EXPERIMENT 5

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (CHM420) LABORATORY REPORT

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
FOR DEGREE STUDENTS AS222/AS256/AT232

GROUP MEMBER NAME:

1. MUHAMMAD IQBAL ZAMANI BIN MUHAMAD
NARZRI (2022457704)
2. MIOR MUHAMMAD HAJIB BIN MIOR FAIDZ
(2022882364)
3. MUHAMMAD IRMAN FAZLEY BIN ABDULLAH
(2022478312)
4. SYAFIZ IQMAL BIN RAMLAN (2022800858)
5. MOHAMAD ABDULLAH BIN MOHAMAD NASSER
(2022697504)
6. IQBAL SYARIFF BIN SAIFUL RIZAL (2022818986)
GROUP: RAS2561A, RAS2561A
CODE PROGRAM: RAS256
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5-9 DECEMBER 2022
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES

DATA
QUESTIONS
Part A, Part D and Part E
1. How would you explain the shift of equilibrium in term of Le Chatelier’s Principle?
When a substance is added to a system that is already in equilibrium, the reaction will change so
that it can restore equilibrium by consuming some of the substance that was added. The system
will return to equilibrium by moving forward and changing the reactants into products if
reactants or products are added or removed. In addition, reversing the reaction and breaking
down the products into reactants restores equilibrium if the concentration of the reactants
decreases.

Part B
1. Explain how adding more NH3 (aq) cause the equilibrium to shift again.

The light blue colour of copper (II) sulphate changes to a dark blue color when ammonia solution
is added, and blue precipitate forms as a result. The black colour becomes darker when more
NH3(aq) is added. In order to balance the system out and maintain the equilibrium, adding more
reactants would cause it to shift once more.

2. Explain how 3M sulfuric acid caused the equilibrium to shift back again.
3.
Because the concentration of NH3 is dropping, the equilibrium will shift to the left, which is why
3M sulphuric acid caused it to shift back again.

Part C
1. State whether the concentration of each of the following substance was increased,
decreased or unaffected when the concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to cobalt
chloride solution.
Co (H2O)2+,6 decreased, Cl unaffected, CoCl2 increased

2. Explain why heating and cooling the mixture caused the equilibrium to shift.
The particles in a heated mixture collide more frequently as a result of their increased kinetic
energy, accelerating the process and shifting the equilibrium. When a mixture is cooled, the
particles have a reduced propensity to collide, converting their kinetic energy from high to low,
which slows the process and typically returns the equilibrium to its initial state.
Discussion
A. Iron(III) chloride with potassium thyiosulfate

Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ Fe(SCN)2+ (aq)

The clear, pale orange solution becomes milky orange when FeCl3 is added. This is as a
result of rising Fe3+ concentration. The forward reaction speed quickens. Reduced SCN-
concentration is seen. Fe(SCN)2+ will be produced in greater quantities than before. The
rightward shift in equilibrium The forward response is preferred.

When KSCN is added to the solution, clear pale orange solution turns into clear brick red.
This is because the concentration of SCN- increases. The rate of forward reaction
increases. The concentration of Fe3+ decreases. There will be more product formed,
Fe(SCN)2+. The equilibrium shift to the right. The forward reaction is favoured.

Clear pale orange solution becomes turbid and white precipitate forms when AgNO3 is
added to the mixture. This occurs as a result of AgNO3's ability to generate the white
precipitate, AgSCN, by removing SCN- ions from the equilibrium process. As one of the
reactants' concentration decreased, the equilibrium shifted to the left. The opposite response
is preferred. Cloudy solution with white precipitate changes to milky brick-red with white
precipitate if KSCN is added to the same solution. SCN concentration is rising. By recreating
Fe(SCN)2+, the equilibrium shifts back to the right to re-establish the equilibrium ratio of
concentration. The forward response is preferred. The mixture changes from foggy with
white precipitate to milky orange with white precipitate when FeCl3 is added to it.

