PLANNING 1.

CBD
2. TRANSITION ZONE
SITE PLANNING 3. WORKING CLASS ZONE (TENEMENTS)
4. RESIDENTIAL ZONE (MIDDLE CLASS)
BY: AR. ANTHONY DEMIN SARMIENTO 5. COMMUTER ZONE (SUBURBS)

TIPS AND SUGGETIONS

THE ART OF INTELLIGENT GUESSING

- FAMILIARITY (STOCK KNOWLEDGE)

- BUILDING CONFIDENCE
- NUMBER OF CORRECT ANSWERS

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

1. HISTORY
2. THEORIES
3. CLWUP
4. ZONING ORDINANCES
5. URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
6. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
7. DEFINITIONA AND CLASSIFICATIONS
8. STATE HOUSING POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND AGENCIES
9. STATE HOUSING FINANCE, PRODUCTION AND
PRACTICES
10. MAP AND PLAN TYPOLOGY, IDENTIFICATION AND
READING/ APPRECIATION
11. SITE APPRECIATION, ANALYSES AND PROGRAMMING
12. PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS (PHYSICAL, AESTHETIC,
ECOLOGICAL, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL, MANAGEMENT,
MAINTENANCE, ETC.
13. SUBDIVISION PLANNING, DEED OF RESTRICTION AND CLUP: COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN
DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
14. MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
15. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
16. HEIRARCHY OF SITE AND PHYSICAL PLANS,
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
17. HISTORY AND SCOPE OF SITE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING
18. GENERAL PLANNING PROCESS

WHAT MAKES A GREAT PLACE?

1. SOCIABILITY
2. USES AND ACTIVITIES
3. COMFORT AND IMAGE
4. ACCESS AND LINKAGES

FIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CITY

IMAGE OF THE CITY BY KEVIN LYNCH

INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING 1
PLANNING MODELS
SITE PLANNING
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL BY ERNEST BURGESS
 - ART OF ARRANGING STRUCTURES ON THE LAND AND ii. CONTOUR INTERVALS – VETICAL
SHAPING THE SPACES BETWEEN. ART AND SCIENCE DISTANCE
- ORGANIZATION OF THE EXERNAL PHYSICAL iii. CONTOUR ELEVATION – ABOVE SEA
ENVIRONMENT TO ACCOMMODATE HUMAN BEHAVIOR LEVEL
- DEALS WITH THE QUALITIES AND LOCATIONS OF iv. SLOPE (%) = RISE/RUN x 100
STRUCTURES, LAND, ACTIVITIES AND LIVING THINGS

SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

- FUTURE MANAGEMENT AND CHANGE

- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (IS DEVELOPMENT THAT
MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE
GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS (WORLD
COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT)

SITE PLANNING TECHNICAL OUTPUTS

- GRADING PLANS
- UTILITY LAYOUTS
- SURVEY LOCATIONS
- PLANTING PLANS
- SKETCHES
- DIAGRAMS v. SLOPE ANALYSIS = SLOPE MAP
- SPECIFICATIONS  PARKING SHOULD BE
BELOW 5%
SITE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING (UAP DOC 201)  MIN 3% FOR DRAINAGE
AND SEWAGE FLOW
SITE UTILIZATION AND USE  MAX 7% FOR ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (UAP DOC 203)
 18%+ (FMB) OF DENR
COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (UAP 203) RECOMMENDS FOR
PERMANENT FOREST

SLOPE (%) DESCRIPTION

SITE PLANNING PROCESS 0-5 Generally flat and highly buildable
5-10 Gently rolling and moderately buildable
1. CLIENT WANTS TO DEVELOP A SITE 10-15 Gentle to mild slopes and moderately difficult
2. ASSEMBLE A TECHNICAL TEAM 15-20 Mild to steep slopes with difficult terrain
3. IDENTIFY KEY ISSUES 20 and over Harsh, steep with unbuildable terrain
4. EXAMINE ALTERNATIVE SITE
a. SITE SELECTION (THESIS)
5. DISCUSS WITH LOCAL PLANNERS SITE PLANNING STANDARD BY JOSEPH DE CHIARA
a. CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING (CLUP, ETC) b. GEOLOGY – COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH,
b. COORDINATE LOCAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT ELEMENTS, ROCKS AND MINERAL STRUCTURE
6. PREPARE SITE INVENTORY i. SOILS – THIN LAYER OF EARTH’S
a. SITE ANALYSIS SURFACE
i. VIEWS AND VISTAS  SOIL TEST/ BORING TEST
ii. TOPOGRAPY FOR TALLER BUILDINGS
iii. NOISE  SOIL MAP (OUTPUT)
iv. MICROCLIMATE ii. GEOMORPHOLOGY – LANDFORMS ON
7. IDENTIFY NEEDS AND PRESENT AND FUTURE USERS THE EARTH’S SURFACE
a. USER ANALYSIS  MOUNTAINS, PLAINS,
8. IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES COASTAL AREAS, ETC.
a. LOCAL ORDINANCES?  DESCRIPTION OF
9. ASSESS SITE POTENTIAL LANDFORMS IS
10. IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PHYSIOGRAPHY
a. SCHEMES / CONCEPTS  IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY,
11. EXAMINE CONCEPTS METAMORPHIC
 GEOLOGIC MAP (OUTPUT)
 5M BUFFER ZONE ON BOTH
SIDES OF AN ACTIVE FAULT
SITE INVENTORY ASSESSMENT
LINE ACCORDING TO
- SWOT ANALYSIS PHIVOLCS
o SITE CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS iii. HYDROGEOLOGY – SUBSURFACE
WATER OF AQUIFER
1. NATUAL SITE FACTORS
 WATER BEARING STRATA
a. TOPOGRAPHY – MOST BASIC ELEMENT OF SITE
ANALYSIS, DESCRIBES THE SURFACE  POINTS WHERE SURFACE
FEATURES, TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (OUTPUT) WATER MEETS
i. CONTOUR LINES – SHOWS  HYDROGEOLOGIC MAP
ELEVATION IN PLAN VIEW (OUTPUT) – HYDRAULIC
AND HYROCHEMICAL
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIEWS AND VISUAL BARRIERS
ROCKS AND ITS
USEFULNESS FOR GROUND VIEW CORRIDORS AND SIGHT LINSES
WATER SUPPLY
c. HYDROLOGY – STUDY OF MOVEMENT OF  DMCI CONDOMINIUM – BEHIND RIZAL PARK
WATER
i. RIVER BASIN
ii. FLOODPLAINS HLURB GUIDELINES ON CLUP

