MUSIC ASSIGNMENT

Name: MUSHILI CHIBUYE

Grade: 9M
Teacher: Mr. LUNGU
1. Texture in music
Give examples of each type of texture in music
There are 4 types of textures in music namely
 Monophonic-the simplest texture consisting of melody
without accompanying harmony. An example of
monophony texture is a person whistling a tune
 Polyphonic-consists of two or more independent melodic
lines. An example of polyphony music is most music
written by J.S Bach
 Homophonic-a melody with an accompaniment that
typically provides rhythmic and harmonic support.
Homophonic texture is common in western music an
example of it is a pop or rock star singing a song while
playing a guitar of piano at the same time.
 Homo rhythmic- has a sameness of rhythm in all parts.
 Heterophonic- a type of texture characterized by the
simultaneous variation of a single melodic line. An example
of heterophony is a single melody played by multiple
voices each of which perform the melody slightly
differently
2. The sounding range of instruments of the orchestra.
WRITTE
SOUNDING (tran
INSTRUM N RANGE
CLEF(s) sposition) ...than COMMENTS
ENT (C4=midd
written
le C)

WOODWI
NDS

C: 1 octave higher
Piccolo D4-C7 Db: minor 9th
higher
 Professional
model flutes may
employ a
 B-footjoint which
allows them to
Flute(in
play 1/2 step
C) or  C4-D7
lower.
Querfloete
There are a few
isolated instances
of a low Bb in the
flute literature but
these are rare.
The 
 Alto Fluteis
sometimes
incorrectly
referred to as
a Bass Flute .
There are also a
Alto Flute(in number of other
C4-C7 a Perfect 4th lower
G) designs for low-
pitched
flutes which are
not generally used
in an orchestra
except for special
situations.

Oboe reeds are

individually hand-
Oboe Bb3-A6
made by the
oboist.

Oboe
Bb3-E6 a minor 3rd lower
d'amore

written in alto clef

at concert pitch in
certain Russian
English
B3-G6 a Perfect 5th lower scores. It is
Horn
similar in pitch
and tone to the
earlier
 instrument ,Oboe
da caccia.
Here is a
comparison
of three
instruments in this
family.

Heckelphone
/ A3-G6 1 octave lower
Bass Oboe

Bb: a whole step

lower
A: a minor 3rd
Clarinets lower
E3-C7
(Bb-Eb-A) D: a whole step
higher
Eb: a minor 3rd
higher

Basset Horn C3-G6 a Perfect 5th lower

Professional
models can play
down to concert
B-flat below the
bass staff (written
C3).
a 9th lower;
There are
a whole step lower
examples in the
when written in
Bass classical
Eb3(or bass clef
Clarinet in literature,
C3)-G6 Treble clef in Bb
Bb and  especially in 19th
transposition is
century works, for
preferred modern
Bass Clarinet in A
notation.
or C and written
in bass clef or a
mixture of bass
and treble clefs.
This is not
advisable for the
 modern composer
as these
instruments are
rare to non-
existent and this
will only cause
problems for the
player involved.
The bassoonist,
like the oboe
player, will spend
a lot of time on
the craft of reed
making as all
reeds are
handmade.
Double reeds:
contrabassoon,
bassoon, english
horn, oboe
Reed making
Bassoon Bb1-Eb5 tools
Knives and files
Reed cane
Defining, shaping,
and sanding the
cane
Tying wires
Reaming
Before wrapping
Cutting the
tip(photos
contributed by
Kyle
Szczepaniak)

Contrabasso
Use of tenor clef
on
Bb1-Bb4 1 octave lower for contrabassoon
(Sarrusopho
is rare.
ne)

Bb soprano: a At one time there

whole step lower were a family of
Eb alto: a 6th saxophones in F
Saxophones Bb3-G6
lower and C but they are
Bb tenor: a 9th no longer
lower manufactured.
 Eb baritone: 1
There also exist
octave+6th lower
some  exotic
Bb bass: 1
saxophones.
octave+9th lower

