I

SLAMI
CCRI
MINALLAW

Kasi
m Bal
arabe

LLB(
ABU)
,BL(
Niger
ia)
,LLM (
Genev
a),
LLM (
VUAmst
erdam)
,

PHDResear
cher(
Maast
ri
cht
,Net
her
lands)

Bar
ri
sterandSol
i
cit
oroft
heSupr
emeCour
tofNi
ger
ia

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Obj
ect
ivesoft
heCour
se.

I
tai
msateducat
ingst
udent
sont
heconceptofcr
imes,
cat
egor
iesofcr
imesand

puni
shmentunderI
slami
cLaw

Cont
ent
s.

1.Thepr
ocessofI
slami
ccr
imi
nal
just
ice

2.Theconceptofcr
imeandpuni
shmentunderI
slami
claw

3.Cr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
tyi
nIsl
ami
claw

4.Reasonsf
orwi
thhol
dingr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

5.For
msofcr
imesandpuni
shment
sinI
slam

6.Hududcr
imesandpenal
ti
es

 Zi
na(
adul
ter
y&f
orni
cat
ion)

 Li
waat(
homosexual
i
ty)

 Sar
iqah(
thef
t)

 Qadhaf(
slanderoraccusat
ion.
)

 Shur
blal
-khamr(
alcohol
)

 Hi
rabah(
pir
acy
)

 Ri
ddah/
ir
ti
dad(
apost
asy
)

 Bagy
i(Musl
i
mrebel
)

 Qi
sas(
lawofequal
i
ty)

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
7.Ta’
azi
r(di
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
)

ThePr
ocessofI
slami
cCr
imi
nal
Just
ice

Theul
ti
mat
etestofef
fi
cacyofcr
imi
nal
just
iceadmi
nist
rat
ionunderanyl
egal
syst
em i
s
t
hequal
i
tyofsecur
it
yit
ssubj
ect
senj
oyed.

Thequi
ntessenceoft
hissecur
it
ycanbemeasur
edbyt
hemeansoft
hesust
enanceof
t
hesubj
ect
’sr
ight
stol
i
fe;
respectf
ort
hedi
gni
tyofhi
sper
son;
per
sonal
li
ber
ty;
pri
vat
e
andf
ami
l
y;t
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion;
andt
ofr
eedom f
rom
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.

Theext
entt
hatcr
imi
nal
i
tyandot
heri
mpedi
ment
sar
eper
mit
tednott
odest
royor
i
mpov
eri
sht
hatqual
i
tyi
sanot
herqual
i
tyt
oit
scr
edi
bil
i
ty.

Thesubj
ectofl
awunderShar
i’
ah,
isman,
towhom t
heHeav
ensandEar
th,
andal
lthat
i
sbet
weent
hem ar
esubj
ect
edf
orhi
sut
il
it
y.Thi
sisf
ort
hepur
poseofv
iceger
encyf
or
whi
chhei
sendowedwi
thcapaci
tyandf
reewi
l
l.Hei
sconsci
ousoft
hiscapaci
tyi
nthe
exer
ciseofopt
ionwhenv
ari
ouspossi
bil
i
tiesofact
ionori
nact
ionar
eopenedt
ohi
m.
Hav
ingbeenawar
eofhi
scapaci
ty,
All
ahhol
dsmanr
esponsi
blef
orhi
sdeeds.

Butbecausehumanbei
ngsar
ekal
eidoscopi
cinnat
ure,
cont
inuousl
ycont
endwi
thone
anot
her
,agr
eeanddi
sagr
ee,
thev
aluesoft
hev
iceger
encyhadt
obet
ransl
atedi
nto
Shar
i’
ahi
.e.t
heI
slami
cLaw.Andt
heyar
enotsubj
ectt
osuchv
ici
ssi
tudes(
changes)of
manpar
ti
alknowl
edgeandpassi
ngi
nter
est
s.

Thei
ngr
ained(
in-
bui
l
t)passi
oni
nmanmakeshi
mtoi
ntr
udeuponot
her
’sr
ight
s.Thus,
heendanger
spubl
i
csecur
it
yandi
nter
est
.Iti
sther
efor
e,necessar
ytohav
eadet
err
ing
means,
whi
chcancur
bhi
mfr
om anyt
ransgr
essi
onoroppr
essi
on.

I
slami
ccr
imi
nal
1awsser
vet
hispur
posei
nawayt
hatadi
vi
nej
ust
icei
sai
medf
orbot
h
t
heaccusedper
sonandt
hev
ict
im.

Undert
heI
slami
cCr
imi
nal
Processt
heci
rcumst
ancesmustbej
ust
lyexami
nedand
ascer
tai
nedt
hatj
ust
icei
smet
edt
other
ightper
son.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
THECONCEPTOFCRI
MEANDPUNI
SHMENTUNDERI
SLAMI
CLAW

TheConceptofCr
ime

Al
-Jar
imahi
sanAr
abi
cwor
dforcr
ime.I
tli
ter
all
ymeanscommi
tmentofnon-
commendabl
eact
.Cr
imeunderI
slami
cLawt
her
efor
econsi
sti
nlegal
prohi
bit
ions
i
mposedbyAl
l
ah,
whosei
nfr
ingementent
ail
spuni
shmentpr
escr
ibedbyHi
m.

I
nthedef
ini
ti
onofMusl
i
mjur
ist
slegal
prohi
bit
ionmeans“
commi
ssi
onoff
orbi
ddenact
oromi
ssi
onofanactenj
oined”
.Thepr
eceptoft
hisdef
ini
ti
oni
sthatt
hev
iol
ati
onoft
he
or
der
,ei
thert
odoornott
odo,
ispuni
shabl
ebef
oret
hel
awi
.e.i
tmustent
ail
puni
shmenti
nIsl
am

I
nthecl
assi
cal
bookofMusl
i
mjur
ist
scr
imesar
econsi
der mahzur
edas“ atshar
’i
yyah,
i
.e.l
egal
prohi
bit
edact
s,det
err
edbyt
hesev
eri
tyofhadd,
i.
e.pr
escr
ibedpuni
shmentor
t
a’azi
r,i
.e.unspeci
fi
edpuni
shment
.”

Fr
om t
hisexpl
anat
iont
wot
hingsar
enecessar
il
yinf
err
ed:

a)t
hatt
hel
awf
ormaki
nganactoromi
ssi
onacr
imemustcomef
rom t
heLawgi
ver
;
and

b)Thati
thasbeenf
oundedont
hebasi
sandpr
inci
plesl
aiddownbyt
heLawgi
ver
.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,
somet
ransgr
essi
onshav
ebeenconsi
der
edgr
avert
hanot
her
s.Theyar
e
consi
der
edasdanger
ousandt
hreatt
othepubl
i
csecur
it
yandt
oindi
vi
dual
saf
etyand
pr
otect
ioni
nev
eryt
imeandev
erypl
ace.Fort
his,
speci
alpuni
shment
sar
epr
escr
ibed
ont
hem.Theyar
eknown,
int
hecl
assi
cal
Shar
i’ asj
ahbooks, ara’
i
m al
-hudud,
i.
e.,
cr
imesofspeci
fi
cpuni sandj
shment ari
m al
-qi
saswaal
-hudud,
i.
e.cr
imesofr
etr
ibut
ion
andwer
gil
d.

Ther
ear
eot
hercr
imeswhi
char
enotconsi
der
edt
obegr
aveort
hreat
stopubl
i
c
secur
it
ybutt
heShar
i‘
ahhaspr
ohi
bit
edt
hem aswel
l
,fornomor
ereasont
hant
he
bet
ter
mentofmanki
ndi
nthi
swor
ldorher
eaf
ter
.Thepuni
shment
sfort
heact
sthat

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
comeundert
hisdi
vi
si
onar
eputundert
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hosei
naut
hor
it
ythati
slawf
ul
i
nst
it
uti
onaccor
dingt
otheShar
i’
ahdescr
ipt
i eknownasj
on.Theyar ara’
i
m al
-t
a’azi
r,
cr
imesofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
s.

I
tmaybenot
ewor
thyt
oknowt
hat
,thepuni
shmentoft
hesecr
imesi
snotapur
poseby
i
tsel
fbutameanst
oanend.Thegl
ori
ousobj
ecti
sther
eal
commonweal
thofmanki
nd.

Al
so,
acommi
ssi
on,
oranomi
ssi
oncanbedef
inedasacr
imeundert
heShar
i’
ahwhen
t
hreeessent
ial
fact
orshav
ebeenf
ulf
il
led.Theyar
easf
oll
ows:

1.Thatat
ext
ual
evi
denceoft
heQur
’an,
theSunnah, heI
ort jmahhasf
orbi
ddeni
t;

2.Thatt
heact
ual
actoromi
ssi
onhasbeencommi
tt
ed;

3.Thatt
heaccusedper samukal
soni l
af,
i.
e.l
egal
l
ycapabl
eper
son,
andr
esponsi
blef
or
t
heactoromi
ssi
on.

TheConceptofPuni
shment

Mer
epr
ohi
bit
ionorcommandi
snoguar
ant
eeagai
nsti
tscommi
tment
.Puni
shmenti
s
pr
escr
ibedmai
nlyf
ordet
err
encepur
poses.I
ntheabsenceofpuni
shment
,acommand
orpr
ohi
bit
ionwi
l
lbeofnoconsequence.

Puni
shmentensur
est
hatacommandorpr
ohi
bit
ionbecomesi
ntel
l
igi
bleand
meani
ngf
ul.

Puni
shmentenj
oinsl
egal
stat
usonl
yint
hepubl
i
cint
erest
,desi
gnedt
oachi
eve
col
l
ect
ivegoodandt
osaf
eguar
dit
.Puni
shment
sar
enotbenef
ici
ali
nthemsel
ves,
they
ar
eint
ri
nsi
cal
l
yev
il
.

Somecr
imesmayhav
esomebenef
it
sint
hem,
forexampl
eadul
ter
y,dr
inki
ngofl
i
quor
,
t
hef
t,ext
ort
ion,
abandoni
ngoff
ami
l
y,gambl
i
ngandnon-
pay
mentofzakat
.Howev
er
t
hesear
eabsol
utel
yimmat
eri
alt
othel
aw-
giv
erbecauset
heyar
edet
ri
ment
alt
othe
soci
etyasawhol
e,hencedecl
aredunl
awf
ulandpuni
shmentpr
escr
ibed.

I
slami
clawhashencei
dent
if
iedcer
tai
nact
sascr
imesandpr
escr
ibedspeci
fi
c
puni
shment
sfort
hem wi
thav
iewt
osaf
eguar
dcol
l
ect
ivei
nter
estandt
hesy
stem on
whi
cht
heent
ir
esoci
aledi
fi
cer
est
sandt
oenabl
ethecommuni
tyt
osur
viv
ewi
thmor
al

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
v
aluesandhar
mony
.

CRI
MINALRESPONSI
BILI
TYI
NISLAMI
CLAW

I
nIsl
ami
clawt
her
ear
edi
ff
erentschool
soft
houghtconcer
ningt
hebasesofcr
imi
nal
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

1.Theal
-Jabr
iyah(
fat
ali
sm)school
,fori
nst
ance,
hol
dst
hatmandoesnotf
reel
y
choosehi
sownact
ions.Hei
snotendowedwi
thawi
l
lorpowerofchoi
ce.Rat
her
,
hi
sact
ionsar
edi
rect
edbyGodandar
eat
tr
ibut
edonl
ysecondar
il
ytoman.

2.Ther
eal
soar
etheMu’
tazi
l
li
tesi
nIr
aqwhobel
i
evet
hatmani
stheaut
horofhi
s
ownact
ions,
bot
hthegoodandt
heev
il
,andt
her
efor
e,hedeser
vesr
ewar
dor
puni
shmenti
ntheher
eaf
ter
.Theyal
sobel
i
evet
hatGod,
ast
heper
fectBei
ng,
doesnot
hingev
ilorunj
ust
.Manhasachoi
cei
nal
lhedoesandhasl
egal
capaci
ty.
..

3.Fi
nal
l
y,t
her
ear
etheAsh’
ari
teswhobel
i
evet
hatal
thoughmanhasawi
l
l,i
t
cannotpr
evai
lov
ert
hepowerofGod.Manper
for
msact
ionsdet
ermi
nedbyGod,
butman’
swi
l
lal
sopr
ompt
shi
sownact
ions.Hence,
hei
sconsi
der
edt
oexer
cise
choi
ce(
albei
tpr
e-dest
ined)i
nhi
sact
ions.Thi
sschool
oft
houghthasbeen
t
racedt
oal
-Ash’
ari
whowasv
erypr
omi
nenti
nhi
sti
meandwasgi
vent
het
it
le
“
lmam oft
heSunni
s”byt
he‘
ul
ama(
rel
i
giousschol
ars)
.

Howev
er,
hehadmanyopponent
s.Mosti
mpor
tantamongt
hem wasi
bnHazm who
consi
der
edal
-Ash’
ari
afat
ali
stf
orhi
svi
ewont
hegr
eatsi
ns,
becausehepost
ponedt
he
passi
ngofj
udgmentonany
oneunt
ilt
heDayofJudgment
.

Accor
dingt
oIsl
am,
Godi
somni
pot
ent
.Ast
hecr
eat
orofal
lthati
sinheav
enandon
ear
th,
hispoweri
stot
alHeknowswhati
sunknown,
whati
sint
hehear
tandwhati
sin
t
hewomb.Hence,
heal
soknowswhatact
ionsaper
sonmayt
ake,
bet
heygoodorev
il
.

I
slam al
sot
eachest
hatGodhasendowedmanwi
thr
easonandwi
l
landmadehi
m
capabl
eoft
hinki
ngaccor
dingt
ohi
sper
cept
ionsandhi
sunder
standi
ng.

Nat
ural
l
y,Godknowswhatgoodorev
ildeedseachcr
eat
urewi
l
ldo,
buteachper
soni
s
f
reet
omakei
t.Thet
hiefst
eal
s,t
headul
ter
ercommi
tsadul
ter
y;buteachsi
nis

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
pr
ompt
edbyt
hesi
nner
’sdesi
resandl
ust
s.Hecommi
tssuchsi
nsbyhi
sownwi
l
l,nott
o
r
eal
i
zeapr
edest
inedf
atebutr
athert
osat
isf
yaf
orbi
ddendesi
re.Suchact
sar
eknown
t
oGodbef
orehandsi
nceHei
somni
sci
ent
.

I
nIsl
am,
ther
efor
e,aper
soni
stot
all
yresponsi
blef
orhi
sact
ions-ar
esponsi
bil
i
ty
br
oughtuponhi
m byhi
sreason,
hiswi
l
l,i
ncl
i
nat
ions,
andchoi
ce.

Bear
ingt
hist
heol
ogi
cal
foundat
ioni
nmi
nd,
thef
oll
owi
ngdi
scussi
onofcr
imi
nal
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
nIsl
ami
claw(
Shar
i’
ah)i
sdi
vi
dedaccor
dingt
o:

1. Responsi
bil
i
tyandt
hephy
sical
act
;

2. Responsi
bil
i
tyandt
hement
alst
ate;
and

3. Reasonsf
orv
acat
ingr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,

Reasonsf
orper
missi
bil
i
tyandt
hosef
orwi
thhol
dingr
esponsi
bil
i
tywi
l
lal
sobe
di
scussed.

RESPONSI
BILI
TYANDTHEPHYSI
CALACT

Onl
ytheper
pet
rat
orofacr
imei
shel
dresponsi
blef
ori
t.Butwhenacr
imecanbe
consi
der
edt
ohav
ebeent
her
esul
toft
hedef
endant
’sactandwheni
tresul
tedf
rom
someoneel
se’
sactgi
vesr
iset
othepr
obl
em ofest
abl
i
shi
ngcausat
ionf
orpur
posesof
i
mposi
ngcr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
ty

Causat
ion

MostI
slami
cjur
ist
sinsi
stt
hatt
her
ebeacausal
rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weent
heact
commi
tt
edandt
her
esul
ti
ngdeat
h.

I
slami
clawhol
dsaper
sonr
esponsi
blef
ort
her
esul
twhenev
eri
tispossi
blet
otr
acei
ts
sour
cebackt
otheactwhi
chl
eadst
oit
.

I
nibnHazm’
sal
-Muhal
l
aiti
sst
ated:
“Iti
shomi
cidef
orsomeonet
oopenupar
iverdam
t
husdr
owni
ngpeopl
e,ort
ospr
eadf
ir
e,ordest
royabui
l
ding.
”Si
mil
arl
y,Al
ihassai
d:

1fsomeoneopensupar
iverdam andagr
oupofpeopl
edr
own,
andi
ftheactwas
per
for
medwi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofdr
owni
ngpeopl
e,t
heper
soni
sli
abl
etor
etr
ibut
ionand

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
i
ndemni
ti
esf
ort
heki
l
li
ngofagr
oup.I
ftheopeni
ngupoft
her
iverdam wasdonef
or
somebenef
itorf
ornobenef
it
,ift
heper
sonhadnotr
eal
i
zedt
hati
twoul
dinj
ureanyof
t
hosewhodi
ed,
thent
hisi
sacaseofacci
dent
alhomi
cide.I
ndemni
ti
esar
etobepai
dby
hi
scl
an;
penancei
suponhi
mforeachsoul
thatper
ished;
andi
nal
lthi
shei
sli
abl
efor
al
ldamaget
opr
oper
tyt
hathecaused.l
fonechannel
swat
eront
oawal
landt
hewat
er,
i
ndest
roy
ingt
hewal
l
,causesdeat
h,asst
atedabov
e,t
hesamer
uleappl
i
esequal
l
yher
e
wi
thoutanydi
sti
nct
ionbecausei
neacheaset
heper
soni
sthephy
sical
causeoft
he,
damage.

I
tisst
atedi
nNi
hay
atal
-muht
aj:

Hewhoi
ntent
ional
l
yinj
uresamanwhor
emai
nsbedr
iddenunt
ilhi
sdeat
h,deser
ves
r
etr
ibut
ion.I
fsomeoneki
l
lsasi
ckmani
nthel
astt
hroes(
feel
i
ngofment
alorphy
sical
pai
n)ofdeat
h,hi
sactdeser
vesr
etr
ibut
ion.

I
slami
cLawdoesnotr
equi
ret
hatt
heactoft
heassai
l
antbet
heonl
ycauset
hatbr
ings
aboutt
her
esul
t.I
tissuf
fi
cientt
hatt
heactbet
hepr
inci
pal
anduni
nter
rupt
edcauset
hat
br
oughtaboutt
her
esul
t.

Buti
fther
eisnor
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heactandt
her
esul
t,t
hennor
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
s
i
mposed.Thi
sisi
l
lust
rat
edi
nanexampl
efr
om i
bnHazm:

Amanwast
rav
ell
i
ngwi
thhi
smot
herwhenanot
hermancameonahor
segal
l
opi
ngata
hi
ghspeed.Thedonkeywasf
ri
ght
enedasar
esul
toft
hehor
seandj
umped.Thewoman
f
ell
offt
hedonkeyandwaski
l
led.Themanappeal
edt
oUmari
bnal
-Khat
tabf
or
assi
stance.Umarasked,
“Di
dhehi
tthedonkey
?”t
hemananswer
ed,
“No”
.Umarasked,
“
Didt
hehor
sei
njur
edt
hedonkeyi
nanyway
?”Themananswer
ed,
“No”
.SoUmarsai
d,
“
Yourmot
her
’st
imehadcome,
sor
esi
gny
our
sel
ftoGod’
swi
l
l.
”

Sequent
ial
causat
ion

I
faper
son’
swal
lfal
l
sonanot
her
’swal
landt
hesecondwal
lfal
l
sonamant
huski
l
li
ng
hi
m,t
hent
heowneroft
hef
ir
stwal
li
sli
abl
ebecauset
hef
all
i
ngofhi
swal
lbeganan
uni
nter
rupt
edchai
nofev
ent
s.

I
fhowev
er,
amanf
all
sandi
sinj
uredi
nthedebr
isoft
hesecondwal
l
,thent
hef
ir
stman

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
i
snotl
i
abl
eforhi
sinj
urysi
ncer
emov
aloft
hedebr
isi
snothi
sresponsi
bil
i
ty.Nei
theri
s
t
heowneroft
hesecondwal
ll
iabl
eunl
esshehadknowl
edgeoft
hef
all
i
ngofhi
swal
l
anddi
dnotr
emov
ethedebr
isi
nanappr
opr
iat
eti
me.

I
fasnakeat
tacksaper
sonand,
inbei
ngpushedaway
,fal
l
sont
oasecondper
sonwho
i
ntur
nthr
owst
hesnakeont
oat
hir
dper
sonwhoi
sbi
tt
enanddi
es,
thenwhowoul
dbe
hel
dli
abl
efort
hedeat
h?

AbuHani
fahanswer
edt
hus:

Thef
ir
stper
soni
snotl
i
abl
ebecauset
hesnakedi
dnothur
tthesecondper
son.Nei
ther
i
sthesecondl
i
abl
e,ort
het
hir
dandsooni
fther
ewer
emor
eper
sonsi
nvol
ved.Asf
aras
t
hel
astper
soni
nthechai
nisconcer
nedi
fthesnakef
all
sonhi
m andhei
sbi
tt
enas
soonast
hesnakef
all
sonhi
m,t
husgi
vi
nghi
m not
imet
othr
owi
taway
,thent
he
per
sonwhohadt
hrowst
hesnakeont
hel
astper
soni
sli
abl
etot
hehei
rsoft
he
deceased.I
fhowev
er,
thesnakedoesnotbi
tehi
mimmedi
atel
y,t
hent
heper
sonwho
hadt
hrownt
hesnakei
sal
sonotl
i
abl
e.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,AbuHani
fahi
nsi
stst
hati
tisnecessar
ytoconsi
dert
hei
nst
rumentusedi
n
t
hehomi
cidei
nthecausal
anal
ysi
s.I
fthei
nst
rumentdoesnotusual
l
yki
l
l,t
hisbr
eaks
t
hecausal
rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weent
heactandt
hedeat
h.Andaper
soni
sther
efor
e,not
hel
dresponsi
blef
ort
heactofi
ntent
ional
mur
der
.

Causat
ionandt
heCommi
ssi
onofanI
ntent
ional
Cri
mei
napassi
veManner

I
tisr
equi
redofwhoev
erabst
ainf
rom of
fer
ingf
oodordr
inkwi
tht
hei
ntent
ionoft
ort
ure
t
hati
fhedoesnotgi
vewat
ert
oat
rav
eler
,knowi
ngt
hathi
sabst
ent
ioni
snotj
ust
if
ied
andt
hatt
het
rav
elerwoul
ddi
eifnotof
fer
edwat
er,
suchaper
sonshal
lbeexecut
edf
or
t
het
rav
eler–ev
ent
hought
hisper
sonhasnotki
l
ledhi
m(t
het
rav
eler
)wi
thhi
sown
hands.

Ont
hef
aceofi
t,aper
soni
ssent
encedf
ort
hedeat
hofanot
heri
fhei
ntendedbyhi
s
abst
ent
iont
oki
l
lhi
m ort
otor
tur
ehi
m.Andsoi
nthi
srespecti
sthecaseoft
hemot
her
.
I
famot
herdeni
esmi
l
ktoherson,
wit
hint
ent
ionofki
l
li
nghi
m,t
hensheshoul
dbe
sent
encedt
odeat
h.I
not
herwor
ds,
sheshal
lnotbesent
encedont
hegr
oundof

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
abst
ent
ionunl
esst
hatabst
ent
ioni
saccompani
edbyani
ntent
iont
oki
l
l.

Anal
ogousi
sthecaseoft
hef
ather
,whowhi
l
ebeat
inghi
schi
l
d,hadt
hei
ntent
ionof
ki
l
li
ngandt
ort
uri
ng.I
fther
ewasnoi
ntent
iont
oki
l
l,t
heni
ndemni
ti
esar
epai
dbyt
he
cl
an.

RESPONSI
BILI
TYFORTHEACTOFANOTHER

Aper
soni
snotcr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
blef
oracr
imewhi
chhehasnotcommi
tt
edsi
nce
puni
shmenti
sper
sonal
.

Howev
er,
ani
ndi
vi
dual
’
smi
stakeornegl
ectmaybeacausef
orhol
dinghi
mresponsi
ble
f
oranot
her
’scr
imi
nal
act
.Amer
chantf
orexampl
e,i
sresponsi
blef
ort
heact
ionsof
empl
oyeesi
nhi
sst
oref
orv
iol
ati
onoft
hel
awswhengov
erni
ngpr
ici
ng.Thi
sisequal
l
y
t
rueoft
heownerofacarwhenhegi
veshi
scart
osomeoneel
set
odr
ivewi
thouta
dr
iver
’sl
i
cense.