LOCATION AND ORIENTATION

1. SUN AND WIND ORIENTATION

 AMIHAN (NORTHEAST)
 HABAGAT (SOUTHWEST)
 WINDWARD – ORIGIN, IN
 LEEWARD – PATH, OUT
2. NOISE CONTROL
 BERM – SOIL EMBANKMENT, NATURAL
BARRIER
iii. FLOOD HAZARD MAP (OUTPUT) – 3. LEVEL SITE (0-3%)
PREDICT FLOOF PRONE AREA  PROS
iv. WETLANDS – WATER-LOGGED SOILS i. ECONOMICAL
FOR LONG PERIODS DURING THE ii. ADAPTABLE TO PLANNING
GROWING SEASON iii. ADEQUATE TO STREET PATTERNS
d. FLORA AND FAUNA  CONS
i. VEGITATION MAP (OUTPUT) – i. DRAINAGE
ENDEMIC SPECIES (ONLY EXIST IN ii. WATER DISCHARGE
ONLY ONE GEOGRAPHIC REGION)  STRATEGIES
e. CLIMATE i. ON STILTS, PIERS OR COLUMNS
i. MACRO-CLIMATE – LARGE OR ii. RAISED PADS EARTH PAD
REGIONAL AREA iii. DUG INTO EARTH AND BERMED
ii. MICRO-CLIMATE – WITHIN SMALL 4. SLOPING SITE
SPACES OR LOCAL AREAS  PROS
iii. CLIMATOLOGICAL MAP (OUTPUT) i. VARIETY OF BUILDING TYPES
ii. WATER FLOWS
iii. ADAPTABLE TO GREAT VARIETY OF
SOCIO-CULTURAL PLANNING FACTORS STREET PATTERNS
 CONS
1. LAND USE i. HIGHER DEVELOPMENT COST
 MANNER OF LAND UTILIZATION,  STRATEGIES
ALLOCATION, DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT i. ELEVATED ON PIERS, COLUMNS
 DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE ii. CUT INTO SLOPE
 LAND USE MAP (OUTPUT) 5. STEEP SITE
i. GENERAL LAND USE MAP  PROS
ii. URBAN LAND USE MAP i. VARIETY
iii. (PROPOSED) LAND USE PLAN ii. WATER FLOWS TO LOWEST LEVEL
2. ZONING  CONS
 DENSITY i. HIGH DEVELOPMENT COST
 R1, R2, R3, ETC.  STRATEGIES
 DEED OF RISTRICTION, DEVELOPMENT i. CUT INTO SLOPE
CONTROLS ii. TERRACED OR STEPPED WITH THE
3. UTILITIES MAPPING SLOPE
4. ROAD, TRANSPORT, CIRCULATION iii. ELEVATED ON PIERS, COLUMNS (FOR
 ROAD NETWORK MAP MINIMUM DISTURBANCE
 HEIRARCHY OF ROADS? 6. SLOPE ANALYSIS
5. LINKAGES
 NEARBY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
6. HISTORY AND CULTURE
 CULTURAL MAPPING – IDENTIFIES
IMPORTANT CULTURAL FEATURES
7. DEMOGRAPHIC
 ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTS AND USING
POPULATION

AESTHETIC FACTORS

NATURAL FEATURES
 METRO MANILA IS RADIAL PATTERN/ RADIOCENTRIC

4. MEANDERING

ORGANIC, FOLLOWS SLOPE AND CONTOUR

5. COMBINATIONS

STREET PATTERNS

1. LINEAR OR STREET RIBBON

6. CUL-DE-SAC (NOT A STREET PATTERN BUT A STREET

ELEMENT) (FRENCH TERM)

2. GRID IRON / MODIFIED GRID

NOT BE LONGER THAN 500FT (152.4M) FOR EFFECTIVITY

7. LOOP

IN PH CONTEXT – 400M LONG BLOCK, WITH ALLEY ON 200M

3. RADIAL

STREET CLASSIFICATIONS
 1. MAJOR ROAD i. EROSION OCCURS MORE READILY
2. MINOR ROAD ii. COST

HEIRARCHY OF ROADS MEASURING CUT AND FILLS

1. AVERAGE END AREA METHOD

 BEST FOR LINEAL CONSTRUCTION
2. CONTOUR AREA METHOD
 FOR LARGE, RELATIVELY UNCOMPLICATED
GRADING PLANS
 MAY ALSO USED TO COMPUTE VOLUME OF
WATER IN PONDS AND LAKES
 MOSTLY USED BY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
BECAUSE IT IS MOST ACCURATE
3. BORROW PIT METHOD/GRID METHOD
 FOR COMPLEX GRADING PROJECTS AND
URBAN CONDITIONS

EARTHWORKS

SITE GRADING

2 PRINCIPLES

1. MAY BE GRADED OF ADJUSTED

2. ARCHITECTURE MAY ADAPT

LESS DISTURBANCE IS GOOD (SUSTAINABLE)

GENERAL STANDARDS

- 25% SLOPE ARE CONSIDERED UNSAFE

- GRASS CUTTING IS NOT PRACTICAL IN 30% SLOPE
- RETAINING WALLS OVER 3FT ARE EXPENSIVE
REQUIRING REINFORCING, GRAVEL BACKFILL,
WEEPHOLES

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

1. GRADING BY CUT 1. GARDEN – planned space usually outdoors, set aside for the
 PROS display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of
i. GREATER SOIL STABILITY nature
ii. EROSION AND SETTLING ARE a. SOFTSCAPE – natural materials
MINIMIZED b. HARDSCAPE – man-made materials
 CONS 2. USES OF GARDEN
i. LOSS OF TOPSOIL a. plant cultivation
ii. DISPOSAL EXPENSE b. observance of nature
2. GRADING BY FILL c. relaxation
 PROS d. growing of useful produce
i. DRAINAGE 3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GARDEN STYLES
 CONS
i. EROSION OCCURS MORE READILY
ii. COST
iii. SETTLING POSSIBILITY
3. GRADING BY CUT AND FILL
 PROS
i. MOST ECONOMICAL
ii. PREVENTS INTRODUCTION OF
FOREIGN SOILS
 CONS
 d. MEDICI VILLA PETRAIA
a. HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
i. by king Nebuchadnezzar II, Neo-Babylonian
King
ii. beside tower of babel
iii. existence unresolved
iv. 2nd Ancient Wonder of the World
v. Babylon = gate of the gods

