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*d. a and b
e. a and c
3. Which type of question would NOT fall under the category of "What
effect do psychological factors have on an individual's performance?"
a. cognitive-behavioral orientation
b. cognitive-affective orientation
c. behavioral orientation
e. physiological-environmental orientation
a. cognitive-behavioral orientation
b. behavioral orientation
c. cognitive-affective orientation
e. cognitive-environmental orientation
b. developmental psychologist
d. a and b
*e. a and c
c. lack of explanations
d. a and b
*e. a and c
*a. science
b. paradigm
a. theoretical development
b. applied research
c. professional service
d. a and b
*e. b and c
*d. a and b
13. Which of the following events did NOT occur in period 6 (2000-
present)?
d. a and c
e. b and c
14. Which of the following events did not occur during period 5?
b. Richard Schmidt
c. George Stelmach
d. Jack Adams
e. Scott Kelso
a. Notre Dame
*b. Illinois
c. Minnesota
d. Wisconsin
e. Iowa
17. Coleman Griffith worked with all of the following famous coaches and
athletes except
a. Red Grange
b. Knute Rockne
c. Dizzy Dean
b. Rainer Martens
c. Dan Landers
d. Dan Gould
e. Robert Singer
a. psychology
b. education
d. sociology
e. educational psychology
a. is reductionistic
c. tends to be conservative
*d. a and c
22. Which of the following researchers was NOT prominent during period 1
(1895-1920)?
a. E.W. Scripture
b. G.T. Patrick
c. Norman Triplett
d. R. Cummins
*e. Ed McAuley
a. social responsibility
b. integrity
*d. individualization
e. competence
a. Franklin Henry
b. Dietmar Klein
c. Yuri Hanin
e. Gershon Tanenbaum
a. exercise psychology
c. personality
*d. a and b
26. Which of the following is NOT a current or future trend in the field
of sport and exercise psychology?
*d. a and b
a. empirical knowledge
c. scientific knowledge
d. associative knowledge
e. theoretical knowledge
a. introspection
c. systematic observation
e. shared experience
a. factorial modeling
*b. reliability
c. importance
d. impact on society
a. prediction
b. description
c. explanation
d. control
*e. theory
a. systematic
b. controlled
c. biased
d. a and c
*e. a and b
a. controlled
b. systematic
c. empirical
d. critical
*e. infallible
b. Robert Rotella
c. Jim Thorpe
d. Casey Stengel
e. a and b
a. introspection
*b. intuition
c. shared experience
e. systematic observation
c. introspection
*d. rationalism
e. systematic observation
*d. b and c
e. a and b
a. holistic nature
b. innovative contribution
*d. a and b
40. Which company (started by sport psychologist Graham Jones) has taken
sport psychology concepts and applied them to the business world?
d. Goldman-Sachs
e. AT&T
41. Which early pioneer in sport psychology took a more scientific data-
based approach to psychology, seeing sport as an excellent way to
demonstrate the value of this "new scientific psychology" and to
investigate character development in sport?
a. Rainer Martens
c. W.A. Hubbard
d. G.T.W. Patrick
e. R. Cummins
*a. Puni
b. Safin
c. Andreev
d. Kirielenko
e. Youzeny
b. momentary; general
c. competitive; noncompetitive
d. noncompetitive; competitive
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
e. b and c
a. the superego
c. ego development
a. concentration
b. coachability
c. goal setting
*d. imagery
a. trait measure
b. state measure
e. a and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. a and c
12. Eysenck and Eysenck argue that personality can best be understood by
focusing on which of the following traits?
*d. a and b
d. a and c
*e. b and c
14. The most superficial and therefore most easily changed part of a
personality structure is its
a. psychological core
c. typical responses
d. belief system
b. psychological core
c. typical responses
d. role-related behavior
e. a and b
17. Recent research has been critical of some of the findings concerning
the relationship between mood states and performance. Which of the
following is NOT a recommended guideline for using mood profiling with
elite athletes?
18. Researchers have recently used the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory
(ACSI) to investigate the relationship between coping skills and
performance. Results have indicated that
a. good psychological coping skills help athletes get the most out
of their ability
*d. a and b
19. Recently, the "big five" model of personality has become widely
accepted. Which of the following is not one of the five personality
factors in the model?
a. agreeableness
b. conscientiousness
c. neuroticism
d. extraversion
*e. depression
20. The "big five" model of personality is important because these five
characteristics
*d. b and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
e. a and c
23. The research criticizing Morgan's mental health model and the
implications of the "iceberg profile" has argued that
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. 10 to 20%
b. 20 to 30%
c. 30 to 40%
*d. 50 to 60%
e. 80 to 90%
a. anxiety
b. anger
c. fatigue
*d. vigor
e. confusion
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. normative
c. psychological skills
d. psychopathology
e. cognitive-behavioral
d. a and b
e. b and c
a. objective testing
d. a and b
e. a and c
*e. a and b
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. personal factors
b. situational factors
a. situational factor
c. interactional factor
d. attributional factor
e. unstable factor
d. b and c
*e. a and c
a. motivation
b. physiology
c. biomechanics
d. sociological factors
b. cognitive intervention
d. cognitive restructuring
e. self-monitoring
e. a and c
d. a and c
*e. a and b
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the major motives for
participating in sport and exercise?
a. having fun
c. improving skills
e. developing fitness
a. achievement motivation
b. self-esteem
c. self-confidence
d. self-concept
*e. competitiveness
12. The results of the Sorrentino and Sheppard study have which of the
following practical implications?
a. The four fastest swimmers would not necessarily make the best
relay team.
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*d. a and c
e. b and c
15. An athlete is more motivated when she plays against competitors who
are better than she is than when she plays better than her competitors.
