2/5/23, 9:02 PM Mid-Term: Attempt review

Started on Tuesday, 15 March 2022, 3:30 PM

State Finished
Completed on Tuesday, 15 March 2022, 5:00 PM
Time taken 1 hour 29 mins
Grade 15.00 out of 25.00 (60%)
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Question 1

Complete

Mark 2.50 out of 5.00

Discuss the role of binocular and monocular cues in the process of perception. Critically analyze the relevance of context and content in the
process of perception with real life example/s.
 

Monocular cues judge the object kept at a distance using only one eye. It is also known as pictoral cues.

Monocular cues have a role in the process of perception like relative size. If we see two same object kept on different distances with us, the
object which is farther away appears less in size and the object kept close to us appear to be bigger in size. This cue also have linear
perspective like when we see a road which have parallel ends but when we see at a distance which is far away from us the roads seem to
meet at a distance which is not a real case affecting our perspective. Also objects which are far away from us seems to be less detailed as in
comparison to objects close to us. Like when we see kids playing in a park as soon as we go away from them we cant recognize a particular
child in detail as compared to when they were standing close to us. 
Monocular cues plays a big role to percieve the objects around us

Binocular cues judge the object kept at a distance using both eyes. This cue affects our perception in a away other than monocular cues as it
uses both eyes. When we see an object with one right eye closed then we see the object at some place but when we close the opposite eye
we see the object at some other place near to it. The final image we see with both eyes open is the mixture of both images and thus affects
our perception. Also when we try to focus on a object close to us we tend to turn our eyeballs inwards rather than turning them in same way
in comparison to how we see object when it is far away from us.

Thus these cues changes our perception towards the world we see around with our eyes.

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Question 2
Complete

Mark 3.00 out of 5.00

Critically analyze the rational decision making model using suitable example/s. Discuss the relevance of “Hard Choices” as explained by Ruth
Chang in her ted talk.

Rational decision are the logical and relation reason as opposed to the real reason. Like when a person takes a decision and it is proving
wrong then he will find ways to counter his decision even when his choice doesnt satifies the condition. A teacher punishes her students
saying that only the child will get benifit through it which is the teacher is trying to justify his actions which may not look right to everyone. A
person wasting a whole day watching movie but satifies himself by saying that he feels refreshing even if he is exhausted all inside.

Ruth Chang explained the relevance of hard choices in a right manner. She says everyone has to face the concept of hard choices in future. It
can be of carrer, regarding family, our relationships, should we donate some part of our savings or any other thing everyone faces these hard
choices at some point of life. The thing which makes these choices hard are the counter thoughts or choices which we can relate too. If there
is an easy choice we can relate to it easily and can give a decision but in hard choices the other alternative is also relatable and put us in a big
confusion. Like during selection of colleges we always are confuesd that which college should we join because every college seems to provide
a benfit which we can relate to. She said that we shouldnot think that hard choices are big. Like if we want to have a breakfast we are
confused that what should we choose the taste or the healty food. Like we should change the job or should stay with what we are with right
now. Hard choices seem to so hard but we should not conclude that we are not wise enough to take the right decision. She said during her
carrer time she was confused between law and philosophy. She always felt like god can send her DVD's of both the paths and she can see
that and decide what to choose. But in real life we cant have DVD so she choosed the safer option like others who always chooses a option
which provides a safer path. She went to study law and became a lawyer but after some time she realised that she better fitted for the
phiolosopher thing and gave up the law thing. SHe says that it is stupid to think that a choice is completely better than the other but we are
stupid to realise that which choice is that and choose the safer option like she did. So according to her when we come across a hard choice
we should not take stress about which alternative is better as there is no better alternative. Instead of looking out for a reason we should
think that who am i to be. Like it should be in ours perspective rather than others. She also says hard choices are a great oppurtinity for us to
celebrate what is so awesome about the humans. We cannot choose the right alternative always but we can get the best out of ourselves
rather than finding excuses to justify our decisions and what we want to really be in future.

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Question 3
Complete

Mark 4.50 out of 5.00

Analyze the role of bottom-up and top-down processes for cognition. Critically analyze the processes involved in schema formation with
suitable social example/s.