e. ZEN GARDEN
i. ZEN BUDDHISM – Making Choices
Simpler, Japanese
ii. SHAKKEI – Japanese
iii. JIE JING – Chinese
4. TYPES OF GARDEN
a. ORCHARDS – FRUIT BEARING TREES
i. ORANGERY IN VERSAILLES, FRANCE
– ONE OF THE FAMOUS IN THE
WORLD

b. GARDENS OF ALHAMBRA, SPAIN

i. Moorish Garden, Northwest Of Spain
ii. Court of Lions
iii. Combination of Islam and Christian
Architecture

b. WATER GARDEN
c. FEATURED STYLE-AESTHETIC TYPE
i. BONSAI GARDEN
d. FEATURE PLANT TYPE
i. ORCHIDARIUM – ORCHIDS
ii. SUNFLOWER GARDEN
e. FORMAL GARDEN
i. PERPENDICULAR
f. INFORMAL GARDEN
i. FOLLOWS NO FORM
c. GARDENS OF TAJ MAHAL g. SQUARE FOOT GARDEN
i. by Shah Jahan h. ROOF GARDEN
ii. Describing the “passage” of paradise in i. BOTANICAL GARDEN – FOR SCIENTIFIC
Koran PURPOSES, STUDY OR MEDICINAL
j. ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
 i. AKA ZOO – FEATURES ANIMALS a. JERICHO – early settlement in Israel – 9000BC, well-
k. HYDROPONICS AND AQUAPONICS organized community about 3000 people
i. PRODUCE WITHOUT SOIL,
NUTRIENTS FROM WATER

FROM QUIZ

1. LAND SUBSIDENCE
- a reduction in subsurface fluid pressures with sedimentary layers
- the lowering of the land-surface elevation due to changes that
takes place underground
2. MASS WASTING b. AYN GHAZAL (AIN GHAZAL) – in Jordan, 3 times
- natural movement downward of soil, regolith, or rocks under the the size of Jericho, population of 2500-3000 over 30
influence of gravity without seismic motion or heavy rainfall acres (12 has)
3. ASPECT MAP
- shows particular information needed for analysis purposes
- derived from thematic maps and are translations of base data into
customized categories such as severe flooding, erosion, steep
slopes, etc.
4. EROSIVITY
- potential ability of the rains to cause soil erosion
5. PERMEABILITY
- rate which water within soil moves thru a given volume of
material
6. PERCOLATION
- the movement and filtering of fluids thru porous materials
7. IGNEOUS ROCKS
- produced by crystallization from a liquid c. CATAL HUYUK, Anatolia, Turkey
8. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - 1st religious designed city
- formed by deposition of sediments - very large Neolithic and Catholic
9. COLLECTOR ROAD - 8000 population, no streets, flat-roofed
- street or a road that services pedestrian/vehicular traffic from
minor roads leading to major roads

URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN

- branch of planning, concerned with the functional and visual relationships
between people and their physical environment
- Urban Design Protocol – design of the buildings, places, spaces, and
networks, and how the people use them
- process of giving form, shape and character
- framework that order the elements into a network of streets, squares, and
blocks
- making connections between people and places, movement and urban form,
nature and built fabric
- place making, environmental stewardship, social equity, economic viability
d. KHIROKITIA, Cyprus – 5500 BC
(3 pillars of sustainability)
- first documented settlement with streets
CITY vs URBAN - uphill narrow main street, but wider terminal (social
- CITY – RA 7160: minimum income of P20M, at least 10,000has in land spot)
area, min population of 150,000, political status granted by the government
- HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY – 200,000 people, income of P50M
or more
- COMPONENT CITY – population and income below that of
highly urbanized
- INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITY – chartered city,
population and income below those required for a city but whose charter
makes it independent from the province
- i.e., Vigan, Tagaytay, etc.

URBAN AREA
- defined by NSO: density of at least 1000 persons/sq.km.
- Central districts (poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a density of 2. TRUE CITIES
at least 500 persons/sq.km.
- regardless of population size, exhibiting a street pattern or network, of at TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS, 3500 BC
least 6 establishment, a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza, park,
cemetery a. Eridu – acknowledge as the oldest city
b. Damascus, Syria – oldest continually inhabited city
EVOLUTION OF CITIES c. Babylon – largest city, 80,000 inhabitants
- Hanging Gardens (2nd Wonders of the Ancient World,
1. PROTO CITY Tower of Babel)
- Neolithic settlements in Western Asia
 b. Rome,
- great city built on seven hills along the Tiber
NILE VALLEY, 3000 BC - replaced Athens as the Center of the Western World
during 27BC to 324AD
d. Thebes and Memphis – 3000 BC - adopted Greek forms but with different scale-
- monumental architecture monumental
- had monumental avenues, colossal temples, plazas and - had social hierarchy
tombs

c. Teotihuacan and Dzibilchantum

- largest cities in Mesoamerica

INDUS VALLEY (PAKISTAN, INDIA), 2000 BC

e. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa – 2000 BC

- administrative-religious centers with 40,000
inhabitants
- advanced civilization, housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.

4. MEDIEVAL CITIES
- protected by high walls, narrow and unpaved streets inside
- prior to Renaissance, during the Dark Ages
- very center is a Castle
YELLOW RIVER, CHINA
a. Sienna and Constantinople
- flood plains of the Yellow River and the lower Wei River Valley
- signified the rise of the Church
f. City of Yin, Anyang
- capital of the Shang Dynasty, 1st stable capital of
China

5. MEDIEVAL MERCANTILIST CITIES

- world trade and travel, like Florence, Paris, and Venice
- growth eventually led to congestion and slums
3. URBAN BEGINNINGS
- mercantilism – system which a country attempts to amass wealth
a. Sparta and Athens, 400 BC
through trade with other countries
- largest cities in Greece
- ruled by Kings and Monarchs, Mercantilist Cities (ruled by
- Athens grown to be a city of 40,000 citizen + 100,000
merchants)
slaves/foreigners
- Athens, capital of Greece (acropolis)
6. MEDIEVAL CATHEDRAL CITIES e. Star-Shaped Fortress
- focal point of radial city growth - streets and squares are organized to speed the
- retained the walled city from Roman practice movement of people and soldiers
- Cathedra-the seat of the bishop - symmetry and accessibility represent the key features
- sanitation problems, epidemics, and unhealthy environments for the organization of the urban space
because of limited resources and growing populations i. Ideal city of Sforzinda
- Bubonic Plague (Black Death) - first ideal city plan by Filarete (Antonio di
Pietro Averlino, Averulino or Filarete,
renaissance architect), never built
- named after Francesco Sforza
- eight-pointed star inscribed within a
circular moat
- became the concept of Palmanova