This is an example of which approach to motivation?
a. trait-centered
*b. situational
c. interactional
d. individual
16. Which is the most widely endorsed view of motivation taken by sport
psychologists?
a. trait-centered
b. situational
*c. interactional
d. individual
*a. trait-centered
b. situational
c. individual
d. interactional
a. trait-centered
b. situational
*c. individual
d. interactional
20. Bill is always concerned with comparing his ability to others' and
with winning. Thus, Bill has
21. Which of the following is NOT a major reason for initially joining
an exercise program?
a. weight loss
b. fitness
c. health factors
*d. affiliation
e. to feel better
a. affect
b. cognition
d. emotions
b. high-effort attributions
c. high-ability attributions
e. luck attributions
b. integrated stage
c. social-comparison stage
a. feedback; attributions
a. Tara Scanlan
c. Thelma Horn
d. Glyn Roberts
e. Albert Bandura
*a. mastery
b. performance
c. outcome
d. decision making
e. attributional
29. A task goal orientation will usually lead to which of the following?
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*a. competitiveness
b. confidence
c. mental preparation
d. mental toughness
a. emotional reactions
b. cognitions
c. expectations
d. behavioral intent
*e. self-talk
a. stable; external
c. unstable; internal
d. unstable; external
e. controllable; unstable
a. stability
b. causality
c. control
*d. persistence
b. elation; depression
c. fun; depression
d. shame; pride
e. pride; depression
37. For low achievers, which situation provides the LEAST incentive for
engaging in achievement behaviors?
38. For high achievers, which situation provides the MOST incentive for
engaging in achievement behavior?
*a. Low achievers have high motivation to achieve success and low
motivation to avoid failure.
d. a and b
e. a and c
b. probability of success
d. a and c
*e. b and c
a. arousal
b. sensational pressure
*c. stress
d. state anxiety
e. trait anxiety
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. stage 1
b. stage 2
*c. stage 3
d. stage 4
e. stage 5
a. direction of motivation
e. a and d
*a. worry
b. muscle tension
c. attentional problems
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. somatic anxiety
b. trait anxiety
c. arousal
d. personal stress
a. trait anxiety
b. self-esteem
c. optimism
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. catastrophe theory
c. inverted theory
e. reversal theory
c. activation
d. trait anxiety
e. stress
b. broadening of focus
c. increase of scanning
d. a and b
e. b and c
a. broad-external to broad-internal
b. broad-external to broad-external
d. broad-external to narrow-internal
e. narrow-external to broad-external
18. One's general level of anxiety that stays relatively stable over
time refers to
b. state anxiety
c. cognitive anxiety
d. somatic anxiety
e. arousal
a. high arousal
d. a and c
*e. b and c
a. catastrophe theory
b. drive theory
d. inverted-U hypothesis
e. a and c
a. profuse sweating
d. inability to concentrate
e. sleeping difficulties
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and b
e. b and c
*b. Between 1924 and 1982, the home team in the baseball World
Series won 38% of the time when there was a seventh game.
d. a and b
e. b and c
a. gaze tendencies
b. eye fixations
c. mental acuity
*d. a and b
e. a and b
*c. during work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem
solving
*d. a and c
e. a and b
a. Deutsch
*b. Triplett
c. Sherif
d. Mintz
e. Orlick
7. In the field experiments by Sherif and Sherif, the only thing that
worked to bring the campers back together was
a. an all-star game
c. eating together
*d. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. zero-sum
c. cooperative means
e. competitive means
d. b and c
a. effort valued
d. a and c
*e. a and b
c. response
e. consequences
d. b and c
e. a and b
b. observational learning
c. objective outcome
d. positive reinforcement
*d. a and c
18. The team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of
the following classification of games?
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
21. One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the
upcoming event. This is an example of
c. response
d. consequences
a. competitive orientation
b. goal orientation
d. win orientation
d. b and c
b. Boys' games are less aggressive and involve less risk taking
than girls' games.
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and b
d. a and b
*e. b and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
28. What happened to the two U.S. sailing teams that competed and
cooperated with each other while training for the Olympics?
a. Only one team went to the Olympics and earned a medal there.
*e. a and d
a. watched by coaches
a. it is involuntary
d. a and b
*e. b and c
a. as someone to beat
d. a and c
*e. b and c
a. 10%
b. 80%
*c. 50%
d. 25%
e. 100%
a. relatedness
b. autonomy
*c. confidence
d. effectance
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*d. a and b
e. a and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
6. Backward chaining (as used by O'Brien & Simek in their golf study)
refers to
*a. pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-
to-last step all the way through the movement until the second
step is paired with the first step
d. a and c
*b. the team performed three plays more effectively after the
intervention
d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. a and b
e. a and c
*d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. effort
e. a and b
*d. a and b
a. material
*b. social
c. activity
d. tangible
e. esoteric
b. acting as a reinforcer
*d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and b
e. a and c
*d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. b and c
e. a and b
a. skills-challenge balance
c. confidence
*d. a and b
a. optimism
*d. b and c
e. a and c
b. clear goals
e. loss of self-consciousness
a. introjected regulation
c. identified regulation
d. integrated regulation
e. internal regulation
29. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are now seen as varying along a
continuum. Aspects of intrinsic motivation include which of these?
a. compatability
b. accomplishment
c. stimulation
*d. b and c
e. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and b
e. a and c
32. The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external
rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that
*d. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
35. A study (Amorose & Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic
motivation occurred primarily because of
b. scholarships
c. gender
d. athlete's ability
e. athlete's experience
d. a and b
*e. b and c
d. a and b
d. a and b
*e. b and c
c. informational in nature
d. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and c
a. grouping
b. timing
c. evaluation
*d. affiliation
a. 3:1
*b. 5:1
c. 10:1
d. 2:1
e. 1:1
a. athlete self-monitoring
b. behavioral checklists
e. a and c
b. focus of competition
c. anxiety level
*d. a and b
a. continuous
*b. intermittent
c. positive
d. negative
a. thoughts
b. physiological feedback
*c. mistakes
d. neurological connects
e. a and c
e. a and d
49. Which of the following are reasons supporting the use of punishment?
e. b and c
50. Which of the following is (are) NOT a finding regarding passion and
sport?
d. a and c
e. b and c
51. Which of the following is (are) a principle(s) for the effective use
of external rewards?
*b. The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and
simple.
