Cortes, Ryan L.

BSEE 2-4

How the three phase system voltages are derived with respect to ABC and CBA
sequence?

There are six ways on how to do it.

First is the balanced three-phase circuit. A synchronous generator generates the

voltages in the three-phase power system. Each of the three instantaneous voltages in
a balanced system has equal amplitudes but is separated from the other voltages by a
phase angle of 120°. The three voltages (or phases) are usually denoted by the letters
a, b, and c. The neutral connection is selected as the common reference point for the
three phase voltages and is labeled as n. As seen below, we can define a positive
phase sequence (abc) or a negative phase sequence (acb). In a three-phase system,
the line-to-neutral voltages are represented by the three sources V an, Vbn, and Vcn.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

The next one is line-to-line voltage. Defining the voltage differences between the
phases is an alternate approach of defining the voltages in a balanced three-phase
system. Line-to-line voltages are the name given to these voltages. By applying
Kirchoff's voltage law to the generator circuit, the line-to-line voltages can be
represented in terms of the line-to-neutral voltages, yielding

Line-to-neutral voltages for a positive phase sequence are inserted into the the results
of line-to-line equations
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

When the line-to-neutral voltages are compared to the line-to-line voltages, the following
relationships emerge:
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

The magnitudes of line-to-line voltages in a balanced three-phase system with a

positive phase sequence are percent √3 times the corresponding line-to-neutral
voltages and lead these values by 30°, according to the formula above.

The third one is the three-phase connection. In a three-phase system, the sources and
loads can be connected in a wye (Y) or delta (Δ) configuration. The wye connections
are line-to-neutral, but the delta connections are line-to-line and do not have a neutral.
Take notice of the node designation convention (lowercase letters for source
connections and uppercase letters for load connections).
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

The fourth way is the balanced wye-wye connection Below is a diagram of a balanced
three-phase wye-wye connection. It's worth noting that the circuit includes the line
impedance for each of the separate phases. For all three stages, the line impedances
are considered to be equivalent. The source/load node name pattern is used to denote
the line currents (IaA, IbB, and IcC). In a wye-wye connection, the source current, line
current, and load current are all the same for a particular phase.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

The application of Kirchoff's voltage rule around each phase, assuming a positive phase
sequence, provides

where Ztotal denotes the total phase impedance, and Z is the phase angle associated
with the total phase impedance. For the line currents, the previous equations can be
solved.

The magnitudes of the line currents are equal, and each line current lags the line-to-
neutral voltage by the impedance phase angle Z. As a result, balanced voltages result
in balanced currents. Below is a phasor diagram for the line currents and line-to-neutral
voltages. The line-to-neutral voltage phasors create a closed triangle when laid end to
end (the same property is true for the line currents). The sum of these phasors is zero,
as seen by the closed triangle.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

The fact that the line currents in the balanced wye-wye connection add up to zero
indicates that the neutral current In in this balanced system is zero. As a result, the
neutral's impedance has no bearing on the circuit's performance under balanced
conditions. Any system imbalance (loads, line impedances, source fluctuations, and so
on) will result in a non-zero neutral current.

The resulting currents are balanced in any balanced three-phase system (balanced
voltages, balanced line, and load impedances). As a result, there is no need to examine
all three phases. We may use a simple balanced phase shift (120° phase difference
between any two line currents) to deduce the currents in the other phases by analyzing
one phase. The per phase analysis is the name for this method.

The fifth way is instantaneous three-phase power. We discovered that line currents and
load voltages are balanced in a balanced wye-wye three-phase system (equal
magnitudes, phase angles at 120° intervals). As a result, the rms phasor line currents
can be expressed as a
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

where the phase sequence is considered to be positive. In terms of phasor line currents,
the resulting phasor load voltages can be represented as

The instantaneous line currents and load voltages are as follows:

The three-phase load receives a total instantaneous power of

Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

where the three terms denote the instantaneous power in each of the three phases'
separate loads. When the instantaneous load voltages and line currents are entered,
the result is

The trigonometric identity utilized in the single phase power derivation can be used to
rewrite the cosine products in the equation above:

The instantaneous power is then transformed into

According to the following trigonometric identity, the three double frequency terms in the
instantaneous power expression amount to zero:

In a balanced three-phase load, the instantaneous power drops to

It's worth noting that the instantaneous power of a balanced three-phase load is
constant and equal to three times the average power in one phase. In contrast to a
single-phase system, where the instantaneous power was proven to oscillate at twice
the system frequency, the three-phase instantaneous power is time-invariant. In three-
phase motors, the continuous nature of the three-phase instantaneous power (smooth
power delivery) is especially important. The torque on the mechanical shaft is
consistent, and vibration is kept to a minimum.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

In a balanced threephase system, the concept of complex power can be expanded by

describing the three-phase complex power delivered to the wye load as

The load voltage and line current phasors for an individual phase of a three-phase
system with a wye-connected load are V load and Iline, respectively. When the voltage and
current phasors are substituted into the complex three-phase power equation, the result
is

In a three-phase wye load, the apparent, actual, and reactive power components are
thus

It's worth noting that the preceding equations are tailored to wye loads. For any form of
three-phase load, a more generic way of stating the complicated power is

Where
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

Without limiting generality, the ideas of power factor and complicated power triangle can
be applied to a balanced three-phase power system. The same single-phase equation
is used to define the three-phase power factor.

In a balanced three-phase system, the relative angle between voltage and current is
equal in all three phases. The apparent, real, and reactive powers are replaced by the
appropriate three-phase values in the three-phase complex power triangle, which is
similar to the single-phase power triangle.

The last is three-phase connections involving delta sources or loads. There are three
other conceivable configurations of wye and delta sources and loads, in addition to the
wye-wye three-phase connection.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

Transforming all delta connections into wye connections is the most economical
technique to manage three-phase circuits having delta sources and/or loads.
Cortes, Ryan L. BSEE 2-4

We may use the previously calculated relationship between line-to-line and line-to-
neutral voltages to accomplish the transformation because a delta source is defined in
terms of line-to-line voltages and a wye source is specified in terms of line-to-neutral
voltages.

Thus, in a wye-connected source, line-to-neutral voltages are comparable to line-to-line

voltages in a delta-connected source.

To calculate the corresponding line-to-neutral voltages for the wye source, just divide
the appropriate line-to-line voltage in the delta source by percent √3 and remove 30°
from its phase angle.

Reference::

ECE 614 Three Phase Power. (n.d.).

https://my.ece.msstate.edu/faculty/donohoe/ece3614three_phase_power.pdf.