Definition of urology:

Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male
and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra).
Sourcelink: https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/what-is-
urology
Meaning of Urologist:
Urologists diagnose and treat diseases of the urinary tract in both
men and women. They also diagnose and treat anything involving
the reproductive tract in men.
Types of urological problems in men:

The urinary tract is the system that creates, stores, and removes
urine from the body. Urologists can treat any part of this system.
This includes the:

 kidneys, which are the organs that filter waste out of the
blood to produce urine
 ureters, which are the tubes through which urine flows from
the kidneys to the bladder
 bladder, which is the hollow sac that stores urine
 urethra, which is the tube through which urine travels from
the bladder out of the body
 adrenal glands, which are the glands located on top of each
kidney that release hormones
 penis, which is the organ that releases urine and carries sperm
out of the body
 prostate, which is the gland underneath the bladder that adds
fluid to sperm to produce semen
 testicles, which are the two oval organs inside the scrotum
that make the hormone testosterone and produce sperm

Conditions treated by urologists in Women:

 bladder prolapse, or the dropping of the bladder into the

vagina
 cancers of the bladder, kidneys, and adrenal glands
 interstitial cystitis
 kidney stones
 overactive bladder
 UTIs
 urinary incontinence

Urological disorders in men:

1. Enlarged Prostate (BPH)

2. Prostate Cancer
3. Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
4. Prostatitis or UTI
5. Urinary Incontinence
6. Peyronie's disease (penile curvature)
7. Infertility
8. Kidney stones, tumors, hydronephrosis
9. Urinary tract infections

10. Penile trauma

11. Birth control, including vasectomy

12. Testicular Tumours

13. Bladder tumor

14. Polyps
 15. Stones

Conditions in children:

 bed-wetting
 blockages and other problems with the urinary tract structure
 undescended testicles

Education & Training of an urologist:

Education and Training of an urologist include the following:

o MBBS degree after completing MS general surgery

o MS general Surgery
o Msch Urology

Diagnostic Tests ordered by urologists

They order the following for the diagnosis:

 Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, MRI scan, or ultrasound,

allow them to see inside your urinary tract.
 They can order a cystogram, which involves taking X-ray
images of your bladder.
 Urologist can perform a cystoscopy. This involves using a thin
scope called a cystoscope to see the inside of your urethra
and bladder.
 They can perform a post-void residual urine test to find out
how fast urine leaves your body during urination. It also
shows how much urine is left in your bladder after you urinate.
 They can use a urine sample to check your urine for bacteria
that cause infections.
 They can perform urodynamic testing to measure the
pressure and volume inside your bladder.

Sourcelink: https://www.bing.com/search?
q=urologist&form=GEOTRI&sp=-1&pq=urologist&sc=10-
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Disorders of urological problems:

Some of the urological disorders are as follows:

 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

 Urinary Contingence
 Urinary tract infections (UTI)
 Kidney & Ureteral Stones

Sourcelink: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-
areas/urologic-diseases

Prevention of urological problems:

 Timely diagnosis and treatment of any infectious diseases

that occur in the body, especially sore throat, sinusitis,
infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and sexually
transmitted infections;
 Proper observance of the rules of personal hygiene of the
genitals;
 Wearing linen made from natural materials (cotton, silk),
which reduces the risk of skin irritations;
 Avoiding overwork, stress, and hypothermia;
 Compliance with the rules and hygiene of sexual life;
  A proper and healthy diet, which should include foods such as
meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits, herbs and nuts. At the
same time, fried and fatty foods should be excluded, salt
intake should be reduced;
 Regular fresh air walks and exercise;
 A healthy lifestyle, which means a complete rejection of
alcohol and smoking;
 Proper water drinking regimen: drink at least two litres of
water per day.

Sourcelink: https://cmchospital.ge/en/blog/urologic-diseases---
diagnosis-and-treatment/69/

Medications for urinary diseases:

 Amoxicillin/augmentin
 Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
 Cephalexin (Keflex)
 Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
 Fosfomycin (Monurol)
 Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
 Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)

Side effects of urological diseases include the following:

Fever
Rash
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Nerve damage
 www.google.com

Surgical Procedures by Urologists:

 Vasectomy
 Vasectomy Reversal
 Cystoscopy
 Prostate Procedures
 Ureteroscopy
 Lithotripsy
 Orchiopexy
 Penile Plication
 Penile Implants & Prosthesis
 Male circumcision
 Removal of kidney (Nephrectomy)
 Renal transplant

Sourcelink: https://allianceurology.com/common-urology-
procedures/

JOURNALS:

Journals of urology are as follows:

 The journal of urology

 Indian journal of urology
 Urology
 World journal of urology
 European urology
 Asian journal of andrology
The journal of urology:

 Metastasis-directed Therapy Without Androgen Deprivation

Therapy in Solitary Oligorecurrent Prostate Cancer:
https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/JU.0000000000002
898
 Indian journal of urology:
https://www.indianjurol.com/currentissue.asp?sabs=n
 World health of urology:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-022-04222-w

Sourcelink: https://www.google.com/search?
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QE6BQguEIAEUABYjxxgzStoAHAAeAGAAfoDiAGXEpIBCDIuMTQuNS0x
mAEAoAEB&sclient=gws-wiz

Association of urologists in India are:

 Urological Society of India: The Urological Society of India (USI) came into
existence as Urology Section of the Association of Surgeons of India(ASI) at their Annual

Conference in Baroda in December, 1961. 

 Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation:
https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/37/6/1181/6468756?
searchresult=1

 Kidney international:
https://www.kidney-international.org/current
Sourcelink: www.google.com