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. all
b. none
c. half
d. one quarter
*a. forming
b. storming
c. norming
d. performing
e. joining
d. a and b
*e. a and c
a. orientation
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. role acceptance
c. conflict resolution
e. a and c
*e. c and d
b. role reversal
c. group norms
d. group cohesion
e. group solidarity
a. accepting and being willing to carry out your specific role for
the team
d. a and c
a. autonomy
c. team norms
*d. a and b
e. a and c
*a. norm
b. sanction
c. role
d. team climate
e. standard
a. conformity
b. social loafing
c. deindividuation
e. a and b
b. group cohesion
c. group solidarity
d. group identity
13. One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is
based on
*d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and b
a. emotional-challenge support
b. task-appreciation support
c. reality-confirmation support
e. task-challenge support
a. social support
b. distinctiveness
*c. proximity
d. fairness
e. similarity
18. Research has indicated that social support can have a positive
impact on which of the following?
c. team performance
*d. a and b
e. a and c
19. Having members of an exercise class all wear special T-shirts with
special logos is a way of enhancing group
*a. distinctiveness
b. similarity
c. proximity
d. attractiveness
*c. the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on
actual productivity
c. coaching style
*d. a and b
e. a and c
c. Steiner effect
23. The results of a study by Ingham and colleagues (1974) using rope
pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope
but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and
potential performances were due to
a. a decrease in coordination
24. Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social
loafing?
a. increasing identifiability
*d. a and b
d. a and b
e. a and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
d. norms
e. distinctive roles
a. evaluation of performance
b. behavioral responsibilities
e. scope of responsibilities
*d. a and c
e. and b
b. role acceptance
c. attributional reconceptualization
d. group identity
e. team climate
*d. a and c
a. cross-training
b. communication training
c. team self-correction
e. a and b
c. group integration-task
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. environmental factors
b. team factors
d. leadership factors
e. personal factors
b. team factors
c. organizational factors
d. leadership factors
e. personal factors
a. environmental factors
b. team factors
c. organizational factors
d. leadership factors
a. socioeconomic status
b. gender
d. age
e. race
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. group integration-task
b. group integration-social
10. Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together
(cohesion) when they "stepped between the lines." This belief and
confidence in one another is known as
b. group similarity
c. group norm
d. group role
e. collective ability
a. reduced absenteeism
e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. a and c
a. unidimensional
b. static
*c. instrumental
d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
e. b and c
15. Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the
team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues?
d. group goals
16. A sociogram is
*d. a and b
e. b and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and b
*e. a and c
25. Which of the following sports require the highest level of task
cohesion?
a. distinctiveness
b. group norms
c. individual sacrifices
e. a and b
d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
b. unity of purpose
c. leader behavior
*d. a and b
e. a and c
31. Which of the following is (are) true for the "Walk Kansas" program?
*a. The more group goals that were set, the more miles were walked
by the group.
d. a and b
e. a and c
32. In the study (Newin, Bloom, & Loughead, 2008) assessing the
effectiveness of a team-building program, it was found that coaches
e. b and c
a. social support
b. democratic behavior
c. administrative behavior
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. emerge
a. situational
*b. trait
c. behavioral
d. situational-behavioral
e. trait-behavioral
a. trait
*b. behavioral
c. situational
d. situational-behavioral
e. trait-behavioral
5. The two major categories of behavior found with the use of the Leader
Behavior Description Questionnaire are
a. statements of displeasure
d. b and c
*e. a and b
a. favorable
b. unfavorable
14. When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players
and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?
a. consultative-individual
*b. autocratic-consultative
c. consultative-group
d. group
e. relationship-consultative
d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and b
e. a and c
e. a and c
18. What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching
Behavior Assessment System?
19. Which of the following results from Smith and Smoll's studies on
coaching behaviors is (are) true?
d. a and b
e. b and c
a. flexibility
b. candor
*c. trust
d. patience
e. loyalty
c. perceived behavior
*d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
c. leadership style
d. situational characteristics
e. member characteristics
d. a and b
e. b and c
d. b and c
a. leadership style
b. situational factors
c. athlete characteristics
d. leader qualities
d. a and b
e. b and c
a. favorable
b. unfavorable
c. moderately favorable
29. In a more recent follow-up study on coach John Wooden (Gallimore &
Tharp, 2004), they concluded
d. a and c
*e. a and b
30. In a recent study comparing coaches and peer leaders, coaches tended
to exhibit more
a. autocratic behaviors
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and c
e. a and b
33. Which type of exercise leader was associated with cohesive exercise
groups?
*a. democratic
b. task-oriented
c. relationship-oriented
d. laissez-faire
e. interactional
35. The leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow
that position. This is characteristic of
d. situational leadership
e. democratic leadership
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. evaluation
*b. retrospection
c. motivation
d. persuasion
e. problem solving
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. nonverbal communication
b. intrapersonal communication
c. interpersonal communication
e. b and d
*a. yourself
b. someone else
c. signs
d. feelings
e. expressions
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. 10%
*b. 75%
c. 35%
d. 55%
e. 25%
b. posture
c. body position
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. 20%
*b. 40%
c. 10%
d. 70%
e. 25%
a. are empathetic
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. manipulative
b. evaluative
*c. descriptive
d. a and c
e. b and c
*d. a and b
a. Stop communicating.
d. a and c
e. a and b
16. Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with
empathy?
*c. Make sure the other person understands your point of view.
d. a and c
e. b and c
17. Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with
consistency?
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. a positive statement
b. future-oriented instructions
*d. a and b
20. Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a
positive manner?
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*d. b and c
b. embarrassment
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. themselves
c. the situation
d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. a and c
a. clarity
b. confirmation
c. assertiveness
*d. a and b
e. a and c
*a. role-playing
b. assertiveness training
c. listening skills
d. a and c
e. d and c
d. a and c
*e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. b and c
*d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
a. coach
b. general manager
a. 20%
*b. 50%
c. 80%
d. 90%
e. 25%
a. lack of knowledge
b. lack of time
e. a and c
e. a and b
a. self-efficacy
*b. self-regulation
c. self-esteem
d. mental preparation
e. self-concept
a. higher self-confidence
b. higher anxiety
d. a and b
*e. a and c
a. execution
b. problem identification
*c. generalization
d. specialization
e. environmental management
a. commitment
b. execution
*c. specialization
d. generalization
e. problem identification
10. The PST knowledge base has come from what sources?
b. athlete-coach experiences
*d. a and b
d. a and b
e. a and c
12. Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include
which of the following?
a. confidence building
b. imagery
c. group cohesion
*d. a and b
e. a and c
13. What was the main problem that the basketball player (Jim) faced
shooting free throws in the case study presented at the beginning of the
chapter?