Aper
sonwhoownsanani
mal
ori
sot
her
wisei
nchar
geofi
tmaybecr
imi
nal
l
y
r
esponsi
blef
orhomi
ci
deorf
ort
hei
njur
iesar
isi
ngf
rom t
heact
soft
heani
mal
ifhe
commi
tscer
tai
nmi
stakes.Si
mil
arl
y,t
heownerofabui
l
dingmayber
esponsi
blei
fhe
i
nter
fer
esi
nthewor
kori
fhet
akesov
ert
hemanagementorsuper
visi
onoft
hewor
kof
anunqual
i
fiedandunt
rai
nedper
son.

I
nIsl
ami
cLaw,
aper
sonmaybehel
dresponsi
blef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.f
ort
heact
sofot
her
s:anempl
oyermaybeci
vi
ll
yli
abl
efort
hepr
act
icesofhi
s
subor
dinat
es,
bet
hatsubor
dinat
eason,
ahi
redhandoranappr
ent
ice:

2.Fort
hebui
l
dingheownsandwhathedoest
opubl
i
croads:
Itwassai
dofonewho
l
efthi
sgar
bagei
nthest
reetsot
hati
tinj
uredaper
sont
hathei
sli
abl
efort
hei
njur
y
becauset
hei
njur
yoccur
redasar
esul
tofhi
sint
ent
ional
placi
ngoft
hegar
bage

3.f
orani
mal
s:Aper
sonmaybehel
dresponsi
blef
orani
mal
sheowns.Ther
iderofan
ani
mal
isr
esponsi
blef
oral
lthati
ttr
eads(
steps)onandal
lthati
tinj
uresont
hepubl
i
c
r
oad.Buti
fhei
sri
dingonhi
sownl
andwhent
hei
njur
yoccur
s,hei
snotl
i
abl
e.I
fhe
r
idesonl
andownedbyanot
herwi
tht
heowner
’sper
missi
on,
thent
oohei
snotl
i
abl
e.
Buti
fhedoesnothav
etheowner
’sper
missi
on,
hei
sli
abl
e.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
RESPONSI
BILI
TYANDTHEMENTALSTATE

Responsi
bil
i
tyul
ti
mat
elymeanst
heassumpt
ionoft
heconsequencesf
orone’
sact
.For
aper
sont
obecr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
ble,
hemustbeoft
heageofdi
scr
eti
onandbeabl
eto
exer
cisechoi
cei
nwhathedoes.

I
naddi
ti
on,
hemustbeatf
aul
t.Faul
tist
hebasi
sofcr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
ty.I
fnof
aul
tis
f
ound,
aper
soncannotbehel
dresponsi
blef
orwhathashappened.

Faul
tmaybedet
ermi
nedf
rom del
i
ber
atei
ntent
,whi
chi
scal
l
edcr
imi
nal
int
ent
,ori
tmay
ar
iseuni
ntent
ional
l
yast
hroughami
stake.

Cr
imi
nal
Int
ent

I
ntenti
ncr
imi
nal
mat
ter
sist
hei
ncl
i
nat
ion(
predi
sposi
ti
on)ofone’
swi
l
ltowar
dthe
per
for
manceofapuni
shabl
eactort
owar
dapuni
shabl
eomi
ssi
on.

Ty
pesofI
ntent
ional
i
ty

1.Speci
fi
cint
ent

2.Pr
obabl
eint
ent

Speci
fi
cInt
ent

Aper
pet
rat
ori
ssai
dtohav
especi
fi
cint
enti
fhei
ntendsadef
ini
ter
esul
tas,
forexampl
e,
i
fhewant
stoki
l
lsomeoneanddoesso.Suchaper
soni
spuni
shedf
orapr
emedi
tat
ed
mur
der
.

I
nacaseofnonspeci
fi
cint
ent
,theper
pet
rat
orcommi
tsanactwhi
chl
eadst
oanumber
ofr
esul
tsal
lorsomeofwhi
chwer
eint
endedbyt
heper
pet
rat
orwi
thoutany
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.Forexampl
e,i
faper
sont
hrowsabombi
ntot
hemi
ddl
eofacr
owd,
he
def
ini
tel
yknowst
hati
twi
l
lki
l
lsomeandi
njur
eot
her
sev
ent
houghhehadnoti
ntended
har
mtoanyspeci
fi
cper
sons.I
nIsl
ami
cjur
ispr
udencewef
indt
hatonl
ysomej
uri
sts
bel
i
evet
hatt
hedef
endantshoul
dbepuni
shedf
orhi
snonspeci
fi
cint
ent
.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Pr
obabl
eInt
ent

Ev
ent
houghMusl
i
mjur
ist
sdonotment
iont
het
heor
yofpr
obabl
eint
ent
,thei
rcol
l
ect
ive
v
iewswoul
dest
abl
i
shoneoft
hemostmoder
ntheor
iesdeal
i
ngwi
tht
hispr
obl
em.For
exampl
einal
-Mughni
:

I
fsomeonedel
i
ber
atel
ycr
eat
esahol
einashi
ploadedwi
thpeopl
e–anactwhi
ch
usual
l
ysi
nksashi
p–andi
fthoseaboar
dtheshi
pdi
eini
tbecauset
heyar
einadeep
seaorbecauset
heycannotswi
m,r
etr
ibut
ioni
sdueont
hatper
soni
fsomeonef
or
whom r
etr
ibut
ioni
sduehadbeenki
l
led.Hei
sal
sol
i
abl
efort
heshi
paswel
laswhati
t
car
ri
esi
nter
msofmoneyandpeopl
e.

Responsi
bil
i
tyf
orMi
stake

I
tisappr
opr
iat
etowai
veDi
vi
neRi
ghti
fav
iol
ati
onoccur
sasar
esul
tofaper
son’
s
mi
stakeni
nter
pret
ati
on.

Mi
stakeconst
it
utesgr
oundsf
ordoubtasf
araspuni
shmenti
sconcer
nedsot
hatt
he
mi
stakenper
sonwoul
dnotbehel
dgui
l
tyandwoul
dnotbesubj
ectt
olegal
puni
shment
.
Forexampl
e,i
fawomanot
hert
hanhi
swi
fei
sbr
oughtt
oamanonhi
sweddi
ngni
ght
andt
hinki
ngshei
shi
swi
fe,
hehassexual
int
ercour
sewi
thher
,themanwoul
dnotbe
l
egal
l
ypuni
shednorwoul
dhebeconsi
der
edt
ohav
ecommi
tt
edadul
ter
y.

Si
mil
arl
y,i
famanseesaper
sonf
arawayandt
hinki
ngi
tisagame,
heshoot
sandki
l
ls
hi
m,t
hemani
snotconsi
der
edt
ohav
ecommi
tt
edpr
emedi
tat
edmur
derandr
etr
ibut
ion
i
snotduef
rom hi
m.

Mi
stake,
isnothowev
er,
anexcuseasf
arast
her
ight
sofpeopl
ear
econcer
ned.A
per
sonwhomakesami
stakei
sli
abl
eforhi
saggr
essi
oni
fheacci
dent
lycauses
damaget
oanot
her
’spr
oper
tyas,
forexampl
ewhenheseesanobj
ectf
arawayand
t
hinki
tswi
l
dgamebuti
tisi
nfactanewe(
sheep)whi
chbel
ongst
osomeoneel
se.
I
ndemni
tyi
sduef
orami
stakebecauseaper
son’
sri
ght
sar
eaf
fect
ed.

REASONSFORVACATI
NGRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Ther
easonst
hatv
acat
eormi
ti
gat
eresponsi
bil
i
tyar
epr
ovi
dedi
nIsl
ami
cLaw.These
i
ncl
ude:

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 1.Reasonsf
orper
missi
bil
i
ty,
whi
chencompasst
heuseofone’
sri
ght
,the
per
for
manceofadut
yandsel
f-
def
ence;
and

2.Reasonsf
orwi
thhol
dingpuni
shment–casesofi
nsani
ty,
unconsci
ousness,
coer
cion,
necessi
tyandi
nfancy
.

REASONSFORPERMI
SSI
BILI
TY

1.TheUseofOne’
sRi
ght

2.Di
sci
pli
net
heYoung

3.I
njur
iesi
nPer
missi
bleSpor
ts

4.ThePer
for
manceofOne’
sDut
y

5.Sel
f-
def
ence-condi
ti
ons

Theoccur
renceofanactwhi
chi
sconsi
der
edacr
imeagai
nstaper
sonorpr
oper
ty

Theuseoff
orcenecessar
yonl
ytor
epel
aggr
essi
on

Thei
mpossi
bil
i
tyofr
ely
ingatt
hecr
uci
almomentonpr
otect
ionbypubl
i
caut
hor
it
ies

REASONSFORWI
THHOLDI
NGPUNI
SHMENT

Her
ethei
ssuei
sther
easonf
orv
acat
ingr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,
whi
char
eat
tr
ibut
edt
othe
per
sonal
i
tyoft
heper
pet
rat
oront
hebasi
sofhi
sinabi
l
ityt
ochooseordi
scr
imi
nat
e.

Aper
soni
snothel
dresponsi
bleundersuchcondi
ti
onsbecauseoneoft
heel
ement
s
necessar
yforest
abl
i
shi
ngcr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
tyi
snecessar
il
ymi
ssi
ng.Reasonsf
or
wi
thhol
dingr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncl
ude:

1.I
nsani
ty

2.Unconsci
ousness

3.Coer
cionandnecessi
ty

4.I
nfancy

REASONSFORWI
THHOLDI
NGRESPONSI
BILI
TY

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
1.I
nsani
ty

I
nsani
tyi
sader
angementi
none’
spowert
odi
scr
imi
nat
ebet
weenwhati
sgoodand
whati
sbad,
ori
ntheabi
l
ityt
oknowsuchachoi
ceexi
sts.

I
nsani
ty,
whet
herf
rom bi
rt
horl
ater
,depr
ivesoneofr
easonandt
heabi
l
ityt
o
di
scr
imi
nat
eandsuspendsper
cept
ion.

I
nsani
tymaybet
otal
;i
not
herwor
ds,
itmaycompl
etel
ybl
ockone’
srat
ional
and
di
scr
imi
nat
orycapabi
l
iti
esandt
otal
l
yvi
ti
ateone’
sper
cept
ion.Thi
siscal
l
edpr
olonged
i
nsani
ty.I
nsani
tymayal
sobei
nter
rupt
ed(
spor
adi
c);
thati
s,i
tmayat
tackt
heper
son
i
nter
mit
tent
lyandi
fint
ersper
sedbyl
uci
dper
iods,
dur
ingt
heper
iodsi
nwhi
cht
he
def
endanti
sinsane,
cri
minal
responsi
bil
i
tyi
svacat
ed,
buthei
shel
dresponsi
bledur
ing
t
hoseper
iodswhenher
egai
nshi
ssani
ty.

Thel
awf
urt
herr
ecogni
zest
hecondi
ti
onoff
eebl
e-mi
ndedandment
all
yret
arded
per
sonsast
hosewhoar
econf
usedi
nspeechandmi
smanaget
hei
raf
fai
rsr
egar
dless
ofwhet
herbor
nwi
thsuchacondi
ti
onorwhet
heri
twasbr
oughtaboutl
aterduet
o
somedi
sease.

Emot
ional
l
yandment
all
ydi
stur
bedpat
ient
s,i
ftheyl
oset
hei
rsenseofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
al
soar
enothel
dresponsi
ble.I
fthei
rlossofdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
stot
al,
asi
nthecasesof
epi
l
epsy
,thent
heyar
eal
sor
eli
evedoft
otal
responsi
bil
i
ty.

TheSt
atusofI
nsani
ty

Cr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
tyi
scompl
etel
yvacat
edi
nthecaseofat
otal
l
yinsaneper
son,
ifhe
commi
tsacr
imef
orwhi
cht
heper
sonmustot
her
wisebehel
dresponsi
ble-cr
imesl
i
ke
adul
ter
y,f
alseaccusat
ion,
thef
tordr
inki
ngofal
cohol
i
cbev
erages.

Cr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
tyal
sowoul
dbev
acat
edi
ncasesofi
nter
rupt
edi
nsani
tyi
fthe
per
soncommi
tst
hecr
imedur
ingaper
iodofi
nsani
ty.I
f,howev
er,
hecommi
tsacr
ime
whi
l
esaneandt
henbecomesi
nsane,
heshoul
dbepuni
shedf
orhi
scr
ime.I
nsani
ty
doesnotv
acat
eresponsi
bil
i
tyi
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

I
nsani
tyBef
oreaVer
dict
:TheHanbal
ìsandShaf
i’
isbel
i
evet
hati
nsani
tysubsequentt
o
acr
imei
snotgr
oundsf
ordi
smi
ssi
ngt
hecaseorsuspendi
ngt
ri
al.TheMal
i
kisandt
he

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Hanaf
isbel
i
evet
hati
nsani
typr
iort
oav
erdi
cti
sgr
oundsf
orsuspendi
ngt
het
ri
alunt
il
t
heper
sonr
ecov
ersf
rom hi
sinsani
ty.Thi
sisbecauseaper
sonmustpossessl
egal
capaci
tyi
nor
dert
obepuni
shedandani
nsaneper
sondoesnotpossesst
hiscapaci
tyat
t
het
imeoft
het
ri
al.

I
nsani
tyaf
tert
heVer
dict
:TheHanbal
i
sandt
heShaf
i’
isbel
i
evet
hati
nsani
tysubsequent
t
othev
erdi
cti
snotgr
oundsf
orsuspendi
ngi
tsexecut
ioni
fthecr
imehasbeenpr
oved
byev
idence.Buti
fthecr
imehasbeenpr
ovedbyconf
essi
on,
thev
erdi
cti
ssuspended
duet
othedef
endant
’si
nsani
ty.Thi
sisbecauseaper
sonconv
ict
edofal
egal
l
y
puni
shabl
ecr
imehast
her
ightt
oret
racthi
sconf
essi
onatt
het
imet
hev
erdi
cti
s
execut
ed.I
nsani
tymaypr
eventt
heconv
ict
edper
sonf
rom r
etr
act
inghi
sconf
essi
on.

Accor
dingt
oMal
i
k,i
nsani
tyi
sgr
oundsf
orsuspendi
ngt
heexecut
ionofav
erdi
ctunl
ess
t
hepuni
shmenti
sret
ri
but
ion.Accor
dingt
oonev
iew,
thev
erdi
cti
ssuspendedi
nthi
s
caseandi
srepl
acedwi
thpay
mentofi
ndemni
tyandaccor
dingt
oanot
herv
iew;
the
v
erdi
ctofr
etr
ibut
ioni
sexecut
edi
frequest
edbyt
heexecut
orofabl
oodf
eud.

Accor
dingt
oAbuHani
fah,
legal
puni
shmenti
snotadmi
nist
eredi
ncaseofi
nter
rupt
ed
i
nsani
tybecause,
inhi
svi
ew,
ifwi
tnessesar
edi
squal
i
fiedaf
tert
hei
rtest
imonyand
bef
oret
heexecut
ionoft
hev
erdi
ct,
puni
shmenti
snotadmi
nist
eredbecausei
tisf
raught
wi
thdoubt
sthatmi
ghtv
acat
elegal
puni
shment
.Iti
s,t
her
efor
e,mor
ereasonabl
ethati
f
t
heper
sont
obepuni
shedi
sdi
squal
i
fiedasf
arashi
slegal
capaci
tyi
sconcer
ned,
that
puni
shmentshoul
dnotbeadmi
nist
ered.

I
nthecaseofr
etr
ibut
ion,
iti
spr
efer
abl
e,accor
dingt
oAbuHani
fah,
thatt
hev
erdi
ctof
r
etr
ibut
ionbechangedt
oindemni
tyev
ent
houghanal
ogy(
Qiy
as)necessi
tat
es
r
etr
ibut
ion(
Qisas)
.

TheSt
atusofMent
alRet
ardat
ion

Ther
ulesappl
yi
ngt
ojuv
eni
l
esappl
yequal
l
ytot
hement
all
yret
ardedbecause,
accor
dingt
oIsl
ami
claw,
ajuv
eni
l
eint
heear
lyst
ageofhi
syout
hdoesnotpossess
r
eason,
thus,
thecompar
isonbet
weenani
nsaneper
sonandaj
uveni
l
e.

Howev
er,
somej
uri
stshav
emai
ntai
nedt
hati
tisnotr
ightt
ogener
ali
zeaboutt
he

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
ment
all
yret
ardedper
sonmaki
nghi
minal
lcasesanon-
discr
imi
nat
ingj
uveni
l
e.But
whati
sri
ghti
sthathi
sact
ionsshoul
dbej
udgedaccor
dingt
ohi
sment
alcondi
ti
onand
t
heext
entofhi
scompr
ehensi
on.

2.Unconsci
ousness

Thecr
uci
alquest
ionher
eishowwepuni
shaper
sonwhoi
sunconsci
ousorhasno
choi
cei
nwhathedoesatt
het
imehecommi
tsanact
,ifunconsci
ousnessi
sduet
oany
ki
ndofdr
ug,
giv
ent
othedef
endantf
orci
blyandunknowi
ngl
y.

I
ncl
udedi
nthi
sisunconsci
ousnessr
esul
ti
ngf
rom dr
inki
ngdi
ff
erentki
ndsofal
cohol
i
c
bev
erages..

I
ntoxi
cant
s

I
ntoxi
cat
iondepr
ivesaper
sonofhi
sreason.Al
Hamawi
hassai
dthatdr
inki
ngal
cohol
v
eil
sthemi
nd,
butunl
i
kei
nsani
ty,
alcohol
doesnotdest
royi
t.

Ther
ear
ethr
eev
iewsconcer
ningact
ionscommi
tt
edbyani
ntoxi
cat
edper
son.Onev
iew
i
nval
i
dat
est
heact
soft
hedr
unkar
dwhet
herornothehadanexcusei
nbecomi
ngdr
unk
andr
egar
dlessoft
hesubst
ancet
hati
ntoxi
cat
edhi
m.Thi
svi
ewi
shel
dbyi
bnal
-Qay
yim,
Al
-Tahawi
,al
-Kar
khi
,AbuYusufandZaf
aramongt
heHanaf
isandal
-Muzani
andi
bn
Shur
ayhf
rom t
heShaf
i’
i.Accor
dingt
oibnHazm,
nor
etal
i
ati
oni
sdueagai
nstan
i
ntoxi
cat
edper
sonf
ordamagehecauseswhi
l
eint
oxi
cat
ed,
norar
eindemni
ti
es
i
mposedonhi
m,nori
shel
i
abl
einanyot
herway
.Hei
simpr
isoned,
howev
er,
unt
ilhe
desi
stsf
rom f
urt
herhar
m andbecomessober
.

Mostj
uri
stsdonotexami
nei
ntoxi
cat
ioni
nit
sel
fbutr
atheri
tscauses,
andwhet
heri
t
r
esul
tsf
rom choi
ceorbycoer
cion.

I
fint
oxi
cat
ioni
sbychoi
ceandi
sduet
oaf
orbi
ddensubst
ancesuchasal
cohol
,thenal
l
oft
heact
soft
heaccusedar
ehel
dtobev
ali
dsot
hathemi
ghtr
efr
ainf
rom br
eaki
ngt
he
l
aw.I
fint
oxi
cat
ioni
sduet
ocoer
cion,
thenhei
snothel
dresponsi
blef
oranyofhi
sact
s.
Thi
sisal
sot
ruei
fint
oxi
cat
ioni
sduet
oaper
mit
tedsubst
ance.

Thet
hir
dvi
ewl
ooksatt
hemat
terf
rom t
hest
andpoi
ntoft
hei
ntoxi
cat
edper
son’
s
f
it
nessandhol
dst
hati
ntoxi
cat
ionduet
oaf
orbi
ddendr
inkdoesnoti
nval
i
dat
eav
erdi
ct

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
si
ncet
her
equi
rement
sthatt
heper
sonbeofageandofr
easonar
ebot
hmet
.The
per
soni
s,t
her
efor
e,obl
i
gat
edt
oassumeal
lexpensesandcor
recthi
sbehav
iour
,and
hi
sact
swoul
dbeconsi
der
edt
ohav
ebeenv
ali
d.

Thev
iewwhi
chseemst
oaccor
dbestwi
thpubl
i
cint
eresti
sthatani
ntoxi
cat
edper
son
behel
dcr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
blef
orwhathedoesi
fhei
sint
oxi
cat
edv
olunt
ari
l
y,pr
ovi
ded
t
hatpuni
shmenti
sexecut
edaf
tert
heef
fect
sofi
ntoxi
cat
ionwearof
f.

Nar
cot
ics

Aper
sonmaybecomeunconsci
ousbyt
aki
ngnar
cot
ics.Towhatext
entwoul
dhebe
hel
dresponsi
blei
nsuchcase?Andwhatr
ulesgov
ernt
het
aki
ngofnar
cot
icsi
nIsl
ami
c
l
aw?

Al
cohol
isaf
lui
dwhi
chl
eadst
oquar
rel
someandbel
l
iger
entbehav
iour
.Adr
unkar
d
becomesmor
eaggr
essi
ve,
andeasi
l
yenr
aged.Nar
cot
ics,
bycont
rast
,ar
esubst
ances
whi
chr
endert
hemi
ndi
nact
iveandul
ti
mat
elydest
royi
t;t
heyal
soi
nduceapr
olonged
st
ateofl
ethar
gy.Fort
hoser
easons,
thev
iewsofj
uri
stsar
edi
vi
dedal
ongt
hreel
i
nes.

I
tmustbeunder
stoodatt
heout
sett
hatt
hedi
sagr
eementamongj
uri
stsi
snotov
ert
he
basi
sofpuni
shmentbutr
atherast
oimposi
ngpuni
shmentonaper
sonf
ort
aki
ng
nar
cot
icsi
nthesamemannerasf
ordr
inki
ngal
cohol
orwhet
hert
oimposei
tin
accor
dancewi
thTa’
azi
r.

Thi
sisbecauset
hepr
ohi
bit
ionagai
nstt
aki
ngdr
ugsi
sexpl
i
cit
lyst
atedi
nthet
ext
.Imam
AhmadHanbal
hassai
dthi
sinal
-MusnadashasAbuDa’
udi
nhi
sSunnanbasedon
genui
net
ransmi
ssi
onf
rom Umm Sal
ma,
whosai
d:“
ThePr
ophet
,Mayt
hepeaceand
bl
essi
ngsofAl
l
ahbeuponhi
m,haspr
oscr
ibedal
lthati
ntoxi
cat
esandnumbs.
”The
schol
arsal
sohav
esai
d:“
Thatwhi
chnumbsi
sany
thi
ngt
hatl
eadst
onumbnessoft
he
l
i
mbs.

Pr
oponent
soft
hef
ir
stv
iewhol
dthati
ntoxi
cat
ionduet
oananaest
het
ic(
banj
)orany
ot
hert
ypeofnar
cot
icr
equi
resl
egal
puni
shment
.Thel
eadi
ngpr
oponentoft
hisv
iewi
s
i
bnTay
miy
yawhosear
gument
,aspr
esent
edi
nal
-Si
yasaal
-Shar
’a,
is:

Thatl
egal
puni
shmenti
srequi
redf
ort
heuseofhashi
shmadeoutofhempl
eav
es.He

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
whosmokesi
tiswhi
ppedast
heonewhodr
inksal
cohol
is.I
tiswor
set
hanal
cohol
in
t
hati
timpai
rsone’
sreasonanddi
sposi
ti
onsot
hatonebecomesef
femi
nat
eandof
suspectmor
alchar
act
erandofot
hercor
ruptqual
i
ties.

Pr
oponent
soft
hesecondv
iewcont
endt
hatt
aki
ngnar
cot
icsi
sfor
biddenbut
i
ntoxi
cat
ionduet
onar
cot
icsr
equi
resr
est
rai
nt(
Ta’
azi
r)r
athert
hanl
egal
puni
shment
.Al
-
Raf
i’
isai
dinal
-‘
At’
i
maandBahral
-Madhhabt
hatmi
l
dlyi
ntoxi
cat
ingpl
ant
sar
efor
bidden
f
orany
onet
oeat
,butl
egal
puni
shmenti
snoti
mposedonwhoev
ereat
sit
.Weknowof
nodi
sagr
eementi
nthi
srespect
.

Thet
hir
dvi
ewdi
sti
ngui
shesbet
weent
aki
ngnar
cot
icsf
ormedi
cal
reasons,
inwhi
ch
caset
aki
ngt
henecessar
yamountf
ort
het
reat
menti
sper
mit
ted.Buti
fiti
stakenf
or
pl
easur
e,t
heni
tisf
orbi
dden,
andhewhot
akesi
tist
henr
est
rai
ned(
byTa’
azi
r)
,though
notl
egal
l
ypuni
shed(
byHadd)
.

Howev
er,
iti
swor
thnot
ingt
hatf
ir
stl
y,dr
inki
ngi
sexpl
i
cit
lyf
orbi
ddeni
ntheQu’
ranandi
s
puni
shed.Secondl
y,t
aki
ngnar
cot
icsal
soi
sfor
biddenexpl
i
cit
lyi
ntheQur
’an.Ther
eis
howev
er,
disagr
eementast
owhet
hert
hepuni
shmenti
slegal
puni
shment(
Hadd)or
r
est
rai
nt(
Ta’
azi
r)
.

