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LIPID
7/21/2020
• SEDDS: Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems 4
• SMEDDS: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
• The particle sizes of dispersions formed by SMEDDS are
lower
than those formed by SEDDS.
• The performance of lipid-based formulations is
governed by their fate in the GIT rather than the
particle size of the initial dispersion
Excipients for lipid formulations
• Factors affecting the choice of excipients for lipid-based
formulations:
• Regulatory issues – irritancy, toxicity, knowledge and experience
• Solvent capacity
• Miscibility
• Morphology at room temperature (i.e. melting point)
• Self-dispersibility and role in promoting self-dispersion of the
formulation
• Digestibility, and fate of digested products
• Capsule compatibility
• Purity, chemical stability
• Cost of goods
• Toxicity is an independent issue, and is important
regarding the choice of surfactants.
• All surfactants are potentially irritant or poorly
tolerated to biological systems.
• Non-ionic surfactants are generally considered to
be acceptable for oral ingestion, and the
emergence of several successful marketed
products has given the industry confidence in lipid-
based products.
• Trace contaminants are an issue with lipid
excipients and surfactants, particularly in relation
to the chemical stability of the dissolved drug
1. Kategori lipid dalam sediaan farmasi
Kategori utama dari material yang termasuk
lipid untuk aplikasi farmasetik adalah asam-asam
rantai lemak, lemak, garam, alcohol atau amin,
minyak dan malam (wax)
Asam lemak dan turunannya
Asam lemak, garam, alcohol dan amin sudah
digunakan dalam formulasi farmasetik. Asam lemak
terdapat dalam kosmetik, salap, dan supositoria serta
digunakan pula pada aplikasi penyalutan tablet dan
sebagai pembawa pada produk inhalan. Asam lemak
jenuh merupakan material padat jika panjang rantai
karbon di atas delapan, sedangkan bentuk rantai lebih
panjang tidak jenuh kemungkinan berada dalam
bentuk cair, kecuali bila ikatan rangkap berkonyugasi.
Garam asam lemak digunakan secara luas pada
aplikasi tablet dan di antanya termasuk magnesium,
kalsium, dan aluminium stearat
Alkohol lemak, termasuk setil dan palmitil alcohol,
digunakan secara luas dalam sediaan salep untuk
krim sebagai emolien atau pemodifikasi emulsi. Amin
lemak lazim digunakan sebagai senyawa precursor
dalam reaksi penggandengan (coupling) untuk
menghasilkan turunan obat lipofilik. Amin lemak
seperti bentuk asam, berbentuk padat pada rantai
panjang dan tidak larut dalam larutan air, sedangkan
aldehida dari senyawa rantai lemak diaplikasikan
untuk peningkat rasa (fragrans dan flavouring).
Bentuk yang sering digunakan dari aldehida lemak ini
adalah bentuk tidak jenuh air
klasifikasi lipid dalam sediaan farmasi
7/21/2020
adsorb strongly at oil-water interfaces, as ‘water-insoluble
surfactants’.
• The constituents of water-insoluble surfactants will have a
finite solubility in water depending on their degree of
ethoxylation, but solubility is generally very low.
• These materials typically are predominantly oleate esters,
such as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioloeate 10
(polysorbate 85 – ‘Tween 85’) or polyoxyethylene (25)
glyceryl trioleate
(‘Tagat TO’).
• These 2 examples have HLB values between 11 and 11.5
and are particularly useful for formulation of Type II
systems.
Water-soluble surfactants
• The most commonly used surfactants for formulation of
SEDDS or SMEDDS are water-soluble, though by definition
7/21/2020
these materials can only be used in Type III or Type IV
formulations.
• Above their critical micelle concentration (CMC) these
materials dissolve in pure water at low concentrations to
form micellar solutions. This implies an HLB value of
approximately 12 or greater.
11
• The fatty acid components can be either unsaturated or
saturated.
• The popular castor oil derivative Cremophor RH40, is a
typical example of a product with saturated alkyl chains
resulting from hydrogenation of materials derived from a
vegetable oil.
Water-soluble surfactants
• Many materials are synthesized by reacting polyethylene glycol
7/21/2020
(PEG) with hydrolysed vegetable oils. This results in fatty acid
mono and diesters of PEG combined with partial gylcerides and
some free (i.e. unreacted) PEG.
• An alternative method for surfactant synthesis involves reaction
of an alcohol with ethylene oxide to produce alkyl ether
ethoxylates, which are a commonly used class of surfactants for
example in cream formulation (e.g. cetostearyl alcohol
ethoxylate, ‘cetomacrogol’). 12