*d. b and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
*e. a and b
a. anytime
17. When new psychological skills are being learned, how long should
they generally be practiced?
18. After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need
to continue practicing their mental skills?
b. 3 months
c. 6 months
d. 1 year
e. 1 month
a. clinical
b. counseling
*c. educational
d. philosophical
e. pragmatic
a. psychological
b. biomechanical
c. physiological
e. a and c
a. psychological inventories
b. an oral interview
a. physical practice
b. education
c. anxiety management
*d. a and b
a. lack of time
d. a and b
*e. a and c
*d. b and c
e. a and b
*b. identify, assess, and compare their own mental skills against
those of other elite athletes in their sport
a. education phase
b. practice phase
d. acquisition phase
a. goal setting
b. imagery
*c. self-confidence
d. a and b
a. control
b. commitment
*c. consistency
d. challenge
e. confidence
b. making sure males consult with males and females with females
d. a and b
*e. a and c
a. United States
c. Canada
d. England
e. China
d. a and c
*e. a and b
35. A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills
of
a. foundation skills
c. performance skills
d. team skills
a. categorization
b. norming
*c. peaking
d. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
a. 1:5
*b. 1:2
c. 3:1
d. 5:1
e. 1:4
a. regulation of breathing
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. imagery
b. peak performance
d. deep sleep
e. progressive relaxation
a. systematic desensitization
b. classical conditioning
c. biological mapping
*d. biofeedback
e. biological conditioning
*a. diaphragm
b. central chest
c. upper chest
d. throat
11. Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill
under pressure, they
a. 10 to 12 minutes
b. 5 to 7 minutes
c. 2 to 4 minutes
*d. 20 to 30 seconds
e. 1 minute
*d. a and c
a. Herbert Benson
b. Ken Ravizza
d. Rainer Martens
e. Daniel Gould
d. a and b
e. b and c
b. inappropriate thoughts
e. a and c
b. talk to teammates
b. Edmund Jacobson
c. Robert Weinberg
d. Charles Hardy
e. Gunther Schultz
b. time management
c. thought control
*d. superstition
b. usually overtrained
*d. a and c
a. induction phase
b. hypnotic phase
d. waking phase
e. posthypnotic phase
a. emotion-focused coping
b. problem-focused coping
c. imagery
*d. a and b
e. a and c
c. The deeper the trance, the less likely the hypnosis will be
effective.
*d. a and b
e. a and c
25. Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running
times of 400-meter runners?
a. 110%
b. 100%
c. 75%
*d. 95%
*a. multimodal
b. multidisciplinary
c. multivariate
d. cognitive appraisal
e. somatic appraisal
27. The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as
28. Which of the following is NOT an element necessary for achieving the
relaxation response?
a. a quiet environment
b. a passive attitude
c. a mental device
d. a comfortable position
*e. a mantra
*d. a and c
e. b and c
b. mind wandering
c. feelings of anxiety
*d. a and b
e. b and c
b. Slow down.
e. a and c
*d. b and c
e. a and b
34. Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for
cognitive-affective stress management training?
a. cognitive restructuring
b. relaxation skills
c. self-instructional training
e. a and c
a. pretreatment assessment
b. treatment rationale
c. skill acquisition
d. skill rehearsal
e. a and c
d. a and b
*e. a and c
b. confidence-building skills
c. imagery skills
d. goal-setting skills
e. self-esteem
40. For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective
strategy is
b. avoidance coping
c. emotion-focused coping
e. active-avoidance coping
a. vicarious learning
b. self-analysis
c. reframing
e. a and c
b. Use humor.
c. Stress effort.
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. visual
b. auditory
c. kinesthetic
e. a and b
a. building confidence
b. improving concentration
4. Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that
approximately what percent of athletes use imagery?
a. 50%
b. 75%
*c. 95%
d. 85%
e. 60%
d. innervation theory
e. psychodynamic theory
d. a and c
b. psychoneuromuscular theory
c. psychodynamic theory
d. psychoinnervation theory
c. psychoinnervation theory
e. innervation theory
a. psychoneuromuscular theory
d. psychodynamic theory
e. psychoinnervation theory
a. anecdotal reports
b. case studies
c. archival research
*d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and b
e. b and c
12. The main reason(s) that exercisers give for using imagery is (are)
a. appearance
b. energy
c. relaxation
*d. a and b
a. Dwight Stones
b. Jean-Claude Killy
c. Jack Nicklaus
e. a and c
*a. kinesthetic
b. auditory
c. visual
d. olfactory
15. Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image?
16. An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but
the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a
lack of
a. vividness
b. coordination
*c. controllability
d. experimental control
e. emotionality
17. The PETTLEP model emphasizes which of the following critical factors
in imagery practice?
a. learning
b. evaluation
c. perspective
*d. a and c
e. a and b
18. Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score
high on what aspect of imagery?
a. controllability
b. coordination
*c. vividness
d. motivation
e. simplicity
a. realistic expectations
b. relaxed concentration
*d. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
b. slow motion
c. fast motion
d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. b and c
27. According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of
imagery?
b. motivational-general imagery
c. cognitive-general imagery
d. cognitive-specific imagery
e. somatic-motivational imagery
d. a and b
e. b and c
30. Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might
result in negative consequences or outcomes?
e. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. perfectionism
b. enhancing motivation
*d. b and c
e. a and c
33. Exercise imagery has been shown to have several functions, including
c. enhancing self-concept
*d. a and b
35. The most effective type of imagery for helping athletes maintain
confidence and stay focused is
a. cognitive general
c. motivational specific
d. motivational general–arousal
e. motivational general–mastery
36. The new Motor Imagery Integrative Model targets which specific areas
where imagery can be effective?
