PHILOSOPHY  claimed that human beings must know
themselves for them to be able to live
DAY 2
Philosophy- came from the words “philos” which
means “love” and “sophia” which means “wisdom”
- literally, means love of wisdom.
- man’s life-long search for his own meaning,
value, and purpose.
Why search for his own meaning, value, and
purpose?
 Man has knowledge of himself that is either
acquired through conditioning by the society
or inherited from the society, his family, the
school, the church, his peers, and other
groups.
 As man grows older, however, he encounters
experiences and situations that break his sense
of security and tranquility, and inevitably,
make him RESTLESS.
 This restlessness drives him to wonder about
himself and to question the knowledge he
inherited.
 This act of questioning is the beginning or the
initiation to philosophy. It is the beginning of
man’s pursuit for meaning, and thus wisdom.
DAY 3: Tracing the Origin of
Philosophy:The Pre-Socratics
and Socrates
Thales (c.624-546 BCE)
 considered as the father of western
philosophy and is regarded as one of the
seven sages (wise men) of ancient
Greece.
 claimed that there is one single substance
that comprises everything and that
substance is water
Pythagoras (570-495 BCE)
 treated philosophy as a way of life and
gave emphasis on contemplation.
 believed in reincarnation.
 made important contributions to the field
of Mathematics, the most famous of
which is the Pythagorean Theorem
Heraclitus (c.535-475 BCE)
 claimed that everything is changing and
believed that the only permanent in this
world is change.
 used fire to emphasize this idea of
change.
Socrates
 turned his inquiry on the human person
and human living.
 Knowledge is virtue. This means that to
know something is to do something. To
know what is good is to do what is good.
This entails that not doing the good
means not knowing it.
 Ignorance is a vice
in accordance with who they are.
 “know yourself for the unexamined
life is not worth living.”
DAY 4: UNDERSTANDING THE
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
 studies the principles of human
knowledge, thought, argumentation
and communication, the nature of
language, consciousness, and
metaphysics.
 This branch is more concerned on the
origin/theory of knowledge.
BRANCHES
1. Ontology- From the Greek words
"onto" and "logia," which means the
study of being; ontology defines the
relationships between things. Study
the nature of human beings’ existence
as individuals, in society and in the
universe.
Ontological questions like:
• Who are we?
• What are we here for?
2. Epistemology- Is derived from the
Greek word episteme, which means
knowledge and the suffix ology which
signifies the “doctrine or study
of. . .”. , the word epistemology means
the doctrine or study of knowledge. It
investigates the origin, structure,
methods and integrity of knowledge.
Questions discussed in Epistemology
• How do we know what we know?
• How can we find out what we wish to know?
• How can we differentiate truth from opinion or
false information?
Epistemological assumptions:
• Knowledge is out there waiting to be discovered.
• People develop knowledge based upon our
perceptions and experiences
3. Metaphysics- the study of reality and
existence, Metaphysics studies
questions related to what it is for
something to exist and what types of
existence there are.
Questions like:
• Are there any realities that cannot be known
through the five senses?
• How do ideas exist?
• What is reality made of?
• Does God Exist?
4. Theodicy- the study of God on logical
abstraction, derives from the Greek
words Theos meaning "God" and dikē
as either "trial" or "judgement". Is the
"answer to the question of why God
permits evil".
Attempts to solve The Problem of Evil Questions
like:
• Why evil if God is good?
• Two approaches but which one is right?
Practical philosophy
 uses philosophical methods and insights
to explore how people can lead wiser and
more reflective lives.
 It focuses more on living a good life and
concerns with well-being, human
excellence, wisdom, love and personal
relationships, ethics, the meaning of life,
and how to develop enlightened values.
BRANCHES
1. Logic- the study of correct thinking and
valid reasoning. From the Greek "logos",
which has a variety of meanings including
word, thought, idea, argument, account, It
attempts to distinguish good reasoning from
bad reasoning.
2. Ethics- the study of morality and right
living, derived from the Greek word ethos
(character), and from the Latin word mores
(customs). Together, they combine to define
how individuals choose to interact with one
another. The study of rightness and the
wrongness of action
3. Axiology- the study of values from Greek
axios, “worthy”; logos, “science” , also called
Theory of Value, the philosophical study of
goodness, or value, in the widest sense of
these terms. It is a study concerning values,
seeking and clarifying good attitudes,
thinking, actions or culture. Deals with the
nature and types of value such as in ethics and
religion.
DAY 5: Exploring the Approaches
in Philosophy
Speculative approach
 is an approach in philosophy which tries
to bring together all the sciences.
 tends to use terms that do not fit with
simple experiences of the world.
 Uses abstract words
 Concepts cannot be examined
scientifically because it contains things
that cannot be seen by anyone