Fai
nti
ng

Fai
nti
ngi
sregar
dedbyI
slami
clawasadi
seaseandnott
hel
ossofone’
smi
ndaswi
th
i
nsani
ty.Fai
nti
ngi
sonedegr
eeabov
esl
eepi
nsof
arasnecessi
tat
ingt
hedel
ayofa
v
erdi
ctandt
hesuspensi
onofact
sofwor
shi
p.Fai
nti
ngi
sval
i
dasanexcusef
orwai
vi
ng
cer
tai
ndi
vi
ner
ight
s,becausef
aint
ing,
asadi
sease,
lessensst
rengt
h.

Sl
eep

Thel
awr
egar
dssl
eepasadi
minut
ionofone’
sawar
enessandout
ersenses,
wher
eas
one’
sinnersensesdonotsubsi
dedur
ingsl
eep.

Fur
ther
mor
e,v
olunt
arymov
ement
spr
oducedbyone’
sint
entandchoi
ceceasedur
ing

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
sl
eep,
unl
i
kei
nvol
unt
arymov
ement
ssuchasr
espi
rat
ionormuscl
espasm.

Asl
eepi
ngper
soni
snothel
dresponsi
blef
orhi
sact
ionsorhi
sbehav
iour
,buthei
shel
d
r
esponsi
bleonci
vi
lgr
oundsi
fhi
sact
sinf
li
cthar
m onot
her
s.ThePr
ophethassai
d:
“
Thepeni
sli
ft
edf
rom t
hree[
amongwhom aper
sonasl
eepi
sment
ioned)
.”

For
get
ful
ness

For
get
ful
nessi
sast
atewhi
chi
nvol
unt
ari
l
yov
erpower
saper
sonandr
esul
tsi
naf
ail
ure
ofmemor
y.

For
get
ful
nessi
ssai
dtobeasuddenst
ateofi
gnor
ance.I
tisal
sosai
dtobeaper
son’
s
i
gnor
anceofwhatheusedt
oknowduet
olear
ningt
oomanyot
hert
hings.Assuch,
iti
s
notadi
sease.But
,iti
ssai
dal
sot
hati
tisadi
seaset
hataf
fect
sthemi
ndpr
event
ing
memor
iesf
rom r
egi
ster
ingt
her
ein.

For
get
ful
nesshast
womeani
ngs:

1.Toomi
tsomet
hingduet
obaf
fl
ementandi
nat
tent
ionasment
ionedi
nHadi
th:
“The
Al
might
yGodhasexempt
edpeopl
efr
om puni
shmentar
isi
ngf
rom mi
stakes,
f
orget
ful
nessandt
hatwhi
cht
heywer
efor
cedt
odo.
”

2.Tol
eav
esomet
hingoutdel
i
ber
atel
yandi
ntent
ional
l
yinwhi
chcaset
her
eist
otal
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

3.Coer
cionandNecessi
ty

Coer
cion

Legal
l
y,coer
cioni
sthecompel
l
ingofsomeonet
odosomet
hingbysuggest
ionand
t
hreat
.Coer
ciont
oremov
eresponsi
bil
i
tyi
sgov
ernedbycer
tai
ncondi
ti
ons.

Theyar
e:

1.Thecompel
l
ormustbecapabl
eofcar
ryi
ngoutt
het
hreat
enedhar
m.Thati
swhyAbu
Hani
fahsay
sthatcoer
cioncanonl
ybecar
ri
edoutbyaper
soni
npower(
aut
hor
it
y).

2.Thecompel
l
edper
sonmustbel
i
evet
hati
fhedoesnotcompl
ywi
tht
hecompel
l
or’
s
demands,
thehar
m pr
omi
sedbyt
hecompel
l
orwi
l
lbei
nfl
i
cteduponhi
m.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
3.Whatt
heper
soni
sbei
ngcompel
l
edt
odomusti
njur
eone’
ssel
forunl
awf
ull
yinduce
asenseoff
ear
.

Necessi
ty

Necessi
tyi
sast
atet
hatmakesaper
sonv
iol
atet
hel
awi
nor
dert
opr
eventan
i
nescapabl
eev
ilbef
all
i
nghi
m,ev
ent
houghi
tisi
nhi
spowernott
ovi
olat
ethel
awand
al
l
owt
heev
ilt
obef
all
him orsomeoneel
se.

I
slami
cShar
i’
ahexempt
ssuchaper
sonf
rom penal
ty.Exampl
esoft
hisabound:
“Buti
f
onei
sfor
cedbynecessi
ty,
wit
houtwi
l
ful
disobedi
ence,
nort
ransgr
essi
ngduel
i
mit
s,
t
henhei
sgui
l
tless.
”“Hehasexpl
ainedt
oyoui
ndet
ail
whati
sfor
biddent
oyou-except
undercompul
si
onofnecessi
ty.
”“Buti
fanyi
sfor
cedbyhungerwi
thnoi
ncl
i
nat
iont
o
t
ransgr
essi
on,
Godi
sindeedof
t-
for
giv
ing,
mostmer
cif
ul.
”Aper
sonwhomustdr
ink
al
cohol
,ther
efor
e,i
snotpuni
shedi
fiti
stowar
dof
fchoki
ng.Si
mil
arl
y,i
famanora
womani
sfor
cedt
ocommi
tadul
ter
yandt
hecondi
ti
onsf
ornecessi
tyobt
ain,
nei
theri
s
puni
shed.

Exampl
esofNecessi
ty

I
bnal
-Qay
yim ment
ionssomei
nst
anceswhi
chconst
it
uteapr
opercaseofnecessi
ty.A
per
sonseessomeone’
seweorsomeot
heredi
bleani
mal
dyi
ngandsosl
aught
ersi
tin
or
dert
osav
etheownerhi
smoney
.

Someoneseesaf
loodpour
ingt
owar
dahouseandhast
enst
oteardownt
hewal
lto
di
ver
tthef
loodsot
hatt
hehousewi
l
lnotbedest
roy
ed.

Someonehi
resaboyandagangr
enoussor
edev
elopsononeoft
heboy
’sl
i
mbs,
sot
hat
i
fhedoesnotcutof
fthel
i
mb,
thegangr
enewi
l
lspr
ead.I
fheamput
ates,
hewoul
dnot
bel
i
abl
e.

4.I
nfancy

I
nIsl
am,
achi
l
dpassest
hrought
hreest
ages:

Pr
iort
otheageofdi
scr
eti
on:Thi
sst
ageext
endsf
rom bi
rt
htot
heageofsev
en.I
nthi
s
st
age,
thel
awr
egar
dst
hechi
l
dasnon-
discr
imi
nat
ing.Li
ket
hei
nsaneper
son,
hei
s

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
consi
der
edunf
itandi
snothel
dresponsi
blei
fhecommi
tsanactwhi
chr
equi
resl
egal
puni
shmentoronewhi
chr
equi
resTa’
azi
r.Buthewoul
dhehel
dresponsi
bleonci
vi
l
gr
oundsasf
arashi
smoneyi
sconcer
nedsot
hatot
her
smaynotbehar
medby
what
everhar
mful
act
shemi
ghtcommi
tagai
nstot
her
s.

Theageofdi
scr
eti
on:Thi
sist
heper
iodbet
weensev
eny
ear
sofageandt
heonsetof
puber
ty.I
tisdet
ermi
nedbyage,
byt
hesi
gnsofpuber
ty,
orbot
h.Thechi
l
datt
hisst
age
hast
hesamest
atusasament
all
yret
ardedper
soni
nal
lrul
i
ngs.

Al
-Zay
la’
ihassuggest
edt
hatpr
emedi
tat
ionont
hepar
tofachi
l
dandani
nsaneper
son
shoul
dber
egar
dedasmi
stake,
andi
tsi
ndemni
tyi
stobepai
dbyt
hecl
an.Nopenance
i
srequi
rednori
sdi
si
nher
it
ancesi
ncet
hement
all
yret
ardedi
sli
keaboyatt
hisst
age.

Al
-Shaf
i’
icomment
edt
hatpr
emedi
tat
ionatt
hisst
agei
str
eat
edl
i
keor
dinar
y
pr
emedi
tat
ion.Ther
efor
e,i
ndemni
tyi
stobepai
doutoft
hechi
l
d’smoneybecause
pr
emedi
tat
ioni
saf
orm ofi
ntentwhi
chcont
radi
ctsami
stake.Thus,
thechi
l
dis
di
sci
pli
nedandr
est
rai
ned.Andr
est
rai
nt(
Ta’
azi
r)i
sforsomet
hingdonei
ntent
ional
l
y
andnotbymi
stake.Ret
ri
but
ion(
Qisas)shoul
dhav
ebeenr
equi
redbuti
svacat
edduet
o
doubtsi
ncet
hechi
l
disnotf
itf
orpuni
shment
.Yet
,ifachi
l
datt
hisagest
eal
s,t
hough
hi
shandi
snotsev
ered,
hemustbehel
dli
abl
efort
hepr
oper
tyhest
oleandhei
sfi
tfor
pecuni
aryf
ine.Foramur
der
,hei
sdi
sinher
it
ed.(
)

Thest
ageofpuber
ty:I
faboyoragi
rlr
eachest
heageofpuber
tyandi
sofsoundmi
nd,
heorshecanbehel
dcr
imi
nal
l
yresponsi
ble.

FORMSOFCRI
MESANDPUNI
SHMENTSI
NISLAM

I
slami
cLaw,
inconf
ront
ingt
hepr
obl
emsofl
i
feandset
ti
ngdownsol
uti
onsf
ort
hem,
is
est
abl
i
shedont
wocompl
i
ment
arypr
inci
ples:

1.t
hest
abi
l
ityandper
manenceofi
tsbasi
ctenet
s;and

2.Thedy
nami
sm ofi
tssubsi
diar
yinj
unct
ionsont
heot
her
.

Fort
heunchangi
ngaspect
sofl
i
fe,
Isl
ami
cLawbr
ingsf
ixedst
atut
es.Fort
hedy
nami
c
aspect
sofl
i
fet
hatar
eaf
fect
edbysoci
aldev
elopment
,br
oadeni
nghor
izons,
and
adv
ancesi
nknowl
edge,
Isl
ami
cLawcomeswi
thgener
alpr
inci
plesanduni
ver
sal
rul
es

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
capabl
eofbei
ngappl
i
edi
nanumberofdi
ff
erentway
sandi
nav
ari
etyofci
rcumst
ances.

Whenweappl
ythesepr
inci
plest
othepenal
syst
em,
wef
indt
hatI
slami
cLawhascome
wi
thcl
eart
ext
spr
escr
ibi
ngf
ixedpuni
shment
sfort
hosecr
imest
hatnosoci
etyi
sfr
eeof
,
cr
imest
hatdonotv
aryi
nthei
rfor
msbecauset
heyar
econnect
edwi
tht
heconst
antand
unchangi
ngf
act
orsofhumannat
ure.

I
slami
cLawconf
ront
sot
hercr
imesbyst
ati
ngt
hegener
alpr
inci
plet
hatdeci
siv
ely
i
ndi
cat
est
hei
rpr
ohi
bit
ion,
leav
ingt
hepuni
shmentt
obedeci
dedbyt
hepr
operpol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
yinsoci
ety
.

Thepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
ycant
hent
aket
hepar
ti
cul
arci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecr
imi
nal
int
o
consi
der
ati
onanddet
ermi
net
hemostef
fect
ivewayt
opr
otectsoci
etyf
rom har
m.I
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hispr
inci
ple,
cri
mesandpuni
shment
sinI
slami
cLawar
eoft
hree
t
ypes:

1.Hudud:
Cri
meswi
thpr
escr
ibed(
fi
xedpuni
shment
s)

2.Qi
sas:
Ret
ri
but
ion

3.Ta’
azi
r:Di
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
s

HUDUD:
CRI
MESWI
THFI
XEDPUNI
SHMENT

Cr
imest
hatf
all
undert
hiscat
egor
ycanbedef
inedasl
egal
l
ypr
ohi
bit
edact
sthatGod
f
orci
blypr
event
sbywayoff
ixed,
predet
ermi
nedpuni
shment
s,t
heexecut
ionofwhi
chi
s
consi
der
edt
her
ightofGod.

Thesepuni
shment
shav
ecer
tai
npecul
i
ari
ti
est
hatsett
hem apar
tfr
om ot
her
s.Among
t
hesear
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thesepuni
shment
scannei
therbei
ncr
easednordecr
eased.

2.Thesepuni
shment
scannotbewai
vedbyt
hej
udge,
thepol
i
tical
aut
hor
it
y,ort
he
v
ict
im af
tert
hei
rassoci
atedcr
imeshav
ebeenbr
oughtt
otheat
tent
ionoft
he
gov
erni
ngbody
.Bef
oret
hesecr
imesar
ebr
oughtbef
oret
hest
ate,
itmaybe
possi
blef
ort
hev
ict
imt
opar
dont
hecr
imi
nal
ift
hedamagedonewasonl
y
per
sonal
.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 3.Thesepuni
shment
sar
ethe'
ri
ghtofGod'
,meani
ngt
hatt
hel
egal
righti
nvol
vedi
s
ofagener
alnat
urewher
ethegr
eat
erwel
far
eofsoci
etyi
sconsi
der
ed.

Whatdi
sti
ngui
sheshududf
rom cr
imesi
not
hersy
stemsi
sthei
rgr
eatef
fect
ivenessi
n
combat
ingser
iouscr
imes,
sincet
heycausegr
eatphy
sical
pai
n,e.
g.byf
loggi
ngorby
l
eav
ingaper
manentscarort
hroughi
mposi
ti
onofdeat
hsent
ence.

Becauset
hesepenal
ti
eshav
eat
angi
bleef
fect
,theyar
emor
efear
somet
ohabi
tual
of
fender
sthanar
elesssev
erepenal
ti
es,
li
kei
mpr
isonment
,inwhi
chcasecr
imi
nal
s
of
tenbecomeaccust
omedt
othepenal
tyi
tsel
f.Theybecomemor
all
yexhaust
edand
l
oseal
lsenseofr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

Hududpenal
ti
esar
enotmeantt
ofr
ight
enMusl
i
msbutt
opr
eventt
hegr
owt
hofa
cl
i
mat
efav
our
abl
etot
heexi
stenceandspr
eadofsuchcr
imes.Thust
hei
nci
denceof
suchcr
imesbecomest
heexcept
ion.

Thepenal
ti
esofhududar
eonl
yint
endedt
odet
ert
hosewhohav
etendencyt
ocommi
t
cr
ime,
ort
hosewhoar
eeasi
l
ytempt
ed.I
nthemaj
ori
tyofcases,
suchpeopl
ewi
l
lnotbe
r
est
rai
nedex
ceptbyv
erysev
erepenal
ti
es.

Puni
shmenti
sal
soanactofmer
cyt
othosewhohav
eat
endencyt
ocommi
tcr
ime.I
f
t
hepenal
tyi
snotanef
fect
ivedet
err
ent
,peopl
ewi
l
lcommi
tcr
imewi
thoutf
earandwi
l
l
encour
ageot
her
stodoso.I
fthepenal
tyi
ssev
erebutj
ust
,cr
imi
nal
swi
l
lfeart
he
consequencesoft
hei
ract
s.

Whent
hechancesf
orcr
imesdecr
ease,
pot
ent
ial
wrongdoer
swi
l
lfor
getal
toget
her
aboutcr
imeandchannel
thei
rener
giest
owar
dthei
mpr
ovementoft
hei
rsoci
ety
.

I
tisnothowev
er,
asser
tedt
hatt
heappl
i
cat
ionofhududpenal
ti
eswi
l
lcompl
etel
y
suppr
esscr
ime.Ther
eishowev
er,
ahi
ghpr
obabi
l
ityt
hatsuchmeasur
eswi
l
ldecr
ease
cr
imi
nal
act
ivi
tyt
oami
nimum.

HUDUD

Thet
erm Hudud(
whi
chi
spl
ural
forhadd)meansar
est
rai
ntorpr
ohi
bit
ion.

I
tref
erst
oof
fencesspeci
fi
edi
nthepr
imar
ysour
cesoft
heShar
i’
ah,
whi
chcompr
isesof

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
heQur
’anandSunnahandt
hei
rpuni
shment
sar
epr
escr
ibedt
her
ein.

Of
fencest
hatf
all
wit
hint
hiscat
egor
yar
econsi
der
edt
obeof
fencesagai
nstAl
l
ahor
of
fencesagai
nstpubl
i
cjust
ice.

Theseof
fencesandt
hei
rsubsequentpuni
shment
shav
ebeencl
ear
lyspeci
fi
edi
nthe
pr
imar
ysour
ces.

I
twasi
ntendedt
hatt
hesebedef
inedwi
thsuchcl
ari
tysoast
oremov
eanyt
raceof
ambi
gui
ty,
bot
hint
ermsoft
hei
ngr
edi
ent
srequi
redf
orest
abl
i
shi
ngt
heof
fenceandt
he
puni
shmental
l
ocat
ed.

Accor
dingl
y,onceahududof
fencehasbeenest
abl
i
shedandt
hecondi
ti
onsf
orappl
yi
ng
t
hepuni
shmentsat
isf
ied,
thecour
tisdi
vest
edofanydi
scr
eti
oni
nthemat
ter
.

HUDUDOFFENCES:
ZINA

Accor
dingt
ocl
assi
cal
Isl
ami
cLaw,
zinai
sdef
inedasv
olunt
arysexual
int
ercour
se
bet
weenamanandawomanwhoar
enotmar
ri
edt
ooneanot
her
,regar
dlessof
whet
heroneorbot
hoft
hem ar
emar
ri
edt
oot
herper
sons.

Theconsentoft
hepar
ti
esi
sir
rel
evanti
nest
abl
i
shi
ngt
heof
fence.

Zi
nadoesnotdi
ff
erent
iat
e,howev
er,
bet
weent
heconceptofadul
ter
y(i
.e.
,sexual
i
nter
cour
sebet
weenamar
ri
edmanandawomanot
hert
hanhi
swi
fe,
orbet
weena
mar
ri
edwomanandamanot
hert
hanherhusband)andf
orni
cat
ion(
i.
e.,
sexual
i
nter
cour
sebet
weent
wounmar
ri
edper
sons)excepti
nthecaseofpuni
shment
.

Ami
nor
it
yoft
heschool
sofI
slami
cjur
ispr
udenceext
endt
hedef
ini
ti
onofzi
nat
o
i
ncl
udehomosexual
sex;
howev
er,
thi
sposi
ti
onr
emai
nsi
nthemi
nor
it
ylar
gel
ybecause
t
her
ear
enoexpl
i
citsanct
ionsf
orhomosexual
conductwi
thi
ntheQur
’an.

Thepur
poseofcr
imi
nal
i
singzi
nai
sasameansofpr
otect
ionofpeopl
eandt
hei
r
f
ami
l
ies.

Just
if
icat
ionf
ort
hePr
ohi
bit
ionofZi
na

Ther
ear
emanyr
easonsf
orf
orbi
ddi
ngzi
nasomeofwhi
chi
ncl
ude:

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 1.Zi
nal
eadst
oconf
usi
onofl
i
neage.Zi
nai
spr
ohi
bit
edi
nor
dert
oav
oidi
nter
mixi
ng
ofbl
oodki
nshi
past
hisl
eadst
olosi
ngt
rackofpr
ogeni
tyandnegl
ect
ingr
ight
s.I
n
f
act
,thesoci
etyi
sbuti
ndi
vi
dual
sthatconst
it
utef
ami
l
ies.So,
ift
hesef
ami
l
ies
gotl
ostandt
her
esponsi
bil
i
tiescannol
ongerbedef
ined,
thenpeopl
ebecome
l
i
keani
mal
s.

2.Zi
nai
sadi
sgr
acet
otheper
sonal
i
ty,
thehonourandt
hedi
gni
tyoft
heper
son;

3.I
tisal
soabi
ginj
ust
icet
owar
dst
hewomanasi
tfor
ceshert
orai
seupchi
l
dren
onherownwhi
chmayi
nsomecasesl
eadst
ochi
l
dabuse;

4.Zi
nacanl
eadt
othebr
eaki
ng-
upoff
ami
l
iesandbi
tt
ernessi
nrel
ati
onshi
ps;

5.Zi
nal
eadst
othespr
eadofv
ener
eal
diseases,
andagener
all
axi
tyi
nmor
als;
mor
eov
er,
itopenst
hedoort
oaf
loodofl
ustandsel
f-
grat
if
icat
ion.

Ther
efor
e,i
nIsl
am,
what
everexci
tespassi
ons,
opensway
sfori
l
li
citsexual
rel
ati
ons
andpr
omot
esi
ndecencyandobsceni
ty,
ispr
ohi
bit
ed.

Al
l
ahhasf
orbi
ddenzi
naandmadecommi
tt
ingi
tamaj
orsi
nthati
spuni
shedsev
erel
y.
Al
l
ahSay
s(i
nter
pret
ati
onofmeani
ng)
:{…norcommi
til
l
egal
sexual
int
ercour
seand
whoev
erdoest
hisshal
lrecei
vet
hepuni
shment
}[Qur
’an:
25:
68]
.

Al
l
ahnotonl
yfor
bidsi
tbutal
sof
orbi
dsal
lway
sthatl
eadt
oit
.Al
l
ahSay
s(i
nter
pret
ati
on
ofmeani
ng)
:{Tel
lthebel
i
evi
ngment
olowert
hei
rgaze(
from l
ooki
ngatf
orbi
dden
t
hings)
,andpr
otectt
hei
rpr
ivat
epar
ts(
from i
l
legal
sexual
act
s,et
c.)
…}[
Qur
’an:
24:
30]
.

I
nanot
herv
erse,
All
ahSay
s(i
nter
pret
ati
onofmeani
ng)
:{Andappr
oachnotadul
ter
y,f
or
i
tisashamef
uldeedandanev
il
,openi
ngt
her
oadt
oot
herev
il
s}[
Qur
’an:
17:
32)
.

Accor
dingt
otheHadi
ths,
thePr
ophetMuhammadst
atedt
hatt
her
eisnosi
naf
ter
associ
ati
oni
sm (
shi
rk)gr
eat
eri
ntheey
esofAl
l
aht
hanadr
opofsemenwhi
chaman
pl
acesi
nthewombwhi
chi
snotl
awf
ulf
orhi
m(Al
-Bukhar
i,Ki
tabal
-Hudud)
.

“
Whenaper
soncommi
tszi
na,
Imaan(
fai
th)l
eav
eshi
m,unt
ili
tisl
i
keacl
oudov
erhi
s
head…”

Onceamancamet
othehol
yPr
ophet(
PeacebeUponHi
m)andaskedhi
mtoper
mit

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
hi
mtoengagei
nfor
nicat
ion.ThePr
ophet(
PeacebeUponHi
m)r
emai
nedsi
l
entf
ora
whi
l
e,whi
l
ethecompani
onsar
oundhi
mrebukedt
hemanathi
sdi
scour
teousand
i
nsol
entquest
ionst
othepr
ophet
.Theysai
dtohi
mthatheshoul
dcont
rol
hist
onguei
n
t
hepr
esenceoft
heMessengerofAl
l
ahandshoul
dnotut
tersuchder
ogat
ory
st
atement
s.ThePr
ophet(
PeacebeUponHi
m)cal
l
edhi
m nearandaskedhi
m whet
her
heappr
ovedoft
hisactbei
ngcommi
tt
edt
ohi
smot
her
,daught
er,
sist
er,
pat
ernal
or
mat
ernal
aunt
.Hesai
d,'
MayAl
l
ahsacr
if
icemyl
i
feony
ou,
OMessengerofAl
l
ah,
nev
er!
'
ThePr
ophetr
epl
i
ed,
'Si
mil
ari
sthecasewi
thot
her
s.Theywi
l
lgr
eat
lyabhort
hisact
ion
bei
ngcommi
tt
edt
othei
rmot
her
s,daught
ers,
sist
ers,
pat
ernal
andmat
ernal
aunt
s.'
Thent
heMessengerofAl
l
ahpr
ayedt
oAl
l
ahonhi
sbehal
fthathi
shear
tbepur
if
iedand
hi
sshamef
ulpar
tsmadesecur
e.AbuI
maamament
ionedt
hataf
tert
hispr
ayerhi
s
condi
ti
onbecamesucht
hathedi
dnotcastaney
eonanyst
rangewoman.

CONDI
TIONS/
foranactt
oqual
i
fyaszi
na

1.Theof
fendermustbesane;

2.
 TheymustbeMusl
i
m;

3.
 Theyhav
ereachedt
heageofpuber
ty;

4.
 Theymustbef
reeandnotasl
ave.
  

PUNI
SHMENTFORZI
NA

TheQur
’anandAhaadi
thhav
ecl
ear
lydef
inedt
hepuni
shmentt
obemet
edoutt
othose
commi
tt
ingzi
na.Becauset
heAr
abswer
est
eepedi
nthev
iceofzi
nai
ntheday
sof
i
gnor
ance,
theQur
’ant
ransf
ormedt
hisunheal
thyenv
ironment
,accommodat
ingt
henew
conv
ert
sinagr
adual
processov
eral
engt
hoft
ime.