b. injury rehabilitation
e. a and c
b. external stimuli
c. the opposition
a. surroundings
b. type of imagery
c. nature of imagery
d. effectiveness of imagery
39. The latest research on the timing of imagery would suggest that
imagery timing might be different based on
b. the person
c. individual differences
d. imagery ability
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. trait self-confidence
c. situational self-confidence
d. cognitive self-confidence
a. a trait variable
b. a state variable
d. an affective variable
e. a cognitive variable
b. improved equipment
c. faster tracks
e. superior coaching
e. a and c
*e. a and d
*d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and b
a. Charley Hardy
b. Tara Scanlan
d. Larry Brawley
e. Joseph Wolpe
b. inner self
c. equivalent of self-esteem
d. belief that you can do anything you desire if you set your mind
to it
a. self-esteem
*b. self-confidence
c. self-motivation
d. self-concept
e. self-fulfilling prophecy
a. judgmental thinking
b. acting confidently
c. using imagery
*d. b and c
e. a and b
*d. a and c
*d. a and b
e. b and c
a. climate (environment)
b. self-regulation
c. arousal
*d. a and b
e. b and c
b. self-improvement
c. self-esteem
d. self-worth
e. self-monitoring
a. game strategy
c. motivation
d. technique
e. character building
a. positive linear
b. negative linear
*c. curvilinear
d. negatively accelerated
e. positively accelerated
25. Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-
efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of
a. verbal persuasion
c. performance accomplishments
d. emotional arousal
e. parental expectations
a. positive emotions
b. effort
c. concentration
d. goals
*e. visualization
27. The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-
efficacy judgments comes from
a. vicarious experiences
c. emotional states
d. verbal persuasion
e. physiological states
a. communication
b. imagery
c. commitment
*d. a and c
e. a and b
b. performance accomplishments
c. emotional arousal
d. vicarious experiences
e. a and d
*d. a and c
a. will continue to perform well for the next few minutes of play
*c. the player with the hot hand who is also generally a good
shooter
d. the player with the hot hand who is generally not a good
shooter
33. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the model of
sport confidence?
*b. Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than
skaters not known to judges.
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. anxiety
b. motivation
*c. confidence
d. attentional focus
e. perfectionism
a. experience
b. modeling
c. competitive advantage
*d. a and c
e. a and b
*d. a and c
a. short-term only
b. long-term only
a. more; poorer
c. more; superior
d. less; poorer
a. performance goals
b. process goals
c. outcome goals
e. subjective goals
b. it does not matter how difficult your goals are—any goal will
be effective
d. goal setting is effective but only when the goals are easy
e. b and c
e. a and b
8. Burton contends that athletes who set outcome goals will experience
more anxiety and lower self-confidence in competition; this is
*d. a and c
e. c and d
10. Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal,
whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n)
______ goal.
b. process; outcome
c. outcome; ego-oriented
d. subjective; objective
e. a and c
d. set to the same value (e.g., the same score, the same time) for
everyone on the same team so that no one is singled out as a
favorite
e. c and d
d. a and c
e. b and c
*a. write your goals down and place them where they can be easily
seen
b. write your goals down and put them secretly away, only to be
reread at the end of the season
*d. b and c
b. great for identifying what areas you think the athlete needs to
improve
*d. a and b
*b. help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals
she would like to pursue
c. let the person choose the top two goals from a list of possible
goals that you create for her
d. let the person decide on the type and number of goals to pursue
a. provide feedback
b. provide support
c. provide encouragement
d. reevaluate goals
20. Which of the following is (are) useful for setting team goals?
*d. b and c
d. a and b
e. a and c
22. "Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a
week" is an example of
e. a and d
24. In an attempt to build hope, Gould and colleagues created the Power
4W program. Which of the following is NOT one of the Power 4W
components?
a. want power
b. wish power
d. will power
e. way power
25. Recent studies have indicated that goal setting has been applied to
which settings?
a. ego-oriented
*b. task-oriented
c. relationship-oriented
d. competitive-oriented
e. autocratic-oriented
e. fatigue
*b. start to focus and think too much about her serve
5. The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result
in
a. impaired timing
b. increased coordination
*d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
e. b and c
*d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and c
*d. a and b
13. Top athletes seem to be able to do just the right thing at just the
right time. From an attentional perspective, research has shown that
this is mostly due to their ability to
*a. analyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cues
a. narrow-external; narrow-internal
b. narrow-internal; broad-external
c. broad-internal; narrow-external
d. broad-external; narrow-external
15. If a golfer shifts attention just before a tee shot, from the length
of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the
ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____.
a. broad-internal; narrow-external
b. broad-internal; narrow-internal
c. broad-external; narrow-internal
d. a and b
*e. b and c
b. attentional narrowing
d. peripheral narrowing
e. tunnel vision
20. Tennis and baseball players are able to successfully hit balls
traveling toward them at high speeds because
a. they have learned to watch the ball hit their racket (or bat)
*b. they have learned to predict the flight of the ball by using
advanced attentional cues
*a. makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention
a. outcome goals
b. technical goals
c. performance goals
e. product goals
a. mental rehearsal
b. precompetitive routines
c. precompetitive plans
e. cognitive-behavioral interventions
c. more determined
a. beta
*b. alpha
c. delta
d. gamma
e. creatine
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. external overload
b. reduced focus
c. broad-internal
d. internal overload
*e. broad-narrow
b. cardiac acceleration
a. centralized
c. broad in nature
d. narrow in nature
e. sequential
31. Why would you want to have a friend wave his arms around you while
you are focusing on a basketball?
d. a and c
32. Results from the study of self-talk among junior tennis players (Van
Raalte et al., 1994) revealed that
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. strength
b. endurance
*c. accuracy
d. balance
*c. a cue word for bringing you back into a present focus
*b. the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its
occurrence accidentally
b. nonjudgmental thinking
c. ego thought
d. paralysis by analysis
b. establish routines
*d. b and c
a. attentional selectivity
b. attentional capacity
c. attentional reciprocity
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*a. information-processing
b. attentional control
d. attentional-arousal
e. limited-capacity
b. broadens attention
c. enhances attention
d. disrupts attention
e. continuous skills
*d. a and c
e. b and c
c. attentional selectivity
d. past-oriented thinking
e. future-oriented thinking
a. selective attention
c. no attention
d. external attention
e. internal attention
a. internal factors
c. body mechanics
d. intrinsic cues
e. the player had not scored at all (goal or assist) during the
game
48. In a recent study by Gucciardi and Dimmock (2008), choking was found
to be best explained by the
e. Reversal Theory
*d. b and c
e. a and b
50. "Maybe the nature, content, and delivery of self-talk may not be as
important as the individual interpretation of that self-talk." This
quote underscores the notion of
a. task specificity
b. attentional control
c. instructional self-talk
d. motivational self-talk
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. causal
*b. correlational
c. descriptive
d. qualitative
e. quantitative
d. a and b
*e. a and c
*d. a and b
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. a and c
a. beta waves
*b. flow
c. transcendental meditation
d. peripheral narrowing
e. overtraining
a. The positive effects are seen across age, health status, and
gender.