Analytical Approach
 an approach in philosophy in which all
fundamental assumptions for all the
sciences are analyzed.
 emphasizes on logic, language, and aligns
itself with the empirical sciences.
 inquires into the meaning of the concepts
use and tries to avoid to use vague terms
that do not fit into the logical, linguistic,
and empirical methods.
 concepts can be examined scientifically
that is through checking its validity
DAY 7: Exploring Man’s
Embodiment: Plato and Aristotle
 claimed that man is a soul.
 defined the soul as the self-initiating
motion or the source of motion.
MAN AS A SOUL HAS 3 PARTS:
1. Rational element- is responsible for reason
and language. The highest among the three and
should control the spirited and the bodily
elements.
2. Spirited element- is responsible for emotion
such as hate, anger, love, and others. The
second in the hierarchy.
3. Bodily element- is responsible for bodily
hunger and appetite. The lowest in the
hierarchy. It serves as the “JAR or VESSEL”
of rational and spirited elements.
 claimed that man is not solely a soul but a
body endowed with life.
 called the principle of life the soul. This
means that the giver of life of the body is
the soul. Without the soul, the body has no
life.
 man is a body endowed with life and the
principle of life is the soul, then he is a
unity of body and soul.
 since the soul is the giver of life, then
anything that has life must have a soul.
THREE KINDS OF SOUL
1. Vegetative soul (Nutritive)- is the soul of
plants and trees and it has the powers of
reproduction and assimilation.
2. Locomotive soul (Sensitive)- is the soul of
animals and it has the powers of reproduction,
assimilation, locomotion, and sensation.
3. Rational soul- is the soul of man and it has
the powers of reproduction, assimilation,
locomotion, sensation, and reason.
DAY 08: Exploring Man’s
Embodiment: Rene Descartes
 everything that we know is made possible
because of our senses.
 without our senses, we will not know
anything.
 our senses can be deceived and it can
deceive us.
 everything that we know is not certain.
They are doubtable.
 we must doubt everything.
 Doubt what we know. Doubt that you
exist. Doubt that you are breathing. Doubt
that you are a man or a woman. Doubt that
you have a soul. This is the methodic
doubt.
 there is something which we cannot doubt,
that is, that we are doubting.
 “I doubt therefore I exist.”
  doubting is an aspect of thinking. Hence, we
think therefore we exist.
 thinking is not a physical activity, then it is an
activity of the soul. Therefore, we are souls –
we are thinking beings.
 the body is simply man’s instrument in living
in this world.
DAY 09: Exploring Man’s
Embodiment: Gabriel Marcel
(Part 1)
 man’s experiences of himself shows that there
exists an intimate relation between himself
and his body which accepts neither gap nor
barrier.
 experience of man of himself is manifested by
the fact that wherever he goes there is his
body.
 his experience of himself discloses that he is
his body.
Man’s Experience of Himself as an Owner of the
Body
 shows that he is not simply a body, that is, he
is mind and will too.
 man’s experience of himself shows that man
is not his body; rather, he has a body.
 Man owns a body. He possesses a body.
Man’s Ownership of His Body
 the same with his ownership of his dog, both
imply owning.
 Since he owns his body and his dog, then he
can command them.
 Man, therefore, has authority over them.
 since he owns and has authority over his body
and his dog, then he is responsible for them.
 However, the similarity between man’s
owning his body and his owning his dog is
only up to the point mentioned.
 He does not own his body in the same way
that he owns his dog because he does not look
at his body as an object. He does not treat his
body as object among many objects in the
world.
 Rather, he treats his body as a part of himself,
as a subject. Conformably, man says that he is
his body.
 He experiences himself as someone
incarnated by his body.
The Life of an Embodied-Spirit
 man experiences himself as a being-in-the-
world.
 His body acts as an intermediary between
himself and the world. Because of his
body, he experiences that he is in the
world.
 Because of his body, he realizes that the
world is separate from him, that the world
is not him.
 he understands that he is not a thing among
other things and that he is the one seeing
the world.
 shows that he is the one giving meaning to
the world. The world is empty of meaning
without him.
 he realizes that he is with other men. His
body in this case acts as his intermediary
between others and himself.
 Because of his body, an interaction and
interrelation happen between others and
himself.
UNFAMILIAR WORDS:
 Etymology –develop or derivation, root or
origin
 Synoptic - forming a general summary
 Embodiment - the representation or
expression of something in a tangible or
visible form
 Intersubjectivity - is the psychological
relation between people.

DAY 10: Exploring Man’s

Embodiment: Gabriel Marcel
(Part 2)

Man as an Embodied-Spirit
 “I am my body insofar as I succeed in
recognizing that this bodY of mine cannot, in the last
analysis, be brought down to the level of being this
object, an object, a something, or other.”
 Man does not experience himself as a body, a
soul, or a body and soul.
 He experiences himself as a being manifested
by his body.