Thef
ir
sti
njunct
ionwasdi
rect
edt
owar
dst
hewomenr
est
ri
cti
ngt
hosegui
l
tyofzi
nat
o
t
hei
rhomesunt
ildeat
h.Al
l
ahdecl
ares:
“Ifanyofy
ourwomenar
egui
l
tyofadul
ter
y,t
ake
t
heev
idenceoff
our(
rel
i
abl
e)wi
tnessesf
rom amongsty
ouagai
nstt
hem;
andi
fthey
t
est
if
y,conf
inet
hem t
othei
rhousesunt
ildeat
hdocl
aimt
hem,
orAl
l
ahor
dai
nsf
ort
hem
someot
herway
.”(
Qur
’an4:
15)
.

Ther
eaf
ter
,di
vi
ner
evel
ati
onwasdi
rect
edt
owar
dsbot
hmenandwomenr
egar
dingt
hei
r

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
puni
shment
:“I
ftwoper
sonsamongy
ouar
egui
l
tyofadul
ter
y,puni
sht
hem bot
h.I
fthey
r
epentandamend,
leav
ethem al
one,
forAl
l
ahi
sOf
t-
Ret
urni
ng,
MostMer
cif
ul”
.(Qur
’an
4:
16)

Thet
hir
dinj
unct
ioncat
egor
ical
l
yandspeci
fi
cal
l
ydef
inedt
hepuni
shmentt
obemet
ed
outt
otheof
fender
s:“
Thewomanandt
hemangui
l
tyofadul
ter
yorf
orni
cat
ion,
flog
eachoneoft
hem wi
thahundr
edst
ri
pes;
letnotcompassi
onmov
eyoui
nthei
rcase,
in
amat
terpr
escr
ibedbyAl
l
ah,
ify
oubel
i
evei
nAl
l
ahandt
heLastDayandl
etapar
tyof
bel
i
ever
swi
tnesst
hei
rpuni
shment
.”(
Qur
’an24:
2)

Her
eami
sconcept
ionmayar
iset
hatasi
nthecaseoff
orni
cat
ion,
thepuni
shmentof
adul
ter
ytoo,
hasal
sobeenr
est
ri
ctedt
oahundr
edl
ashes,
sincet
heQur
’anr
emai
ned
si
l
entonRaj
m(st
oni
ngt
odeat
h).

Thi
smi
sunder
standi
nghasbeencl
ari
fi
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngHadi
th:
“Takei
tfr
om me,
accepti
tfr
om me,
undoubt
edl
yAl
l
ahhasnowshownapat
hfort
hem (
adul
ter
ers)
.For
unmar
ri
edper
sons(
gui
l
tyoff
orni
cat
ion)
,thepuni
shmenti
sonehundr
edl
ashesandan
exi
l
eforoney
ear
.Formar
ri
edadul
ter
ers,
iti
sonehundr
edl
ashesandst
oni
ngt
odeat
h.”
(
SaheehBukhar
i)

I
bnMus‘
ud(
RA)r
epor
tedt
hatAl
l
ah’
sMessenger(
SAW)sai
d:“
Thebl
oodofaMusl
i
m,
whot
est
if
iest
hatt
her
eisno(
true)godexceptAl
l
ahandt
hatIam Al
l
ah’
sMessenger
,
doesnotbecomeper
missi
bleexceptf
oroneoft
hreeact
s:amar
ri
edper
sonwho
commi
tszi
na,
onesoul
foranot
her(
kil
l
ed)soul
,andamanwhoabandons
hi
s deen 
(r
eli
gion)anddepar
tsf
rom t Jamaa 
he  ‘
ah 
(ofMusl
i
ms)
.”

ThePr
ophet(
SAW)appl
i
edst
oni
ngt
oanumberofpeopl
edur
inghi
sti
mei
ncl
udi
ng
Ma‘
i
zibnMal
i
kandt
hewomanf
rom t
heGhami
dtr
ibewhocamet
othePr
ophet(
SAW)
demandi
nghi
mtopur
if
yherf
rom hersi
n.

Cal
i
phUmar(
AS)al
sopr
edi
ctedant
i-
Raj
m sent
iment
sinf
utur
egener
ati
ons:
IbnAbbaas
(
AS)r
epor
ted,
Umarsai
d,“
Iam af
rai
dthataf
teral
ongt
imehaspassed,
peopl
emaysay
,
‘
Wedonotf
indt
hev
ersesofr
ajm(
stoni
ngt
odeat
h)i
ntheBookofAl
l
ah'
,and
consequent
lyt
heymaygoast
raybyl
eav
inganobl
i
gat
iont
hatAl
l
ahhasr
eveal
ed.Lo!I
conf
ir
mthatt
hepenal
tyofr
ajm bei
nfl
i
ctedonhi
m whocommi
tsi
l
legal
sexual

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
i
nter
cour
sei
fhei
sal
readymar
ri
edandt
hecr
imei
spr
ovedbywi
tnessesorpr
egnancy
orconf
essi
on.
”

Di
ff
erenceofopi
nionexi
stsamongMusl
i
mjur
ist
sconcer
ningt
hecombi
ningofbot
h
st
oni
ngandl
ashi
ng.
  

Someschol
arsar
eoft
heopi
niont
hatanof
fenderwhoi
sgoi
ngt
obest
onedt
odeat
h,
neednotbepuni
shedwi
thahundr
edl
ashes,
cit
ingt
hei
nci
dencewher
ethePr
ophet
(
SAW)st
onedt
woJewi
shadul
ter
ersandwi
thhel
dlashi
ngt
hem.

Somej
uri
stsar
eofacont
rar
yopi
nionmai
ntai
ningt
hatCal
i
phAl
i(AS)puni
sheda
womanwi
thl
ashesonaThur
sdayandst
onedheronaFr
iday
.Hi
sexpl
anat
ionwast
hat
shewasl
ashedi
naccor
dancewi
thQur
’ani
cinj
unct
ionandst
onedi
nkeepi
ngwi
th
Pr
ophet
iccompul
si
on.

Thecor
rectopi
nion(
andAl
l
ahknowsbest
)ist
hatwhi
cht
hemaj
ori
tyoft
heschol
ars
hav
eagr
eedt
o,andt
hati
s,t
heonewhoi
stobepuni
shedbyst
oni
ngshoul
dnotbe
l
ashed.
  
Thi
siswhathasbeenment
ionedbyt
het
wocal
i
phs‘
Umarand‘
Uthman;
Ibn
Mas‘
udal
sohol
dst
hesamev
iew.
  

Henceanunmar
ri
edper
songui
l
tyoff
orni
cat
ioni
stobel
ashedonehundr
edt
imes
accor
dingt
otheabov
ever
sei
naddi
ti
ont
obani
shmentf
oroney
eari
nthecaseofa
man.
 

Ther
ear
eal
sodi
ff
erentopi
nionsr
egar
dingt
heex
il
ingofwomen.
 

Thosewhohol
dtheopi
niont
hatawomanshoul
dnotbeexi
l
edar
guet
hatawomani
s
weakert
hanaman,
andt
hatsheneedspr
otect
iont
hatmaynotbeav
ail
abl
eforheri
f
shei
sbani
shed.
 

Thosewhof
avorbani
shmentbaset
hei
ropi
nionont
hePr
ophet
’sgener
alwor
dingoft
he
hadi
th,
whi
chdoesnotexcl
udewomenf
rom bei
ngexi
l
ed.(
Bukhar
i&Musl
i
m)

PROOFOFZI
NA

Theof
fenceofzi
nai
nIsl
am maybepr
ovedbyanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Conf
essi
on

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 2.Fourey
ewi
tnesses

3.Ci
rcumst
ant
ial
evi
dence,
e.g.anunmar
ri
edwomanbecomespr
egnant

4.Li
'
aan

Conf
essi
on:

Thezaani
(for
nicat
ororadul
ter
er)makesaconf
essi
on,
wit
houtgoi
ngbackont
hei
r
wor
dunt
ilt
heyar
eawar
dedt
hepuni
shment
.Theconf
essi
onmustbecl
eari
nit
s
ent
ir
etywhi
chmustbemadef
ourt
imesbef
oreaJudge.I
fatsomest
aget
heyr
etr
act
t
hei
rconf
essi
on,
theymustnotbesubj
ect
edt
oanypenal
puni
shment
.

FourEy
eWi
tnesses

Aper
soncanbeconv
ict
edofzi
naupont
het
est
imonyoff
ourr
eli
abl
eandpi
ousmen
t
est
if
yingt
hatt
heywi
tnessedt
hesexual
act
.Eachmanmustt
est
if
ythatheact
ual
l
ysaw
t
hemal
esexual
organi
nser
tedi
ntot
hef
emal
e’
ssexual
organ.

Thi
sst
ri
ngentcondi
ti
oni
stopr
otecti
nnocentMusl
i
msandt
obl
ockt
her
oadf
ort
hose
whowantev
ilt
ospr
eadamongstt
heMusl
i
m soci
ety
.

Ci
rcumst
ant
ial
Evi
dence

Whenawomanwhohasnei
therhusbandnormast
eri
sfoundpr
egnantanddi
dnot
compl
ainofr
ape.

Li
’
aan

I
.e.eachoft
hespousescur
seshi
msel
f/
her
sel
fint
heev
entofhi
s/heral
l
egat
ionof
adul
ter
yisi
ncor
rectandcur
sest
heot
heri
ftheal
l
egat
ionagai
nsthi
m/heri
sfabr
icat
ed.

ModesofExecut
ingt
hePuni
shment

1.Raj
m:St
oni
ngt
oDeat
h:

I
tisnecessar
ythatt
heconv
ict
edper
sonbecar
ri
edt
osomebar
renpl
ace,
voi
dof
housesorcul
ti
vat
ion;

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
I
tisr
equi
sit
ethatt
hest
oni
ngbeexecut
ed–f
ir
stbyt
hewi
tnessesandaf
tert
hem byt
he
I
mam orQadi
,thenbyt
her
estoft
heby
-st
ander
s.Accor
dingt
oCal
i
phAl
i
,thel
ogi
c
behi
ndcommenci
ngwi
thwi
tnessesi
sforpr
ecaut
ionar
ypur
poses.Aper
sonmaybe
v
erybol
dingi
vi
nghi
sev
idenceagai
nstacr
imi
nal
,butaf
ter
war
ds,
whendi
rect
edhi
msel
f
t
ocommencet
hei
nfl
i
cti
onoft
hatpuni
shmentmayf
rom compunct
ionr
etr
acthi
s
t
est
imony
;thuscausi
ngt
hewi
tnessest
obegi
nthepuni
shmentmaybeameansof
ent
ir
elypr
event
ingi
t;

Si
mil
arl
y,puni
shmenti
sremi
tt
edi
fthewi
tnesseshappent
odi
eort
odi
sappeari
fthe
cr
imei
sest
abl
i
shedupont
hei
rtest
imony
;

Accor
dingt
oCal
i
phAl
ial
so,
ift
heconv
ict
ionwasont
hebasi
sofconf
essi
onbyt
he
conv
ict
edi
ndi
vi
dual
,thent
hepuni
shmentshoul
dcommencedbyt
heI
mam ort
heQadi
,
t
henbyt
her
estoft
hemul
ti
tude.Mor
eov
er,
thePr
ophett
hrewasmal
lst
onel
i
keabean
atGhamdeawhohadconf
essedzi
na.

2.Scour
ging/
Lashi
ng

Thescour
gingmustbeadmi
nist
eredwi
thast
ickwhi
chhasnoknot
soni
t.Cal
i
phAl
i
usedt
osmoot
hof
ffr
om t
hest
ickanyknot
shappenst
obeoni
t;

Thest
ri
pesmustbeadmi
nist
eredi
nmoder
ati
on,
i.
e.nei
therwi
thsev
eri
tynory
etwi
th
t
oomuchl
eni
ty;

Cal
i
phAl
idi
rect
edt
hatwhenpuni
shmenti
stobei
nfl
i
cted,
iti
snecessar
ythatamanbe
st
ri
ppednakedexceptt
hegi
rdl
e.I
nthi
sway
,thepuni
shmenti
sadmi
nist
eredwi
th
gr
eat
estef
fect
.

Thest
ri
pesmustnotal
lbegi
venononepar
toft
hebodyast
hismi
ghtendangert
he
per
sonandnonemustbei
nfl
i
ctedont
hef
ace,
theheadort
hepr
ivi
ti
es,
becauset
he
Pr
ophethascommandedt
hatandal
sobecauset
hef
acei
stheseatofexpr
essi
on,
the
headi
sthecent
ral
seatoft
hesensesandpr
ivi
ti
esi
sapar
twhi
chcannotbewounded
wi
thoutdandert
oli
fe

Amani
stor
ecei
vehi
spuni
shmentwhi
l
est
andi
ngbecauseCal
i
phAl
ihassai
d
“
Cor
rect
ioni
stobei
nfl
i
cteduponmenst
andi
nganduponwomensi
tt
ing.
”

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
I
ftheconv
ict
edper
soni
sasl
aveheorshei
stor
ecei
ve50st
ri
pes.Thi
sisaccor
dingt
o
Qur
’anconcer
ningf
emal
esl
aves“
Theyshal
lbesubj
ectt
ohal
fthepuni
shmentoff
ree
mar
ri
edpeopl
e”andt
het
erm sl
avei
nthet
ext
,ex
tendst
omal
esandf
emal
es;

Womenar
enott
obest
ri
ppedandt
hei
rvei
li
snott
obet
akenof
fexceptt
heout
war
d
gar
ment
s,ast
hiswi
l
lbeof
fensi
vet
omodest
y;

I
fawomani
stobest
oned,
iti
slaudabl
ethatahol
eorexcav
ati
onshoul
dbedugt
o
r
ecei
veherasdeepasherwai
sti
nor
dert
opr
eser
veherdecency
;

Execut
ionofst
oni
ngi
snotsuspendedonaccountofsi
ckness.Hei
stobest
oned
becausehi
sdest
ruct
ioni
sdue.Howev
er,
ifi
tisscour
ging,
itmustbedef
err
edunt
ilhi
s
r
ecov
ery
,lestl
i
feshoul
dbeendanger
ed;

I
fthepuni
shmentofapr
egnantwomani
sst
oni
ng,
theexecut
ionmustbedel
ayedunt
il
herdel
i
ver
y,r
ecov
eryandbr
east
feedi
ngoft
hechi
l
dbutsheshal
lhowev
erbeconf
ined
i
npr
isonl
estsheshoul
dabscond.

Thi
sisnothowev
er,
thecasei
ftheconv
ict
ionwasont
hebasi
sofconf
essi
on.

Si
mil
arl
y,i
fiti
sscour
ging,
theexecut
ionoft
hepuni
shmentmustbedef
err
edunt
ilshe
shal
lhav
erecov
eredf
rom herl
abour
.

HUDUD:
LIWAAT

Thecr
imeofhomosexual
i
tyi
soneoft
hegr
eat
estofcr
imes,
thewor
stofsi
nsandt
he
mostabhor
rentofdeeds,
andAl
l
ahpuni
shedt
hosewhodi
diti
nawayt
hatHedi
dnot
puni
shot
hernat
ions.I
tisi
ndi
cat
iveofv
iol
ati
onoft
hef
it
rah(
nat
ure,
rel
i
gion)
,tot
al
mi
sgui
dance,
weaki
ntel
l
ectandl
ackofr
eli
giouscommi
tment
,andi
tisasi
gnofdoom
anddepr
ivat
ionoft
hemer
cyofAl
l
ah.

QUR’
ANI
CINJUNCTI
ONSONLI
WAAT

Al
l
ahsay
sinQur
’an7:
80-
84(
int
erpr
etat
ionoft
hemeani
ng)
:Qur
’an7:
80“
And
(
remember
)Loot(
Lot
),whenhesai
dtohi
speopl
e:‘
Doy
oucommi
tthewor
stsi
nsuch
asnonepr
ecedi
ngy
ouhascommi
tt
edi
nthe‘
Aal
ameen(
manki
ndandj
i
nn)
?Qur
’an7:
81.
‘
Ver
il
y,y
oupr
act
icey
ourl
ust
sonmeni
nst
eadofwomen.Nay
,buty
ouar
eapeopl
e

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
ransgr
essi
ngbey
ondbounds(
bycommi
tt
inggr
eatsi
ns)
.’Qur
’an7:
82.Andt
heanswer
ofhi
speopl
ewasonl
ythatt
heysai
d:‘
Dri
vet
hem outofy
ourt
own,
thesear
eindeed
menwhowantt
obepur
e(f
rom si
ns)
!’

Qur
’an7:
83.ThenWesav
edhi
m andhi
sfami
l
y,excepthi
swi
fe;
shewasoft
hosewho
r
emai
nedbehi
nd(
int
het
orment
).Qur
’an7:
84.Andwer
aineddownont
hem ar
ain(
of
st
ones)
.Thenseewhatwast
heendoft
heMuj
ri
moon(
cri
minal
s,pol
ythei
stsand
si
nner
s)”

Si
mil
arl
y,i
nQur
’an15:
72-
76Al
l
ahsay
s,Qur
’an15:
72“
Ver
il
y,byy
ourl
i
fe(
OMuhammad)
,
i
nthei
rwi
l
dint
oxi
cat
ion,
theywer
ewander
ingbl
i
ndl
y.Qur
’an15:
73.SoAsSai
hah
(
tor
ment—awf
ulcr
y)ov
ert
ookt
hem att
het
imeofsunr
ise.Qur
’an15:
74.Andwet
urned
(
thet
ownsofSodom i
nPal
est
ine)upsi
dedownandr
aineddownont
hem st
onesof
bakedcl
ay.Qur
’an15:
75.Sur
ely
,int
hisar
esi
gnsf
ort
hosewhosee(
orunder
standor
l
ear
nthel
essonsf
rom t
heSi
gnsofAl
l
ah)
.Qur
’an15:
76.Andv
eri
l
y,t
hey(
theci
ti
es)wer
e
r
ightont
hehi
ghr
oad(
from Makkaht
oSy
ria,
i.
e.t
hepl
acewher
etheDeadSeai
snow)
”

I
twasnar
rat
edf
rom I
bn‘
Abbaas(
mayAl
l
ahbepl
easedwi
thhi
m)t
hatt
hePr
ophetof
Al
l
ah(
peaceandbl
essi
ngsofAl
l
ahbeuponhi
m)sai
d:“
MayAl
l
ahcur
set
heonewho
doest
heact
ionoft
hepeopl
eofLoot
,mayAl
l
ahcur
set
heonewhodoest
heact
ionof
t
hepeopl
eofLoot
,”t
hreet
imes.

PUNI
SHMENTOFLI
WAAT

Becauset
heev
ilconsequencesofhomosexual
i
tyar
eamongt
hewor
st,
itspuni
shment
i
soneoft
hemostsev
ereofpuni
shment
sint
hiswor
ldandi
ntheHer
eaf
ter
.

Thepuni
shmentf
orper
sonwhocommi
tshomosexual
i
tyandt
heper
sonagai
nstwhom
i
tiscommi
tt
edi
sexecut
ion.Thi
sisbasedont
heaut
hent
ict
radi
ti
onoft
hePr
ophet
(
PBUH)nar
rat
edbyi
bnAbbas(
mayAl
l
ahbepl
easedwi
thhi
m)t
hat
:TheMessengerof
Al
l
ah(
peaceandbl
essi
ngsofAl
l
ahbeuponhi
m)sai
d:“
Whoev
ery
ouf
inddoi
ngt
he
act
ionoft
hepeopl
eofLoot
,execut
etheonewhodoesi
tandt
heonet
owhom i
tis
done.
”

TheSahaabahhav
eunani
mousl
yagr
eeont
heex
ecut
ionofhomosexual
s,butt
hey

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
di
ff
eredast
ohowt
heywer
etobeexecut
ed.

Someoft
hem wer
eoft
hev
iewt
hatt
heyshoul
dbebur
nedwi
thf
ir
e.Thi
swast
hev
iew
ofAbuBakrand‘
Ali
(mayAl
l
ahbepl
easedwi
tht
hem)
.

Andsomeoft
hem t
houghtt
hatt
heyshoul
dbet
hrowndownf
rom ahi
ghpl
acet
hen
hav
est
onest
hrownatt
hem.Thi
swast
hev
iewofI
bn‘
Abbaas(
mayAl
l
ahbepl
eased
wi
thhi
m).

Someoft
hem t
houghtt
hatt
heyshoul
dbest
onedt
odeat
h,whi
chwasnar
rat
edf
rom
bot
h‘Al
iandI
bn‘
Abbas(
mayAl
l
ahbepl
easedwi
tht
hem)
.

Af
tert
heSahaabah,
thef
uqaha’
dif
fer
edconcer
ningt
hemat
ter
.Someoft
hem sai
dthat
t
hehomosexual
shoul
dbeexecut
ednomat
terwhathi
ssi
tuat
ion,
whet
herhei
smar
ri
ed
ornot
.

Someoft
hem sai
dthatheshoul
dbepuni
shedi
nthesamewayasanadul
ter
er,
sohe
shoul
dbest
onedi
fhei
smar
ri
edandf
loggedi
fhei
snotmar
ri
ed.

Someoft
hem sai
dthatasev
erepuni
shmentshoul
dbecar
ri
edoutonhi
m,ast
hej
udge
seesf
it
.

Accor
dingt
oIbnal
-Qay
yim(
mayAl
l
aahbepl
easedwi
thhi
m),
theschol
arsdi
ff
eredast
o
whet
heri
tist
obepuni
shedmor
esev
erel
ythanzi
na,
orwhet
hert
hepuni
shmentf
orzi
na
shoul
dbemor
esev
ere,
orwhet
hert
hepuni
shment
sshoul
dbet
hesame.Ther
ear
e
t
hreepoi
ntsofv
iew:

AbuBakr
,‘
Ali
ibnAbi
Tal
i
b,Khal
i
dibnal
-Wal
eed,
‘Abdal
l
ahi
bnal
-Zubay
r,‘
Abdal
l
ahi
bn
‘
Abbas,
Mal
i
k,I
shaqi
bnRahaway
h,I
mam Ahmadaccor
dingt
othemor
esoundoft
he
t
wor
epor
tsf
rom hi
m andal
-Shaf
i’
iaccor
dingt
ooneofhi
sopi
nions,
wer
eoft
hev
iew
t
hatt
hepuni
shmentf
orhomosexual
i
tyshoul
dbemor
esev
eret
hant
hepuni
shmentf
or
zi
na,
andt
hepuni
shmenti
sexecut
ioni
nal
lcases,
whet
hert
heper
soni
smar
ri
edornot
.

Al
-Shaf
i’
i,
accor
dingt
othewel
l
-knownv
iewofhi
smadhhab,
andI
mam Ahmad
accor
dingt
otheot
herr
epor
tnar
rat
edf
rom hi
m,wer
eoft
hev
iewt
hatt
hepuni
shment
f
ort
hehomosexual
shoul
dbet
hesameast
hepuni
shmentf
ort
headul
ter
er.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
I
mam AbuHani
fahwasoft
hev
iewt
hatt
hepuni
shmentf
ort
hehomosexual
shoul
dbe
l
esssev
eret
hant
hepuni
shmentf
ort
headul
ter
er,
andi
tist
obedet
ermi
nedbyt
he
j
udge(
ta’
azi
r)
.

Thosewhof
avour
edt
hef
ir
stv
iewar
eint
hemaj
ori
tyandt
her
ewasconsensusamong
t
heSahabahont
hispoi
nt–t
hatt
her
eisnosi
nthatbr
ingswor
seconsequencest
han
homosexual
i
ty,
andi
tissecondonl
ytot
heev
ilconsequencesofkuf
r(unbel
i
ef)
,andi
t
maybewor
set
hant
heconsequencesofmur
der
.

Theysai
d:Al
l
ahdi
dnott
estany
onewi
tht
hismaj
orsi
nbef
oret
hepeopl
eofLoot
,and
Hepuni
shedt
hem wi
thapuni
shmentt
hatHedi
dnotsenduponanyot
hernat
ion;
He
combi
nedal
lki
ndsofpuni
shmentf
ort
hem,
suchasdest
ruct
ion,
tur
ningt
hei
rhouses
upsi
dedown,
causi
ngt
hem t
obeswal
l
owedupbyt
heear
th,
sendi
ngst
onesdownupon
t
hem f
rom t
hesky
,taki
ngawayt
hei
rsi
ght
,puni
shi
ngt
hem andmaki
ngt
hei
rpuni
shment
ongoi
ng,
andwr
eaki
ngv
engeanceupont
hem suchaswasnotwr
oughtuponanyot
her
nat
ion.