*d. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
11. Researchers have found that exercise usually reduces state anxiety
for approximately
a. 36 hours
b. 30 minutes
c. 12 hours
*d. 2 to 6 hours
e. 8 to 10 hours
b. enjoyment
d. abdominal breathing
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. affective checklist
e. Cognitive-Affective Profile
*d. a and b
d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
e. a and c
d. a and b
e. b and c
b. increases self-confidence
c. increases anxiety
*d. a and b
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. Gould
b. Burke
c. Morgan
*d. Glasser
e. Bahrke
c. neurotic
d. psychotic
27. Which of the following psychological explanations has NOT been put
forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and
psychological well-being?
b. "time-out"
e. feelings of competency
28. Which of the following physiological explanations has NOT been put
forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and
psychological well-being?
d. increases in endorphins
*d. b and c
e. a and b
a. anxiety neurosis
*b. depression
c. skin cancer
d. abdominal cancer
e. pancreatic cancer
a. older adults
d. a and b
33. Research on the use of mirrors during exercise for women indicates
*b. mirrors should not be used when women have been sedentary
d. a and b
*e. b and c
d. a and c
*d. a and c
a. HIV
b. pancreatic cancer
*c. Parkinson's
d. muscular dystrophy
38. A recent study has shown that acute exercise can improve cognitive
functioning in the form of working memory for people
d. exercise history
a. 40%
*b. 50%
c. 20%
d. 60%
e. 70%
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. action
c. preparation
d. precontemplation
*e. contemplation
a. contemplation
b. precontemplation
d. preparation
e. action
7. The key elements in social cognitive theory are that the environment
affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as
a. reciprocal control
b. reciprocal interception
c. self-efficacy
a. being directive
b. being authoritative
c. being persuasive
d. being confrontational
d. a and b
e. b and c
*a. 20 to 30 minutes
b. 30 to 60 minutes
c. 30 to 40 minutes
d. 15 to 45 minutes
e. 30 to 45 minutes
*c. The higher the cost of the exercise program, the lower the
adherence.
d. b and c
e. a and c
d. a and b
*e. b and c
c. class size
d. b and c
e. a and b
*a. 50%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 10%
e. 65%
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. weight control
b. building self-esteem
e. a and c
19. The theory of planned behavior extends the theory of reasoned action
by including the factor of
a. perceived ability
d. exercise history
c. social support works only with support from spouses and family
21. Which of the following is (are) recommended for school and community
programs promoting physical activity in young people?
d. a and c
*e. a and b
a. lack of energy
b. lack of motivation
c. injury or illness
e. lack of facilities
a. integration
b. utility
c. parsimony
d. impact
*e. performance
b. once a month
d. every day
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. worksite
*b. community
c. hospital based
d. home
e. fitness club
31. Two ways to increase intrinsic motivation for exercise are to focus
on one's self and have what type of orientation?
a. product
b. outcome
*c. process
d. performance
*d. a and c
e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
a. to improve strength
b. to lose weight
d. to tone muscles
e. to have fun
d. b and c
*e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. b and c
a. maintaining interest
e. a and b
a. social support
b. decision making
c. behavior modification
d. goal setting
*e. association
*d. a and c
a. inconvenience
b. lack of motivation
c. lack of money
e. lack of time
*d. b and c
e. a and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
a. external
*b. internal
c. hypothetical
d. behavioral
e. stable
44. According to the ecological model, the key aspect of these models is
45. Americans spent much more money on exercise equipment between 1986
and 1996. As a result, the amount of physical activity during that
period has increased
a. 5%
b. 10%
*c. 2%
d. 15%
e. 23%
*d. a and b
e. e. and c
*b. the greater the enjoyment at the start of the program, the
greater the adherence
49. A recent study by Netz et al. (2008) focusing on age and gender
differences in adherence found
b. young adults gave more reasons for not exercising than older
adults
*c. older adults had more internal barriers to not exercising than
younger adults
d. a and c
e. b an c
d. a and c
e. a and b
a. identity loss
b. lack of confidence
e. a and c
a. personality
b. self-esteem
d. independence
e. self-concept
a. athletes with high levels of life stress had the highest injury
rates
*b. athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of
social support and coping exhibited the highest injury rates
*d. a and b
c. Pressure is a privilege.
*d. a and b
e. a and c
e. a and c
a. denial
b. depression
c. anger
*d. rationalization
e. bargaining
a. anger
c. rationalization
d. depression
*e. denial
a. coping resources
b. personality
c. ability level
d. a and c
*e. a and b
11. How many children and adults are estimated to be injured in sport,
exercise, and recreational settings each year?
a. 9 to 10 million
*b. 3 to 4 million
c. 1 to 2 million
d. 6 to 7 million
e. 600,000 to 800,000
12. From a study of injured elite skiers, which of the following was NOT
a recommendation to coaches for helping athletes cope with season-ending
injuries and for facilitating rehabilitation?
d. a and b
e. b and c
c. no change in pain
d. a and c
*e. a and b
d. a and b
*e. a and c
a. self-motivation
b. positive self-talk
c. attentional control
*d. a and b
a. goal setting
b. positive self-talk
c. relaxation
*d. a and b
*d. a and b
20. Which of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the
rehabilitation process?
21. According to Hardy and Crace, social support may take the form of
a. emotional support
b. informational support
c. qualitative support
*d. a and b
a. goal setting
b. self-talk
c. simulation
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. being there
b. showing empathy
*d. a and b
24. From a study of injured elite skiers, which of the following was NOT
a recommendation to other athletes for coping with season-ending
injuries and facilitating rehabilitation?
a. Set goals.
b. Use imagery.
