivity in the nation taking it in the form of
asset and accumulated capital.
• Follow the principle of financial self-reliance for the attainment of housing objectives.
Objectives
• Access to safe and adequate shelter.
• Access to utilities, infrastructure, and employment opportunities.
• Reduce impact on environment from
dwelling units.
• Clarify role of government, non-government and
private sectors.

Implementation strategies

HOUSING POLICY TIMELINE-NEPAL

1987 1988 1996 2007 2010/11 2012

Basic Needs Town First Housing Nepal Urban Nepal Living National Shelter
Strategy Development Policy Policy Standard Survey Policy
Act

2013 2015 2017 2018 2019 2019/20

Planning Norms Land Use Policy National Urban Constitution of Land Use Act 15th National
and Standards Development Nepal – Right to Five Year Plan
Strategy Housing Act

NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY-2012

Long term vision
To provide housing, which is safe, adequate, and affordable to all.
Mission
To develop the concept of housing by including the families remaining below
the poverty line and residing in unplanned and unsafe settlements

NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY-1996

A. Increasing the production of dwelling units and repair and maintenance of the
existing stock
1. Increasing the availability of dwelling units of proper and suitable value and increase the
supply of serviced lands
i. Encourage the construction of apartments
ii. Reduce the pressure caused by the high value of land
2. Increasing the necessary basic infrastructural services and facilities and expanding the
same
i. Fix the fee and charge based on actual services and
facilities received
ii. Encourage public awareness on the positive impact on
public health, environment and other facilities from
construction
3. Improvement in the use of building material and
construction technology
i. Encourage maximum use of indigenous materials such as lime, rice husk and other
construction material available in rural area
ii. Promote regional vernacular art and architecture while constructing residential buildings
B. Promote effective mobilization and allocation of financial resources
1. Mobilize the land and housing credit delivery mechanism to be floated at the formal and
community levels on an experimental basis
i. Promote linkage between available financial resources and the land and housing
development companies
ii. Facilitate the implementation of a short-term credit delivery programme for providing
building materials
 2. To develop the process of cost recovery of public investments in land, physical
infrastructures, and other services
i. Develop joint ventures between the public and private sectors
3. Increasing financial self-sufficiency of the shelter sector
i. Facilitate the loans through financial institutions for providing dwellings unit to the
classes of people with limited income subject to payment of loans in installments
C. Organizational improvement
1. Clarify the role of public and private sectors for implementing the National Shelter Policy
i. Establish the role of local authorities (DDC/VDC) in promoting land & housing
development work
2. Make necessary institutional arrangement for planning policy making implementation,
training, research, and evaluation on sectors related to the development of dwelling units
i. Stream-line responsibility among the concerned Ministries, Departments & their regional
& local offices for implementation of shelter policy
3. Introducing the appropriate and effective laws and regulations and amending
the existing one as needed
i. Introduce legislation & regulations concerning condominium, co-operative &
leasehold tenure
4. Make arrangement for the data base to make the decision making and
monitoring process on shelter development simple and effective
i. Carry out regular monitoring & evaluation studies on land and housing
markets, demand and supply of construction materials, financial & other
indicators

HOUSING PRODUCTION TARGET IN 1996 SHELTER POLICY

1992-1996 1997-2001 2002-2006 Total

Urban Nepal

New Dwellings 115,000 143,700 174,900 433,600

Upgrading 19,100 19,700 20,900 59,700

Rural Nepal

New Dwellings 676,900 705,500 733,300 2,115,700

Upgrading 215,100 21,800 235,300 672,200

All Nepal

New Dwellings 791,900 849,000 908,300 2,549,200

Upgrading 234,200 241,500 256,200 731,900

BUILDING ACT (1997) & NBC (1996)

• Building act of Nepal was enforced in 1997, applicable for all municipalities and villages
in Nepal.
• Building act has categorized all buildings into four types according to the standards in
Nepal National Building Code. These are:
A Building designed under state of art(International standard) NBC 000

B Professionally engineered structures (>3-storey, structural NBC 101-1114, NBC

span>4.5m and floor area>93 sq.m.) 206-208

C Mandatory Rules of Thumb for Load Bearing Masonry, and NBC 201, NBC 202,
R.C.C. Building NBC 2005

D Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Building Construction NBC 203, NBC 204
(for non-engineered building in remote area with low
strength)

LAND USE POLICY 2015 (2071 B.S.)