I
tisnar
rat
edf
rom Khal
i
dibnal
-Wal
eedt
hathef
oundamanamongoneoft
heAr
ab
t
ri
beswi
thwhom menwoul
dhav
eint
ercour
seaswi
thawoman.Hewr
otet
oAbuBakr
(
mayAl
l
ahbepl
easedwi
thhi
m)andAbuBakrconsul
tedt
heSahabah(
mayAl
l
ahbe
pl
easedwi
tht
hem)
.‘Al
ii
bnAbi
Tal
i
bhadt
hest
rongestopi
nionofal
loft
hem,
andhe
sai
d:“
Noonedi
dthatbutoneoft
henat
ions,
andy
ouknowwhatAl
l
ahdi
dtot
hem.I
t
hinkt
hatheshoul
dbebur
nedwi
thf
ir
e.”SoAbuBakrwr
otet
oKhal
i
dandhehadhi
m
bur
ned.

‘
Abdul
l
ahi
bn‘
Abbassai
d:Thehi
ghestpoi
nti
nthet
ownshoul
dbef
oundandt
he
homosexual
shoul
dbet
hrownheadf
ir
stf
rom i
t,t
henst
onesshoul
dbet
hrownathi
m.

I
bn‘
Abbasder
ivedt
hishaddpuni
shmentf
rom t
hepuni
shmentt
hatAl
l
ahsentupont
he
homosexual
soft
hepeopl
eofLoot
.

HUDUD:
SARI
QAH

SARI
QAH:
THEFT

“
Theof
fenceoft
hef
tshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeencommi
tt
edbyaper
sonwhocov
ert
ly,

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
di
shonest
lyandwi
thoutconsentt
akesanyl
awf
ulandmov
eabl
epr
oper
tybel
ongi
ngt
o
anot
her
,outofi
tspl
aceofcust
ody(
hir
z)andv
aluednotl
esst
hant
hemi
nimum
st
ipul
atedv
alue(
nisab)wi
thoutanyj
ust
if
icat
ion”

Accor
dingt
ocl
assi
cal
Isl
ami
claw,
thedef
ini
ti hehaddof
onoft fenceoft
hef
tinv
olv
ed
t
hesur
rept
it
ious(
orbymeansofst
eal
th)t
aki
ngawayofmov
abl
epr
oper
tyofacer
tai
n
mi
nimum v
aluewhol
l
yownedorent
rust
edt
osomeoneot
hert
hant
heof
fenderf
rom a
l
ockedorguar
dedpl
ace.

Ther
emov
alofobj
ect
sinopenorpubl
i
cpl
acesdi
dnotqual
i
fyast
hef
t.Norcoul
done
beconv
ict
edf
ort
aki
ngsomet
hingf
orwhi
chonecanmakeagood-
fai
thar
gumentf
or
owner
shi
p,ev
eni
fonl
ypar
ti
alowner
shi
pcanbepr
oven.

Thus,
undert
hecl
assi
cal
def
ini
ti
on,
embezzl
ementdi
dnotqual
i
fyashadd-
basedt
hef
t.
I
temsl
eftunguar
dedorhi
ddenwer
enotconsi
der
edsubj
ectt
othef
t.

Jur
ist
sfr
om t
heHanaf
iSchool
alsoexcl
udedf
rom t
hedef
ini
ti
onoft
hef
tther
emov
alof
per
ishabl
efoodi
tems,
becauset
hei
rval
uedi
mini
shesov
ert
ime.

Themai
npur
posef
orwhi
cht
hef
tispr
ohi
bit
edi
stopr
otectpr
oper
ty.

QUR’
ANI
CANDPROPHETI
CINJUNCTI
ONSONTHEFT

TheQur
’anst
ates“
Anddonoteatupy
ourpr
oper
tyamongy
our
sel
vesf
orv
ani
ti
es,
nor
usei
tasbai
tfort
hej
udges,
wit
hint
entt
haty
emayeatupwr
ongf
ull
yandknowi
ngl
ya
l
i
ttl
eof(
other
)peopl
e'
spr
oper
ty”(
2:188)
.

ThePr
opheti
ssai
dtohav
est
ateddur
inghi
sfar
ewel
lpi
l
gri
magei
n632A.
D.t
hat“
your
l
i
vesandpr
oper
ti
esar
efor
biddent
ooneanot
hert
il
lyoumeety
ourLor
dont
heDayof
Resur
rect
ion.
”

PUNI
SHMENTOFSARI
QAH

Thepuni
shmentf
ort
hef
thasbeenpr
ovi
dedf
ori
nQur
’an5:
38“
Andf
ort
hemanwho
st
eal
sandt
hewomanwhost
eal
s,cutof
fthei
rhandasapuni
shmentf
orwhatt
heyhav
e
done,
anexempl
arypuni
shmentf
rom Al
l
ah,
andAl
l
ahi
sMi
ght
yandWi
se”
.

Thepuni
shmentf
oraf
ir
st-
ti
met
hiefi
samput
ati
onoft
her
ighthandf
rom t
hewr
ist

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
(
Sunni
view)
.TheShi
i
tesamput
atet
hef
ourf
inger
s.

I
ntheev
entofsubsequentr
eci
div
ism,
thel
eftf
oot
,thel
efthandandt
her
ightf
ootwi
l
l
beamput
ated.Howev
er,
theHanaf
iSchool
aft
ert
hecut
ti
ngi
fther
ighthandandt
hel
eft
f
oot
,thet
hir
dpuni
shmenti
sal
ongt
ermi
mpr
isonmentunt
ilr
efor
med

Theabov
ewasont
hebasi
sofaHadi
thr
epor
tedbyJabi
rwher
eint
hePr
ophethad
or
der
edt
hehandofat
hieft
obecutof
ffourt
imeswhi
l
eont
hef
if
thoccasi
on,
thet
hief
wasor
der
edt
obeexecut
ed.

Ther
ear
eal
sodi
ff
erencesofopi
nioni
fthet
hef
tiscommi
tt
edbyagr
oupofpeopl
e:

Accor
dingt
oImam Mal
i
kfori
nst
ance,
ift
hev
alueoft
hest
olenpr
oper
tyr
eachesni
sab,
t
hehandofeachoft
hem shoul
dbeamput
ated.

Butwi
thI
mam AbuHani
faht
hepuni
shmentappl
i
esi
fthepr
oper
tyi
sdi
vi
dedamongst
t
het
hiev
esandeachpor
ti
onr
eachest
heni
sab.

CONDI
TIONS

Br
it
ishcour
tsmayt
aket
hev
alueoft
hei
tem st
oleni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onf
ort
hepur
poseof
det
ermi
ningwhet
heri
tisi
nthei
nter
estoft
hepubl
i
ctopr
osecut
e.

Thef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsr
egul
atet
hei
nfl
i
cti
onoft
hepuni
shmentoft
hef
tunderI
slami
c
Law:

I
slami
ccr
imi
nal
lawr
equi
resami
nimum v
alue(
nisab)f
ort
hest
olengoods.I
tis
st
ipul
atedt
hatt
hismustatl
eastbeaquar
terofadi
narort
heequi
val
ent
.Ai
shanar
rat
ed
t
hatt
hepr
ophetsai
d:“
Athi
ef’
shandshoul
dnotbecutof
fexceptf
oraquar
terofdi
nar
andupwar
ds”(
Bukhar
i&Musl
i
m).

AbuHani
fahhowev
erdi
ff
eredont
hemi
nimum v
aluepr
escr
ibedandhol
dst
hev
iewt
hat
i
tshoul
dbe10di
rhams

Thest
olenpr
oper
tymusthav
ebeenownedbysomeone.

Thef
tofgov
ernmentpr
oper
tydoesnotat
tractt
hepuni
shmentbecauset
het
hiefi
sa
par
t-
owner
.Hecoul
dhowev
erbepuni
shedbyot
hermeans.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
I
tshoul
dhav
ebeenst
olenf
rom asecur
edpl
acesuchasahouse,
ashop,
int
ernal
pocket
set
c.

Thet
hef
tshoul
dnothav
etakenpl
acedur
ingf
ami
nesanddr
ought
s,whent
hepeopl
e
ar
esuf
fer
ingf
rom hungerandpossessnomeans.Thet
hiefmusthav
ebeenr
easonabl
y
pr
ovi
dedf
orbyt
heSt
ate.Thesecondcal
i
ph,
Umarbi
nAl
-khat
tab,
issai
dtohav
e
suspendedt
hepuni
shmentf
ort
hef
tdur
ingaper
iodofst
arv
ati
on;

Thet
hiefshoul
dbesaneandanadul
t,andshoul
dhav
ecommi
tt
edt
heactoutofhi
s
ownchoi
ceandf
reewi
l
l;

Wher
etheof
fencewascommi
tt
edbet
weenspouseswi
thi
nthei
rmat
ri
moni
alhome,
pr
ovi
dedt
hest
olenpr
oper
tywasnotundert
hev
ict
im’
slockandkey
;

Wher
etheof
fencewascommi
tt
edunderci
rcumst
ancesofnecessi
tyandt
heof
fender
di
dnott
akemor
ethanheor
dinar
il
yrequi
rest
osat
isf
yhi
sneedort
heneedofhi
s
dependent
s;

Wher
etheof
fenderbel
i
evesi
ngoodf
ait
hthathehasashar
e(orar
ightori
nter
est
)in
t
hesai
dst
olenpr
oper
tyandt
hesai
dst
olenpr
oper
tydoesnotexceedt
heshar
e(ort
he
r
ightori
nter
est
)tot
heequi
val
entoft
hemi
nimum v
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty(
nisab)
;

Wher
etheof
fenderr
etr
act
shi
sconf
essi
onbef
oreexecut
ionoft
hepenal
tyi
ncases
wher
epr
oofofgui
l
twasbasedonl
yont
heconf
essi
onoft
heof
fender
;

Wher
etheof
fenderr
etur
nsorr
est
orest
hest
olenpr
oper
tyt
othev
ict
im oft
heof
fence
andr
epent
sbef
orehewasbr
oughtt
otr
ial
andhei
saf
ir
stt
imeof
fender
;

Wher
etheof
fenderwasper
mit
tedaccesst
othepl
aceofcust
ody(
hir
z)oft
hest
olen
pr
oper
ty;

Wher
ethev
ict
im oft
heof
fencei
sindebt
edt
otheof
fenderandi
sunwi
l
li
ngt
opay
,and
t
hedebtwasduet
obedi
schar
gedpr
iort
otheof
fence,
andt
hev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty
st
oleni
sequal
to,
ordoesnotexceedt
hedebtduet
otheof
fendert
otheext
entoft
he
ni
sab.
”

Thi
srul
i
ngshal
lnotbeappl
i
cabl
ewher
etheof
fencewascommi
tt
edbyanascendant

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
agai
nstadescendant
;int
hecaseofaf
ather
,whost
eal
sfr
om t
hepr
oper
tyofhi
sson,
or
apar
tner
,whodoessof
rom t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hepar
tner
shi
p.

Pr
oof

Conf
essi
on

Test
imonyoft
wor
eli
abl
ewi
tnesses

Pl
eaofMi
ti
gat
ion

Oncet
heof
fencei
sest
abl
i
shed,
thepuni
shmenti
sappl
i
edst
ri
ctl
y:

Hadi
thnar
rat
edbyAi
sha.ThePr
ophet
,fol
l
owi
ngapl
eaofmi
ti
gat
iont
ohi
m onbehal
fof
at
hiev
ewomanf
rom ani
nfl
uent
ial
clan(
cal
l
edMakhzumi
),sai
d:“
Arey
oui
nter
cedi
ng
r
egar
dingoneoft
hepuni
shment
spr
escr
ibedbyAl
l
ah?
”Het
hengotupandgav
ean
addr
esssay
ing:
“Opeopl
e,whatdest
roy
edy
ourpr
edecessor
swasj
ustt
hatwhena
per
sonofr
ankamongt
hem commi
tt
edt
hef
t,t
heyl
efthi
m al
one;
butwhenaweak
per
sonamongt
hem commi
tt
edt
hef
t,t
heyi
nfl
i
ctedt
hepr
escr
ibedpuni
shmentonhi
m”
(
Bukhar
i&Musl
i
m).

CONSI
DERTHEFOLLOWI
NGSCENERI
OS

Whatwoul
dhappeni
faguesti
sinv
itedi
ntot
hehomeoft
hev
ict
im andf
rom wi
thi
nithe
st
eal
sani
tem t
hatwasondi
spl
ay?

Someschol
arsar
eoft
heopi
niont
hati
nvi
tedguest
scannotbechar
gedwi
than
al
l
egat
ionoft
hef
tint
hiscase.

I
sanaccessor
ywhohandl
esst
olengoodssubj
ectt
opuni
shmentunderhadd?

I
twoul
dseem t
hatal
thought
hisi
sanof
fenceandi
spuni
shabl
e,t
hisdoesnotf
all
wi
thi
nthehaddcat
egor
y.

Theconsumpt
ionofbot
hal
cohol
andpor
kisst
ri
ctl
yfor
biddeni
nIsl
am.I
fei
therof
t
heset
woi
temswer
est
olen,
cant
heaccusedbepuni
shedf
oranof
fence?

I
twoul
dappearnot
,ast
heonl
ygoodswhi
chcanbesubj
ectt
oanactoft
hef
tar
e
chat
tel
sthatar
ecapabl
eofbei
ngownedbyaMusl
i
m.Whati
fasi
sterst
eal
sfr
om her

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
br
other
?

I
twoul
dseem shewi
l
lescapepuni
shmentunderhaddast
het
aki
ngofpr
oper
ty
bel
ongi
ngt
oanearr
elat
ivei
sanexempt
ion.

HUDUD:
QADHAF

Thel
i
ter
almeani
ngofqadhafi
ssl
anderoraccusat
ion.

Techni
cal
l
y,howev
er,
qadhafmeanst
hef
alseaccusat
ionofadul
ter
y,sexual
abnor
mal
i
tyordef
amat
ionofamar
ri
edMusl
i
m,whoi
ssane,
pur
eandphy
sical
l
y
capabl
eofcommi
tt
ingwhathei
saccusedof
.

I
tal
soi
ncl
udechal
l
engi
ngt
hepat
erni
tyofachi
l
dbor
ninwedl
ock.

Theof
fenceofqadhafi
sdesi
gnedt
opr
otecti
ndi
vi
dual
’
shonour
.

Accusat
ionofadul
ter
ynotonl
ydamagesr
eput
ati
onbutal
socr
eat
esbadbl
oodamong
f
ami
l
ies,
chal
l
engespat
erni
ty,
spoi
l
sconj
ugal
rel
ati
onsandcoul
dleadt
oment
alt
ort
ure
oft
hepeopl
eaf
fect
ed.

QUR’
ANI
CINJUNCTI
ONS

I
npr
otect
ingt
hei
ntegr
it
yandchast
it
yofhumanbei
ngs,
theQur
’anpr
escr
ibedt
hat“
But
t
hosewhoaccusechast
ewomenofadul
ter
yandpr
oducednotf
ourwi
tnesses(
to
suppor
tthei
ral
l
egat
ions)
,fl
ogt
hem wi
thei
ght
yst
ri
pes;
rej
ectt
hei
rev
idenceev
eraf
ter
;
f
orsuchmenar
ewi
ckedt
ransgr
essor
s”(
Qur
’an24:
4).

PUNI
SHMENTFORQADHAF

Thepuni
shmentf
orqadhafi
nIsl
am i
s80st
ri
pesi
naccor
dancewi
thQur
’an24:
4.
Pr
ovi
dedt
heper
sonagai
nstwhom accusat
ionhasbeenmadesat
isf
ythef
oll
owi
ng
condi
ti
ons:

1.He/
Shei
saMusl
i
m;

2.Heorshei
saf
reeman/
woman;

3.Heorshei
sofsoundj
udgmentandmi
nd;

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 4.Heorshei
smat
ured

5.Heorshei
sknownt
obechast
e.

AQadhi
fisr
equi
redt
opr
oducef
ourwi
tnessesi
nsuppor
tofhi
sal
l
egat
ionf
ail
ureof
whi
chwi
l
lleadt
othei
nfl
i
cti
ngof80l
ashes.

I
faper
sonhasbeenconv
ict
edofqadhafandpuni
shmenti
nfl
i
ctedt
her
eof
,hi
sev
idence
cannotaf
ter
war
dsbeadmi
tt
edi
ncour
tunt
ilher
epent
s.

HUDUD:
SHURBAL-KHAMR

“
OGod,
thatmenshoul
dputanenemyi
nthei
rmout
hst
ost
eal
awayt
hei
rbr
ains!That
weshoul
d,wi
thj
oy,
pleasance,
rev
el,
andappl
ause,
transf
orm our
sel
vesi
ntobeast
s!”
Wi
l
li
am Shakespear
e,Ot
hel
l
o.

Thewor
d‘Khamr
”wasder
ivedf
rom t
hewor
d‘Khamar
a”whi
chmeans“
itv
eil
edor
cov
eredorconceal
ed”at
hing.

Al
cohol
wascal
l
edkhamrbecausei
tvei
l
sthei
ntel
l
ectandobscur
est
hemor
al
sensi
bil
i
tiesofahumanbei
ng.

Khamrt
her
efor
emeansany
thi
ngt
hati
ntoxi
cat
es,
becl
oudsorobscur
est
hei
ntel
l
ect
.

ThePr
ophetdescr
ibedi
tas“
themot
herofal
lvi
ces”(
Umm al
-Khaba’
i
th)because
i
ntoxi
cat
ionef
fectcoul
dpot
ent
ial
l
yleadt
othecommi
ssi
onoff
urt
herof
fences.

I
sther
eanyt
rut
hint
hebel
i
eft
hatal
cohol
canl
eadt
othecommi
ssi
onoff
urt
herof
fence?

Ar
eyouawar
ethatt
heBr
it
ishMedi
cal
Associ
ati
onadv
isedanAl
lPar
tyGr
oupofMPs
t
hatal
cohol
isaf
act
ori
n60-
70%ofhomi
cides,
75%ofst
abbi
ngs,
70%ofbeat
ingsand
50%off
ight
sanddomest
icassaul
ts?(
Alcohol
andCr
ime:
Breaki
ngt
heLi
nk.Al
l
-Par
ty
Gr
ouponAl
cohol
Misuse,
Jul
y1995)
.

Pr
ohi
bit
ionofal
cohol
inI
slam t
ookagr
adual
appr
oachwhi
cht
her
ebyi
ndi
cat
est
hat
I
slami
clawf
oll
owsat
act
ical
appr
oach,
especi
all
yinmat
ter
swhi
char
ever
ysensi
ti
ve.

Thef
ir
stQur
’ani
cpr
ovi
sionr
ecogni
sest
hatt
her
eisbot
hsi
nandbenef
iti
ndr
inki
ng
al
cohol
,thought
hesi
nisgr
eat
ert
hant
hebenef
it
“Theyaskt
heeconcer
ningwi
neand

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
hegameofchance.Say
:inbot
hther
eisagr
eatsi
nandsomebenef
it
sformen;
but
t
hei
rsi
nisgr
eat
ert
hant
hei
rbenef
it
s”(
Qur
’an2:
219)
.

Theabov
ever
sewasl
aterf
oll
owedbyt
hev
ersewhi
chpr
ohi
bit
eddr
inki
ngal
cohol
ata
t
imewheni
tsef
fect
swoul
daf
fectone’
sst
ateofmi
ndi
npr
ayer
s.

TheQur
’ansay
s“Oy
ouwhohav
ebel
i
eved,
donotappr
oachpr
ayerwhi
l
eyouar
e
i
ntoxi
cat
edunt
ily
ouknowwhaty
ouar
esay
ing…”(
Qur
’an4:
43)
.

Thenf
inal
l
yal
cohol
wasl
aterpr
ohi
bit
edcompl
etel
y“Oy
ouwhohav
ebel
i
eved,
indeed,
i
ntoxi
cant
s,gambl
i
ng,
[sacr
if
ici
ngon]st
oneal
ter
s[t
oot
hert
hanAl
l
ah]
,anddi
vi
ning
ar
rowsar
ebutdef
il
ementf
rom t
hewor
kofSat
an,
soav
oidi
tthaty
oumaybe
successf
ul.Sat
anonl
ywant
stocausebet
weeny
ouani
mosi
tyandhat
redt
hrough
i
ntoxi
cant
sandgambl
i
ngandt
oav
erty
ouf
rom t
her
emembr
anceofAl
l
ahandf
rom
pr
ayer
.Sowi
l
lyounotdesi
st?
”(Qur
’an5:
90-
91)
.

Bef
oret
hepr
ohi
bit
ion,
thePr
ophethadpr
epar
edt
hemi
ndoft
hepeopl
ebyi
nfor
ming
t
hem t
hat“
All
ahdoesnotl
i
ket
hatpeopl
eshoul
ddr
inkwi
ne.Pr
obabl
yabsol
ute
pr
ohi
bit
ionwi
l
lsoonbepr
escr
ibed:
Ther
efor
ethosewhopossesswi
near
eadv
isedt
o
sel
li
t”
.

I
naHadi
th,
ibnUmarnar
rat
edt
hatt
hePr
ophetsai
d:“
Ever
yint
oxi
canti
skhamr(
wine)
andev
eryi
ntoxi
canti
sfor
bidden”(
Musl
i
m).

Si
mil
arl
y,Jabi
ral
sonar
rat
edt
hatt
hePr
ophetsai
d:“
ifal
argeamountofany
thi
ng
causesi
ntoxi
cat
ion,
asmal
lamountofi
tispr
ohi
bit
ed”

PUNI
SHMENTFORDRI
NKI
NGALCOHOL

Gener
all
y,dr
inki
ngal
cohol
ispuni
shabl
ewi
th80l
ashes.

I
tmustbespeci
fi
cal
l
yment
ionedhowev
ert
hatt
hispuni
shmenti
snotpr
ovi
dedf
ori
n
t
heQur
’anbuti
tisr
atherder
ivedf
rom aHadi
th.Anasbi
nMal
i
knar
rat
edt
hatamanwho
haddr
unkwi
newasbr
oughtbef
oret
hePr
ophetandhegav
ecommandr
egar
dinghi
m
andt
hemanwaspuni
shedwi
thabout40st
ri
peswi
tht
wopal
m br
anches.

Anassai
dAbubakaral
sodi
dthatbutUmarbecamet
hecal
i
ph,
heconsul
tedpeopl
eand

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Abdur
-Rahmani
bnAufsai
d“t
hemi
l
destpuni
shment(
fordr
inki
ngwi
ne)i
s80(
str
ipes)
”,
soUmarf
ixedt
hat(
Bukhar
i&Musl
i
m).

TheMal
i
ki,
Hanaf
i,andHanbal
ischool
soft
houghtal
lfol
l
owt
hist
radi
ti
onbutt
heShaf
i’
i
school
li
mit
sthepuni
shmentt
o40st
ri
pes.

Accor
dingt
oCal
i
phAl
i
,thepuni
shmentof80st
ri
pewasaqi
yasoft
hepuni
shmentf
or
qadhafbecausewhenamandr
inks,
hebecomesi
ntoxi
cat
ed,
whenhei
sint
oxi
cat
edhe
r
aves,
andwhenher
aves,
hemakesupl
i
es.

ModeofPr
oof

Theof
fencei
spr
ovedont
het
est
imonyoft
wowi
tnesses

Theof
fencecanal
sobepr
ovedbyconf
essi
on

Theof
fencemayal
sobepr
ovedbyci
rcumst
ant
ial
evi
dence(
ifhi
sbr
eat
hsmel
l
sofwi
ne)
i
naccor
dancewi
thot
herschool
soft
hought

HUDUD:
HIRABAH

Hi
rabahi
sanAr
abi
cwor
dwhi
chmeans“
pir
acy
”or“
unl
awf
ulwar
far
e”.

Hi
rabahi
sdef
inedast
heact
ivi
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
oragr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
swhogoouti
n
st
rengt
hint
othepubl
i
cthor
oughf
arewi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofpr
event
ingpassageorwi
th
t
hei
ntent
ionofsei
zi
ngt
hepr
oper
tyofpasser
s-byorot
her
wisei
nfl
i
cti
ngupont
hem
bodi
l
yhar
m.

Hi
rabaht
her
efor
eincl
udeshi
ghwayr
obber
y,br
igandage,
andt
err
ori
sm.

Thecr
imeofhi
ghwayr
obber
yisanext
remel
yser
iousof
fense,
sincei
tthr
eat
enst
he
cal
m andst
abi
l
ityofsoci
etyi
tsel
f.

I
bnHazm def
inedHi
rabahas:
“Onewhoput
speopl
einf
earont
her
oad,
whet
herornot
wi
thaweapon,
atni
ghtorday
,inur
banar
easori
nopenspaces,
int
hepal
aceofacal
i
ph
oramosque,
wit
horwi
thoutaccompl
i
ces,
int
hedeser
tori
nthev
il
lage,
inal
argeor
smal
lci
ty,
wit
honeormor
epeopl
e…maki
ngpeopl
efeart
hatt
hey
’l
lbeki
l
led,
orhav
e
moneyt
aken,
orber
aped…whet
hert
heat
tacker
sar
eoneormany
”.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
PUNI
SHMENTOFHI
RABAH

TheQur
'ancommandsst
ri
ctpuni
shmentf
ort
hosewhospr
eaddi
sor
deri
nthel
and:
“
Thepuni
shment
soft
hosewhowagewaragai
nstAl
l
ahandHi
sPr
ophetandst
ri
vet
o
spr
eaddi
sor
deri
nthel
andar
etoexecut
ethem i
nanexempl
arywayort
ocr
uci
fyt
hem
ort
oamput
atet
hei
rhandsandf
eetf
rom opposi
tesi
desort
obani
sht
hem f
rom t
he
l
and.Suchi
sthei
rdi
sgr
acei
nthi
swor
ld,
andi
ntheHer
eaf
tert
hei
rswi
l
lbeanawf
ul
doom sav
ethosewhor
epentbef
orey
ouov
erpowert
hem;
youshoul
dknowt
hatAl
l
ahi
s
Of
t-
For
giv
ing,
EverMer
cif
ul.(
Qur
’an5:
33–34)
.