7. RENAISSANCE CITIES (rebirth)

- established the concept of urban design
- arts and architecture became a major element of town planning
and urban design
- conscious on town planning, more concern for beauty within
a. Axis Style – foremost city design f. City of Palmanova
- star-shaped city, practical example of the concept of
the ideal city
g. Georges-Eugene Haussmann
- worked on renovation of Paris
- Arc de Triomphe became the center of 12 avenues,
radiating outward, connecting to the city
- Paris, the best planned city

b. Use of formal piazzas or squares

- fostered by Michaelangelo, Bernini and others

8. BAROQUE CITIES
- arts became ornate, popularized the Baroque movement
- adopted by Roman Catholic Church as the official style of the
Church
- most vivid in France, marked by the monumentalism and
c. Vienna – first “university town”, the city of culture and grandeur of the reigning monarchs of the western world
the arts - huge open spaces with majestic boulevards
- this era is a lasting impression that all cities can be beautiful and
inspiring
a. Versailles, France
- landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens
- Palace, former royal residence built by King Louis
XIV

d. 2 major forms in Renaissance Cities

i. Geometric form
ii. Fortified form
9. INDUSTRIAL CITIES
- steam age (invented steam engine in 1769) ushered the beginning
of the industrial revolution or “machine age”, means human labor
can be supplemented or replaced by machines
a. Manchester
- world’s 1st Industrialized city, boom in textile b. Islamabad by Constantine Doxiadis (Greek architect
manufacture and town planner, proponent of Ekistics: Science of
Human Settlement)
- new capital of Pakistan
- plan separates cars and people, allows easy and
affordable access to public transport and utilities
- sidewalks and roadways were invented

b. Ideas and Theories of Tony Garnier for Industrial City

- adopted by Dutch Architect JJP (Jacobus Johannes
Pieter) Oud, follower of the De Stijl movement, in the
design of Rotterdam (second Industrial City)

c. Brasilia, by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer

- new capital of Brazil
- resembles an airplane or a bird,

c. New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England designed by

Robert Owens for 800 to 1200 persons
- precursor of mixed used development
- with agricultural, light industrial, educational, and
recreational facilities
- still considered as an industrial city
d.
Chandigarh, India by Le Corbusier, 1950s
- only realized plan of Le Corbusier, original master
plan by Albert Myer
- part of India was colonized by French
- whole plan represents a large scale application of the
Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s
predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental
- one of the greatest disaster in planning, planned the
city looking at papers, no actual visit of Le Corbusier
- capital of 2 states: Punjab & Haryana

10. PLANNED CITIES

a. Philadelphia, the Speculators Town, designed by
William Penn
- used gridiron pattern
- earliest attempt at “utopian city planning”
- model for American cities
- Payment of King Charles II to Penn’s dad

e. Canberra, by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion

Mahony Griffin
- new capital of Australia
- city design was influenced by the garden city
movement (Ebenezer Howard) featuring geometric
motifs, centered on an axes aligned with significant
topographical landmarks
 - development is spread evenly
- very accessible to open land
- transport is designed as continuous grid

2. LINEAR URBAN FORM

11. RADICAL IDEAS FOR CITIES
- ribbon or strip development
a. The Arcology Alternative by Paolo Soleri (Visionary
- development along both sides of major transportation routes
Architect)
- resembles Urban Star (Lynch’s version), i.e. Paris, very strong
- architecture and ecology, thought of a city as a living
visual image
organism, human beings as having their own habitat
- each concept identifies living, working, and
recreational areas
- “utopian city” – city that describes to be perfect

3. MULTI-NODAL URBAN FORM

- development away from the urban core
b. Motopia by Edgar Chambless - Galaxy form (Lynch’s), cluster of development having its own
- published Roadtown, idea for a linear city built on top specialization
of a railway line

a. Centric and Nodal form

- development outside the Poblacion (Major Center)
area

c. Science Cities
- proposed by the “metabolism group” – visionary
urban designers, proposed underwater cities,
“biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
d. Marine City: Kiyonori Kikutake’s project for a floating
industrial “Sea City – Unabara”
- new radical idea of creating a floating metropolis in b. Radial and Circumferential
the ocean, self-sustainable, flexible, clean and safe, - development channel fanning out from a given center
earthquake proof, impervious to flooding and away
from urban sprawl on the main land

4. CONCENTRIC URBAN FORM

- reflects an outward expansion, circle within a circle

URBAN FORMS

BASIC URBAN FORM CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

- most livable cities: Rome, London, Barcelona
- walkable in pedestrians point of view
- worst livable: Mississauga, San Francisco, Toronto - matches Core City of Kevin Lynch
- highways, not pedestrian friendly
- middle: New York, Paris, Copenhagen

1. TREND EXTENSION
- resembles Dispersed Sheet (Kevin Lynch’s)
- maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence, high
possible local participation
 5. GRID FORM 10. SATELLITE
- rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets - constellation of cities around a main cluster

NOLI MAP – black and white map showing street and road patterns without
building developments

URBAN PATTERNS – SHAPES

- 2 dimensional, street and building patterns not on development URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES
- “urban grain” IAN BENTLEY’S RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS:

1. RADIOCENTRIC 1. PERMEABILITY
- large circle with radial corridors of intense development - move and connect
emanating from the center - how easy to get to and move through
- takes into full account all modes of movement: by foot, by cycle,
by public transport, by car (in that order of importance)
- makes clear connections to existing roads and facilities
PERIMETER BLOCKS: public face and private face
2. VARIETY
2. STAR - diversity ‘the spice of life’
- radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching - mix of activities to the widest range of possible users
corridors of development - mix use development
3. LEGIBILITY
- where I am? How do I get there?
- Kevin Lynch’s: Image of the City, 5 basic elements of urban
legibility is the key to imageability
- nodes – center of activity
3. RING
- landmarks – points of reference
- city built around an open space
- edges – linear elements which are not paths
- districts – section of the city having particular
identifying character
- paths – channels of movement
4. RECTILINEAR - has a clear image and easy to understand
- usually found in smaller cities; formed by 2 corridors of intense 4. ROBUSTNESS
development crossing the center - flexible, can adapt to change for different users
- environments which can be used for many different purposes
- active and passive areas
5. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS
- focuses on details
- vocabulary of visual cues to communicate levels of choice
5. LINEAR - supporting the place’s: legibility, variety, robustness
- result of natural topography which restricts growth 6. RICHNESS
- a transportation spine - variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy
- 2 ways: attention on different sources, one source to another
- basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual
contrasts
6. BRANCH 7. PERSONALIZATION
- linear span with connecting arms - allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of
their own tastes and values
- makes a person’s pattern of activities more clear
- affected by 3 key factors: tenure, building type, technology