According to this policy entire lands of the country shall be basically classified into Land Use
Zones and sub-zones
Agricultural Zone, Residential Zone, Commercial Zone, Industrial
Zone, Mines and Minerals Zone, Cultural and Archaeological
Zone, River and Lake-Reservoir Zones, Forest Zones, Public Use
and Open Space Zone 

CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL-2072 BS
The Right to Housing Act, 2075 BS
Right to Housing 
1) Every citizen shall have the right to an appropriate housing
2) No citizen shall be evicted from the residence owned him or her residence be infringed except
in accordance with law
 Provision of Housing Facility
Homeless person and family to provide identity card, resettlement,
ownership card
Offences and Punishment if 
• Receive housing submitting false details
• Abuse housing facilities
Repair and maintenance charges

NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY-2017 A.D.

Time horizons of 15 years
• To strengthen the national and sub-national urban system
• Strengthening urban-rural linkages
The five underlying and interconnected guiding principles:
 • Sustainability: The strategies outlined should seek to promote
environment, social and economic sustainability of urban
development.
• Inclusivity: Cities have to be socially inclusive both in terms of
ethnicity/caste and gender, and in terms of economic class.
• Resilience: Resilience refers to both physical and social resilience so
that cities are safer and adaptable to changes, both environmental and
economic.
• Green: Strategies for urban development should be guided by three key considerations,
namely, keeping the city green, cool, and wet.
• Efficient: A sustainable, inclusive, resilient and green city can only be one that is
efficient, well governed and effectively managed.

LAND USE ACT – 2019 (2076 B.S.)

• To regulate land management and ensuring sustainable use of land resources in the
country
• Rights, responsibilities, and duties to the federal, provincial and local governments
• Formation of municipal land use bodies
• Acquisition of land use maps from the federal government
• Development of land use plans
• Carrying out zoning process 
• Land use change
• Land title update
• Land valuation and taxation.

15TH NATIONAL FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2019/20-2023/24)

• Under the right to housing, approximately 2 million housing units need to be constructed
by 2023, out of which some 400,000 housing units will be needed for poor, endangered,
and marginalized communities.
•  Under the People’s Housing Programme, 17,000 housing units have been constructed for
the poor, endangered, and marginalized groups by 2018/19, and grants have been
 provided for the purchase of zinc sheets and timber for the construction of 7,000 safe
citizen housing. 

NEPAL LIVING STANDARD SURVEY 2010/11

• Third round of the survey conducted by the CBS 
• (4 phases) 
• Developed and promoted by the world bank
• Measurement of the living standards of the people
• Determining the level of poverty in the country
Chapters
• Demography, Housing, Access to facility, Literacy and education, Health services,
Maternity and family planning, Migration and absentees, Salary 
• Own housing units has decreased 94 %to 90 %
• Proportion of renters increased from 2 to 8 %
• Average size of dwelling has remained constant
• Housing units with cement-bonded outer walls, and concrete or
galvanized sheet roof have increased
•
PLANNING NORMS & STANDARD-2013(2070 B.S.)
• Standardizing the planning of urban development projects
Scope of works
-Urban Infrastructure norms and standards
Physical, Social and Economical
 -Land Use norms and standards
-Urban Form norms and standards

Hierarchy of Urban Areas

Metro city
Sub Metro City
City
Sub City
Market Center
HOUSING POLICY IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
NEWARI HOUSE
• Newari people are the historical inhabitants of
Kathmandu valley who are the great contributors
to the art, sculpture and architecture.
Factors leading to the housing deficit in the
Kathmandu Valley
• After the unification Kathmandu became the
capital of unified Nepal
as well as the seat of political, economic and social power.
Being a center of productivity, agriculture, industrial production of metal ware and textiles
further reinforced its population growth.
•  In the 1950’s over 80% of the urban population was residing in Kathmandu Valley.
Unsystematic housing development
The haphazard growth of settlements in the Kathmandu Valley is the result of rapid urbanization,
growing poverty, the high cost of land and construction, and dependence on the traditional
practice of owner-built housing