Di
ff
erentt
ypesofPuni
shment

1.Taqt
il
:Execut
ion

2.Tasl
i
b:Cr
uci
fi
xi
on

3.Amput
ati
ngl
i
mbsf
rom opposi
tesi
des

4.Naf
i:Exi
l
e

Howev
er,
ther
ear
edi
ff
erencesofopi
nionast
ohowt
hepuni
shmentshoul
dbei
nfl
i
cted:

Somehav
eopi
nedt
hatt
hesev
eri
tyoft
hecr
imeandcondi
ti
onoft
hecr
imi
nal
det
ermi
nest
hepuni
shmentt
obei
nfl
i
cted.

Thepr
eponder
antv
iewhowev
eri
sthati
fonei
sconv
ict
edoft
heof
fencet
he
puni
shmenti
samput
ati
onoft
her
ighthandandl
eftf
ootf
ort
hef
ir
stof
fenseand
amput
ati
onoft
hel
efthandandr
ightf
ootf
ort
hesecondof
fense.I
fmur
dert
ookpl
ace
dur
inganat
tempt
edr
obber
y,t
hepuni
shmenti
sdeat
hbyt
heswor
d.I
fther
ewasmur
der
accompani
edbyanact
ual
thef
t,t
hepenal
tyi
scr
uci
fi
xi
on.Thebodyi
stobehungf
or
t
hreeday
s.Unl
i
ket
henor
mal
caseofmur
der
,wher
ether
elat
ivesoft
hev
ict
im hav
ea
choi
ceofr
etal
i
ati
on,
bloodmoney
,orpar
donoft
heof
fender
,thedeat
hpenal
tyher
eis
mandat
ory
.

I
nthecasewher
ethecr
imi
nal
repent
sandabst
ainsf
rom per
pet
rat
ingt
hiscr
imebef
ore
bei
ngt
akeni
ntocust
ody
,thent
hef
ixedpuni
shmentofhi
ghwayr
obber
ynol
onger
appl
i
est
ohi
m,ascl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
edbyt
hepr
evi
ousl
yment
ionedv
erse.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Att
hesamet
ime,
hei
sst
il
ll
iabl
eforanyi
nfr
ingement
sthathemayhav
emadeagai
nst
t
hel
i
vesorpr
oper
tyofot
her
s.

HUDUD:
RIDDAH/
IRTI
DAD

Apost
asyi
scal
l
edi
rt
idād(
whi
chl
i
ter
all
ymeansr
elapseorr
egr
ess)orr
iddai
nIsl
ami
c
l
i
ter
atur
e;

Anapost
atei
scal
l
edmur
tadd,
whi
chmeans'
onewhot
urnsback'
from I
slam.

Someonebor
ntoaMusl
i
m par
ent
,orwhohaspr
evi
ousl
yconv
ert
edt
oIsl
am,
becomes
amur
taddi
fheorshev
erbal
l
ydeni
esanypr
inci
pleofbel
i
efpr
oscr
ibedbyQur
'anora
Hadi
th,
dev
iat
esf
rom appr
ovedI
slami
ctenet
s(i
l
had)
,ori
fheorshecommi
tsa
bl
asphemysuchast
reat
ingacopyoft
heQur
ʾ
anwi
thdi
srespect
.

Ther
efor
eapost
asyi
sdef
inedasaMusl
i
m maki
ngast
atementorper
for
minganact
ion
t
hatt
akeshi
m outoft
hef
oldofI
slam.

Exampl
eev
idenceofApost
asyi
nIsl
am,
accor
dingt
oShaf
i'
ischool
ofj
uri
spr
udence
i
ncl
udebowi
ngbef
oresun,
moon,
obj
ect
sofnat
ure,
idol
s,cr
ossoranyi
mages
sy
mbol
i
cal
l
yrepr
esent
ingGodwhet
heri
nmer
econt
rar
iness,
sar
cast
ical
l
yorwi
th
conv
ict
ion;
int
ent
ion,
hesi
tat
ionoract
ual
l
ycommi
tt
ingunbel
i
efi
nIsl
am;

I
ntheShaf
i'
ischool
,i
tisanactofapost
asyf
orasaneadul
tMusl
i
mtoaccuseor
descr
ibeanot
herdev
outMusl
i
m asanunbel
i
ever
.

PUNI
SHMENT

Thepuni
shmentofapost
asyi
nIsl
am i
smanyf
oldandi
nmanyst
ages.

1.Fi
rstanapost
ateshoul
dbeadv
ised,
tal
kedi
ntoanddi
aloguedwi
thr
egar
dinghi
s
apost
asyandcausesbehi
ndi
t.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 2.Secondl
yhe/
sheshoul
dbei
mpr
isonedi
fhedeni
est
headv
isor
yappr
oach.

3.Thi
rdhe/
shoul
dbeputt
odeat
hinapr
operwayaccor
dingt
other
ulesofdeat
h
penal
tyi
nIsl
am

Thepuni
shmentcameasar
emedyf
orapr
obl
em t
hatexi
stedatt
het
imeoft
hePr
ophet
,
mayt
hemer
cyandbl
essi
ngsofGodbeuponhi
m.

Thi
spr
obl
em wast
hatagr
oupofpeopl
ewoul
dpubl
i
clyent
eri
ntoI
slam t
oget
hert
hen
l
eav
eIsl
am t
oget
heri
nor
dert
ocausedoubtanduncer
tai
ntyi
nthehear
tsoft
he
bel
i
ever
s.

TheQur
anr
elat
est
hisev
entt
ous:

"
Agr
oupf
rom t
hePeopl
eoft
heScr
ipt
uresai
d:“
Bel
i
evei
nwhati
srev
eal
edt
othosewho
bel
i
eveatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heday
,thendi
sbel
i
eveatt
heendoft
heday
,soper
haps
t
heymi
ghtr
etur
nfr
om f
ait
h."(
Qur
an3:
72)

Thus,
thepr
escr
ibedpuni
shmentf
orapost
asywasi
nst
it
utedsot
hatapost
asycoul
dnot
beusedasameansofcausi
ngdoubti
nIsl
am.

Al
l
ah'
sApost
lesai
d,"
Thebl
oodofaMusl
i
m whoconf
essest
hatnonehast
her
ightt
o
bewor
shi
ppedbutAl
l
ahandt
hatIam Hi
sApost
le,
cannotbeshedexcepti
nthr
ee
cases:
InQi
sasf
ormur
der
,amar
ri
edper
sonwhocommi
tsi
l
legal
sexual
int
ercour
se
andt
heonewhor
ever
tsf
rom I
slam (
apost
ate)andl
eav
est
heMusl
i
ms.
"

CONDI
TIONS

Ther
ear
edi
sagr
eement
samongI
slami
cschol
ars,
andI
slami
cschool
sofj
uri
spr
udence,
ast
owhocanbej
udgedf
ort
hecr
imeofapost
asyi
nIsl
am.

Somei
nShaf
i’
ifi
qhsuchasNawawi
andal
-Mi
sri
stat
ethatapost
asycodeappl
i
est
oa
Musl
i
m who:

(
a)Hasunder
stoodandpr
ofessedt
hat"
ther
eisnogodbutAl
l
ah,
Muhammadi
sthe
messengerofAl
l
ah"(
shahada)
,

(
b)knowst
heShar
i’
ahnecessar
il
yknownbyal
lMusl
i
ms,

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
(
c)i
sofsoundmi
ndatt
het
imeofapost
asy
,

(
d)hasr
eachedorsur
passedpuber
ty,
and

(
e)hasconsci
ousl
yanddel
i
ber
atel
yrej
ect
edorconsci
ousl
yanddel
i
ber
atel
yint
endst
o
r
ejectanypar
toral
lofQur
’anorofI
slam r
eli
gion.

Mal
i
kischol
arsaddi
ti
onal
l
yrequi
ret
hatt
heper
soni
nquest
ionhaspubl
i
clyengagedi
n
t
heobl
i
gat
orypr
act
icesoft
her
eli
gion.

I
ncont
rast
,Hanaf
i,Hanbal
iandJa'
far
ifi
qhsetnosuchscr
eeni
ngr
equi
rement
s;a
Musl
i
m'shi
stor
yhasnobear
ingonwhenandonwhom t
oappl
ytheshar
iacodef
or
apost
asy
.

BAGYI

ABagi
yinI
slam i
saMusl
i
mrebel
whohav
enoty
ett
urnedapost
ate,
orwhoi
snotanon
-
Musl
i
m.

AMusl
i
mrebel
isonewhor
ebel
stheaut
hor
it
yoft
heMusl
i
mrul
erwhoi
nthei
rvi
ew
hav
etur
neddi
sbel
i
everi
nIsl
ami
cfai
th.

Abagi
ybaseshi
sst
anceonsubj
ect
ivei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
het
ext
sandhencet
hei
r
engagementi
nki
l
li
ngMusl
i
msandMusl
i
mrul
ersdonotamountt
odi
sbel
i
efhence
I
mam Al
idi
dnotment
ionkhawar
ij(
rebel
s)asdi
sbel
i
ever
s.

Theschol
arI
bnNuj
aym sai
d“i
tisnotper
mit
tedf
ort
her
etobemor
ethanonest
ate
l
eader(
Imam)i
nat
imeper
iod.Ther
emaybemanyj
udges,
eveni
nonest
ate,
butt
he
l
eaderi
sone.
”

Al
-Bahj
our
isai
d“I
tisanobl
i
gat
iont
oobeyt
hel
eader
,ev
eni
fhei
snotf
airort
rust
wor
thy
orev
eni
fhecommi
tt
edsi
nsormi
stakes.
”

AbuHani
fa’
sschool
say
sthatt
heheadoft
hest
ate,
theI
mam,
cannotbeexpel
l
edf
or
bei
ngacor
ruptper
son(
fasi
q).

Hudhai
fai
bnal
-Yamannar
rat
edahadi
thi
nwhi
chhesai
d,“
ThePr
ophet(
SAW)sai
d,
“
ther
ewi
l
lbeaf
termel
eader
swhodonotf
oll
owmygui
danceanddonotf
oll
owmy

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Sunnah,
andt
her
ewi
l
lbeamongt
hem menwhosehear
tsar
eli
ket
hoseofSat
ani
nthe
bodyofahumanbei
ng.
’AndIaskedt
hePr
ophet(
SAW)
,‘WhatIshoul
ddoatt
hatt
imei
f
Ir
eachi
t?’
Hesai
d,‘
l
ist
enandobeyt
her
uler
,ev
eni
fhel
ashedy
ourbackandt
ooky
our
money
,li
stenandobey
.’
”

I
nanot
hernar
rat
ion,
Aufi
bnMal
i
ksai
d,“
OPr
ophetofAl
l
ah,
doy
our
ecommendt
hatwe
f
ightt
hem?
”Hesai
d,“
No,
don’
tfi
ghtt
hem asl
ongast
heydonotpr
eventy
ouf
rom y
our
pr
ayer
s.Andi
fyouseef
rom t
hem somet
hingt
haty
oudi
sli
ke,
disl
i
ket
hei
ract
s,donot
di
sli
ket
hem.Anddonott
akey
ourhandoutf
rom obedi
encet
othem.
”

Theser
ebel
smustbeonl
yfoughti
ftheyst
artf
ight
ing.Theai
mist
ost
opt
hei
rev
il
r
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hei
ract
ionshenceachi
evementofst
abi
l
ityi
sthemai
npur
poseoft
he
I
slami
csol
dier
swhenengagi
ngwi
thr
ebel
s.

PUNI
SHMENTOFBAGYI

Capt
uredr
ebel
saccor
dingt
omanyschol
arshav
etwoopt
ionsbasedont
wocont
ext
s:
ei
thert
heywi
l
lbepuni
shedt
hroughdeat
hpenal
tyori
mpr
isonment
.

Deat
hpenal
tyori
mpr
isonmenti
sonl
ywhent
her
eisaf
eart
hatt
heywi
l
lrej
oint
he
r
ebel
l
ion.

I
fthewhol
erebel
l
ionhasceasedandbagi
ycapt
uredt
hent
heywi
l
lbeei
thersetf
ree
accor
dingt
othehadi
thi
nMust
adr
akHaki
m.

Howev
ert
hef
airt
ri
alwi
l
lident
if
ywhot
heyki
l
ledi
nthest
ateofbei
ngar
ebel
ori
na
st
ateofbei
ngaci
vi
li
ani
.e.
..Whet
hert
heyki
l
ledSt
atemi
l
itar
yincombator
pr
emedi
tat
edmur
derofci
vi
li
ans.

Thepr
oper
ti
esofbagi
ypeopl
eremai
ntobet
hei
rpr
oper
tyev
enaf
terr
ebel
l
ion.

QI
SAS:
LAW OFEQUALI
TY

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Thewor
d“Qi
sas”means"
equal
i
ty"or"
equi
val
ence.
"Iti
mpl
i
est
hataper
sonwhohas
commi
tt
edagi
venv
iol
ati
onwi
l
lbepuni
shedi
nthesamewayandbyt
hesamemeans
t
hatheusedi
nhar
minganot
herper
son.

Thi
sist
hesecondt
ypeofpuni
shmenti
nIsl
ami
cLaw.Thi
siswher
etheper
pet
rat
orof
t
hecr
imei
spuni
shedwi
tht
hesamei
njur
ythathecausedt
othev
ict
im.I
fthecr
imi
nal
ki
l
ledt
hev
ict
im,
thenhei
ski
l
led.I
fhecutof
fori
njur
edal
i
mboft
hev
ict
im,
thenhi
s
ownl
i
mbwi
l
lbecutof
fori
njur
edi
fiti
spossi
blewi
thoutki
l
li
ngt
hecr
imi
nal
.Speci
ali
sts
ar
eusedt
omaket
hisdet
ermi
nat
ion.

Andt
her
einwepr
escr
ibef
ort
hem:
ali
fef
oral
i
fe.Aney
eforaney
e.Anosef
oranose.
Anearf
oranear
,at
oot
hforat
oot
h(Qur
an5:
45)
.

I
tneedst
obeemphasi
zedt
hatt
heor
igi
nal
pur
poseoft
hel
awofequal
i
tywast
otake
car
eoft
hepr
e-I
slami
ccust
om ofr
etal
i
ati
onwher
ebyt
heki
l
li
ngofoneper
son,
especi
all
yofanobl
efami
l
yorcl
anwasof
tenr
etal
i
atedwi
tht
heki
l
li
ngofmanyper
sons.

Qi
sascr
imesar
econsi
der
edv
iol
ati
onsoft
her
ight
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,whi
chasar
esul
t
pr
ovi
det
hebasi
sfort
heneedt
osat
isf
yandcompensat
ethev
ict
im orhi
sfami
l
y.

Thesanct
ionspr
escr
ibedf
orQi
sascr
imesar
eei
thert
heQi
sas—t
hati
sthe(
kindsof
qi
sas;
tal
i
on,
diy
ya)t
ali
onort
heequi
val
enti
nfl
i
cti
onofphy
sical
orbodi
l
yhar
m agai
nst
t
heper
sonwhocommi
tt
edt
heact
—oral
ter
nat
ivel
ythepay
mentofDi
yyaf
or
compensat
ion.

Howev
er,
ther
ear
epr
ovi
sionsi
ntheQur
’anconcer
ningot
herpenal
ti
esf
ort
hecr
imesof
Qi
sas.Thesei
ncl
ude,
forexampl
e,exi
l
e,pr
ohi
bit
ionf
rom i
nher
it
anceandpr
ohi
bit
ion
f
rom t
her
ightt
odi
sposeofone'
spr
oper
tybyt
est
ament
arydi
sposi
ti
on.

Topr
oper
lyunder
standQi
sas,
onemustconsi
dert
hehi
stor
ical
cont
extofi
tsdi
vi
ne
r
evel
ati
oni
ntheQur
’an.

I
tshoul
dber
ecal
l
edt
hataccor
dingt
oIsl
am,
theQur
’ancont
inuest
het
radi
ti
onoft
he
Judeo-
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngsconcer
ningt
het
ali
onort
hel
awofaney
eforaney
eanda
t
oot
hforat
oot
h.

I
slam howev
erper
mit
sthev
ict
imt
opar
dont
heper
pet
rat
or,
becauset
hepuni
shmenti
n

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
hesecr
imesi
sconsi
der
edt
her
ightoft
hev
ict
im.I
slam ev
enencour
agespar
don,
pr
omi
singar
ewar
dint
heher
eaf
terf
ort
heonewhodoes.Al
l
ahsay
s:

"
Ifany
onewai
vest
her
ightt
oret
ali
ati
onoutofchar
it
y,i
tshal
lbeanexpi
ati
onf
orhi
m."
(
Qur
an5:
45)

Thepar
doncanei
therbet
othepay
mentofbl
oodmoney
,af
ixed,
monet
ary
compensat
ion,
orcanbet
otal
,wher
enowor
ldl
ycompensat
ioni
sdemanded.As
bet
weenr
etal
i
ati
onandDi
yya,
theQur
’ancl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
esapr
efer
encef
ort
heDi
yyaand
f
orf
orgi
veness,
whi
chnegat
est
heappl
i
cat
ionofQi
sas.

Al
l
ahsay
s:

"
Tof
orgi
vei
scl
osert
opi
ety
..
."(
Qur
an2:
237)

Suchpr
efer
encei
l
lust
rat
est
hebondofcont
inui
tybet
weent
het
empor
all
awandr
eli
gion
si
ncet
hef
orgi
verwi
l
lber
ewar
dedi
nheav
en,
whi
chf
ort
heMusl
i
misamuchgr
eat
er
r
ewar
dthananyot
her
.

Thus,
thecombi
nat
ionofDi
yyaandf
orgi
venesspr
oducesapower
ful
mat
eri
aland
spi
ri
tual
inducementt
ofor
sakeQi
sasasr
etal
i
ati
on.

Consequent
ly,
onemusti
nter
prett
hecr
imesofQi
sasasbei
ngbasedonagener
al
det
err
encepol
i
cywhi
chr
ecogni
zest
hev
ict
im'
ssenseofv
indi
cti
venessagai
nsthi
s
aggr
essor
,whi
l
eli
mit
ingt
heconsequencesoft
hepenal
tyt
othehar
m doneand
est
abl
i
shi
ngt
heal
ter
nat
iver
emedi
esofv
ict
im compensat
ionorout
ri
ghtf
orgi
veness.

I
nli
ghtoft
hesegener
alobser
vat
ions,
iti
ssi
gni
fi
cantt
hati
nsev
eral
school
sof
j
uri
spr
udence,
thecr
imesofQi
sasf
orwhi
cht
hepenal
tyoft
ali
oni
sappl
i
cabl
eisl
i
mit
ed
t
oonl
yint
ent
ional
kil
l
ingsandi
ntent
ional
inf
li
cti
onofser
iousandper
manentbodi
l
y
har
m andmai
ming,
andt
heactofuni
ntent
ional
kil
l
inganduni
ntent
ional
bodi
l
yhar
m or
mai
mingar
eonl
ysubj
ectt
othepay
mentofDi
yyaorv
ict
im compensat
ion.

Ther
ear
eFi
veQi
sasCr
imes:

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
1.I
ntent
ional
Kil
l
ingorMur
derorHomi
cide

2.Vol
unt
aryKi
l
li
ng

3.I
nvol
unt
aryki
l
li
ngorKi
l
li
ngbyMi
stake

4.I
ntent
ional
phy
sical
inj
uryormai
ming

5.Uni
ntent
ional
phy
sical
inj
uryormai
ming

Foral
lpr
act
ical
pur
poses,
cri
mesofQi
sasf
all
int
otwocat
egor
ies:

1.Homi
ci
de:
Int
ent
ional
andUni
ntent
ional

2.Bat
ter
y:I
nfl
i
cti
onofi
ntent
ional
anduni
ntent
ional
bodi
l
yhar
m whi
chr
esul
tsi
n
ser
iousorper
manenti
njur
ytot
heper
son:
mor
ethant
het
echni
cal
phy
sical
cont
actofbat
ter
y.I
tincl
udesmai
mingandot
herf
ormsofphy
sical
disf
igur
ement
.

Thesecr
imesar
edef
inedbot
hint
heQur
’anandt
heSunnaandbot
hest
abl
i
sht
wot
ypes
ofsanct
ions:
ret
ali
ati
on,
thepr
inci
pleof"
tal
i
on,
"orDi
yya,
compensat
ion.

I
ntent
ional
Kil
l
ingorMur
derorHomi
cide(
Qat
lal
-‘
amd)

Thesanct
it
yofl
i
fei
nIsl
am i
soft
heut
mosti
mpor
tance.Mur
deri
soneoft
hegr
eat
est
cr
imesi
nIsl
am andany
onewhoshedst
hebl
oodofanot
hershal
lhav
etosuf
fert
he
t
ormentofhel
l
.Si
mil
arl
y,any
onewhoki
l
lsabel
i
everi
sasi
fheki
l
lst
heent
ir
enat
ion.

Ther
ear
esev
eral
ver
sesi
ntheQur
anandt
hehadi
thoft
hePr
ophetpor
tray
ingt
he
sanct
it
yofhumanl
i
fe.

Fore.
g.“
…takenotl
i
fewhi
chAl
l
ahhat
hmadesacr
ed,
exceptbywayofj
ust
iceandl
aw:
t
husdot
hHecommandy
ou,
thaty
emayl
ear
nwi
sdom.(
Qur
’an6:
151)

I
bnMas’
udnar
rat
edt
hatt
hepr
ophetsai
d:“
Thebl
oodofaMusl
i
m whot
est
if
iest
hat
‘
ther
eisnogodbutAl
l
ahandt
hatIam Al
l
ah’
sMessengermaynotbel
awf
ull
yshedbut
f
oroneoft
hreer
easons:
amar
ri
edmanwhocommi
tsadul
ter
y;al
i
fef
orl
i
fe;
andone
whot
urnsawayf
rom hi
srel
i
gionandabandonst
hecommuni
ty(
Bukhar
i&Musl
i
m).

I
ntent
ional
kil
l
ing/
mur
derorhomi
cidei
swher
etheper
pet
rat
orwi
l
lful
l
yori
ntent
ional
l
y
ki
l
lsaper
sonwi
thaweaponorsomet
hingt
hatser
vesf
oraweapone.
g.acl
ub,
ashar
p

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
st
oneorf
ir
e.

Theki
l
li
ngofabel
i
everi
nIsl
am est
abl
i
shest
woi
ssues:

1.Thatt
heper
sonwhoki
l
lsi
sasi
nnerdeser
vinghel
l
.Thi
sisi
naccor
dancewi
tht
he
Qur
’ani
cver
sewhi
chsay
s“Asr
egar
dst
heonewhoki
l
lsabel
i
everwi
l
lful
l
y,hi
s
r
ecompensei
shel
l
,wher
einheshal
labi
def
orev
er.Hehasi
ncur
redAl
l
ah’
swr
ath
andHi
scur
sei
sonhi
m andAl
l
ahhaspr
epar
edawoef
ult
ormentf
orhi
m.(
Qur
’an
4:
93)
.

2.Suchaper
soni
sli
abl
etor
etal
i
ati
oni
naccor
dancewi
tht
heQur
’ani
cver
sewhi
ch
say
s:“
Obel
i
ever
s,t
hel
awofr
etr
ibut
ionhasbeenpr
escr
ibedf
ory
oui
ncasesof
mur
der
;ifaf
reemancommi
tsamur
der
,thef
reemanshal
lbepuni
shedf
ori
tand
asl
avef
orasl
ave:
li
kewi
sei
fawomani
sgui
l
tyofmur
dert
hesameshal
lbe
account
abl
efori
t”
.(Qur
’an2:
178)
.

Vol
unt
aryKi
l
li
ng

Forexampl
eki
l
li
ngasar
esul
tofexcessi
veuseoff
orcei
nsel
f-
def
ense.

Thesear
enotgov
ernedbyt
heequi
val
encypr
inci
pleofr
etal
i
ati
onbutsuchof
fencesar
e
puni
shabl
ebypay
mentofDi
yya.

I
nvol
unt
aryki
l
li
ngorKi
l
li
ngbyMi
stake(
Qat
lal
-khat
’a)

I
sthenot
ionofan‘
eyef
oraney
e’equal
l
yappl
i
cabl
einci
rcumst
anceswher
edeat
h
r
esul
tedf
rom somef
orm ofmi
stake?