25. Research by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of
stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by
e. a and c
c. there was no effect on days lost due to injury over the season
e. a and d
28. The stress-injury model explains physical injuries but may also be
used to explain
a. physical performance
c. physical fitness
d. burnout
e. overtraining
a. high in perfectionism
c. low in hardiness
e. low in hope
a. setting of goals
b. relaxation
e. b and c
c. performance demands
c. a social worker
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 40%
*d. 60%
e. 5%
a. six months
b. two weeks
d. three months
e. one week
b. drop the athlete from the team until the condition is resolved
7. Research suggests that people are less likely to take drugs if they
have
*a. bulimia
b. anorexia nervosa
d. psychological depression
e. c and d
d. a and b
e. b and c
d. a and b
*e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. a and b
a. anorexia
b. bulimia
d. anorexbulimia
e. secondary anorexia
*d. a and c
e. b and c
a. low self-esteem
*d. a and b
*d. b and c
16. Thompson and Garner and Rosen list some dos and don'ts for dealing
with eating disorders. Which of the following are don'ts?
*e. c and d
b. educational approaches
c. cognitive techniques
d. behavioral techniques
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 50%
*e. 75%
d. a and c
e. a and b
a. boastfulness
b. pessimism
c. extreme competitiveness
d. a and b
*e. a and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
*d. a and b
24. Educating athletes and exercisers about the harmful effects of drug
use usually deters what percentage of people from using drugs?
*a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
e. 50%
25. The most common physical reason for athletes to use drugs is
c. to control appetite
d. to look better
e. to feel better
26. Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of people who are
substance abusers?
d. impaired judgment
e. muscle twitches
27. Which of the following is (are) NOT a good way(s) to detect drug use
and abuse?
a. drug testing
c. observation
d. listening
e. a and d
*d. a and c
a. marijuana
*b. alcohol
c. tobacco
d. cocaine
e. amphetamines
30. Which of the following is NOT common among the side effects of
ingesting anabolic steroids?
b. increased aggression
c. loss of coordination
a. reduced pain
c. increased strength
d. steadier nerves
32. The major categories of drugs in sport and exercise are performance-
enhancing and recreational drugs. Performance-enhancing drugs include
a. anabolic steroids
b. beta-blockers
c. cocaine
*d. a and b
a. build confidence
b. reduce anxiety
c. increase extroversion
*d. a and b
e. a and c
34. Which of the following is (are) NOT among guidelines for preventing
eating disorders in athletes and exercisers?
e. a and c
a. 20%
*b. 50%
c. 10%
d. 70%
e. 5%
a. submissiveness
b. shyness
c. conformity
d. a and b
*e. a and c
37. Which of the following major professional sports does NOT have a
mandatory drug policy?
a. baseball
b. basketball
*c. hockey
d. football
38. The rate of steroid use in high schools has increased from 1 in 27
in 1999 to what in 2003?
a. 1 in 10
*b. 1 in 16
c. 1 in 20
d. 1 in 7
e. 1 in 22
*a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
e. 25%
40. A recent decision-making model for drug use in sports has the three
components of costs, benefits, and
a. personality factors
d. a and b
e. b and c
d. 5% and 10%
a. compulsive gambling
c. bulimia
d. paranoid schizophrenia
e. obsessive-compulsive disorder
44. A recent study (Kerr et al. 2006) found that when compared to
retired gymnasts (looking back on their careers), gymnasts still active
in their careers
46. Research by Martens et al. (2008) found that athletes in the off-
season were at risk for
c. gaining weight
d. increased gambling
e. inactivity
47. Viagra may be on the banned list of substances in the future because
it has the potential to
a. increase strength
b. increase confidence
c. decrease anxiety
*d. a and b
d. a and c
e. a and b
*c. reducing substance abuse and poor nutrition among high school
boys and girls
b. 10% to 20%
c. 50% to 60%
d. 20% to 30%
e. 40% to 50%
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. nutrition
c. active rest
d. rest
e. hydration
*a. The heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood
disturbance.
b. inverted-U profile
c. U-shaped profile
e. Morgan profile
a. lack of caring
c. sleep disturbances
e. increased anxiety
d. a and c
*e. a and b
*d. a and b
e. b and c
a. situational demands
d. physiological responses
e. coping behaviors
b. sport devaluation
*d. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. improved performance
b. no change in performance
c. impaired performance
e. b and c
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
*e. 30%
a. personality differences
*b. capabilities
c. mood states
d. perfectionism
e. Type A behavior
a. overtraining
b. burnout
d. staleness
a. apathy
b. sleep disturbances
c. mood changes
d. weight loss
*a. isolation
b. emotional exhaustion
c. depersonalization
d. personal accomplishment
c. Don't take much time off because you will lose motivation.
*d. a and b
d. a and b
e. b and c
21. Raedeke argues that burnout can be studied within a sport commitment
approach. In essence, many athletes feel burned out but nevertheless
continue to participate in their sport because of
e. a and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
24. According to Murphy's study of training loads and mood states among
Olympic judo athletes,
*d. b and c
e. a and b
*a. both athletic trainers and officials feel that role conflict
is related to burnout
d. a and c
e. b and c
a. lowered self-esteem
d. lowered anxiety
e. lowered self-efficacy
27. The motivational map of burned-out youth tennis players that Gould
and colleagues developed underscores the importance of _____________ in
determining burnout.
b. training methods
c. goal orientations
d. group interactions
e. social support
28. The factor that youth tennis players note most often regarding their
reasons for burnout is
a. physiological
*b. psychological
c. social
d. biomechanical
e. motoric
29. Gould and colleagues summarized their findings by stating that there
are two major "strains" of burnout. These two strains are _________ and
_________ in nature.
a. social-psychological; cognitive
b. sociological; psychological
c. psychological; cognitive
e. physical; cognitive
a. logistical concerns
c. physical concerns
e. b and c
a. physiological
b. psychological
c. cognitive
*d. sociological
e. anthropological
d. increased isolation
a. depersonalization
d. isolation
*a. 50%
b. 5%
c. 20%
d. 30%
e. 65%
37. Recent research by Meehan and colleagues has indicated that feelings
of overtraining can occur because of
a. 10%-15%
*b. 1%-2%
c. 20%-25%
d. 7%-9%
e. 30%-35%
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. betrayal
b. inaccessibility
c. conflict
a. 5
*b. 11
c. 15
d. 8
e. 3
a. 9 years old
b. 14 years old
c. 17 years old
e. 10 years old
d. a and b
a. 10%
b. 20%
*c. 35%
d. 45%
e. 5%
6. Which of the following is the number one reason that young athletes
give for participating in school and other youth sports?
