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Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
One should be able to explain natural population growth
Part A: QUESTIONS ON RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION and immigrations into South Africa as other factors
influencing the rate urbanisation.
QUESTION 2 Not all immigrants who arrive in cities thrive.
QUESTION 1 Rural-urban migration is one of the biggest In a paragraph of 8 lines explain why this is so.
factor affecting the composition of rural and • Immigrants have little money and end up living with
urban areas today. In a paragraph of not more friends/relatives in informal settlements or on the
than 8 lines, identify factors that are streets.
encouraging this migration. • The local government cannot meet the demand for
Your response should entail a combination of the push and housing.
pull factors. • People earn low salaries and afford formal housing.
• Lack of employment opportunities.
Push factors Pull factors
• Lack of qualifications and experience.
• Had work, long hours and • Greater variety of jobs
low pay. with higher wages.
• Poor quality housing. • Better quality housing
• Lack of basic services with services such as
such as electricity and water and electricity.
water. • Improved quality of life
• Travelling long distances and standard of living.
to access education and • Availability of doctors
healthcare. and access to
• Mechanisation has healthcare.
reduced employment • Efficient transport
opportunities. system.

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Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 3 Access the negative impacts of urbanisation QUESTION 4 Identify the positive impacts of urbanisation
on rural and urban settlements in a paragraph on urban areas.
of not more than 8 lines. • It provides a higher threshold population for high order
services/goods.
On rural areas On urban areas
• Services such as • Lack of housing lead to • A stronger labour force for industries is provided.
education stop. the growth of informal • Educated and experienced immigrants offer scarce
• Decreased production as settlements. skills.
labour is no longer • Levels of crime increase • More taxes are paid increasing the governments
available. as unemployed people revenue.
• Abandoned houses and tend for themselves.
• More rental income is earned.
farms give rise to ghost • Traffic congestion and
towns. pollution increases. • Increased actions of buying and selling of
• It is mainly the younger • Insufficient services to goods/services will boost the economy of the city.
generation that moves to meet the demands of the
cities, leaving behind a large population.
large elderly population • Overcrowding promotes
to look after itself. the rapid spread of
• Brain drain leave behind diseases such as
uneducated people Tuberculosis.
which slows down
economic growth.

NOTE: Each effect can be assessed individually e.g Explain

the effect of urbanisation on the growth of informal
settlements/unemployment/traffic congestion/insufficient
services…

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Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION
QUESTION 5 While urbanisation is important for the further QUESTION 6
expansion of a developing country’s economy,
it is important to maintain a stable rural
population. In a paragraph of 8 lines outline
the importance of rural settlements and
strategies the government can implement to
draw people into rural settlements.
2024
The very high urbanisation rate has resulted in
the wild growth of informal settlement in the
rural-urban fringes of cities such as
Johannesburg and Cape Town. In a paragraph
of not more than 8 lines identify the problems
associated with informal settlements and
practical strategies to alleviate them.