7. SHEET To summary:
- vast urban area with little or no articulation
1. PERMEABILITY – designing the overall layout of routes and
development blocks
2. VARIETY – locating uses on the site
3. LEGIBILITY – designing the massing and the enclosure of public
8. ARTICULATED SHEET space
- a sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several sub- 4. ROBUSTNESS – spatial and constructional arrangement of
clusters individual buildings and outdoor spaces
5. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS – designing the external image
6. RICHNESS – developing the design for sensory choice
7. PERSONALIZATION – making the design encourage people to
put their own mark on the places where they live and work
9. CONSTELLATION
-series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity Largest city in NCR – Quezon City

Smallest in terms of population and land area – San Juan

1st chartered city – Manila

MODULE 3: 3. A city, an urban area
4. A metropolis
INTRODUCTION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING 5. A conurbation – a composite of cities, metropolises, urban areas
6. A megalopolis – merging of 2 or more metropolises with a
DEFINITIONS: population of 10M or more, Jean Gottmann first used the term to
refer to the heavily populated northeastern coast of US
1. URBAN PLANNING
7. Eperopolis (Doxiadis) – 7,500 million people
- PD 933: Creating the Human Settlements Commission
8. Ecumenopolis (Doxiadis) – 50,000 million people
- the art and science of ordering and managing the use of land and its
environment… (Lewis Keeble 1969)
- also known as TOWN PLANNING, CITY PLANNING, REGIONAL
PLANNING OR RURAL PLANNING
2. TOWN PLANNING
3. REGIONAL PLANNING
- deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure,
and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city
or town
- the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the
sustainable growth of a region (APA – American Planning Association)
4. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
- aka urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country
planning, and/or human settlements planning
- a multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying,
harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land
WORLD PLANNING HISTORY
and water resources, in relation to their environs, for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems (RA 10587 – ANCIENT TIMES
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ACT OF 2013) - rectilinear plotting with the use of the plow; suited all the needs of
5. URBAN AREAS agricultural societies on the Fertile Crescent (Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates)
- refers to all cities regardless of their population density and 4000 BC
municipalities with a population density of 500 persons per hectare
(UDHA: Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992: RA 7279 Ancient Greece
a. PD 856: Code of Sanitation of the Philippines - HIPPODAUS OF MILETUS (the Father of Town Planning)
- having at least 50,000 population density Greek Architect who emphasized geometric designs and grid
b. At least 1,000 persons per square kilometer and 50% of pattern of streets
economically active population is engaged to non-agricultural
activities (PD 1517: Urban Land Reform Law)
6. URBANIZABLE AREAS
- display marked and great potential of becoming urban areas within the
period of 5 years (UDHA: RA 7279)
a. Period of 5 to 10 years (RA 1517: Urban Land Reform Law)
7. URBANIZATION
- growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas
8. METROPOLITAN AREA
- large concentration of population
- usually an area with 100,000 or more inhabitants and containing at
least one city of 50,000 or more inhabitants
9. MEGALOPOLIS
- a loose term denoting an interconnected group of cities and connecting
urbanized bands

EKISTICS: The Science of Human Settlements

- According to Doxiadis, Human Settlements are settlements
inhabited by man, should satisfy man, and consists of: Ancient Rome
- VITRUVIUS (10 volume treatise- “De Architectura”)
1. CONTENT (the man alone) relates experience of Roman Architecture and town design;
2. CONTAINER (the physical settlement)
- Organization of towns – a system of gridiron streets enclosed by
This 2 elements can further subdivided into 5 categories:
wall; theater, arena and market where common places for public
1. NATURE – providing the foundation upon which the settlement is assembly
created
2. MAN – an individual, Homo Sapiens; biological needs (oxygen,
nutrition), sensation and perception (5 senses), emotional needs
(satisfaction, sense of belonging, security), moral values
3. SOCIETY – a group of individuals sharing the same culture,
values, norms and tradition
4. SHELLS – the built component, structure within which a man lives
5. NETWORKS – links within the settlement, roads, communications
systems, utilities, etc.

HEIRARCHY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS:

1. A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village

2. A community, a town

- Perfected enclosed urban and architectural space – colonnaded
plazas with temple or basilica at the end of the space
MEDIEVAL TIMES
- growth of towns around monastery or castle
- assumed a radiocentric pattern; protective town walls and fortification for
security
THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK MOVEMENT
- George Perkins Marsh – father of modern conservation
- Fredrick Law Olmstead – cities should be planned 2 generations ahead;
maintain sufficient breathing space; use of open space as element of urban
system; urban park as an aid to social reform; designed the Central Park, New
York (the 1st planned park in the US)

RENAISSANCE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

- rebirth of classical towns; piazza planning in Venice; grandeur in civic
structure and public spaces; regular wide streets and circumferential with the
piazza like Italy
- Ebenezer Howard – central city of 58,000 people surrounded by “garden
cities”; advocated concept of ‘Social City’ (polycentric settlement, growth
without limit; Author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform”
- Garden City Association was formed; the 1st garden city, Letchworth
(Raymund Unwin & Barry Parker), designed for 35,000 persons, had 16,000
population and 100 factories; City of Welwyn (Louis de Soisson), 2nd garden
city designed for 40,000 persons, had 18,000 populations and 75 factories.