Cognition means to get awared about a situation and what is going on in the world we live. There are two approaches for this -
Bottom up and top down approach

If we talk about bottom up approach we basically means that we take the sensory information and then try to add it up or assemble it. Like
when we try to intake a new thing which we have never seen before we try to collect the necessary informations regarding it and then try to
integrate it in a meaningfull thing which we are able to understand.

In top down approach we use the ideas, models to interpret sensory information. Like when we see a thing and we are able to recognize it
and try to gather the information within us to remember the information. 
The processes involved in schema formation are the assimilation and accomodation. 

Assimilation is to interpret a information using the existing schemas that lie within us . This doesnt involve any new information and bring
equilibrium in us.  Like when a young child tries to learn about the trees through the books in the picture which he have seen in the world
around him then he is trying to assimilate the information through the existing schemas. Like I always hear about psychology from sources
and people and gather information about it. But when we had a subject about it inside i knew what psychology is and tried to relate it to the
existing schemas which were within me.
Accomodation is to intrpret any new information which doesnt have any existing schemas related to it. This involves new information and
bring unequilibrium in us. Like the child have learned about dogs in books but when he sees a cat he tries to interpret it through the things
he have seen before but realises that this information is new and tries to create new schemas within him. You have to change the schemas
that cat is what makes it a cat and not a dog.  This causes discomfort in us usually as we are trying to insert a new information in us. 

Comment:

Question 4

Complete

Mark 2.50 out of 5.00

Discuss the basic principles and applications of operant conditioning with example. In the context of the Indian Legal System punishment is
not proving to be an effective way of desired change in the human behavior. Justify the relevance of this statement with the help of operant
conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour of a human changes with reinforcements and punishments. 

The principles of this conditioning is basically about reinforcements which has following principles.
Positive reinforcements - They bring a positive change in a person by giving them a likely stimulus. This increases the likelyhood of a
behaviour with an event which is liked by the person. Like if a student is given a mobile phone after he passes with good grades he will try to
study more harder in the next exams to get an another reward like before which brings a positive change in him. This strengthes his
behaviour. 
Negative reinforcements- They bring a change in a person by removing the undesirable stimulus. Like taking a medicine for pain makes it
likely that it will be taken again to get relieve from the pain. 

Indian legal system in not proving and effective way of desired change in human behaviour . Crime in india is increasing as the legal system is
not able to provide the required punishments which is required to stop crime. People doesnt bring a change in their nature related to crimes
as the legal system is not able to give any kind of reinforcements on them. Like if a person is given punishments in any form it will surely
create a sense of fear if he thinks to try that crime again and thus changes its behaviour accordingly. But if a person is not given that
punishments then he wont fear anything the next time. A rape case in india usually gets unnoticed and if police catches the culprit then it
take years to give the suitable punishments and thus people dont have that fear that they should have while doing any kind of these things. 

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Question 5
Complete

Mark 2.50 out of 5.00

Differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation with suitable examples. Analyze organizational implications of Maslow’s theory.

Motivation is the drive or the intensity within us to achieve a target in our life.
In Intrinsic motivation the motivational stimuli comes from within the person. The person has the desire to bring that change as the person
demands self beliefs and improvement for himself. In extrinsic motivation the motivational stimuli comes from outside the world. The person
desire to do the work comes from outiside the world and not from within the person. The person thinks about the rewards that he will get
from the outside world. 
Like a person who is studying engineering not just for a job or money but wants to improve his knowledge and bring a good change in
himself which keeps him motivated is an example of intrinsic motvation. 

But a person who studies to get money and rewards for stuyding like we all are is an example of extrinsic motivation.
Maslows created a hierachy of human needs which involved physchological , safety, belongings, esteem , self-actulization. Most of the people
in this world fails to achieve the first three levels of this hierachy. He said that 1-4 needs are a kind of deficiency motivators and gets fullfilled
in an order. If a need is ticked then the needs below it are probable to be completed or partially completed. 5-8 needs are growth motivators
and focus on a personal growth and motivation for a person. physchological invloves basic needs and requirements of a person. Safety
insures security of body health money etc.

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