Importances Strategies Problems Strategies

• They play an important • Provide jobs through • Lack of proper drainage • Relocation of people to
role in producing the food decentralisation of make them flood easily. RDP houses built on
in a country. industries into rural • Fires can spread easily suitable land.
• Decreased production areas. due to the close • Legal ownership of the
leads to increased • Improve the concentration of shacks. land.
imports and higher food infrastructure of rural • Diseases spread easily. • Improve infrastructure
prices. areas. • High levels of crime and (examples accepted).
• Importing of food costs • Provision of basic human poverty. • Provide access to basic
the economy of a country services such as water, • Lack of proper roads services.
a lot of mine. electricity and sewage make it difficult to • Provide emergency
• Lack of raw material disposal. provide help in facilities
increase production • Skill training for farmers emergency situations.
costs for industries. to improve efficiency and
• Manufacturing is no expansion of farms.
longer profitable leading
to job losses.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 8 Many land reforms (land restitution, land
Part B: QUESTIONS ON RURAL SETTLEMENTS ONLY tenure reform, land redistribution) were
introduced by the democratic government to
QUESTION 7 In a paragraph of not more than 8 lines, achieve certain objectives. In a paragraph of 8
highlight some of the problems/challenges lines, name these objectives and also give
faced by rural communities. possible reasons why they might not be
• Income is limited as the rural economy does not provide achieved.
many job opportunities.
Objectives …might not be achieved
• Agriculture forms the basis of many lives as the poor
• To redress the injustices • It is a costly process.
infrastructure does not encourage the manufacturing of the past. • Land claim dispute take
sector. • For national time to resolve.
• Past policies have given rise to densely populated rural reconciliation and • Lack of training and
areas living in abject poverty and isolation from economic stability. support for new land
activities. • To promote economic owners.
growth. • Land is given to people
• Rural housing is often sub-standard or non-existent.
• To alleviate poverty. with no interest or
• Unique to South Africa are rural areas that comprises of
knowledge of agriculture.
resettled communities (effects of the land act). • Land reforms have not
stimulated economic
growth of urban areas
and reduce poverty.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 9 Water is an important resource for rural areas QUESTION 11 Outline practical strategies that farmers and
as they are agriculture dependent. Outline the the government can use to counteract water
consequences of water shortages in rural shortages in our country.
areas.
Farmers Government
• Restricts farming and thus the ability to make an income. • Farmers should use • Increase the amount of
• Lack of water creates a health hazard as diseases can water saving techniques water that is treated and
spread easily. such as using drip reused.
• Water is a basic need for survival. irrigation as opposed to • Develop more water
spray irrigation. efficient irrigation
• Livestock die leading to economic losses.
• Maintain irrigation methods for farmers.
QUESTION 10 In a paragraph of not more than 10 lines,
equipment such as valve • Maintain water supply
outline the natural and human causes of to prevent water wastage infrastructure to reduce
water shortages. through dripping. water leaks.
• Use treated wastewater • Create plants for the
Natural Human
from urban areas to desalination of seawater
• Low, erratic and • Dams built over non-
water crops. to fresh water.
unreliable rainfall. perennial rivers dry up in
• Harvest rainwater in • Create awareness
• Too few natural lakes. the dry season.
tanks to use for irrigation campaigns on the need
• Most rivers are perennial. • Domestic water wastage
and other uses. to conserve water.
• High surface runoff over (examples accepted).
• Farmsteads should adapt
the Eastern interior. • Lack of infrastructure to
to using water saving
• High evaporation rates supply water.
appliances and
over the Western interior. • Alien plants consume a
equipment such as
• Siltation of rivers reduce lot of water.
water-saving toilets.
their carrying capacity. • Poor irrigation methods
waste water.
• Lack of awareness on the
need to conserve water.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 14 A more recent trend (especially in the
Part C: QUESTIONS ON URBAN SETTLEMENTS ONLY developed countries) is the movement of
people out of urban areas (counter-
QUESTION 12 In a paragraph of about 8 lines, assess the urbanisation). In a paragraph of not more than
causes of commercial decentralisation as 8 lines, explain some of the reasons for this
well as its impacts (negative and positive). trend.
Causes Impacts • Availability and efficiency of transport means that people
• High crime rates. • Leads to urban blight. no longer have to live where they work.
• Decreased • Empty buildings provide a place • The growth of Information technology (IT) means that
accessibility due for illegal activities. some people may work from home. This is called tele-
to urban sprawl. • Leads to job losses if employees working.
• High rentals as fail to relocate as well.
• Pollution and traffic congestion encourage people to live
property value are • Profits of a business can
high. increase due to decreased out of the city centre.
• Traffic congestion. rental costs. • Housing is cheaper on the outskirts.
• Lack of parking • Closer to consumers leading to
space. higher profits.

QUESTION 13 Outline the importances of greenbelts in

urban areas.
• To protect the natural and seminatural environments.
• To control urban sprawl.
• To improve the air quality within urban areas.
• To lower the temperatures of urban areas.
• To improve the aesthetics of urban environments.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 15 Pollution in urban areas is a big problem. Note • Additional • Use ozone friendly
that one type of pollution is commonly costs for the products.

assessed at a time (if question 1.3 to 1.5). economy.