- Pierre Charles L’Enfant

- prepared plan for Washington, DC in 1901; axial plan of the mall;
central axis

CODEX ATLANTICUS
- Leonardo da Vinci – described a new concept of urban planning that was
suited for Milan –

LINEAR CITY
- Arturo Soria Y Mata – suggested the idea of “Ciudad Lineal”

STALINGRAD (Planned Linear City)

 URBAN THEORIST
- Constantine Doxiadis – published “Ekistics Grid” (the science of Human
Settlements); approaches town planning as a science which includes planning
and design

- Lewis Mumford – The City in History (1961); recognized the physical

limitations of human settlements; fundamental needs of the society be the
bases for the judicious use of our technological power

THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT

- Clarence Stein – the Radburn Idea or “new town idea”- idea was to create a
series of superblocks
- the concept of Radburn had the separation of pedestrian and
vehicular traffic; Superblock= large block surrounded by main roads; houses
grouped around small cul-de-sac each
- designed that the pedestrians can reach social places without
crossing automobile street

CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA

- Daniel Burnham – father of American City Planning; prophet of the City
Beautiful Movement
- golden era of urban design in the US; a network of parks and clusters or
focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers including City hall, a
country court house, a library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza; total
concentration on monumental and on the superficial; planning was intended to
impress or for display
- castigated by Lewis Mumford as cosmetic, comparing Burnham’s approach
with planning practiced in totalitarian regimes; ignored housing, schools, and
sanitation
- Abercrombie; “beauty stood supreme for Burnham, commercial convenience
was significant but health and sanitation concerns were almost nowhere
- Burnham’s plan devoted scant attention to zoning - Clarence A. Perry – in the book called “The Neighborhood Unit (1929)” –
discussed the idea of organized towns into cohesive neighborhoods which is
applicable to new towns and large city areas; developed neighborhood
principle in the plans of the 1920s; principle based on the natural catchment of
community facilities such as schools and local shops

THE REGIONAL CITY
- Patrick Geddes – “Survey before plan” – planning must start with the survey
of the resources of such a region and of human responses to it; emphasis on
survey method
- wrote the “Cities in Evolution (1915)”; coined the term ‘conurbation’ =
conglomeration of town aggregates; stages in creating conurbation: 1. Inflow,
2. Build-up, 3. Backflow (central slums), 4. Sprawling mass (central blight)
- Geddian Trio: WORK, PLACE, FOLK
MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
- Tony Garnier, French architect – anticipated modern day zoning thru “Une
Cite Industrielle (Industrial City 1901-04)”
RADIANT CITY
- Le Corbusier, Charles-Eduoard Jeanneret Gris
- 1933, proposed “La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)” to decongest the centers
of cities by increasing densities by building high on small part of the total
ground area
- every great city must rebuild on centers
- planned the new capital city of Chandigarh, Punjab, India
BRASILLA
- Lucio Costa – planned the new capital Brasilla, the biggest planning exercise
of the 20th century; unplanned city grew up beside the planned one; plan did
not attempt to resolve pedestrian-vehicle conflicts
BROADACRES
- Frank Lloyd Wright – “The Disappearing City (1930s)” and later
“Broadacres”- proposing that every family live on an acre of land and where
the city would be built by its inhabitants using mass-produced components
- ‘Mile High Tower’ – unrealized project of FLW
PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pre-Colonial Era
- barangay is the basic socio-political unit; decentralized; located along the
coastlines and riverbanks; agricultural and fishing villages

Spanish Era
- Manila became capital (walled city of Intramuros: 1.2 sq. km in area;
perimeter of 3.4 km; home of the Spanish (except for Friars and high ranking
officials)

INTRAMUROS (Fortress City)

- 1600s to 1700s – process of Hispanization through the founding of cabeceras
Tulay Puente Bridge (poblaciones) and visitas (barrios); native living in unplanned fringes of the
Ilog Rio River neighborhood – debajo de las campanas (hearing of the bells)
Adwana Aduana Custom house
Balwarte Baluarte Bastion
Embarcadero -landing place for ships and vessels
Eskwela Escuela School
Ayuntamyento Ayuntamiento/cabildo City hall
Almasenes Almacenes Storehouse
Bodega ng armas Maestranza Arsenal
Beaterio Beaterio Orphanage
Ospital Hospital Hospital
Katedral Catedral Cathedral
Plasa mayor Plaza mayor Main plaza
Kuta Fuerte Fort
Mowt Foso Moat
Baryo Barrio Barrio - early 1600s – Manila became the 1st primate city in Southeast Asia
Rebelin Revellin Ravelin - 1650 – chapels or small churches in the cabecera were built to attract
Puerta Puerta Portal tenacious natives from barrios thru fiestas and processions
Kumbento Convento Convent - 1790s – opening of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade; emergence of semi-
Simbahan Iglesia Church urban places in the provinces
Maliit na balwarte Baluartillo Minibastion - 1850s to late 1800s – Chinese dominated central commercial business
Muralya Muralla Rampart districts in all settlements; commercial shops on the ground floor;
Arsobispado Arzobispado Episcopal palace decentralized residential pattern for Spaniards
Parian Chinese ghetto
American Era
- 1573 – Laws of the Indies pronounced by King Philipp II; Spanish town - 1890s – port cities continue to become regional urban centers
planning influenced by the Romans and Piazza planning of Italian - 1903 – City of Manila was incorporated covering Intramuros and 12 fast
Renaissance growing suburban towns

Munisipyo Casa real Town hall

Eskinita Esquinita Alley
Simbahan Iglesia Church
Pangunahing kalsada Calle real Main road
Kalsada Calzada Road
Plasa Plaza Plaza
Obelisko Obelisco Obelisk
Bahay Casa House
Hukuman/korte Casa tribunal Courthouse
Lindero Lindero Lot boundary
Looban or bakuran Solar Plot
Casa de vivienda Big house or apartment
Casa grande Huge house of a plantation or
hacienda
Casa de madera Log or wooden house
Casa de dos aguas Gabled-roof house
Casa de quatro aguas Hipped-roof house
Casa de materiales Fuertes House of strong material
Casa de materiales ligaros House of light materials - 1905 – Manila and Baguio Plans of Daniel Burnham; City Beautiful town
Casa de piedra Stone house planning
Casa de madera y teja Wooden house with tiled roof

- 1596 – spatial segregation along racial and social lines; Indios and Chinese
have separate districts; Parian or market

- 1910 – Rebuilding of settlements called sanitary barrios

- 1920s – Barrio Obrero or the working class district
- 1928 – zoning ordinance for Manila but took effect in 1940; zoning is
popular in America in the 1920s
Post-Colonial Era 5. COMMUTERS ZONE
- after the war, RA 333 designated Quezon City as a new capital and master  Suburbs
planning it by the Capital City Planning Commision; completed in 1941 by
Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and Engr. A.D. Williams The process of invasion and succession explains the successive rings.

