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Muslim Influence in the sub-continent

A timeline of the spread of Muslim influence on the sub-continent.
ZAUFISHAN HASHMI APR 29, 2022 03:13PM

Islam's first contact with the subcontinent (629CE/630CE)

The subcontinent of India had its first contact with Islam when Arab merchants came
to its shores to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. According to
Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book The History of India, as told by its own
Historians, the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as
early as 630 CE. The first Indian mosque is thought to have been built in 629 CE,
allegedly at the orders of an unknown Chera dynasty ruler, during the lifetime of
Muhammad (c. 571–632) in Kodungaller, in the district of Thrissur Kerala, by Malik Bin
Deenar.
The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they
propagated it wherever they went. It was, however, the subsequent expansion of the
Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent over the next millennia that established
Islam in the region.
Muhammad bin Qasim conquers Sindh (712CE)
In 644, the first Muslim expedition to India during the rule of Hazrat Umar (RA) failed
and during the caliphate of Hazrat Ali (RA) in 660. The Arab forces were successful at
conquering Kalat, but news of the assassination of the caliph resulted in withdrawal
without the expedition reaching its logical end.
Muhammad bin Qasim who was a young Arab general and the nephew of Hajjaj bin
Yusuf, the Umayyad governor of Iraq, successfully conquered Sindh and set up an
Islamic state there in 712CE.
From the eighth to eleventh centuries Islamic culture and society flourished in those
parts of the world where Muslims ruled. The influences of the Golden Age were visible
in the subcontinent of India when Muslim rule was established there in the eighth
century under Muhammad bin Qasim. Muhammad bin Qasim's just and tolerant rule
was welcomed and people were drawn to Islam, especially because there is no caste
system in their faith.

Mahmud of Ghazni invades India (1001)

For nearly three hundred years after the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim,
there was no Muslim invasion of the subcontinent. In the tenth century, many
 independent Muslim states emerged in Central Asia and India was invaded again by
Muslims—not the Arabs, but the Turks.
One of the prominent Sultan of the many independent Muslim states was Sabuktagin,
in Ghazni, the founder of the Ghaznavid Sultanate and father of Sultan Mahmud of
Ghazni.
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Turkish Sultans extended their territories and
invaded India from the North-west through Khyber Pass.
Mahmud, the Ghaznavid Sultan, expanded his kingdom up to Isfahan in the west and
to India in the east. He made seventeen invasions into India, including one against
the Shahi kingdom in the north. His lightning attacks were to gain the wealth of the
subcontinent. He raided Mathura, Thanesar, Kanauj, Nagarkot and, finally, the
temple city of Somnath.
Effects:
1. Punjab became a part of the empire of Ghazni.

3. Mahmud’s conquests paved the way for the Muslim conquest of India.

4. India’s enormous wealth was plundered and taken away to Ghazni.

5. The invasions gave a severe blow to the art of India as several important temples were
destroyed by the invaders.

6. Mahmud’s invasion played an important role in the spread of Islam in India.

7. The frequent invasions further weakened political stability.

8. In every invasion India lost thousands of soldiers and Indian artisans.

Muhammad Ghori invades India (1186)

 Over a hundred years after the death of Sultan Mahmud and the break-up of his
empire. Ghazni was captured in 1173 by Shahabuddin Muhammad; from the state of
Ghor in Afghanistan.
In 1186, Muhammad Ghori became the ruler of the Ghorid dynasty. In the same year, he
along with his able general, Qutbuddin Aibak, invaded India and seized the Muslim
towns of Lahore, Multan, Ucch, and Peshawar. Whereas Mahmud Ghazni raided India
but did not stay there, Muhammad Ghori added his conquests to his kingdom. To
establish his rule over the rest of northern India, he had to fight the Rajputs led by
Prithvi Raj Chauhan, the ruler of Delhi and Ajmer, and other Hindu leaders, who
combined to defeat him.
Effects:
1. Muhammad of Ghori invasions laid the foundation for Muslim rule in India.
2. These Muslim conquests of India led to the end of the multi-state system in India.
3. During the invasions of India, trade received a new impetus. India became connected
to the outer Asiatic world after the Ghori invasions.
4. Ghori's invasions led to the growth of a new dynasty known as the Slave Dynasty.
5. The invasions also led to the spread of communalism and anti-religious feelings
towards the non-Muslim religions.
 Apart from this, the Mamluks were also known for their abortive attempts at socio-
religious reforms

Mamluk Dynasty reigns in India (1250-1290)

For more information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)

