INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY ➢ Deals with facts (ano yung nangyayari sa
LESSON 1
What is Philosophy?
 From the Greek word Philo (means love) and
Sophia (means wisdom)
 Love of wisdom
 Love- study of desire from particular object
 Wisdom (in philo)- correct application of
knowledge
 Philosophy deals with investigation
- There’s a lot of question
- Investigates natural world, society,
astronomy, physics, sociology, and
psychology
 Also, investigation of beings (existence)
 Philosophy tackles about God
✓ Existence= beings
1. Material- lahat ng nakikita (ex. Chair, pencils)
2. Immaterial- lahat ng hindi nakikita, mga
nararamdaman (ex. Emotions, souls, spirit,
God)
*Mark Twain- “The two most important days in your
life are the day you are born and the day you find out
why.”
*Responsibility- (responsibilidad) burden, commitment,
devoir, duty
*Accountability- (pananagutan) obligation or
willingness to accept your responsibility
*Everything surrounds us has a touch of philosophy
*Questions in philosophy:
- Ano ang pinangglingan ng mga bagay?
- Bakit nag-eexist kung pwede naming
hindi?
- Bakit may figure ng Diyos kung pwede
naming wala?
✓ 4 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. METAPHYSICS
 Meta (means beyond/ after), physics/ physica
(means physical/ nature)
 Beyond physical/ nature or After physical/
nature
 Foundation of philosophy
 Aristotle: “Metaphysics is the 1st philosophy”
 2 parts of methaphysics:
a. General Metaphysics/ Ontology
➢ Onto (means being), logy- from logos
(means study)
➢ Study of beings
➢ According to Heraclitus, logos is the reason
or the underlying principles of all that is.
 Questions in metaphysics
- What is being?
- Why do things exist?
- What is the meaning of nature on reality?
b. Special Metaphysics
development)
➢ Cosmology
- Cosmos (means world/ universe), logos
(means study)
- Study of universe
- Based on facts and reasons
- Anaximander—father of modern
cosmology
- Plato and Pythagoras—mga may ambag
sa cosmology
➢ Psychology/ anthropology
Psychology
- Psyche (means soul/ spirit, other term--
mind), logos (means study)
- Center of thoughts
- Trying to understand human
- Psychology deals with the study of minds
- 4 subfields of psychology:
1. Clinical-
2. Cognitive- mental process
3. Behavioral- nature and nurture
4. Biopsychology- biology and
psychology
Anthropology
- Anthropos (means human)
- human kind changing overtime
- how culture and social phenomena affect
- tackles human behavior
- 4 subfields of anthropology: (yung 4 na
ito; history ng pagkatao mo)
1. Sociocultural- cultural identity
2. Biological- human evolution-
adapting environment
3. Archaeology- remains of past and
presents (relics)
4. Linguistic – how language affects
human
➢ Natural theology/ theodicy
Natural Theology
- started in the year 1802.
- theos (means God), logos means study)
- Main Question:
Theodicy - Why is there evil?
Natural Theology - What does “God”
mean?
- refers to the attempt to demonstrate the
reality of God and divine intent via the
study of nature and the application of
human reason.
- Theology refers to the study of God.
- Natural-- “existing in or caused by
nature”
Theodicy
- The term was apparently coined by the
philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646–
1716).
- Theos (means God), dike (means justice)
- Justifying God
- Types of theodicy
 1 Augustinian tradition emphasizes the
importance of the Fall (Adam and Eve’s sin and expulsion
from the Garden of Eden.
2 Irenaean view, by contrast, looks to the future
and assumes an evolutionary perspective. Adam’s sin is
seen mainly as a lapse due to weakness and immaturity.
The Fall is understood not as a catastrophe for the
human race but as something from which humans can
learn from.
2. ETHICS
 From the Greek word ethos (means custom/
habit), latin word moris (means morals)
 Study of wrongness and rightness of human
action
*Ethics and morality is not the same*
 Ethics is the systematic study—theory
- Science of moral
 Morality is the practice of wrongness and
rightness of human action
- Practice of ethics
 Gumamit ng ethics or morality→ making of
decisions
 3 types of ethics
1. Normative Ethics
➢ Prescriptive
➢ Gumagawa ng Mabuti all times
➢ A standard on how you will do is right or
wrong
➢ Doing good at all times
2. Metaethics
➢ Descriptive
➢ Malalaman kung ang action ay tama
➢ Ano ba ang tamang gawin
3. Applied ethics
➢ Practical application
➢ Evaluation if what you did will fall into
normative and metaethics
➢ The quality other than quantity
✓ Natural Law and Conscience
“An ordinance of reason promulgated by a duly
constituted Authority for the common good of
the society.”