SECTOR THEORY
- Homer Hoyt in 1934; an economist; examined the spatial variations in
household rent in 142 American cities; most cities grow in the direction of the
higher income; Sector City Model

- 1946, search committee was formed to find a new site for Constitution Hill
and National Civic Center; 158 ha area in Novaliches watershed; 3 seats of
government were to form a triangle at the center of the complex; includes 20
ha civic space, the Plaza of the Republic

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric)

- Chauncy Harris and Edward Pullman in 1945; geographers; uses do not
evolve around a single core but at several nodes and focal points
- process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain
unrelated functions which repel each other

- 1950s – National Planning Commission (later as NEDA) was established

- RA 2264: Local Autonomy Act of 1959 empowered LGUs to enact zoning
ordinances and subdivision rules; form planning boards to craft development
plans under NPC
- Sept. 1972 – Integrated Reorganization Plan; division of country into 11 later
13 administrative regions; establishment of Regional Development Council
- 1973 – PD 107 creation of National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA)
- 1975 – PD 824: creating MMA (Metropolitan Manila Area) and MMC
(Metropolitan Manila Commission) to manage the affairs of the country’s
premier urban center
- 1987: Constitution and Local Government Code of 1991 – devolved powers
to LGUs; local autonomy; developments plans under the supervision of
NEDA

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY

- the Image of the City: Kevin Lynch; a collective image – map or
impressions- map of a city, a collective picture of what people extract from
the physical reality of a city
THEORIES IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
- Nodes
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY - Landmarks
- E.W. Burgess in 1925; city grows in radial expansion from the center; - Edges
Concentric Zone Model or Burgess Model - Districts
- Pathways
5 CONCENTRIC ZONES
SYSTEMS PLANNING
1. CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT - derived from the science of cybernetics; cybernetics was identified by
2. TRANSITION ZONE Norman Weiner in 1948, American mathematician and thinker
 Deteriorated housing - concerned with urban and regional systems viewing them as complex
 Factories interacting systems; planning or controlling systems and the system which it
 Abandoned buildings seeks to control
3. WORKING CLASS ZONE
 Single family tenements 3 LEADING BRITISH EXPONENTS OF CYBERNETICS-BASED
4. RESIDENTIAL ZONE PLANNING:
 Single family homes 1. George Chadwick
 Yards/garages 2. Alan Wilson
 High-class apartment buildings 3. Brian McLoughlin
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
- from the physical planning model from 1920s to 1930s as exemplified by
Patrick Geddes’s S-A-P and Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
- ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970

GROWTH POLE / CENTER THEORY

- Growth Pole Theory by French economist Francis Perroux in 1950s;
economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region but it
takes place around a specific pole or cluster
- Growth Center by Boudeville in 1966; gave the regional characteristics of
the growth poles of Perroux
- characterized by core industries around which linked industries develop,
mainly through direct and indirect effects; concept of leading industries and
propulsive firms
- Polarization by Albert Hirshman
- Technological Apartheid by Toffler; denial of useful modern technologies to
- Backwash (negative consequences of proximity) and Spread Effects
3rd World or developing nations
(positive effects of urban proximity for communities) by Gunnar Myrdal
- Scale Economies – the phenomenon where the average costs per unit of DEPENDENCY THEORY
output decrease with the increase in the scale or magnitude of the output being - advocated by Latin American economists and planners like Cesar Furtado;
produced by a firm development of the First World derived from underdevelopment of the Third
- Agglomeration Economics – a book; the benefits that come when firms and World, neo-colonialism
people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY

- Weber; an economic theory that attempts to incorporate factor into the
‘theory of the firm’ and tries to explain the existing structure of industrial
location and changes in that structure
- Least Cost Approach; Market Area Analysis; Profit Maximizing Approach

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

- Walter Christaller in 1933; explains the size and function of settlements and
their relationship with their hinterlands
- Hierarchy of Services; Market Range; Threshold Population

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

Eliel Saarinen –

Le Corbusier
CORE-PERIPHERY - Une Ville Contemporaine 1922, Contemporary City; unrealized utopian
- John Friedmann; Unbalanced growth results to dualism – North and South; planned community for 3M inhabitants
dualist economies - Spokesman “International Movement”
- Chandigarh, India

Louis Khan
- Central Philadelphia;

Kenzo Tange
- Plan for Tokyo; circulation as a determinant of urban form

Frank Lloyd Wright

- Disappearing City
- Broadacres
- Changed Scheme
- Mile High Tower
Constantine Doxiadis c. When externalities are created by market transactions
- Arch Transition d. When goods provided are pure public goods
- Ekistics Grid; system for recording planning data and ordering planning e. When merit goods are involved
process 2. As regulator or facilitator of the operations of the market
- Ekistics – the science of human settlement 3. As an arbiter between contending social groups or classes
4. As social engineer

MODELS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN AREA IN PHILIPPINE
DEFINITION: 1. MODEL I – Urban development through influx of population
 Squatter resettlement
1. CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE  Insurgency Victims
- expressed in terms of density, and, to a lesser degree, population  Victims of Natural Calamities
size (criteria 1,2 and 4)
 Persons displaced by major infrastructure projects
2. DISTINCTIVE EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS
 Alternatives to resettlement
- when more than half of total employment, therein is accounted
2. MODEL II – Urban growth through inflow of capital
for by non-agricultural activities (criterion 4)
 Remittances from OCWs
3. DISTINCTIVE LIFESTYLE
- faster pace of living  Investment in local tourist potentials
4. SPECIALIZED LAND USES  Location of major institutions
- discernible segregation of residential, industrial, commercial, and  Location of regional government centers
institutional uses 3. MODEL III – Urban growth through agricultural modernization
5. WIDE VARIETY OF INSTITUTIONS 4. MODEL IV – Urban growth through industrial location expansions
- presence of economic, social, cultural and administrative 5. MODEL V – Cities in towns and social equity issues
buildings and institutions 6. MODEL VI – Metropolitanization

RA 7160: LGC 1991 requisites for the creation of city CAPITAL FACILITIES PLANNING
- the single most powerful tools to shape the community’s development and
1. A minimum income of 20M pesos, and implement the comprehensive development plan.
2. Minimum land area of 10,000 ha or minimum population of
150,000 REVENUE ANALYSIS
- separates sources of revenue into categories like property tax, fees and
LGC of 1991 classifications of cities: licenses projected over a number of years