BRASS Clef(s) Written Sounding

Horns may be
written in a
number
transpositions: C,
D, Eb, E, F, G, A
alto, Bb alto, Bb
basso, B(rare)
Among horn
players,
transpositions are
spoken of in terms
of the Horn in F
Horn in (ex. Horn in Eb is
F(double F#2-C6 a Perfect 5th lower a whole step
horn) lower)
Tips on
transposing horn
parts Orchestral
horns have a
double tubing
system
constructed for
fundamental tones
in F and Bb. 
However, some
use  a single tube
system.
Tuben or Wagner
tubas are played
by horn players.
tenor in Bb: a Note that valves
Tuben,
whole step lower are played with
Wagner
in Bb the left hand.
tubas Bb: C3-G5
and The sounding
(double F: F2-D5
bass in F: a Perfect pitch of a Bb
tuben shown
5th lower tenor instrument
here)
playing from a
part written in
treble clef should
in F be a 9th below the
 written note.
However, the
practical
realizations of
hornists are not
entirely consistent
on this point. ex.
Stravinsky, Rite
of Spring.
Tuben also have
parts written in E-
flat (sounding a
6th lower than
written) in The
Ring of the
Niebelungen.
C: (as written)
Bb: a whole step
lower
A: a minor 3rd
lower for a detailed
G: a Perfect 5th explanation of
higher trumpet
Trumpet F#3-D6 F: a Perfect 4th characteristics,
higher see Del
E: a major 3rd Mar, Anatomy of
higher the Orchestra
Eb: a minor 3rd
higher
D: a whole step
higher
sometimes written
Bb: a minor 7th F#4-G6
Piccolo higher Bb: sounding 1
F#3-G5
Trumpet A: major 6th step lower
higher A: sounding a
minor 3rd lower
[cylindrical] Clarino Trumpet:
Clarino trumpet for baroque
Trumpet with period and earlier;
Trumpet rotary valves before the
family: Trumpet in F invention of
cylindrical Bass valves.
and conical Trumpet[conical] Trumpets with
*see note regarding
Cornet in Bb rotary valvesare
clef for bass trumpet
Flugelhorn generally used for
Posthorn 19th century
 orchestral works.
Trumpet in F:
very common in
19th century
works for military
bands. See
Rimsky-Korsakov
use of F and Eb
alto trumpets.
Bass trumpet:
plays in treble clef
in Bb or in *bass
clef (sometimes
tenor). Frequently
played by a
trombone player.

Bb Cornet:
transposition and
playing range,
basically the same
Pocket Trumpet
as Bb Trumpet.
Often used in
pairs with
trumpets.
Flugelhorn: same
as Bb trumpet but
not for upper
range. More
mellow sound,
softer.
Posthorn: not
generally for
orchestral works
but posthorn (with
valves) is scored
in Mahler
Symphony No. 3.
Pocket trumpet: in
Bb, generally
poor sound and
intonation.
Used primarily,
but not
Alto exclusively, in
A2-G5
Trombone 18th and 19th
century German
orchestral works.
 Pedal tones G1-
Bb1 are possible.
Use of the valve
called the F-
trigger engages an
additional length
of tubing and
Trombone
*a 9th lower, when facilitates pitches
(Tenor
written in treble from F2 down to
Trombone)
E2-F5 clef as a Bb C2, or B1 with the
Trombone
transposing F-slide extended.
(no valve,
instrument. *British Brass
straight)
  Band music for
*treble (see note) Trombones in Bb
is written in treble
clef where the
sounding pitch is
a 9th below the
written pitch.
Trombones,
especially Bass
Trombones come
Bass in a variety of
Bb1-Bb4
Trombone design
configurations
according to
manufacturer.
Although the
name implies an
octave
transposition - as
in contrabassoon
or contrabass - the
contrabass
trombone plays at
concert pitch, no
transposition. It is
Contrabass
Ab0-C5 primarily called
Trombone
for in a few select
works of Wagner,
Strauss,
Schoenberg and
Puccini.
Instruments are
built with
fundamental tones
of F, E-flat, BBb,
and others in first
 position. The
shape and design
varies from
straight with slide
handle extension
to double valve
and double slide
models. The
chioce of which
instrument is most
appropriate in any
given situation is
the players
chioce.
There is no
standard
configuration of
tubing for
Contrabass
trombones.
Orchestral tubas
play at concert
pitch regardless of
the pitch of a
particular
instrument.
In the British
brass band
tradition, 
Eb and Bbtubas
are written in
treble clef.
The Eb tubas
sound 1 octave+a
Tuba D1-F4 6th below the
written note while
the Bb tubas
sound 2 octaves
lower than
written. The Bb
tubas are
technically BBb
(double-Bb)
tubas.
The F Tuba is a
smaller, lighter
instrument
primarily used for
solos.
 Prior to the
invention of the
modern tuba in
1835,
the ophecleide ma
y have been used.