Since Muhammad Ghori had no heir, he used to say that his slaves would inherit his
empire. In 1206, when he was assassinated near Lahore, Qutbuddin Aibak became the
first Sultan of the Mamluk(Slave) dynasty, established in Delhi, which ruled India for the
next 84 years.
The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-90)
- Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD)
- Aram Shah (1210-1211 AD)
- Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD)
- Ruknuddin Feroz (1236 AD)
- Razia Sultana (1236-1240 AD)
- Weak rulers--Muiz-ud-din Bahram and Ala-ud-din Masud (1240-1246 AD)
- Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266 AD)
- Balban (1266-1286 AD)
- Kaikobad (1286-1290 AD)
The Mamluk or Slave Dynasty class-7
Mamluk historians were prolific chroniclers and biographers, and the period of their by Digi Nurture
rule is known for its historical writings YOUTUBE
Their contribution in terms of architecture was also strikingly impressive. Mosques,
schools, monasteries, tombs, etc. were constructed during this period
Khiljis Dyansty (1290-1320)
For more information:
https://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/khiljidynasty.html

The Delhi Sultanate passed from the Turks to the Afghans when the Khiljis took over.
Balban's weak successor, Kaikobad, was replaced by Malik Feroz Khilji, who took the
title of Jalaluddin Khilji. The Khiljis were said to be Turks who had settled in
Afghanistan. They will rule over the Delhi Sultanate for the next 30 years.
The Khilijis (1290-1320)
-Jalaluddin Khilji (1290–1296)
-Alauddin (1296–1316) The Khilji Dynasty class-7
-Shihabuddin Omar (1316) by Digi Nurture
-Qutbuddin Mubark Shah (1316–1320) YOUTUBE
-Khusrau Khan (1320)
The court languages of the Khiljis were Persian, followed by Arabic, their native
Turkoman language and some northern-Indian dialects. Although it was not their
native language, the Khilji sultans encouraged the use of Persian. This co-existence of Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413)
different languages gave birth to an early form of Urdu.
For more information:
According to Ibn Batuta (a Moroccan traveller who came to India in 1333AD), the Khiljis
https://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/tughlaqdynasty.html
encouraged conversion to Islam.

The Tughluqs (1320-1413)

- Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320–1325) Timur's invasion left India plundered and devastated. His army ruined and burnt the
- Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351) standing crops, and unattended dead bodies and destruction led to the outbreak of
- Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) diseases and a shortage of food. The effect of his invasion was so strong that no
- Tughluq Khan (1388–1389) Tughlaq ruler regained the lost strength to come back to the throne.
- Abu Bakr Shah (389–1390) Timur, like Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, took Indian artisans and craftsmen back with
- Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390–1393) him to Samarkand, which grew into a beautiful city.
- Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah (1393)
- Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq (1394–1398)
- Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq (1394–1413)

Timur (1336-1405) class-7

by Digi Nurture
YOUTUBE

The Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1414) Case Study class-7 Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
by Digi Nurture
After Timur's invasion, the Sultanate of Delhi lost its power and broke up into many
YOUTUBE
small states. It was left to the Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties to continue it for another 125
years.
The Sayyids (1414-1451)
Malik Khizr Khan (1414–1421)
Timur's Invasion (1398)
Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)
Timur was of Turk and Mongol lineage: he was born in 1335 in Kesh, fifty miles south of Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)
Samarkand. A brilliant military leader, he became the head of the Chagatai Turks and Alam Shah (1445–1451)
started to bring large areas of central Asia under his command. Under the Turk, Malik Khizr Khan, a Sayyid who had been appointed Governor by
In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Timur, the Delhi Sultanate had shrunk and become confined to just Delhi and some
Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. areas surrounding the city.
 gained control of Bihar and founded the modern city of Agra on a site known as
Sikandarabad and he encouraged and patronized learning. During Sikander's time,
many reform movements took place in Hinduism and Guru Nanak in Punjab rejected
the caste system and founded the Sikh religion which was also influenced by the
doctrines of Islam.
Ibrahim Lodi ( 1517–1526), the eldest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.
He had the qualities of an excellent warrior, but he was rash and impolitic in his
decisions and actions.
Ibrahim faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade.
He engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughal Empire for most of his reign
and died trying to keep the Lodi Dynasty from destruction. Ibrahim was defeated in
1526 at the Battle of Panipat.[10] This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise
of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) class-7

by Digi Nurture
YOUTUBE

Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

For more information:
https://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/lodhidynasty.html

The Lodhi Dynasty:

-Bahlol Khan Lodi (1451–1489)
-Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517)
-Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526)
The Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) class-7
Sayyid Sultanate was taken over in 1451 by Bahlol Lodhi, the Commander-in-Chief of by Digi Nurture
the Sayyids, who declared his independence and founded the Lodhi Dynasty. Bahlol YOUTUBE
Lodhi was from an Afghan clan and during his time, many Afghans settled in India. He
expanded his kingdom to include Punjab, Mewar, and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab
further east. He was a kind and good ruler and his reign lasted for nearly 40 years.
Sikander Lodhi--as described by his court historians--was believed to be the wisest,
most hardworking, dedicated, and far-sighted Sultan to sit on the throne of Delhi. He
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