1. Highly Urbanized City URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

- population of not less than 200,000 and an income of 50M - process that has as its goal the determination of needed improvements or
2. Component City new facilities in order to meet transportation needs of a specific region or
- population and income below those of a highly urbanized city areas
3. Independent City
- a chartered city with a population and income below required for URBAN ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
a city - process developed by AMERICAN FORESTS for measuring the dollar
4. Overbounded Cities value of urban ecology; storm water runoff reduction, air pollution reduction;
- town or cities that does have an urban core or Poblacion and still energy conservation
contain sizable area of rural hinterland and towns
PHYSICAL PLANNING
5. Underbounded Cities
- the rational use of land for development purposes; land use planning,
- overstep their legal boundaries and their built-up areas extended
planning principles, ecological balance, preservation/conservation, urban land
beyond their city limits
use planning, physical infrastructure development
6. True-bound Cities
- whose urban areas fit their legal boundaries ECONOMIC PLANNING
- those activities concerned with uplifting the quality of life and income levels
Cities or urban areas, the product of urban development process, perform at
of the population; commerce, industry, tourism, agriculture
least three main functions:
- PD 1308: Environmental Planning Practice (March 2, 1977)
1. Providing an environment for a peculiar type of human settlements
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
2. Providing the locus of, and conditions for faster economic growth
- activities concerned with management and development of land and
3. Facilitating the integration between these two functions
preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment
State Intervention: - scope of practice
- development of a community, town, city, or region
1. The failure of the market mechanism to provide for social goods - development of a site for a particular need; housing, education,
and to deal satisfactory with negative externalities of urban etc.
activities - land use and zoning plans
2. Inequality in almost every respect and the market tends to reinforce - pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies
these inequalities
3. Strong social classes, usually the land owning classes, dominate PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS
the weaker classes
REGIONAL PLANNING URBAN PLANNING
Government policies and actions can be grouped under any or a combination NEDA – National Economic HUDCC – Housing and Urban
of the following functions of the state: Development Authority Development Coordinating Council
NLUC – National Land Use HLURB – Housing and Land Use
1. As supplier or provider of public or social goods and services; only Committee Regulatory Board
when: RDC – Regional Development RLUC – Regional Land Use
a. There is an existence of natural monopolies Council Committee
b. When decreased cost is attained by enlarged scale of PDC – Provincial Development M/CDC – Municipal/City
production Council Development Council
 PLUC – Provincial Land Use BDC – Barangay Development residential purposes
Committee Council - PD 957: The Subdivision and Condominium Buyer’s Protective Decree
Sanggunian Panlalawigan Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan
Barangay Council ECONOMIC AND SOCIALIZED HOUSING
- housing project for moderately low income families with lower interest rates
HLURB – the planning, regulatory, and quasi-judicial instrumentality of
and longer amortization periods
government for land use development
Town Planning and Zoning Assistance Program OPEN MARKET HOUSING
Provide Technical Assistance in CLUP preparation - constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture; sold at a
Identification and zoning of site for socialized housing prevailing market prices and interest
Ratification of land use plans and zoning ordinances
TYPES OF DENSITIES
Real Estate Management Program
- formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and 1. Low Density – less than 150 persons per ha of residential use
condominiums; issuance of permits and licenses 2. Medium Density – 151-250 per ha.
3. High Density – more than 250 per ha.
Land Use Enforcement Plan
- Monitoring of all projects issued permits by LGUs and HLURB

CLUP – prescribes the development pace, direction and strategies for the
optimum use of land resources in a community as well as its role in provincial
and national development
INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
- potable water; power and electricity and adequate power distribution system;
access to primary roads and transport facilities
AO 353: Guidelines for Protection of Areas Non-Negotiable for Conversion
RA 7279: The Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992

CONCEPTS RELATED TO LAND USE Affordable Cost – most reasonable price of land and shelter;
1. REVERSIBLE USES Areas For Priority Development – areas declared as such under existing
- no land alteration and modification so that the land can be statutes and pertinent executive issuances
reverted to its former use or original condition
2. IRREVERSIBLE USES Blighted Lands – areas where structures are dilapidated, obsolete and
- land changes, alterations or modifications that is physically unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and prevent normal
impossible to restore the land to its previous state or condition development and use of the area
3. MULTIPLE LAND USES
- combining different land uses, whether reversible or irreversible, Idle Lands – non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on which
in an orderly manner no improvements have been made
4. COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES
- related concept of multiple uses of land Improvements – all types of constructions of a fixed character and shall not be
5. HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF THE LAND less than 50% of the assessed value of the property
- generates the maximum profit without negative consequences
Joint Venture – commitment or agreement by 2 or more persons to carry out a
especially in the environment
specific or single business; mutual benefit
- utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both man and
environment Land Assembly or Consolidation – acquisition of lots of varying ownership
6. MAPS/MAPPING through purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rational
- graphical representation; visual form of spatial data, their development
distributions and relationships
Land Banking – acquisition of land at values based on existing use
URBAN LAND USE MAP COLOR CODES
Land Swapping – land acquisition by exchanging land for another piece of
RESIDENTIAL YELLOW land of equal value, or for shares of stock
COMMERCIAL RED
INDUSTRIAL VIOLET Land Use Plan – rational approach of allocating available land as equitably as
INSTITUTIONAL BLUE possible
PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS GREEN
INFRASTRUCTURES/UTILITIES GRAY On-Site Development – process of upgrading and rehabilitation of blighted
BUILT-UP AREAS YELLOW and slum urban area
AGRICULTURE LIGHT-GREEN
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL LIGHT-VIOLET Professional Squatters – individuals or groups who occupy lands without the
FOREST DARK GREEN express consent of the landowner and who have sufficient income for
MINING/QUARRYING BROWN legitimate housing
GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE
SWAMPLAND/MARSHES GREEN Resettlement Areas – used for the relocation of the underprivileged and
OTHER LAND USES AQUA; APPROPRIATE COLORS homeless citizens

Security of Tenure – right of ownership, lease agreement, usufruct and other

TYPES OF SUBDIVISION contractual arrangements

SUBDIVISION PROJECT Slum Improvement and Resettlement (SIR) Program

- a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496; primarily for residential - program of National Housing Authority of upgrading and improving
purposes; offered to the public for sale, in cash or in installment blighted squatter areas outside Metro Manila

CONDOMINIUM PROJECT Small Property Owners – real property consists of residential lands not
- the entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily for exceeding 300sqm in highly urbanized and 800sqm in other urban areas
Socialized Housing – same as AO 353

Squatting Syndicates – groups of persons engaged in the business of squatter

housing for profit or gain

Underprivileged or Homeless Citizens – individuals or families residing in

urban and urbanizable areas whose income falls within the poverty threshold
as defined by NEDA; do not own housing facilities

Urban Areas – all cities regardless of population density; municipalities with

at least 500 persons per square kilometer

Urbanizable Areas – display marked and great potential of becoming urban

areas within the period of 5 years

Zonal Improvement Program (ZIP) – program of NHA of upgrading and

improving blighted squatter areas within the cities and municipalities of Metro
Manila