Both the German

style Tenor tuba
and English style
Euphonium are
common. They
are identical in
pitch and
therefore
interchangeable
for all practical
purposes.
This instrumentsh
ould not be
confused with
the Bb or FWagne
r tuba (also
called tenor tuba)
played by horn
Bb: a whole step players, though
lower in bass as a they have a
Tenor
Bb1-Bb4 transposing similar
tuba, Eupho
in bass instrument, appearance. Note
nium
a 9th lower in that valves on the
treble tenor
sometimes tenor tuba/euphonium
are played with
the right hand.
When writing for
this instrument in
bass clef, it is
advisable to
notate at concert
pitch. Tenor clef
may also be used.
In orchestral
works prior to the
mid-20th century,
the euphonium
written in bass
clef frequently
employs B-flat
transposition.
 This is not
advisable in
modern notation.

PERCUSS
Clef(s) Written Sounding
ION
in some cases of
older notation,
20": F3-C4 timpani is written
23": D3-A in C with the root
3 pitch indicated
26-25": Bb (ex. Timpani in
Timpani 2-F3 D) 
29-28": F2- Some timpani, ex.
standard set of 4 -C3 this high-pitched
drums 32-30": D2- drum, may have a
-A2 gear tuning
mechanism.

Xylophone F3-C7 1 octave higher

some models of
(C2 to marimba have
Marimba
A2)-C7 extended lower
ranges

when notes
exceed the range
of the instrument
the effective
Orchestra transposition is 1
Bellsalso octave higher.
G3-C6 2 octaves higher
Glockenspiel The glockenspielt
ypically used by
marching bands is
the same
instrument but has
two fewer notes
 on the bottom and
three fewer on the
top; mounted in a
lyre-type frame.

Vibraphone F3-F6

individual chimes
may extend the
Chimes C4-F5 range of a
standard set of
chimes
Guitar, as with
any string
instrument, may
Guitar E3-E6 1 octave lower extend the upper
range depending
on the player's
ability.
Harp
pedalsoperate a
mechanism by
which each pedal
changes the pitch
Harp Cb1-F#7
of all of the
strings of that
pitch class: D-C-
B--E-F-G-A

KEYBOA
Clef(s) Written Sounding
RD
Piano A0-C8

This instrument is
sometimes refered
to as the Mustel
celestein certain
works of
Tchaikowsky.
Mustel was the
original
Celesta C3-C7 1 octave higher
manufacturer.
The Keyboard
Glockenspiel is
similar in sound
and appearance to
the celesta but
smaller.

Harpsichord F1-F6

The harmonium is
Harmonium F1-F6 a small portable
organ.
 These ranges also
apply to
electronic organs
Manuals, as
that are designed
C2-C7 (on written (can be 1
to simulate pipe
tracker octave lower or 2
organs; non
organs) octaves higher
Pipe Organ classical
Pedals C2- with registration);
console electronic organs
G4 (F4 on Pedals, 1 octave
often have shorter
German lower (can be up to
than standard
organs) 1 octave higher
grand staff  manual and pedal
with registration.
+ pedal staff keyboards.
(contrib. Randall
Wilkins)

STRINGS Clef(s)/Tuning Written Sounding

no transposition,
Violin G3-A7 excepting
scordatura
treble clef is also
called violin clef

no transposition,
Viola C3-E6 excepting
scordatura
 
The Viola da
Gamba is similar
in size to the cello
but has 6 strings.
It may be played
by a cellist but
Cello C2-C6
usually by a
gamba specialist.
It is used in
baroque period
 
music.

Double Bass C2-C5 1 octave lower Double basses

occasionally play
in tenor or treble
clefs(rare).
The lower range
 of a bass may
extend down to C
by using
a mechanical
extension. Some
basses have 5
strings to
accommodate the
low C.

3. Clefs used in music

The treble clef is used for the soprano, mezzo soprano, alto, contralto and
tenor voices.

The alto clef is currently used for viola, viola d’ amore, alto trombone, viola da
gamba, and mandola.

The tenor clef is often used by low pitched instruments when they’re playing in
their upper register.
Base clef is used for the cello, double bass, bass guitar, contrabassoon,
trombone, guitar and timpani.