I
twoul
dseem t
hatki
l
li
ngbymi
stakedoesnott
echni
cal
l
yfor
m par
tofQi
sasbecausei
t
i
snotpuni
shabl
ewi
thdeat
h.

Buti
tisst
il
lrel
evantbecausei
ttouchesoni
ssueswhi
chbor
deront
her
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weenaMusl
i
m st
ateandanon-
Musl
i
m st
ate.

Fort
hisr
eason,
itshoul
ddi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenwhet
hert
hedeceasedbel
ongedt
o:

a.AMusl
i
m St
ate;

b.Anon-
Musl
i
m St
ateatwarwi
thMusl
i
ms;
and

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
c.ASt
atewi
thwhi
chMusl
i
mshav
eat
reat
yofmut
ual
all
i
ance.

I
ncases(
a)and(
c),
compensat
ion(
diy
yahorbl
ood-
money
)ispay
abl
etot
hef
ami
l
yof
t
hedeceased,
inaddi
ti
ont
ofr
eei
ngabel
i
evi
ngsl
ave.Thef
ami
l
yar
eent
it
ledt
oremi
tthe
compensat
ion.

I
ncase(
b),
freei
ngabel
i
evi
ngsl
avei
senoughbecausei
ncr
easi
ngt
her
esour
cesoft
he
enemybypay
mentofcompensat
ioni
sthoughtt
obeunwi
se.

I
ftheper
sonwhoki
l
ledbymi
stakecannotaf
for
dfr
eei
ngasl
aveorpay
ing
compensat
ion,
afastf
ort
woconsecut
ivemont
hsi
spr
escr
ibed.Qur
’an4:
92maybe
ci
tedasaut
hor
it
yfort
hisposi
ti
onoft
hel
aw:

“
Nev
ershoul
dabel
i
everki
l
label
i
ever
,exceptbymi
stake.Andwhoev
erki
l
lsabel
i
ever
bymi
stake,
iti
sor
dai
nedt
hatheshoul
dfr
eeabel
i
evi
ngsl
ave,
andpaycompensat
iont
o
t
hedeceased'
sfami
l
y,unl
esst
heyr
emi
titf
reel
y.I
fthedeceasedbel
ongedt
opeopl
eat
warwi
thy
ou,
andhewasabel
i
ever
,thef
reei
ngofabel
i
evi
ngsl
avei
senough.I
fhe
bel
ongedt
opeopl
ewi
thwhom y
ouhav
eat
reat
yofmut
ual
all
i
ance,
compensat
ion
shoul
dbepai
dtohi
sfami
l
y,andabel
i
evi
ngsl
avebef
reed.Fort
hosewhof
indt
his
bey
ondt
hei
rmeans,
afastf
ort
woconsecut
ivemont
hsi
spr
escr
ibedbywayof
r
epent
ancet
oAl
l
ahf
orAl
l
ahhat
hAl
lknowl
edgeandAl
lwi
sdom.
”

Ki
l
li
ngofaNon-
Musl
i
m

Al
thoughi
nvar
iabl
yMusl
i
msl
i
vet
oget
herwi
thnon-
Musl
i
ms,
undercl
assi
cal
Isl
ami
claw
t
het
wodonotenj
oyt
hesamer
ight
s.

Thev
ersesandHadi
thsabov
eoni
ntent
ional
andmi
stakenki
l
li
ngr
efert
osi
tuat
ions
wher
ethedeceasedwasaMusl
i
m.

AMusl
i
misnotki
l
ledf
ort
heki
l
li
ngofanon-
Musl
i
m whobel
ongedt
oaSt
ateatwar
wi
tht
heI
slami
cSt
ate.

Butwhati
fthedeceasednon-
Musl
i
m bel
ongedt
oaSt
atewhi
chhasent
eredi
ntoa
cov
enantwi
tht
heI
slami
cSt
ate(
knownasMu’
ahi
d)?

I
tiscommonl
yagr
eedbyschol
arst
hathi
sMusl
i
m ki
l
lershal
lbeki
l
led.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Wher
ethedeceasednon-
Musl
i
misadhi
mmi
(at
ax-
pay
ingnon-
Musl
i
mli
vi
ngwi
thi
nthe
I
slami
cSt
ateandt
her
efor
eunderi
tspr
otect
ion)t
her
ear
edi
ff
erencesofopi
nionamong
t
hej
uri
sts:

Shaf
i’
i,
Mal
i
kiandHanbal
ischool
sopi
net
hathi
sMusl
i
m ki
l
lershal
lnotbeki
l
ledi
n
puni
shmentwher
east
heHanaf
iSchool
opi
nest
hatt
heMusl
i
m mustbeexecut
ed.

Thesev
iewsar
ebasedonanumberofHadi
ths:
Fori
nst
ance,
Ahmad,
AbuDa’
udandAn
-
Nasa’
irepor
tedaHadi
thf
rom Al
iwher
einhesai
d“t
hel
i
vesofal
lMusl
i
msar
eequal
;the
l
owl
i
estoft
hem canguar
ant
eet
hei
rpr
otect
ion,
andt
heyar
eonebandagai
nstot
her
s.A
Musl
i
m shoul
dnotbeki
l
ledf
oranon-
Musl
i
m norshoul
donewhohasbeengi
vena
cov
enantbeki
l
ledwhi
l
ehi
scov
enanthol
ds.
”

Ont
heot
herhand,
Abdur
-Rahmani
bnAl
-Bai
l
amani
nar
rat
edt
hatt
hePr
ophetki
l
leda
Musl
i
mforamanwhohadmadeacov
enantandsai
d“Iam t
hemostwor
thyoft
hose
whoguar
ant
eet
hei
rpr
otect
ion.
”

Bodi
l
yInj
ury

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngscenar
io:

Thesuper
model
Naomi
Campbel
lhaspr
evi
ousl
yent
eredagui
l
typl
eat
oanal
l
egat
ionof
r
eckl
essassaul
t.Thev
ict
im washerhousekeeperandi
twasal
l
egedt
hatshehad
t
hrownamobi
l
ephoneather
.Thei
njur
ysust
ainedasar
esul
toft
heassaul
trequi
red
f
ourst
it
ches.

Accor
dingt
other
uleofQi
sas,
whatpuni
shmentshoul
dhav
ebeengi
ven?

Whatwoul
dhappeni
fthehousekeeperdi
dnotwi
sht
oexer
ciseherI
slami
cri
ghtof
r
etal
i
ati
onandi
nst
eadopt
edf
orsomef
orm ofcompensat
ion?

TheConceptofBl
oodMoneyorDi
yyah

Wher
ethel
awofequal
i
tyappl
i
es,
thev
ict
im orhi
sfami
l
yar
eent
it
ledt
odi
spensewi
th

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
hephy
sical
puni
shmentandacceptbl
oodmoneyasanal
ter
nat
ive.Thi
shasbeen
speci
fi
cal
l
yst
ipul
atedi
ntheQur
’an:

Oy
ewhobel
i
eve!Thel
awofequal
i
tyi
spr
escr
ibedt
oyoui
ncasesofmur
der
:thef
ree
f
ort
hef
ree,
thesl
avef
ort
hesl
ave,
thewomanf
ort
hewoman.Buti
fanyr
emi
ssi
oni
s
madebyt
hebr
otheroft
hesl
ain,
thengr
antanyr
easonabl
edemand,
andcompensat
e
hi
m wi
thhandsomegr
ati
tude,
ther
eisaconcessi
onandaMer
cyf
rom y
ourLor
d.Af
ter
t
hiswhoev
erexceedst
hel
i
mit
sshal
lbei
ngr
avechast
isement(
Q2:
178)
.

I
fthehousekeeperchoset
oexer
ciseherI
slami
cri
ghtt
ocompensat
ion,
howmuch
moneyi
ssheent
it
ledt
o?

Accor
dingt
ooneHadi
thi
tseemst
hatt
hisi
sdependentuponbot
hthel
ocat
ionoft
he
i
njur
yandt
heweal
thoft
heaccused.

ThePr
ophetwasr
epor
tedt
ohav
ewr
it
tent
othepeopl
eofYement
hati
fany
oneki
l
lsa
bel
i
everi
ntent
ional
l
y,r
etal
i
ati
oni
sdueunl
esst
her
elat
ivesoft
hedeceasedar
ewi
l
li
ngt
o
doot
her
wise;

1.bl
oodmoneyf
oral
i
fei
shundr
edcamel
s;f
ull
bloodmoneymustbepai
dfort
he
compl
etecut
ti
ngof
fofanose,
theey
es,
thet
ongue,
thel
i
ps,
themal
e’
spr
ivat
e
par
tandt
hebackbone;

2.f
oronef
oot
,hal
fthebl
oodmoneymustbepai
d;

3.f
orawoundi
nthehead,
athi
rdoft
hebl
oodmoney
,forat
hrustwhi
chpenet
rat
es
t
hebodyat
hir
doft
hebl
oodmoney
;

4.f
oraheadwoundwhi
chr
emov
esabonef
if
teencamel
s,f
oreachf
ingerandt
oe,
t
encamel
s;

5.f
orat
oot
hfi
vecamel
s,andf
orawoundwhi
chl
aysbar
ethebonef
ivecamel
s;

6.t
hatamanmaybeki
l
ledi
nret
ali
ati
onf
orawoman;
andt
hatt
hosewhohav
egol
d
shoul
dpayat
housanddi
nar
s(AbuDa’
ud)
.

Mi
ssCampbel
lwassent
encedt
ofi
veday
scommuni
tyser
viceandor
der
edt
oat
tendan
angermanagementcour
se.Shewasf
urt
heror
der
edt
opaymedi
cal
bil
l
samount
ingt
o

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
£185.
00.

I
nli
ghtoft
hesent
encegi
ven,
doy
out
hinkt
hehousekeepermayhav
ebeenhappi
erwi
th
anI
slami
ccour
tdeal
i
ngwi
tht
hismat
ter
?

Al
thoughDi
yyai
sanal
ogi
zedher
easv
ict
im’
scompensat
ion,
iti
snotr
egar
dedaspur
ely
v
ict
im’
scompensat
ioni
nthesamemannerasci
vi
ldamages.Di
yyahasapuni
ti
ve
damagecomponentwhi
chgi
vesi
tcr
imi
nal
char
act
eri
sti
cs.I
tisaki
ntot
heset
ti
ngoft
he
f
inef
orapar
ti
cul
arcr
ime,
whi
chi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom ci
vi
ldamages,
exceptt
hatDi
yyagoes
t
othememberoft
hev
ict
im’
sfami
l
yrat
hert
hant
heSt
ate.

Thepr
inci
pleofDi
yya,
accor
dingt
ocer
tai
naut
hor
s,al
soembodi
esaconceptof
col
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

Ther
eis,
howev
er,
disagr
eementamongt
hef
ourmaj
orSunni
school
sofI
slami
c
j
uri
spr
udenceaswel
last
hei
rsubschool
sconcer
ningr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hepay
mentof
t
heDi
yya.

Becauset
hepr
inci
pleofi
ndi
vi
dual
cri
minal
responsi
bil
i
tyi
sfundament
ali
nIsl
am,
ther
e
i
sanappar
enti
nconsi
stencybet
weent
hatpr
inci
pleandt
hatofmaki
ngpay
mentof
Di
yyat
hedut
yoff
ami
l
ymember
soft
heper
pet
rat
or.

I
nthi
ssi
tuat
ion,
howev
er,
theov
err
idi
ngpol
i
cyi
soneofsoci
alsol
i
dar
it
ybywhi
cht
he
f
ami
l
yknowst
hati
thasr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ori
tsmember
s.Suchapol
i
cyl
eadst
oasy
stem
ofsoci
alcompl
i
ancebyhav
ingf
ami
l
ymember
sexer
tcont
rol
overoneanot
hersi
nceal
l
f
earacer
tai
nfi
nanci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hedeedsofeachi
ndi
vi
dual
memberoft
he
f
ami
l
y.

Thev
ari
ousschool
sofI
slami
cjur
ispr
udencehav
edev
elopedav
ari
etyofr
ules
concer
ning,
forexampl
e,whomaycar
ryoutt
hepenal
tyofQi
sas,
andonwhom mayi
t
bei
nfl
i
cted,
andwhobear
sthedut
yofpay
ingDi
yya.

Thedi
ff
erentschool
sdi
sti
ngui
shbet
weeny
out
hful
off
ender
sandy
out
hful
vict
ims,
bet
weensaneandi
nsaneper
sonswhet
herv
ict
imsorper
pet
rat
ors,
andbet
weent
he
phy
sical
l
yheal
thyandt
hei
nfi
rm.Suchf
act
orsar
econsi
der
edi
ndet
ermi
ningt
her
ight
s
anddut
iesoft
hepar
ti
eswi
thr
espectt
oDi
yya.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Theschool
sdi
sti
ngui
shusual
l
ybypr
ovi
dingf
orl
esshar
shpenal
ti
esi
nthecasesof
women,
inf
ant
s,i
nsaneper
sonsorper
sonswhoar
ephy
sical
l
yhandi
cappedwhi
l
e
pl
aci
ngt
hehi
gherpenal
tyf
ort
heki
l
li
ngori
nfl
i
cti
onofgr
eatbodi
l
yhar
m ont
hemal
e
Musl
i
m.Thedi
sti
nct
ioni
sjust
if
iedbyt
het
radi
ti
onal
rol
eofmenast
heeconomi
c
f
oundat
ioni
nIsl
ami
csoci
eti
es.

Rul
esRel
ati
ngt
oTal
i
on

I
slami
ccr
imi
nal
lawpr
escr
ibesr
ulesf
ort
heuseoft
ali
on.Onesuchr
uler
equi
rest
hata
per
sonshal
lnoti
nfl
i
ctagr
eat
erdegr
eeofhar
mthant
hatwhi
chhasbeeni
nfl
i
cted.

Thepuni
shmentmustbecar
ri
edoutbyt
hegov
ernment
.Thef
ami
l
yoft
hev
ict
im cannot
car
ryi
tout
.

Anot
herr
equi
rementi
sthatt
heper
sonwhoi
nfl
i
ctst
het
ali
onmusthav
etheknowl
edge
andcompet
encet
obeabl
etoi
nfl
i
cti
tandt
hatt
her
ebecer
tai
ncondi
ti
onswhi
chmust
besat
isf
iedwi
thr
espectt
otheper
sonwhoi
nfl
i
ctsi
t.

Fur
ther
mor
e,t
her
ear
epr
ovi
sionsi
ntheQur
’ani
ndi
cat
ingt
hatt
hei
nfl
i
cti
onofQi
sas
mustbei
nthemannerl
eastl
i
kel
ytocausepai
n.

Tal
i
onl
awdoesnotappl
ytoaper
sonwhoki
l
lsormai
msanot
herwhi
l
einacondi
ti
onof
i
ntoxi
cat
ion.

Accor
dingt
osomeschool
s,t
ali
oni
snotappl
i
edi
fthei
ndi
vi
dual
whowaski
l
ledwasi
n
t
hepr
ocessofcommi
tt
ingapar
ti
cul
arcr
ime,
suchast
hesi
tuat
ionoft
hepar
amourwho
i
scaughti
ntheadul
ter
ousactbyt
hehusband.Thi
swi
l
lonl
yent
ail
Diy
yaont
hepar
tof
t
hehusband.

Mostschool
srecogni
zet
hatt
her
ightt
otal
i
onbel
ongst
othepar
enti
nascendanci
esof
t
hemal
eoft
hev
ict
ims.Thust
hef
atherorgr
andf
atherhast
her
ightt
odemandt
ali
onor
t
ofor
giv
e;ot
hert
hant
hat
,ther
estoft
hef
ami
l
yisonl
yent
it
ledt
oagr
eeont
hepay
ment
ofDi
yya.

TA’
AZI
R:DI
SCRETI
ONARYPUNI
SHMENT

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Ta’
azi
rhassev
eral
connot
ati
ons.Thewor
dli
ter
all
ymeans“
chast
isement
”int
hewi
dest
possi
blesense.I
nit
slegal
sensehowev
er,
itsi
gni
fi
escr
imi
nal
puni
shmentwhi
chi
snot
l
egal
l
yfi
xed.Jur
ist
sconsi
derTa’
azi
rdi
scr
eti
onar
ycor
rect
ion,
rehabi
l
itat
ionor
chast
isement
.

Al
-Mawar
didef
inesTa’
azi
ras:

Puni
shmenti
nfl
i
ctedi
ncasesf
orwhi
cht
hel
aw(
Shar
ia)hasnotenact
edawr
it
ten
penal
ti
es.Ther
ulesr
elat
ingt
oitdi
ff
erdependi
nguponwhoi
sinf
li
cti
ngi
tandupon
whom i
tisi
nfl
i
cted.I
thast
hispoi
nti
ncommonwi
thwr
it
tenpenal
ti
es,
it,
too,
isameans
ofr
epr
iev
eandr
epr
imandwhi
chv
ari
eswi
tht
henat
ureoft
heof
fence;
howev
er,
itdi
ff
ers
f
rom t
hem i
not
herr
espect
s…

Thesear
epuni
shment
sthatar
enotf
ixedbyI
slami
cLaw,
forcr
imest
hatei
theri
nfr
inge
ont
her
ight
sofGodort
her
ight
sofani
ndi
vi
dual
,butdonothav
eaf
ixedpuni
shmentor
asetexpi
ati
on.

Ast
udyofTa'
azi
risnecessar
ybecausei
tisi
nconcei
vabl
ethatt
heQur
’anandHadi
th
wi
l
lpr
ovi
def
oral
lof
fences.Thi
scat
egor
yofof
fencesi
smeantt
oaccommodat
emi
nor
of
fences.I
tisal
sowi
tht
hev
iewt
ogi
vi
ngcor
rect
ivepuni
shmentatt
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
he
Judge.

Di
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
sar
ethebr
oadestcat
egor
yofpuni
shment
s,becauset
he
cr
imest
hathav
efi
xedpuni
shment
sar
efewi
nnumberandal
lot
hercr
imesf
all
under
t
hescopeoft
hisl
astcat
egor
y.

Theyar
ethemostf
lexi
blet
ypeofpuni
shment
,becauset
heyt
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
he
needsofsoci
etyandchangi
ngsoci
alcondi
ti
ons.Consequent
ly,
theyar
efl
exi
bleenough
t
oreal
i
zet
hemaxi
mum gener
albenef
itt
osoci
ety
,ef
fect
ivel
yref
ormt
hecr
imi
nal
,and
r
educet
hehar
mthathecauses.

THESCOPEOFTA'
AZI
R

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Of
fencesar
isi
ngunderhududandqi
sasencompassact
swhi
char
epr
ohi
bit
edbyt
he
Shar
i’
ah.Bot
hthecr
imi
nal
i
zat
ionandt
hepuni
shmentofsuchof
fencespr
oceedf
rom
l
egal
rul
esf
oundei
theri
ntheQur
’anort
heHadi
th.

Al
sowi
thr
egar
dtot
hosecr
imes,
thepr
inci
pleofl
egal
i
ty(
nul
l
um cr
imennul
l
apoena
si
nel
ege)ofcr
imesandpenal
ti
esi
sobser
vedi
nIsl
ami
ccr
imi
nal
law.

Cr
imesofTa'
azi
r,bycont
rast
,ar
enotsubj
ectt
othepr
inci
pleofl
egal
i
tyi
nthesame
manner
.Isl
ami
clawhasnotspeci
fi
edal
lvi
olat
ionssubj
ectt
oTa'
azi
rtot
hesameext
ent
asf
orot
hercr
imes.

Howev
er,
itconsi
der
sthatr
egar
dlessofci
rcumst
ance,
all
act
swhi
chi
nfr
ingepr
ivat
eor
communi
tyi
nter
est
soft
hepubl
i
cor
derar
esubj
ectt
oTa'
azi
r.

I
tist
hedut
yofpubl
i
caut
hor
it
iest
olaydownr
ulespenal
i
zingal
lconductwhi
chseems
cont
rar
ytot
hei
nter
est
soft
hecommuni
ty,
tosoci
alt
ranqui
l
ityort
othepubl
i
cor
der
.
Theser
ulesmust
,howev
er,
drawt
hei
rinspi
rat
ionf
rom t
heShar
i’
ah.

Accor
dingt
othi
sbr
oaderf
ormul
ati
on,
Ta'
azi
risconsi
stentwi
tht
hepr
inci
pleofl
egal
i
ty
andi
sfundament
alt
oasy
stem ofsoci
aldef
ence.

Al
so,
basedont
hiswi
derscopeofTa'
azi
r,at
wof
oldcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpenal
ti
esexi
sts,
onebei
ngaf
unct
ionoft
hecr
imi
nal
i
zedact
,andt
heot
herr
elat
edt
othenat
ureoft
he
penal
tyi
mposed.

TA'
AZI
RINRELATI
ONTOTHECRI
MINALACT

1.Puni
shmentf
orOf
fencesofCommi
ssi
onsandOmi
ssi
ons

Of
fenceswhi
chr
elat
etoobl
i
gat
ionsorpr
ohi
bit
ionsi
mposedbyI
slami
clawwher
eno
f
ixedorexpi
ator
y'penal
ty,
ispr
escr
ibedar
epuni
shedt
hroughTa'
azi
r.Whi
l
ethese
obl
i
gat
ionsorpr
ohi
bit
ionsar
esetf
ort
honbehal
fofdi
vi
ner
ight
,oroutofr
espectf
or
communi
tyr
ight
s,soci
alt
ranqui
l
ityorpubl
i
cor
der
,thei
rfundament
alpur
posei
sto
pr
otectt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypenal
ti
esi
nthi
scat
egor
y:

i
. Ther
ear
ecr
imi
nal
act
swhi
chmustbyt
hei
rver
ynat
urebesanct
ionedby

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 penal
ti
eswhi
chr
elat
etoHudud.Thesei
ncl
ude,
forexampl
e,si
mpl
erobber
y
(
thef
tint
heabsenceofaggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
ances)ort
hatofl
arceny(
pet
tyt
hef
t)
andat
tempt
edr
obber
y.Ther
eisal
soat
tempt
edadul
ter
y,ori
l
li
citcohabi
tat
ion.
Khal
i
ldecl
arest
hat
:“unnat
ural
cont
act
sbet
weenwomenar
enotcl
assi
fi
edas
f
orni
cat
ion,
butt
heper
pet
rat
orsar
eli
abl
etor
efor
mat
orypenal
tyl
eftt
othe
di
scr
eti
onoft
hemagi
str
ate.
”inal
lsuchcases,
thev
iol
ati
oni
snotsogr
aveast
o
r
equi
ret
hei
nfl
i
cti
onofHadd.

i
i
. Thesei
ncl
udecr
imi
nal
act
swhi
char
enor
mal
l
ypuni
shedbyHudud,
butbyr
eason
ofdoubt
,orbecauseoft
hesi
tuat
ionoft
heaccused,
asi
nthecaseoft
hef
t
amongr
elat
ives,
theHaddpenal
tyi
srepl
acedbyTa’
azi
r.

i
i
i. Fi
nal
l
y,al
lact
swhi
chf
all
undert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awandwhi
char
enot
puni
shedbyHaddar
esubj
ectt
oTa’
azi
r.Forexampl
econsumpt
ionofpor
k,
br
eachoft
rustbypubl
i
ctr
easur
erorat
est
ament
aryguar
dian,
fal
set
est
imony
,
sl
anderandcor
rupt
ion,
usur
y,et
c.

2.Ta'
azi
rPuni
shmentf
orI
njur
iest
othePubl
i
cInt
erestoft
hePubl
i
cOr
der

Thev
erynot
ionofpubl
i
cint
erestal
l
owssev
eresanct
ionst
obeusedt
oensur
ethe
pr
otect
ionoft
hecommuni
tyandt
hesaf
eguar
dingofi
tswel
far
eagai
nstdanger
ous
el
ement
s.

Puni
shmentpl
aysadet
err
entr
olei
nthi
scont
ext
,buti
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
ssubj
ectt
ocer
tai
n
l
i
mit
ati
ons.

1)I
tisnecessar
ythatoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsbef
ulf
il
led:

a)t
heper
pet
rat
ormusthav
ecommi
tt
edanactwhi
chcausedact
ual
damaget
othe
pr
otect
edi
nter
estorpubl
i
cor
der
;or

b)Thedangerposedbyt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
mustr
epr
esentat
hreatt
othepubl
i
cint
erest
ort
hepubl
i
cor
der
.

2)Duet
othebr
oadandsomewhatv
aguenot
ionofpubl
i
cint
erestorpubl
i
cor
der
,the
subst
ant
iat
ionoft
hepenal
tymustj
ust
if
ythepenal
tyi
tsel
f.Thedi
scr
eti
onar
yaut
hor
it
y
oft
hej
udgei
snotabsol
utesi
ncehemustcl
assi
fyact
sascont
rar
ytot
hepubl
i
cint
erest

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
ort
hepubl
i
cor
der
.

3)Thej
ust
if
icat
ionf
ort
hepenal
tyont
hebasi
sofpubl
i
cint
erestmustf
lowf
rom f
lexi
ble
r
ulesadapt
abl
etoeachsi
tuat
ion,
ther
ebyper
mit
ti
ngadequat
eandappr
opr
iat
e
pr
otect
ionoft
hepubl
i
cint
erest
.