b. to improve skills
c. to get exercise
d. to stay in shape
7. Which of the following is NOT one of the top five reasons given for
participating in youth sport?
b. to stay in shape
c. to have fun
8. Which is the major reason that young athletes give for dropping out
of sport?
b. boredom
a. 10%
b. 19%
c. 44%
*d. 28%
e. 37%
10. Research has indicated that participants in youth sport differ from
dropouts in what psychological attribute?
b. trait anxiety
c. self-esteem
d. independence
e. self-motivation
a. focus on winning
d. a and b
a. 40%
b. 80%
c. 27%
*d. 95%
e. 77%
13. The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are
a. extrinsic in nature
d. situational in nature
e. personal in nature
14. Approximately how many children under the age of 18 are involved in
school and other sport programs?
a. 10 million
b. 5 million
*c. 45 million
d. 1 million
e. 50 million
*d. a and b
b. parental pressure
*d. b and c
e. a and c
b. conflict resolution
e. a and c
21. Smith, Smoll, and Curtis (1979), in phase 2 of their study comparing
an experimental group of coaches using a positive approach with a
control group of coaches, found that players who played for experimental
coaches
*d. a and b
22. Which of the following did Orlick and McCaffrey recommend for
modifying arousal regulation strategies in children?
*d. a and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
*e. a and b
25. Which of the following is (are) NOT among situational variables that
cause increased state anxiety in young athletes?
b. event importance
e. c and d
26. Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance
runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress
experienced by junior elite athletes?
27. A young athlete is "at risk" for developing heightened state anxiety
if he has which of the following characteristics?
a. high self-esteem
*d. b and c
e. a and b
29. According to the study by Simon and Martens comparing state anxiety
before competitive sports with that before other childhood evaluative
activities, the activity with the highest state anxiety levels was
a. baseball
b. football
c. golf
e. school test
d. a and b
*e. b and c
a. early specialization
b. year-round training
c. private coaching
e. a and c
*d. a and b
e. b and c
*d. a and c
e. b and c
1. In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn?
*a. how to be rough and tough without getting thrown out of the
game
a. It involves intent.
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. b and c
e. a and b
d. intentional aggression
e. unintentional aggression
d. a and b
e. a and c
a. instrumental aggression
c. assertive behavior
d. judgmental aggression
b. reactive aggression
c. judgmental aggression
d. intentional aggression
e. physical aggression
8. Which of the following is NOT one of the four most prominent theories
of aggression?
a. instinct theory
b. frustration-aggression theory
b. frustration-aggression theory
11. The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs,
it will be
*d. a and b
e. a and c
a. parents
b. trained counselors
e. superintendents
*e. b and d
e. a and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. a and c
*e. b and c
*d. a and b
e. a and c
22. In the case study of head football coach Tom Martinez, Coach
Martinez dealt with the area of aggressive play by
d. a and c
"A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would
not be tolerated in any other segment of society." In this statement
Stern clearly indicated that _________ morality would not be accepted or
tolerated.
a. immature
*b. bracketed
c. undesirable
d. irreverent
e. neglectful
e. Follow up.
26. Bandura's research showed that children who saw adult models commit
violent acts repeated those acts more than children who were not exposed
to such aggressive models. This supports which theory of aggression?
a. instinct theory
b. frustration-aggression theory
a. as a circle
d. as an inverted-U
e. as a linear function
a. situational causes
d. frustration
e. modeling
1. The belief that an athlete will do the right thing when faced with a
moral dilemma refers to
*a. integrity
b. fairness
c. compassion
d. morality
e. honesty
d. external control
e. an eye-for-an-eye orientation
*a. the use of modeling and reinforcement reduced the bad sporting
behaviors of fifth-grade boys
a. modeling
b. reinforcement
c. social comparison
*d. attributions
e. c and d
a. Dan Kirschenbaum
c. Kevin Burke
d. Joan Duda
e. Maureen Weiss
b. ego-oriented climate
c. competitive climate
d. high-performance climate
e. relationship-oriented climate
a. moral development
b. moral behavior
c. moral learning
a. internal control
d. conformity
a. 25%
b. 3%
*c. 13%
d. 19%
e. 1%
12. The definition of good sporting behavior put forth by Shields and
Bredemeier emphasizes which of these statements?
a. moral development was higher for the Fair Play group than in
the control condition only in physical education classes
*c. both Fair Play groups had higher moral development than the
control group
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. a and b
e. b and c
16. A rule in youth sport might state that everyone must play in the
game. However, one coach plays certain players of lower ability for only
a couple of minutes each game so the team has a better chance of
winning. This action violates the concept of
c. character development
d. developmental appropriateness
e. character formation
a. fair play
b. character
e. a and c
18. Tennis great Chris Evert felt that good sporting behavior meant
a. moral behavior
b. moral reasoning
d. moral learning
e. a and d
*d. a and b
22. Which of the following is not one of the levels in Hellison's levels
of responsibility model?
a. self-direction
*b. self-appraisal
c. self-control
d. caring
e. involvement
a. autonomy
b. social competence
c. perfectionism
d. a and c
*e. a and b
c. increased self-esteem
*d. b and c
e. a and b
d. a and c
e. b and c
*d. b and c
e. a and c
a. differential association
b. social bonding
d. labeling
e. economic strains
a. external control
*d. a and c
e. b and c
d. a and c
e. b and c
d. a and c
e. a and b
33. When conveying rationales for good sporting behavior, coaches should
emphasize
c. role taking
e. a and c
*d. a and c
e. b and c
36. Which of the following is NOT one of the moral action stages
hypothesized by Miller and colleagues (1997)?
*a. that both personal and situational factors help determine good
sporting behavior
38. Participation in sport keeps kids off the street and out of trouble.
This is central to which explanation of the relationship between
organized sport and delinquency?
a. labeling
b. economic strains
c. undifferentiated arousal
d. social bonding
d. b and c
*e. a and c
41. Which of the following is (are) NOT among the types of hazing?
a. physical
b. psychological
c. alcohol related
*d. gender-related
e. a and b