Evaluated the causes/effects/solution of/to Water pollution
• Industrial • Algal bloom • Regularly test
air/water/land pollution.
effluent. and water (reason).
• Sewage spill eutrophication. • Purify sewage
• Detergents. • Water borne and use as
• Oil spills. diseases fertiliser.
• Mine wastes spread. • Decontamination
and AMD. • Negative effect and purification
on tourism. of water.
• Additional • Heavily tax
Causes Effects Solutions costs for the companies that
Air pollution economy. contribute to
water pollution.
• CO, CO2, NO, • Health • A reliable and
NO2, SO2, problems such efficient public Land pollution
CH4, and as asthma and transport system • Domestic • Destruction of • Inhibit the growth
will reduce the wastes. ecosystems. of informal
CFCs from cancer from number of cars on
cars, ultraviolet. • Industrial • Spread of settlements.
rods.
industries, • Acid rain • Encourage people wastes. diseases. • Recycling of
domestic results which to save electricity. • Agricultural • Negative waste products.
activities and stunt plant • Heavily tax waste. effects on • Issue fines for
land-fill sites. companies the emit • Litter. tourism. illegal dumping.
growth.
a lot of pollutants. • Additional • Effective waste
• Leads to global • Create more green
warming. costs for the management
places and parks in
cities. economy. policy.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 16 One of the greater problems facing urban QUESTION 17 The public transport in South Africa is not the
areas is traffic congestion. In a paragraph of 8 most prominent and this is an economic
lines identify the causes of traffic congestions injustice. In a paragraph of 8 lines, explain the
and practical strategies that can be taken to causes of the poor public transport system
reduce them. and strategies that can be taken to improve it.

Causes Solutions Causes Solutions

• Occurs when people live
some distance away from
work and have to
commute.
• Poor public transport
system.
• Too many vehicles on the
road.
• Grid iron street pattern in
older parts of the city
cause traffic to built up
due to too many stops.
• An influx of mini-bus taxis
that hold back traffic
while picking up and off-
loading passengers.
• Decentralisation of • It is expensive. • Improve bus routing
offices and shops out of • Bad driver experience. between informal
city centres. • Crowding in buses. settlements and key
• Improve the public • Not reliable to be services.
transport system. punctual. • Upgrading of taxi
• Create cycle lanes so terminals.
that people can cycle • Dedicate public transport
over short distances lanes.
instead of driving. • Government subsidy to
• Create one-way streets to reduce the costs of
speed up traffic flow. public transport.
• Charge cars to enter the QUESTION 18 There are many social injustices that can
CBD. cause people to protest. In a paragraph of 8
identify these social injustices.
• Unequal access it services and resources such as
housing.
• Lack of basic services such as water.
• Greed and corruption of municipal employees.
• Hopes and expectation were raised by the election of the
democratic government in 1994.

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
a. Movement indicated by A. (1)
Part D: SAMPLE SHORT QUESTIONS b. Counter-urbanisation. (1)
c. Urbanisation. (1)
QUESTION 19 Refer to the diagram below showing urban, 7) The countryside differs from the inner city in many
rural and urban-rural movements. aspects. Differentiate the two in terms of function, service
provision and state of the environment. (6)
8) What is the similarity between suburbanisation and
A counter-urbanisation. (1)
[20]

1) Identify the movement represented by A. (1)

2) Identify two main reasons for this movement. (2)
3) Identify the movement represented by B, where the
wealthy occupy low-income residency. (1)
4) Explain how the movement B identified above affects the
normal structure of a city. (2)
5) Explain two significances of the greenbelt. (4)
6) In which countries (MEDC/LEDC) would one expect high
levels of the following movements:

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 Geography: SETTLEMENTS DIVINE EDUCATION 2024
QUESTION 20 Study the diagram below showing one of the 6) Name the process that leads to the development of the
urban settlement pattern. outlying business district. (1)
7) Explain TWO strategies that can be used to stop the
deteriorating effect of the movement identify on 6
above on the infrastructure of CBD. (4)
8) Explain ONE reasoning for the location of the industrial
suburb. (2)
9) Name the road pattern that may be present in the CBD.
(1)
10) Near which land use zone (9 or 4) will informal
settlements develop and why? (1+2=3)
11) Towards which side of the city (east or west)
would one expect the medical bills to be higher?
Explain your answer. (1+2=3)
12) Is this model characteristic of MEDCs or LEDCs?
(1)
13) The land use pattern in the diagram is typical of
1) Name the model shown above. (1) many South African Cities such as Cape Town. Cape
2) Name and draw the general patterns of two other Town generally developed due to the provision of goods
settlement models. (4) and services to the surrounding areas. Name and
3) What is a land use zone? (1) explain the theory that explains the development of the
4) Which land use zone (3 or 4) represents a low-income city of Cape Town. (1+2=3)
residency? How do you know this? (1+2=3)
[30]
5) Write down the letters of the TWO zones that will offer
the widest variety of goods and services. (2)

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