 Kinds of Law
1. Natural Law
➢ Kailangan ng ordinance (w.works supported
by a proper reason)
➢ Promulgated- merong execution
➢ Batas na pangkalahatan (ex. Yung walang
batas sa pilipinas na legal ang abortion)
2. Divine Law
➢ 10 commandments (ex. Huwang kang
papatay)
➢ Nakapaloob si God and Bible
3. Human Positive
➢ Proper functioning
➢ Combination if natural law and divine law
➢ Nakakabuti ba siya sa society
 Conscience—will be the one that dictate if it is
right or wrong to do
3. EPISTEMOLOGY
 From the Greek word episteme (means
knowledge), and logos (means study)
 Study of knowledge
 Deals with the theory, nature, scope, and basis
of knowledge
 The one that investigates the
characteristics/katangian ng isang bagay
 analyze the nature of knowledge in terms of
truth, belief, and justification
 questions:
- what is knowledge?
- what do we know?
- how knowledge is acquired?
- what is the structure and limits of
knowledge?
 seek to determine the logic, the origin, the
value, and the objective that gave by science
4.LOGIC
 From the Greek word logos (means study)
 More on critical thinking
 Branch of science that evaluates the argument
*Argument—to prove a point
*Punto de vista—point of view
 2 types of arguments
1. Premises—statement 1,2,3→ statement
will be evidential or with reference
2. Conclusion – sasalo sa point ng statement
- Result of all the statement you have
gathered
✓ In philosophy Facts is metaphysical Entities and
Opinion is epistemic Entities
Facts
- Existence= katotohanan (naniniwala ka or
not, basta nag eexist katotohana sya)
- Hinahanap sa philosophy
- Universal truth—totoo at totoo parin
kahit ano mangyari
Opinion- it matter ano yung pinaniniwalaan mo
LESSON 2
Methods of Philosophizing
*Philosophizing- to think or express one subject in a
philosophical manner—mga tanong sa paulit-ulit na
di masagot
1. Phenomenology
 On consciousness
 To see is to believe (need ma-prove)- reality
- Nalalaman ang reality based on
consciousness
- Need ma-prove or ma-experience
2. Existentialism
 On freedom
 Essence
  Process/ reason sa human being need ng 9. Post hoc, ergo, propter hoc
essence ➢ False cause
- Existence is important para malaman ➢ Argument na may cause and effect na
yung essence mo nonsense
 If you have freedom, freewill then, life is a ➢ Usually pamahiin-paniniwala na walang
choice katotohanan
3. Post-modernism ➢ Example ni sir yung sa jacket na binili na
 On culture nagkanda malas malas
 Diversity 10. Hasty generalization
 Need to accept new ideas and study ➢ Based on insufficient evidences
- Nagbabago form time to time ➢ Ex. Pulis drug dealer--- genegeneralized na
 Lahat ng tao ay may diversity (pagkakaiba-iba) ng lahat ng pulis ay drug dealer
 Sinasabi ba “there’s no truth”—kasi nga raw ➢ Experience mo
time to time nagbabago 11. Petition principii
4. Logic and critical thinking ➢ Begging the question
 Tools in reasoning ➢ Singular argument?
 On right reasoning and right thinking ➢ Pumapasok ang mga Karapatan (may
 2 types of reasoning (para mas ma-gets Karapatan akong magsalita so wag mo kong
taandaan ang example ni sir sa kabit sa mall) pigilan)
1. Inductive—reason based in your ➢ Ex. Magkakaiba-iba tayo ng differences
observation ➢ Beating around the bush
2. Deductive—reasoning through 6. Analytic Tradition
investigation
5. Fallacies
 Defects or common errors in an argument
1. Argumentum ad misericordiam
➢ Appeal to pity
➢ Makikipag argue to get the emotions
➢ ex. Basta yung example ni sir sa politics yung
binanggit yung mahihirap
2. Argumentum ad ignorantiam
➢ Appeal to ignorance
➢ Argument without katotohanan—wala pang
evidences
3. Fallacy of Equivocation
➢ Argument na gumagamit ng word na double
meaning
➢ Ex. Example ni sir sa malikot ang kamay
4. Fallacy of Composition
➢ Credibility
➢ From individual to all
➢ Ex. Doctor ka edi lahat kayo doctor
5. Fallacy of Division
➢ All to individual
➢ Assuming—yung composition at division
6. Argumentum ad hominem
➢ Against the person
➢ Ex. Catholic ka pero why pumapayag sa
abortion
7. Argumentum ad baculum
➢ Appeal to force
➢ Authority-poer→ force
➢ Ginagamit yung power
8. Argumentum ad populum
➢ Bangwagon fallacy
➢ Appeal to the people
➢ Nakikisabay sa uso (ito kami lahat dapat ito
Karin)
➢ Example ni sir yung sa phone