B. Copper (II) sulphate solution with Ammonia

Cu2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (aq)

When NH3 is added to the CuSO4, light blue solution turns into blue. Ammonia is a weak
base, thus it dissociates in water to form OH- ions. While this is happening, copper
hydroxide will precipitate out, leaving ammonium sulfate in solution. The equilibrium
shift to the right. The forward reaction is favoured.

A blue solution of CuSO4 becomes a dark blue solution as additional NH3 is added. This
happens as a result of NH3 surrounding the copper ion and acting as a ligand. In a solution,
copper hydroxide dissolves. The amount of OH- rises. The rightward shift in equilibrium The
forward response is preferred.

When the same solution is mixed with H2SO4. Solution with a dark blue turns light blue.
This is as a result of the Cu(NH3)42+ produced being balanced by the H+ ions. Leftward
shift in equilibrium The reverse reaction is favored

C. Cobalt (II) Chloride solution

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇌ [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

In Test Tube 1, CoCl2 did not have any changes when boiling and cooling. This is because.
CoCl2 in Test tube 1 is in equilibrium.

Light pink solution in Test Tube 2 becomes pale pink when strong HCl is introduced to the
CoCl2 solution. This is due to an increase in Cl- concentration. The forward reaction speed
quickens. The rightward shift in equilibrium Favoring forward reaction. When water is added
to Test Tube 2, the concentration of Cl- falls. The shift in equilibrium is to the left. The
reverse reaction is favoured. A light pink solution takes on the colour of the original pale
pink solution.

In Test Tube 3, when NH4Cl is added into CoCl2 solution , light pink solution turns into
milky pink with white precipitate. This is due to an increase in Cl- concentration. The
forward reaction speed quickens. The rightward shift in equilibrium The preferred response
is forward. Milky pink solution turns into blue solution in heating water. This is due to the
equilibrium shifting to the right when the temperature is elevated. The preferred response is
forward. More blue complex ion are formed. The blue solution cools and returns to its
normal colour, a light pink with white precipitate. This is due to an equilibrium shift to the
left that occurs at lower temperatures. The reverse reaction is occurred.

D. Ammonium solution

H+(aq) + NH3 (aq)→ NH4+ (aq)

In Test Tube 2, when NH4CL is added to NH3 solution, ligt purple solution turns into
colourless. This is because the concentration of NH+ increases. The rate of forward
reaction increases. The concentration of Fe3+ decreases. There will be more product
formed. The equilibrium shift to the right. Forward reaction is favoured.

When NH3 solution in Test Tube 3 is combined with HCl, light purple solution turns
colourless. Ammonium chloride is created when the weak basic ammonia combines with the
acid hydrochloric acid. The forward reaction rate slows down. Less product will be produced.
The opposite reaction is preferred.

Based on the all experiment above, the concentration of reactant and temperature are the
major factor of chemical equation. There are safety measures that call for alertness. The
bases and acids employed in this experiment are all extremely basic or acidic solutions,
respectively. After being in contact with these chemicals for at least 15 minutes, wash any
exposed skin with water. Take off any clothes that has been exposed to these bases or acids.
Consult a doctor if blistering occurs. In addition, extra water should be used to wash
solutions containing copper or cobalt ions off of skin or clothing. Moreover, Gloves must be
worn when cleaning up any spill that occurs during this laboratory period.

CONCLUSION

The equilibrium system is affected by some stresses. Concentration is among the pressures.
A higher level of attention will favour forward movement. The equilibrium will change to the
right as a result. Reverse reaction is more likely with lower concentration. As a result, the
equilibrium will move to the left. Temperature is another stressor. Forward response will be
encouraged by higher temperature. The equilibrium will change to the right as a result.
Reverse reactions will favour lower temperatures. Consequently, the balance will change to
the left.
REFERENCE
1. Bauer, R. (2017). Laboratory Inquiry in Chemistry , Third Edition.
2. Ostwald, W., & Gustav, T. (2021, April 06). Chemical equilibrium. Retrieved from
Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/elimination-reaction