POLICY OF KATHMANDU VALLEY

• To create a conducive environment for increasing the production of dwelling units
through provision of necessary infrastructure and facilities, and for repair and
maintenance of the existing stock.
• To encourage promotion and development of shelter sector through
effective mobilization of means and resources, and through adoption of the financial
self-reliance principle.
• To carry out necessary reform measures in the present legislative and institutional
framework for the shelter sector.
• To mobilize and channelize the necessary resources towards development of housing
plots and production of shelter units to realize the basic needs for a majority of
economically disadvantaged people.
• To undertake the appropriate measures for protecting the environment from adverse
impacts due to housing development.
URBAN SETTLEMENT
APARTMENT AS JOINT HOUSING
• The need of "joint housing" was felt during 2050 BS due to the sudden increase of
population pressure on urban areas and subsequent increase in land price.
• Out of 64 approved apartments 51 are located inside the ring road while the remaining 13
are located outside areas.
INTERNATIONAL HOUSING POLICY
Housing condition of Bangladesh
• Unsatisfactory conditions in terms of structural qualities.
• Shortage of funds for the development of settlements and
infrastructure.
• Squatter settlement encroachments land use.
• Lack of sanitation, water supply and drainage
managements
• Lack of infrastructure, health, and education institution

Urban & Rural population growth trend in Bangladesh, 1950-2025

NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

National housing policy addresses the housing problem of the low- and middle-income group
disadvantage, destitute and shelter less poor.
OBJECTIVES
• Make housing accessible to all strata of society.
• Available suitably located land at affordable price for
various groups.
• Strategies for reducing slums, unauthorized constructions
and improving the existing's & relocating them to suitable
places.
• Rehabilitate disaster affected households & houses affected by fire accidents.
 • Effective implementation of the housing programs.
• Promote the use of locally developed materials & construction
techniques.
• Develop alternative & durable materials.
• Develop institutional & legal framework to facilitate housing
and improve existing residential area.
• Introduce new strategies & techniques and undertake revision
of the policy from time to time. 

PROPOSED STRATEGY (In context of BANGLADESH)

• Housing will be given due priority in the national development plans treating it as a
separate sector by itself.
• Government will work as a promoter or facilitator.
• Greater emphasis will be laid on affordability, personal savings, self-help and cost
recovery.
• Encroachments on public land and formation of unauthorized constructions will be
discouraged.
• Wider application of low-cost technology and optimum use of resources at the individual
and national levels both in public and private sectors.
• Regeneration of forest-based building materials considering environmental conservation.
• Due attention to the shelter in disaster affected land and fire prone areas.
• Special care would be taken for the preservation of cultural heritage & architecture in
new housing projects.
• The National Housing Policy will be coordinated with other development policies e.g.
land, environment, population, employment, social -welfare, fiscal and monetary policies
at national and local levels
KEY POINTS FOR HOUSING POLICY
1. PLANNING
• Formulation of activities for planned urbanization and to deliver
associate civic facilities to the beneficiaries on the designated
locations.
• A regional plan shall be adopted in order to develop connection
between rural areas and marketplace with small cities to increase
economic activities and to generate employment opportunities.
• Master plan for all the urban areas will be prepared and infrastructure
development and their use will be ensured.
• Internal roads of residential areas cannot be used by external heavy
and regular vehicles, and it cannot be used as connecting roads for outsiders.
2. LANDS
• Increase the supply of serviced land for housing for
various income groups with secure land in areas
located.
• Access of the poorer sections and vulnerable groups
to affordable serviced land with secure land tenure
• Encouragement of the involvement of the private
sector in land development, infrastructure
development and construction.
• Abolish the discretionary quota system for allotment of plot developed by the public
sector.
• Initiate area development schemes to maximize the availability of housing per unit of
land.