3.Ta'
azi
rPenal
ti
esi
nDi
ff
erentSchool
sofMusl
i
m Jur
ist
s

I
nthehi
erar
chyofcr
imeunderI
slami
claw,
ther
ear
eobl
i
gat
oryact
swhoseomi
ssi
on
i
nvokessanct
ions,
andf
orbi
ddenact
swhosecommi
ssi
oni
spenal
i
zed.Ont
heot
her
hand,
ther
ear
eact
swhi
char
emer
elyr
epr
ehensi
bleorr
ecommended.Jur
ist
sar
e
di
vi
dedast
othepr
operj
udi
cial
att
it
udest
owar
dindi
vi
dual
conducti
nthi
slastcat
egor
y.

Accor
dingt
oonev
iew,
whenr
epr
ehensi
bleact
sar
erepeat
edl
ycommi
tt
ed,
orwhent
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
const
ant
lynegl
ect
stof
ulf
il
lrecommendedact
s,t
henTa’
azi
rpuni
shment
shoul
dbei
nfl
i
cted.

TA’
AZI
RPENALTI
ES

I
slami
cLawr
etai
nst
het
radi
ti
onal
div
isi
onbet
weendepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
tyandpecuni
ary
penal
ti
es.Besi
dest
hesecat
egor
iesofpuni
shment
,ther
ear
eot
herpenal
ti
eswhi
char
e
desi
gnedt
oinst
il
lmor
ali
ty.

1)Tr
adi
ti
onal
Penal
ti
es

A.Cor
por
alPuni
shment

Someoft
hecor
por
alpenal
ti
esappl
i
cabl
einmat
ter
sofTa’
azi
rar
ethedeat
hpenal
ty
(
whi
chi
srar
elyi
mposed)andf
lagel
l
ati
on(
lashi
ng)
.

. TheDeat
i hPenal
ty:i
npr
inci
ple,
Isl
ami
cCr
imi
nal
Lawi
mposest
hedeat
hpenal
ty
f
oract
swhi
chv
iol
atet
hedut
iesi
ncumbentuponMusl
i
mst
owar
dAl
l
ah.These
ar
eencour
agedbyt
heHaddpenal
ti
es.

Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
sal
sor
eser
vedf
orcr
imesofbl
oodandr
elat
edt
othecl
assi
fi
cat
ion
ofqi
sas.Howev
er,
jur
ist
shav
esuggest
edt
hatcr
imi
nal
act
swhi
chal
soser
iousl
yhar
m
t
hepubl
i
cint
erestoughtt
obesi
mil
arl
ypuni
shabl
einor
dert
opr
otectsoci
etyagai
nst
danger
ousandi
ncor
ri
gibl
eindi
vi
dual
s.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Exampl
esofact
swhi
chi
ncurt
hedeat
hpenal
tyi
nTa’
azi
rcoul
dbeespi
onageand
her
esyandcoul
dal
sobei
mposedonhabi
tual
cri
minal
swhoposeaser
iousdangert
o
soci
ety
.

Howev
er,
rehabi
l
itat
ion,
whi
chi
stheov
eral
lpur
poseofTa’
azi
r,shoul
dbekepti
nmi
nd.

. Fl
i
i agel
l
ati
on:t
hispenal
tyi
srecommendedmostof
tenont
hegr
oundt
hati
tcanbe
r
eadi
l
yimposedandt
her
ebycausesami
nimal
depr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
tyf
ort
he
accused.Hemayt
her
eaf
terat
tendt
ohi
sbusi
nessandser
vet
hei
nter
est
sofhi
s
f
ami
l
y.

I
tisal
soi
nthei
nter
estoft
hecommuni
tywhi
cht
her
ebyav
oidshav
ingt
otakehi
m under
i
tsr
esponsi
bil
i
tyasi
snecessar
yint
hecaseofi
mpr
isonment
.

Byt
hesamet
oken,
thedel
i
nquentwhot
husescapesi
mpr
isonmenti
ssav
edf
rom bei
ng
cor
rupt
edbyt
hei
nfl
uenceofi
ncor
ri
gibl
epr
isoner
s.

Musl
i
mjur
ist
sar
enotunani
mousast
othenumberofl
asheswhi
cht
hecr
imi
nal
must
r
ecei
ve.Themaxi
mum numberv
ari
esbet
ween39and75wi
thami
nimum oft
hree.

Al
-Mawar
di,
forexampl
e,not
est
hatt
her
eisadi
ff
erenceofopi
nionr
egar
dingt
he
maxi
mum numberofl
ashest
hatcanbei
mposedbyTa'
azi
r.

TheShaf
i'
ischool
expl
i
cit
lyst
atest
hatt
hemaxi
mum appl
i
edt
oaf
reemani
stobe39
whi
l
ethesl
aver
ecei
vesonl
y19,
ther
ebyr
emai
ningbel
owt
hemi
nimum amount
pr
escr
ibedi
nfi
xedpenal
ti
es

Accor
dingt
oAbuYusuft
hemaxi
mum i
s75butMal
i
kiconsi
der
situnl
i
mit
edandmay
exceedt
hatoff
ixedpenal
ti
es.Mal
i
kif
urt
hermai
ntai
nst
hatbecauseoft
hedi
ff
icul
tyi
n
det
ermi
ningt
henumberofl
ashest
obeadmi
nist
ered,
thedeci
sionshoul
dbel
eftt
othe
aut
hor
it
iesaccor
dingt
otheci
rcumst
ances.

B.Depr
ivat
ionofLi
ber
ty

I
nmat
ter
sofTa’
azi
r,I
slami
cLawhasal
sor
esor
tedt
odepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty,
whet
heri
n
t
otal
,suchasi
mpr
isonment
,ori
nal
essr
est
ri
cti
vemannert
hroughl
ocal
bani
shment
,
di
spl
acementorexpul
si
on.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
 . I
i mpr
isonment
:thi
ssanct
ioni
sinf
li
ctedonf
ir
stof
fender
sandcommoncr
imi
nal
s
f
orcr
imesnor
mal
l
ysanct
ionedbyTa’
azi
r.I
mpr
isonmentbecomesi
mper
ati
ve
onl
ywhenf
lagel
l
ati
oni
sinef
fect
ive.Thet
imel
i
mitv
ari
esf
rom onedayt
osi
x
mont
hsorev
enay
ear
.Themaxi
mum per
iodi
slef
ttot
hej
udgeorot
her
compet
entaut
hor
it
y.

Si
mil
arl
y,t
her
ecanbeani
ndet
ermi
nat
esent
encewhi
chi
susual
l
yreser
vedf
or
i
ncor
ri
gibl
ecr
imi
nal
sandt
hosewhoar
edeemedt
obedanger
ousr
eci
div
ist
s.The
of
fendermustsubmi
ttot
hepenal
tyofi
mpr
isonmentwi
thouti
nter
rupt
ionunl
esshe
act
ual
l
yrepent
sandt
rul
yref
orms.

. Penal
i
i ti
esRest
ri
cti
veofLi
ber
ty:t
hesepenal
ti
esi
ncl
udel
ocal
bani
shmentorexi
l
e.
Of
fencesr
equi
ri
ngt
hesepenal
ti
esi
ncl
udef
orger
y,decei
t,andf
undament
al
mi
sint
erpr
etat
ionoft
heQur
’an.

Local
bani
shmentmustbeconf
inedi
nspaceordur
ati
onandmustbeaccompani
edby
super
visi
onout
sidet
hedel
i
nquent
’sdomi
cil
e.

Themov
ementoft
heof
fendermustber
est
ri
ctedi
nsuchacasesot
hathewi
l
lnot
becomeanexampl
eforot
her
sbyhi
spr
esenceatt
hel
ocat
ionwher
ehehascommi
tt
ed
hi
scr
ime.

C.Pecuni
aryPenal
ti
es

Musl
i
mjur
ist
shav
ewi
thr
eser
vat
ions,
accept
edf
inesaspuni
shmenti
nmat
ter
sof
Ta’
azi
r.Thebel
i
efi
sthatt
heav
ail
abi
l
ityoft
hispenal
tymayl
eadj
udgest
oempl
oyi
tto
excess,
ther
ebyper
mit
ti
ngt
hem t
opl
undert
hepeopl
e.

I
slami
cLawdoesnotseem t
orequi
ref
inesexceptf
orexcept
ional
andsuppl
ement
ary
r
easons.

Af
inei
simposedbydeduct
ingorset
ti
ngapar
tasegmentoft
hecr
imi
nal
’
sweal
thor
possessi
oni
nli
euofcor
por
alpuni
shment
.Wher
ethecr
imi
nal
isgenui
nel
ycont
ri
teand
hi
sbehav
iouri
mpr
ovest
hededuct
edamounti
sret
urnedt
ohi
m.Underno
ci
rcumst
ancesmustt
heamountbewi
thhel
dbyt
hej
udgeoraddedt
othepubl
i
c
t
reasur
y.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
2)Ot
herPenal
ti
eswi
thi
ntheScopeofTa’
azi
r

Ther
ear
esev
eral
penal
ti
esdesi
gnedt
oinst
il
lmor
ali
ty

i
. Att
hemostbasi
clev
el,
ther
eissi
mpl
enot
icegi
vent
othei
nter
est
edpar
tyt
hathe
hascommi
tt
edawr
ong.Thi
snot
if
icat
ioni
sassur
edbyt
hej
udgeorhi
sassi
stant
bysummoni
ngt
hei
nter
est
edpar
tyi
npr
ivat
e.Thi
sisi
ntendedt
hatsuch
pr
oceedi
ngwi
l
lhav
eapsy
chol
ogi
cal
impactupont
hecr
imi
nal
.Of
tenhowev
er,
he
i
ssummonedt
ocour
tinpubl
i
c.I
nbot
hsi
tuat
ions,
thej
udgechoosest
hese
measur
eswhenev
erhedeemst
hecr
imesnott
obeser
iousandi
ftheaccusedi
s
notacommoncr
imi
nal
butaf
ir
stof
fenderwhosemi
sconducti
suni
ntent
ional
butcul
pabl
eanddeser
vingr
epr
oach.

i
i
. Exhor
tat
ionbyt
hej
udget
odogoodandav
oidev
ildeedsi
sut
il
isedwi
tht
hose
whohav
esi
mpl
ymadeal
esst
hangr
avemi
stake.Thej
udge’
staski
nthi
scont
ext
i
stodet
ermi
newhet
herpl
ainadv
icei
ssuf
fi
cientf
ort
heof
fendert
oref
rai
nfr
om
r
epeat
inghi
smi
stakei
nthef
utur
e.

i
i
i. Bl
ame(
orRepr
oach)
.Theaccusedi
ssummonedt
ocour
tbef
oreaj
udgewho
r
epr
oacheshi
m,usi
nghar
shwor
dswi
thoutr
esor
ti
ngt
oinsul
tsorpol
emi
csand
wi
thouti
nfl
i
cti
ngi
njur
y.

i
v. Thej
udgemayal
soost
raci
zet
heof
fenderbyexcl
udi
nghi
mfr
om i
nter
act
ionwi
th
ot
her
sunt
ilher
ecogni
zesandadmi
tshi
ser
rorandexpr
essawi
l
li
ngnesst
o
r
etur
ntot
hest
rai
ghtpat
h.

v
. Thej
udgemayor
dert
hepubl
i
cexposur
eoft
hecul
pri
t’
sdeeds.Suchpenal
tyi
s
i
nfl
i
cteduponper
pet
rat
oroff
alsewi
tness,
fraudordecei
t.

TheGoal
sSoughtbyTa’
azi
rPuni
shment

I
slami
cLawr
eli
esuponTa’
azi
rtoachi
evet
wogoal
s:

i
. Thepenal
tymustr
esul
tindet
err
ingt
hecr
imi
nal
andi
nrepay
inghi
minamanner
pr
opor
ti
onat
etohi
sdeed;

i
i
. Thepenal
tymustl
eadt
ohi
srehabi
l
itat
ionandr
e-educat
ion.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
CONDI
TIONSFORI
NFLI
CTI
ONOFTA’
AZI
R

Ta’
azi
risasy
stem ofpuni
shmentdesi
gnedt
osuppr
esscr
ime.I
tappear
sindi
ver
se
f
orms,
usi
ngdi
ff
erentmet
hodsgear
edt
owar
dpr
eci
segoal
s.Buti
tsi
nit
iat
ioni
slef
ttoa
l
argeext
enti
nthehandsoft
hej
udgechar
gedwi
tht
hesuppr
essi
onandpuni
shmentof
v
iol
ati
onsagai
nstAl
l
ah,
soci
etyandman.

I
tist
her
efor
eusef
ult
odet
ermi
nehowTa’
azi
risappl
i
edandt
hesi
gni
fi
canceof
penal
ti
esappl
i
edt
hroughTa’
azi
r.

TheI
mpl
ement
ati
onofTa’
azi
r

1.TheRol
eoft
heJudge

Thej
udgepossessesav
erybr
oad,
butl
i
mit
ed,
powerofassessment
.Whent
hej
udge
abuseshi
sdi
scr
eti
onhemayi
ncurl
i
abi
l
ity
.

Thej
udgeenj
oysapowerofassessmentwhi
chbest
owsuponhi
mtheobl
i
gat
iont
o
det
ermi
net
hepuni
shmentmer
it
edbyt
hecr
imi
nal
.

I
ndet
ermi
ningt
hesev
eri
tyoft
hepuni
shmentt
obei
nfl
i
cted,
thej
udgemustconsi
der
t
hest
atusoft
hecr
imi
nal
,theci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
hei
nfr
act
ionwascommi
tt
ed
andt
hei
njur
ytot
hev
ict
im.

Af
terpr
escr
ibi
ngt
hepenal
ty,
thej
udgei
snotper
mit
tedt
oincr
easei
t.

I
slami
clawdoesnotr
ecogni
secumul
ati
vepuni
shment
.Thusf
orexampl
e,t
heper
son
whout
ter
sinsul
tthr
eet
imesatt
hesamepl
aceandt
ime,
maynotbepuni
shedt
hree
t
imesi
nthesamemanner
.Fort
hisr
eason,
mostI
slami
cjur
ist
s,exceptsomeMal
i
ki
wr
it
ers,
hol
dthatt
hej
udgei
sobl
i
gat
edt
ochooset
headequat
epuni
shment
.

Theaut
hor
it
ygr
ant
edt
othej
udgeal
socr
eat
esr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.I
fhei
mposespuni
shment
out
sideofhi
sdel
egat
edaut
hor
it
yori
namanneri
nconsi
stentwi
thi
t,heabuseshi
s
di
scr
eti
onandmayhi
msel
fbesubj
ectt
ocer
tai
nsanct
ions.I
fheexceedst
hemaxi
mum
l
i
mitofpuni
shment
,thej
udgemaybet
akent
otaskorsued.

2.TheMeasur
eoft
hePenalSanct
ion

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
I
ninf
li
cti
ngTa’
azi
r,t
hej
udgemustexami
net
wocr
uci
alel
ement
s:t
heper
sonal
i
tyoft
he
cr
imi
nal
andt
henat
ureoft
hepenal
tyt
obei
nfl
i
cted.

3.Puni
shmentasaFunct
ionoft
heCr
imi
nalPer
sonal
i
ty

Theper
sonal
i
tyoft
hecr
imi
nal
isconsi
der
edessent
ial
l
yfr
om amor
alpoi
ntofv
iew.Al
-
Mawar
disay
s“Cor
rect
ioni
nfl
i
cteduponr
espect
abl
epeopl
eofhonour
abl
ebackgr
ound
i
slesst
hant
hati
mposedoncommonorpoorpeopl
e,f
ort
hePr
ophethassai
d,‘
For
giv
e
t
hemi
stakesofpeopl
eofgoodr
ank’
.

Thepuni
shmentofTa’
azi
rther
efor
evar
iesaccor
dingt
othest
atusoft
hosewho
becomel
i
abl
e.Forexampl
e,i
twoul
dbesuf
fi
cientt
oost
raci
zeandof
fenderofhi
gh
mor
ali
ntegr
it
y.Tur
ningawayf
rom hi
m mi
ghtpr
ovesuf
fi
cientt
orest
orehi
mtot
he
st
rai
ghtpat
h.Bycont
rast
,someoneofal
owersoci
alr
ankmi
ghtr
equi
rear
ebukei
na
har
sht
oneofv
oice,
orahumi
l
iat
ingr
epr
oachbutonewi
thoutcal
umnyorabusi
ve
l
anguage.

4.Rel
ati
onofSent
encet
oOf
fense

Thi
sposest
hepr
obl
em ofchar
act
eri
zi
ngt
hei
nfr
act
ion.Musl
i
mjur
ist
shav
econcl
uded
t
hatt
hechar
act
eri
zat
ionofi
nfr
act
ionsmustbedet
ermi
nedwhi
l
ekeepi
ngi
nmi
ndt
he
maxi
mum penal
tyi
nor
dernott
omaket
hesy
stem ov
erl
yrepr
essi
ve.

5.Pr
osecut
ion

Set
ti
ngt
hePenal
Sanct
ioni
nMot
ioni
nTa’
azi
r:Ther
ightt
opr
osecut
ebel
ongst
othe
j
udgepur
suantt
ohi
sdut
y,oront
hei
nst
ruct
ionsoft
hesov
erei
gn,
orupont
hel
odgi
ng
ofacompl
aintbyanyi
njur
edper
son.ThePr
ophethassai
d:“
Hewhowi
tnesseda
condemnabl
eactmusti
nter
venei
nor
dert
oputanendt
oit…”Howev
er,
onceseti
n
mot
ion,
thepr
osecut
ionmaynotbest
oppedorsuspendedbyt
hei
njur
edpar
tybecause
t
heTa’
azi
rpenal
tyi
simposedbyr
easonoft
hesoci
aldi
stur
bancecausedbyt
hecr
ime.

Pr
oofofTa’
azi
r

Admi
ssi
onorconf
essi
on

Test
imonyoft
woi
rr
epr
oachabl
eandr
eput
abl
emal
es

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
GROUNDSFORMI
TIGATI
NGPUNI
SHMENT

Thegr
oundsf
ormi
ti
gat
ionar
einv
est
igat
edt
hor
oughl
ybyt
hej
udgei
neachcase.

Thus,
forexampl
e,t
hej
udgeconsi
der
sthephy
sical
condi
ti
onoft
hecr
imi
nal
whi
ch
mi
ghti
nvol
vehunger
,di
seaseordet
eri
orat
ionoft
heof
fender
’sment
alf
acul
ti
esand
causehi
mtobr
eakt
hel
awbecauseoft
henecessi
ti
esi
mposedonhi
m bynat
ure.

Hemustal
soconsi
dert
hemor
alst
ateoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,whi
chmayr
esul
tfr
om
phy
siol
ogi
cal
,pat
hol
ogi
cal
orpsy
chol
ogi
cal
condi
ti
ons,
orf
rom aphy
sical
ormor
al
const
rai
ntordur
essexer
cisedov
ert
hepar
tybyanot
her
,or
,fi
nal
l
y,asar
esul
tofsel
f-
def
ence.

GROUNDSFORAGGRAVATI
NGPUNI
SHMENT

1.Repet
it
ionoft
heSameVi
olat
ion

I
fani
ndi
vi
dual
repeat
stheof
fence,
thenhebecomesl
i
abl
etor
epr
imandor
r
emonst
rance.I
fher
epeat
stheof
fence,
thenhebecomesl
i
abl
etor
epr
imandor
censur
e.I
fhebecomesahabi
tual
off
ender
/her
ecei
vesl
ashesandwi
l
lbei
mpr
isoned
unt
ilher
efor
ms.Thus,
ast
hisexampl
eshows,
theaggr
avat
ionofpuni
shmenti
s
accompl
i
shedt
hroughsuccessi
vedegr
eesofsev
eri
ty.

2.Reci
divi
sm

Reci
div
ism i
nvol
vesi
nfl
i
cti
onofahar
sherpenal
tyagai
nstt
heper
pet
rat
orofr
epeat
ed
gr
aveof
fences,
whohast
her
ebypl
acedhi
msel
finast
atedeemeddanger
oust
oot
her
i
ndi
vi
dual
sandsoci
ety
.Accor
dingt
oIsl
ami
claw,
choosi
ngal
i
feofcr
imeaggr
avat
es
t
hecul
pabi
l
ityoft
hecr
imi
nal
andconsequent
lydemandsahar
sherpenal
tyi
ncl
udi
nga
l
i
fesent
enceordeat
h.

THEABOLI
TIONOFPENALSANCT10NSI
NMATTERSOFTA’
AZI
R

Ther
ear
ethr
eer
easonsl
eadi
ngt
otheabol
i
tionofpenal
sanct
ionsi
nTa’
azi
r:deat
hof
t
heconv
ict
,par
dont
hrought
heconv
ict
’sr
epent
ance,
andf
inal
l
ypr
escr
ipt
ion.

1.TheDeat
hoft
heConv
ict

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
Thequest
ionher
eiscor
por
alpuni
shmentordepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ti
eswhi
chmustbe
i
nfl
i
ctedont
heper
sonoft
hecr
imi
nal
.Thesear
eabr
ogat
edwi
tht
hedemi
seoft
he
conv
ict
.

Asf
orpecuni
arypenal
ti
es,
howev
er,
thesear
emai
ntai
ned.Thef
inei
simposedand
deduct
edf
rom t
heconv
ict
’sest
atebecausei
tisconsi
der
edadebtoft
hedeceased.

2.Gr
aceorPar
don(
‘af
w)

Gr
aceorpar
doni
sdef
inedasawai
verbyt
hecommuni
tyofi
tsr
ight
stoi
mpose
puni
shment
.Thecommuni
tywhosepeacehasbeendi
stur
bedhast
hechancet
oexact
r
epar
ati
onbypuni
shi
ngt
hecr
imi
nal
.Ital
sohast
her
ightt
orev
oket
hepenal
typar
ti
all
y
ort
otal
l
y.

TheLegal
Just
if
icat
ionofGr
ace:
Jur
ist
sexpl
aint
hesi
gni
fi
canceofgr
acei
nIsl
ami
claw
t
hrought
het
radi
ti
onsandt
eachi
ngsoft
hePr
ophet
.ThePr
ophethassai
d,“
Avoi
d
puni
shi
ngv
irt
uouspeopl
e,
”and,
“For
giv
ehonour
abl
epeopl
ethei
rwr
ongdoi
ngs.
”The
sov
erei
gngr
ant
spar
donwhenev
eri
tisdeemedexpedi
entandwi
thi
nhi
spr
ovi
nce.

TheSpher
eofGr
ace:
Accor
dingt
oAl
-Mawar
di,
Ta’
azi
rasadi
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
,is
apur
elygov
ernment
alactwhosepur
posei
sther
ehabi
l
itat
ionoft
hecr
imi
nal
.Howev
er,
t
hesov
erei
gnmustexami
net
hecr
imei
nvol
vedbef
oregr
ant
ingapar
don.Onl
yift
he
v
iol
ati
ondoesnoti
nfr
inget
her
ight
sofanyi
ndi
vi
dual
isi
tlawf
ulf
ort
hecompet
ent
aut
hor
it
yort
hej
udget
ogr
antapar
don,
andt
henonl
yaf
terdeci
dingt
hati
tismor
e
expedi
entt
opar
dont
hant
opuni
sh.

I
tal
soi
sper
missi
blet
oint
erv
eneonbehal
foft
heof
fenderwhoseeksl
eni
ency
.The
Pr
ophetsai
d:“
Int
ercedebef
oremeandi
tisAl
l
ahwhot
hrought
hev
oiceoft
hisPr
ophet
shal
ldeci
dewhatHewant
s.”

I
fther
ightofani
ndi
vi
dual
isf
oundt
obel
i
nkedt
odi
scr
eti
onar
ypuni
shment
,asf
or
exampl
e,i
nthecaseofi
njur
yorassaul
t,t
hesov
erei
gncannotsetasi
det
her
ight
soft
he
pl
aint
if
forv
ict
im bygr
ant
ingpar
dont
otheof
fender
.

Ont
hecont
rar
y,t
hesov
erei
gni
sboundt
oguar
ant
eet
hepr
otect
ionoft
her
ight
sof
i
ndi
vi
dual
sbypuni
shi
ngcr
imi
nal
s.Onl
yift
hev
ict
im par
donst
hecul
pri
tbef
orehandmay

ALOROABDULHAKI
M
t
hesov
erei
gnt
henchooset
odowhat
everhedeemsexpedi
ent
,whet
hert
opuni
sht
he
cul
pri
tinor
dert
omai
ntai
nlawandor
derort
opar
donhi
m.

Ast
otheconsequencesofof
fencesagai
nsti
ndi
vi
dual
s,t
hev
ict
im’
sri
ght
s,t
her
ightof
soci
ety
,andt
her
efor
m oft
heof
fenderar
ethepr
imar
yconsi
der
ati
ons.

ALOROABDULHAKI
M