Topic 6.

10, Daily Video 1, Challenges of Urban Changes

https://apclassroom.collegeboard.org/d/w8yh2cc2fm?sui=18,6

Historic Real Estate Practices

● Blockbusting- One ethnic group is convinced to sell their homes at a low price once
they hear another ethnic group is moving into the neighborhood.

● Redlining- Banks refuse to loan people who want to purchase homes in certain
urban areas.

Results of Real Estate Practices

● White Flight- Historically, this is the movement of white residents out of the city in
response to black residents moving into the city.
● Ghettos- Areas of poverty occupied by a specific ethnic group

Examples
● Impact of Practices Modern Day
Segregated Cities-Segregation based on historical practices.

Food Deserts- Areas where people don’t have access to healthy food.

Crime- Ties in with segregated cities and this has to do with poverty.

Schools- Doesn’t see the same tax revenue, graduation rates, and resources
within schools in areas of poverty rather than suburban areas.

Affordability- Making sure we have laws in place so that people have the
ability to move into neighborhoods that are going to provide better services
for their families as well.

Pause and Practice: ghettos in North American cities

Economic Enterprise Zones did NOT play a role in the creation of Ghettos.

Takeaways:
Terms: Blockbusting, Redlining , White Flight, and Ghettos
 ● Modern Day Effects: Increased segregation, Decreases access to resources,
Affordability of housing, and Discrimination and housing laws established

________
Topic 6.10, Daily Video 2, Challenges of Urban Changes
https://apclassroom.collegeboard.org/d/02zj2dvnvh?sui=18,6

Gentrification
● Definition: The renewal of rebuilding of a lower-income neighborhood into a
middle- to upper-class neighborhood.

● Why does it occur?

○ Investment opportunities-Lower-income neighborhoods with desirable
locations, the land will be cheaper so a nice return for profit.

Architectural or aesthetic value- How to capitalize on older areas that have

value.

Connection to cultural centers

Proximity to transportation lines
Proximity to growth poles
A high concentration of high value of resources and economic
development will attract people.
● Examples:
○ Empty Warehouses- Take a warehouse and turn it into something new, with
a nice profit.

○ Neighborhood Improvements- Making spaces usable for the upper-class

and kicking the lower-class out.

○ Not just in the U.S.- Modern-looking areas next to areas that are old.
Manchester, UK, Warsaw, Poland, and Berlin, Germany

● Affordability- Key Challenge: Affordability of who can actually live in those areas
has created challenges.
Pause and Practice: process of gentrification
Privately funded redevelopment of existing commercial and residential buildings.

Takeaways:
● Positives: Property value increases, Investment opportunities, Infrastructure, and
Architectural or aesthetic enhancement

● Negatives: Unbalanced development of urban areas, Tenants cannot afford high

rents, Displacement of groups of people, and Local homeowners/business workers
cannot afford higher property taxes.

__________
Topic 6.10, Daily Video 3, Challenges of Urban Changes
https://apclassroom.collegeboard.org/d/tfvii8pcw5?sui=18,6

Squatter Settlements
● Definition: A residential area that has developed without legal claims to the land.

● Causes
○ Rapid urbanization
○ Demand for affordable housing
○ Failure to enforce land-use policies

● Location
○ Edge of cities
○ Vacant/undesirable land
○ Land with unclear title
● Examples (note some of the challenges)
○ Periphery
■ Favelas in Brazil- near the mountainside, the areas look permanent
but don’t have legal claims.

■ Barrios or Ranchos in Venezuela- near the mountainside and is

putting pressure on the land and degrading the soil.
 ■ Barong-Barong in the Philippines- issues with hygiene and access to
clean water, without access to these it makes it difficult to keep up
with population growth.

■ Kenya- pressures on services can get really challenging as the urban

core starts to grow and how to remove people ethically.

○ Semi Periphery
■ Gecekondu in Turkey- people move into abandoned homes/ spaces
and immigrant pressure has increased the demand for housing in
Turkey.

■ Bastee in India- intended to be temporary with an informal economy

developing along the streets.

Pause and Practice: why squatter settlements exist in LDCs

Squatter settlements exist in cities of less developed countries because affordable
housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants in the city.

Takeaways:
Challenges:
● Political- Land ownership, Infrastructure, and crime

● Environmental- Pollution and Soil Erosion

● Social- Infrastructure, Medical care, and Education