THE TURKISH INVASION

● Causes of Turkish conquests

● Mahmud of Ghazini
● Muhammad Ghori
9th Century Arab Empire

● By 9th century, the Arab

Empire had disintegrated
into kingdoms and empire.
● Two kingdoms emerged
prominent around the
cities of Ghor and Ghazini.
 MAHMUD OF GHAZINI (971-1030 CE)

● Subuktigin, the ruler of Ghazini, was succeeded by his son

Mahmud in 971 CE.
● Mahmud wanted a glory as the greatest conqueror of the
world.
● Indo-Gangetic plains was plundered to replenish the treasury
of Ghazini.
● He attacked India seventeen times, from 1001 to 1025 CE.
● He looted the rich temples of the North-west.
● He also fought with the rulers of Ghor to establish his
superiority.
● AREAS INVADED BY MAHMUD GHAZINI:
● In 1001 CE, he attacked Punjab and important cities-Ujjain,
Gwalior, Kalinga, Kanauj and Delhi.
● Nagarkot, Multan, Alwar, Thaneshwar, Mathura and
Somnath.
● He attacked the Somnath temple.
● It was a place of reverence for
the Hindus.
● About 50,000 devotees laid down
their lives in vain.
● Temple lost 1300 kg of gold and
millions of dinars.
● Mahmud never suffered a defeat.
● He was a great patron of art, architecture and literature in his
own country.
● His capital-Ghazini, was adorned with many beautiful
buildings, mosques, libraries, a museum and university.
● Scholars like Al Beruni, Firdausi received his patronage.
● Al Beruni spent about ten years in India, and wrote a book
describing India and its various facets(Tahqiq-i-Hind)
● Mahmud annexed Punjab- easternmost province of his
empire.
● Mahmud died in 1030 CE.
MOHAMMAD OF GHORI
● Mohammad Ghori was a Turkish
ruler of a kingdom in Afghanistan.
● He attacked North-west India.
Turko-Afghan rule in India was
established.
● There were five Rajput kingdoms
when Ghori invaded India.
● 1175CE, Ghor invaded and
captured Multan.
● He also defeated Solanki ruler.
● Conquered Peshawar, Sialkot and
Punjab.
BATTLE OF TARAIN
BATTLES OF TARAIN
● The first battle of Tarain was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj
Chauhan in the year 1191 CE and second was fought in 1192 CE.
● In the first battle Mohammad Ghori was defeated by Prithviraj and escaped
his life.
● In the second battle Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj.
● It was a turning point in the history as it marked the end of the Rajput rule in
Northern India.
● His territories were made a province of Ghori’s empire and Qutb-ud-din Aibak
was appointed as its governor.
Continue…

● In 1206 CE, Mohammad Ghori was killed by the

Khokhars.
● Since he had no son to succeed him, his governors
became independent rulers after his death.
● The invasion of these two rulers were different, Mahmud
of Ghazini looted and plundered India, whereas
Mohammad Ghori attempted to build an empire.
Causes of the Success of Invasions

❖ The Rajputs had a weak war machinery. Indians fought with slow
moving elephants.
❖ Internal jealousy and hatred bred disunity between Prithviraj and
Jaichand at the crucial moments
❖ The feudatory nature of the society also led to the decline of
Rajputs.
❖ Lack of leadership and clashes between the feudal lords weakened
the king.
❖ Turk rulers were more determined to win as they came from far-off
lands.
IMPACT OF THE RAIDS

● It led to the intermingling of the cultures. Islamic culture brought the idea of
single of Formless god.
● Indo-Islamic contacts resulted in the emergence of a composite culture which
was manifested in in the architecture, language, music and food of those
time.
● It also opened the migration of people in large no. to different subcontinents.
● New political system was established in the northern India.