3. Infrastructure
• Balanced pattern of urbanization through a
policy of decentralization of investments and
incentives
• Stop unregulated conversion of agricultural and
forest land for the purpose of housing
• Integrated and planned development of the
region and to reduce migration to the larger cities
• Improve mobility of people through public
transport and traffic network
• Make necessary investments to increase within a
reasonable time, the coverage of entire rural and
urban population for potable water supply and basic sanitation.
• Infrastructure construction which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable, and
environmentally appropriate

4. Building material and technology

• Access of rural households to traditional materials considering environmental
preservation
• Stimulate the increased production and availability of conventional
low-cost technologies and materials in the national standards
(cement, steel and bricks and traditional materials like rammed earth
and bamboo)
• Promotion of small scales industries as an industrial policy
• Promote low-cost environmentally-sound technology
• use of indigenous resources, including mud, wherever appropriate
• Development, manufacture, and use of materials based on industrial and agricultural
wastes

5. FINANCE
• Formal sector housing finance programs, such as, house building advance' from the
ministry of finance to government employees
• Evolve an elastic and widespread resource mobilization strategy to tap household savings
in the formal and informal sectors
• Bangladesh bank as the apex agency charged with linking the housing finance system
with the financial sector
• National home lending program accessible to the poorer segments of the households
through low-income housing fund
• Housing finance system as a whole self-financing
• Capable of meeting the needs of different income groups
• Longer repayment periods, graduated payments and simplified procedures
• Bring down the cost of shelter for the poor to affordable levels
• Co-operative housing movement
• Promotion of reliable housing finance companies
• Private housing banks
• Specialized and mixed institutions will be encouraged to operate in the field of housing
finance

6. Legal and regulatory framework

• To ensure proper rehabilitation of those
displaced by projects and to preserve user rights
over forest and common lands
• Though governments are only a facilitator, it will
act directly only in the emergency for poor and
landless people
• Slums and squatter settlements
• in-situ upgradation and conferment of occupancy right
• water supply and sanitation
• community involvement housing needs of women and aged detached from the family
• disaster affected housing reconstruction and rehabilitation
• Revision of land use plans, planning and building regulation and infrastructure
standards by the government and local authorities.

7. Government rule
• The government will devise and implement strategies which will enable the various
agencies act as facilitator housing
• Its role as a provider will be limited to the poorest and vulnerable sections
 • Control speculation and profiteering through appropriate tax and
fiscal measures Promote decentralized execution with active
participation of beneficiaries
• Reorient the government housing agencies to act more as
promoters
• Make building materials available at a reasonable cost through
necessary changes in fiscal and policies
• Suitable locations/core areas of the urban centers at a market
price
• Take steps to integrate housing activity, income generation and
employment.
• Give priority to the preservation of buildings and monuments, structures of architectural
value, and the preservation of special natural features.

Key issues in housing policy during different phases:

1993( approved ) 1999( amendment ) 2008 2016 (reviewed)

(formulated )

Consider housing as Ensure housing for Provide Considering political,

a basic need all citizens proper economic, environmental,
housing to all. religious values and rituals for
housing

Consider housing as Particular emphasis Develop Sustainable human habitation

an integral part of on the houses,
culture and disadvantaged, settlements
planning for destitute, the shelter and work
economic less, poor and the places
development low and middle
income people

Role of the - Sustainable Protecting environment

government as a and equal
facilitator or development
enabler for all citizens

Affordability, - Equal health Keeping provision of housing

personal savings, facilities, safe for controlling the forests and
self-help and cost residential natural resources
recovery and other
 utility services
with a
minimum
cost.

Affordability of the - - Protecting cultural heritage

disadvantaged and
low income group

Income generation - - Ensure implementation of the

and income national building Code
enhancement of low
income group and
disadvantaged
people

Adequate space for - - Formulation of a 'Land Bank'

running workshops
and business and
such other
activities.